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Summary: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can help mitigate plant responses to water stress, but it is unclear whether AMF do so by indirect mechanisms, direct water transport to roots, or a combination of the two. Here, we investigated if and how the AMF Rhizophagus intraradices transported water to the host plant Avena barbata, wild oat.We used two‐compartment microcosms, isotopically labeled water, and a fluorescent dye to directly track and quantify water transport by AMF across an air gap to host plants.Plants grown with AMF that had access to a physically separated compartment containing 18O‐labeled water transpired almost twice as much as plants with AMF excluded from that compartment. Using an isotopic mixing model, we estimated that water transported by AMF across the air gap accounted for 34.6% of the water transpired by host plants. In addition, a fluorescent dye indicated that hyphae were able to transport some water via an extracytoplasmic pathway.Our study provides direct evidence that AMF can act as extensions of the root system along the soil–plant–air continuum of water movement, with plant transpiration driving water flow along hyphae outside of the hyphal cell membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This brief report assesses the validity of applying the adolescent-based developmental assets model to emerging adults. Developmental assets are specific constructs which predict future success, including positive individual characteristics and environmental resources. The researchers developed a self-report survey based on a subset of the assets and outcome behaviors most applicable to emerging adults. Correlational analyses revealed significant relationships of moderate strength between the perceived level of developmental assets and thriving behaviors (r = .40, p < .01), risky behaviors (r = -.36, p < .01), and academic success (r = .28, p < .01). Furthermore, a path analysis yielded significant coefficients wherein assets influenced thriving, risk, and collectively, academic success. Results suggest that file developmental assets framework applies to emerging adults and warrants further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes an approach used to enhance students' technical writing skills in the physical chemical laboratory. The students had written laboratory reports based from the experiments conducted, which have been peer reviewed using the Calibrated Peer Review (CPR) instructional tool. Consequently, the groups wrote a complete report using the writing-cycle process that resembles the peer-review process used by chemists. It asserts that though the students collaborated well in the laboratory, they poorly cooperate when writing group reports. To address the problem, it stresses peer review and peer editing of student writing by employing the CPR instructional tool and the writing-cycle process. It concludes that enough time and specific guidance help enhance students' writing skills.

• Neonates and the morbidly obese are at risk for post-op respiratory complications. • Often these complications can be aggravated by the use of opioids. • We suggest rectus sheath blocks are feasible on patients of all body habitus. • We encourage use of regional blocks in those at risk for respiratory complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dolly Varden char (Salvelinus malma) and bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) hybridize in areas of secondary contact in northwestern North America but maintain their genetic integrity in spite of gene flow. We examined juvenile stream ecology and adult reproductive ecology of these species in sympatry to test for specializations to alternative niches that may act as a basis for natural selection against hybrids. Juvenile Dolly Varden occupied deeper, faster water and foraged more during daytime in the drift, whereas bull trout used shallower, slower water and made more nighttime foraging attempts towards the substrate. The species showed extensive diet overlap (Schoener's index = 0.7–0.9), and we found evidence for density compensation between species among sites. Our results suggest no obvious basis for selection against hybrids at the juvenile stream-rearing life-history stage. Bull trout, however, are adfluvial, whereas Dolly Varden are permanent stream residents. Bull trout are also much larger at maturity (50–80 cm vs. 12–15 cm) and build redds in faster, deeper water using larger substrate sizes. Consequently, hybrid genotypes may be selected against in these alternative life-history niches or during reproduction owing to their intermediate size at maturity and size-dependent spawning habitat use and mate choice.La Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) et l'Omble à tête plate (Salvelinus confluentus) s'hybrident dans les régions de contact secondaire dans le nord-ouest de l'Amérique du Nord, mais ils maintiennent leur intégrité génétique malgré le flux de gènes. Nous avons étudié l'écologie des juvéniles dans les cours d'eau et de l'écologie de la reproduction des adultes de ces espèces dans des situations de sympatrie pour vérifier l'existence de spécialisations à des niches de rechange qui pourraient servir de base à une sélection naturelle contre les hybrides. Les juvéniles de la Dolly Varden vivent en eau plus profonde et plus rapide et font plus de recherche de nourriture pendant le jour, alors que l'Omble à tête plate occupe des eaux moins profondes et moins rapides et fait plus de tentatives de recherche de nourriture sur le substrat la nuit. Les deux espèces ont des régimes alimentaires qui se chevauchent considérablement (indice de Schoener = 0,7–0,9) et il y a des indices de l'existence d'une compensation de densité entre les espèces parmi les sites. Nos résultats n'identifient aucune base évidente pour postuler l'existence d'une sélection négative des hydrides au cours de la partie du cycle biologique correspondant au développement des juvéniles en eau courante. L'Omble à tête plate, cependant, fait des migrations vers les eaux stagnantes (c'est une espèce « adfluviale »), alors que la Dolly Varden réside en permanence dans les eaux courantes. Les ombles sont aussi beaucoup plus grands à maturité (50–80 cm contre 12–15 cm) et construisent leurs gravières en eau plus profonde et plus rapide, utilisant des substrats plus grossiers. Conséquemment, il peut y avoir une sélection négative des génotypes hybrides dans ces niches de rechange de développement juvénile ou alors durant la reproduction; les hybrides possèdent, en effet, une taille intermédiaire à maturité et leur utilisation des habitats de fraie et leur choix de partenaire sont des comportements reliés à la taille.[Traduit par la Rédaction] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) transport substantial plant carbon (C) that serves as a substrate for soil organisms, a precursor of soil organic matter (SOM), and a driver of soil microbial dynamics. Using two‐chamber microcosms where an air gap isolated AMF from roots, we 13CO2‐labeled Avena barbata for 6 wk and measured the C Rhizophagus intraradices transferred to SOM and hyphosphere microorganisms.NanoSIMS imaging revealed hyphae and roots had similar 13C enrichment. SOM density fractionation, 13C NMR, and IRMS showed AMF transferred 0.77 mg C g−1 of soil (increasing total C by 2% relative to non‐mycorrhizal controls); 33% was found in occluded or mineral‐associated pools.In the AMF hyphosphere, there was no overall change in community diversity but 36 bacterial ASVs significantly changed in relative abundance. With stable isotope probing (SIP)‐enabled shotgun sequencing, we found taxa from the Solibacterales, Sphingobacteriales, Myxococcales, and Nitrososphaerales (ammonium oxidizing archaea) were highly enriched in AMF‐imported 13C (> 20 atom%). Mapping sequences from 13C‐SIP metagenomes to total ASVs showed at least 92 bacteria and archaea were significantly 13C‐enriched.Our results illustrate the quantitative and ecological impact of hyphal C transport on the formation of potentially protective SOM pools and microbial roles in the AMF hyphosphere soil food web. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HAGEN, JOHN W.; BARCLAY, CRAIG R.; ANDERSON, BARBARA J.; FEEMAN, DOROTHY J.; SEGAL, STUART S.; BACON, GEORGE; and GOLDSTEIN, GARY W. Intellective Functioning and Strategy Use in Children with Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1990, 61, 1714-1727. The cognitive development of children with either early or late onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) was investigated with tasks measuring intellectual ability, memory, and academic progress. In addition, children's perceptions of their competence and parents' perspectives on family functioning and their children's behavior were compared. It was found that children with IDDM scored within the normal range on standardized measures of intelligence and academic performance but evidenced some school difficulties, as reflected in subscale performance as well as in their need of remedial education services. Further, evidence was found to suggest deficiencies in children's use of strategies to organize and recall information, particularly for those with early onset of disease. Children's perceived self-competencies and parents' reports of family functioning were strikingly similar across groups. However, parents of those children whose illness began prior to age 5 reported their children to have poor attention spans and difficulty completing tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses a physical chemistry laboratory experiment that characterizes two distinct processes for a non-ionic surfactant. The two distinct processes examined include adsorption at interfaces and micelle or other aggregate formation. A variation on critical micelle concentration (CMC) experiments is developed in which students measure the surface tension of surfactant solutions. The data they gather will enable them to determine the molecular cross-sectional area of the surfactant molecule and the standard Gibbs energy of adsorption at the air-water interface. Also cited are the issues' implications for chemistry and chemical education.

The article presents information on the Black Caucus for Research in Child Development (SRCD). The Black Caucus of SRCD was founded by members of SRCD who recognized the need for a formal voice for researchers concerned with issues of children of the African American community. Many of the changes in the governance, publications, and the biennial meetings, can be traced directly to the leadership of Mary Ainsworth, Society president from 1977 to 1979, and the skills and determination of members of the Caucus.

Describes a procedure that involves the isolation of rubber from milkweed in order to provide a natural product isolation experiment that complements a polymer synthesis procedure in an organic chemistry laboratory curriculum. Background and rationale for the experiment; Materials and methods; Chemical hazards associated with the procedure.

Background: There has been a recent focus among anesthesiologists on reducing the use of perioperative opioids in favor of multimodal analgesic regimens. Gabapentin has played an integral role in this evolution of practice. This comprehensive review assesses the current clinical evidence on the efficacy of perioperative gabapentin regarding postoperative pain and opioid requirements among the pediatric surgery population. Data Sources: Pubmed, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science Review. Methods: This scoping review of the above databases includes all studies examining the use of gabapentin perioperatively in pediatric patients and its association with postoperative pain intensity and postoperative opioid consumption through July 2021. The inclusion criteria encompassed all studies evaluating gabapentin in the perioperative pediatric population through randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and retrospective studies. Relevant metadata from each study were abstracted and descriptive statistics were used to summarize the results. Results: Fifteen papers met the inclusion criteria for this review, including 11 RCTs and 4 retrospective studies. Sample sizes ranged from 20 to 144 patients. Administered doses varied widely, mainly between 5 and 20 mg/kg. The studies included primarily orthopedic (10) and neck surgery cases (3). Seven papers had gabapentin provided preoperatively only, two postoperative only, and six both pre‐ and postoperatively. Of the studies assessing postoperative pain, 6/11 studies saw a decrease in postoperative pain in at least one period for the gabapentin group. Of the studies considering opioid requirements, 6/10 reported a reduction, 1/10 an increase, and 3/10 no difference in opioid requirements for the gabapentin groups. Yet, most of these pain and opioid requirement findings were only significant at one to two time points in the study follow‐up periods, and the actual decreases had minimal clinical significance. Conclusions: The current data on perioperative gabapentin in pediatric patients are insufficient to support the routine use of gabapentin in pediatric patients. Additional high‐quality RCTs with more standardized protocols for gabapentin administration and outcome measures are necessary to provide more definitive conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The development of a gastrocutaneous fistula (GCF) after gastrostomy tube removal is a frequent complication that occurs 5%-45% of the time. Conservative therapy with chemical cauterization is frequently unsuccessful, and surgical GCF repair with open primary layered closure of the gastrotomy is often required. We describe an alternative approach of GCF closure that is an outpatient, less invasive procedure that allows patients to avoid the comorbidities of general endotracheal anesthesia and intraabdominal surgery. Methods This is an Institutional Review Board approved retrospective review of all patients who underwent GCF closure from January 2010 to July 2016 at a tertiary care children's hospital. Demographics including age, weight, body mass index, comorbidities, and initial indication for gastrostomy tube were recorded. Operative details such as ASA score, operative duration, type of anesthesia, and airway were noted. Based on surgeon preference, two types of operative closure were used during that time frame: primary layered closure or curettage and cautery (C&C). The latter is a procedure in which the fistula tract is first scraped with a fine curette, and then the fistula opening and tract are cauterized circumferentially. Finally, the presence of a persistent fistula and the need for formal reoperation were determined. Results Sixty-five unique patients requiring GCF closure were identified. Of those, 44 patients (67.6%) underwent primary closure and 21 patients (32.3%) underwent C&C. The success rate of primary closure was 97% with one patient experiencing wound breakdown with persistent fistula. The overall success rate of C&C was 66.7% (14/21). Among those 14 patients, 11 (52.4%) GCF patients were closed by 1 mo. An additional two patients’ gastrocutaneous fistulae were closed by 4 mo (61.9%). One GCF was successfully closed with a second C&C procedure. Seven of the 21 patients (33.3%) required subsequent formal layered surgical closure. C&C had significantly shorter operative times (13.5 ± 14.7 min versus 93.4 ± 61.8, P <0.0001) and significantly shorter times in the postanesthesia care unit (101.8 ± 42.4 min versus 147 ± 86, P <0.0001). Patients were intubated with an endotracheal tube 88.6% of the time for primary closure and 23.8% of the time for C&C.Among patients admitted for an elective procedure, the average length of stay for primary closure was 1.9 d as compared to 0 d for the C&C group. Among patients who underwent C&C with a persistent fistula, there were no significant differences in time since initial creation of gastrostomy, age, body mass index, or ASA score. Conclusions Our study verifies that primary closure remains the gold standard for persistent GCF. However, C&C is a safe, outpatient procedure that effectively treats a GCF the majority of the time in children. We suggest that in select patients, it may be an appropriate initial and definitive procedure for GCF closure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT- Labeling a child as mentally retarded (MR) has been shown to be a complex process. A particular score on an IQ test is a necessary but not sufficient criterion. The Flynn effect, as described by Kanaya and Ceci (2007) , does affect the labeling process. Other considerations in this process include the metrics of IQ tests and the child's sex, race, socioeconomic status, and geographic residence. The usefulness of IQ test scores continues to be debated by scholars and practitioners, yet current practice regularly utilizes the tests as well as other factors in MR labeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the effectiveness of the English language training program or oral language lessons for the preschool, Mexican migrant children in the U.S. The major emphasis of the lessons was on the structure of English sentences rather than on vocabulary. The study also wanted to discover the efficiency of the Foreign Language Innovative Curricula Studies of the University of Michigan for preschool and early elementary project for migrant children. Research findings have supported the conclusion that a short-term language scheme can alleviate the children's English language performance.

Presents an obituary for psychologist Alberta Engvall Siegel who died on November 3, 2001.

Background: Blood pressure variability (BPV), defined as the degree of variation between discrete blood pressure readings, is associated with poor outcomes in acute care settings. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious postoperative complication of cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in children. No studies have yet assessed the association between intraoperative BPV during cardiac surgery with CPB and the development of AKI in children. Methods: A retrospective chart review of children undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB was performed. Intraoperative BPV was calculated using average real variability (ARV) and standard deviation (SD). Multiple regression models were used to examine the association between BPV and outcomes of AKI, hospital and intensive care unit (PICU) length of stay, and length of mechanical ventilation. Results: Among 231 patients (58% males, median age 8.6 months) reviewed, 51.5% developed AKI (47.9% Stage I, 41.2% Stage II, 10.9% Stage III). In adjusted models, systolic and diastolic ARV were associated with development of any stage AKI (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.08–1.8 and OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.05–1.8, respectively). Greater diastolic SD was associated with longer PICU length of stay (β 0.94, 95% CI 0.62–1.2). When stratified by age, greater systolic ARV and SD were associated with AKI in infants ≤ 12 months, but there was no relationship in children > 12 months. Conclusions: Greater BPV during cardiac surgery with CPB was associated with development of postoperative AKI in infants, suggesting that BPV is a potentially modifiable risk factor for AKI in this high-risk population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of bariatric surgery in the management of morbid obesity is rapidly increasing. The two most frequently performed procedures are laparoscopic Roux-en-Y bypass and laparoscopic gastric banding. The objective of this short overview is to provide a critical appraisal of the most relevant scientific evidence comparing laparoscopic gastric banding versus laparoscopic Roux-en-Y bypass in the treatment of morbidly obese patients. Results and discussion: There is mounting and convincing evidence that laparoscopic gastric banding is suboptimal at best in the management of morbid obesity. Although short-term morbidity is low and hospital length of stay is short, the rates of long-term complications and band removals are high, and failure to lose weight after laparoscopic gastric banding is prevalent. Conclusion: The placement of a gastric band appears to be a disservice to many morbidly obese patients and therefore, in the current culture of evidence based medicine, the prevalent use of laparoscopic gastric banding can no longer be justified. Based on the current scientific literature, the laparoscopic gastric bypass should be considered the treatment of choice in the management of morbidly obese patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The academic and social experiences of children with and without insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were investigated. Measures included the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III, the Peabody Individual Achievement Test-Revised, and a parent interview. Results indicated that children with diabetes scored lower on some cognitive and academic measures compared to children without diabetes, but their school and social life was not remarkably different. Few differences were found between children with early onset and late onset of diabetes. The findings suggest that poorer management of diabetes is associated with greater school absences, which in turn are associated with lower grades in school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugar oxime ether surfactants are a new class of surfactants produced by the reaction of a sugar with a hydrophobic alkoxyamine, producing an oxime ether linkage. We examined nine examples of this class of surfactants. The sugars used were maltose, sucrose, and glyceraldehyde; the alkoxyamines were decyloxyamine, dodecyloxya mine, and adamantyloxyamine. For the resulting surfactants we determined their thermal stability, melting point, water solubility, effect on surface tension, and critical micelle concentration. We found that all the compounds tested were thermally stable and decreased substantially the surface tension of water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A straightforward synthesis of a novel class of sugar surfactants is described. The key step is the chemoselective condensation of a hydrophobic alkoxyamine with the resident aldehyde/ketone moiety on a hydrophilic sugar. Neither protection/deprotection of the sugars nor extensive product purification is required. The method allows for the facile adjustment of hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains of the sugar oxime ether surfactant and uses inexpensive, readily accessible, and renewable materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the complexities of minimally invasive surgery (MIS), a Canadian approach to training surgeons in this field does not exist. Whereas a limited number of surgeons are fellowship-trained in the specialty, guidelines are still clearly needed to implement advanced MIS. Leaders in the field of gastrointestinal surgery and MIS attended a consensus conference where they proposed a comprehensive mentoring program that may evolve into a framework for a national mentoring and training system. Leadership and commitment from national experts to define the most appropriate template for introducing new surgical techniques into practice is required. This national framework should also provide flexibility for truly novel procedures such as natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reviewed a 3-year experience with the implementation of laparoscopic gastrectomy at a community hospital. A retrospective chart review identified all patients that underwent laparoscopic gastrectomy between January 2004 and March 2007. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, length of stay, operative time, and short-term outcomes (postoperative complications and death) were examined. A total of 49 patients were identified; 25 (51%) were male. Median age was 68 years (range 31–90 years). Thirty-five (71%) and seven (14%) patients presented with adenocarcinoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), respectively. Median operative time was 169 min (range 23–387 min). Conversion to open laparotomy was necessary in six cases (12%). Median length of stay was 5 days (range 0–48 days). There were four (8.2%) postoperative deaths, and eight major complications, which included: myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, duodenal stump leak, bleeding, dehiscence, anastomotic leak, and obstruction. Of patients undergoing laparoscopic gastrectomy with curative intent, 36/38 (95%) underwent R0 resection. Median number of lymph nodes that were pathologically evaluated was 11 (range 1–27). To our knowledge, this is the first study to report on the implementation of laparoscopic gastrectomy in a community hospital setting. Laparoscopic gastrectomy can be performed safely in a community hospital setting with operative times and length of stay that are comparable to open cases. Our short-term outcomes are comparable with existing studies from academic/university centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]