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The intricate relationship between extreme river discharge and its consequential effects on coastal basins’ environment and dynamics remains a subject of profound significance. The impact of extreme river discharge on coastal basin dynamics and environment is a complex phenomenon, particularly relevant in the context of the German Bight. The inflow of freshwater from rivers into the German Bight plays a crucial role in driving the complex thermohaline circulation. Addressing the challenges posed by local hydro-meteorological extremes, compounded by strong wind waves, currents and tides is vital for comprehensive impact assessment. Utilizing the Geesthacht Coupled cOAstal model SysTem (GCOAST) with high-resolution configuration, we investigate the sensitivity of the thermohaline properties to the river forcings. By incorporating river discharge as lateral land forcing in a coupled hydrodynamic and wave model, we conducted five sensitivity experiments. Our findings reveal that the simulated temperatures closely match measurements in all experiments. The salinity, however, is remarkably sensitive to the variation of freshwater from the rivers Elbe and Ems in the German Bight, causing the haline stratification. The statistical evaluation, as demonstrated by the Taylor diagram at the Marnet DB station, underscores the skill of the Mesoscale Hydrologic Model (mHM) in generating the freshwater discharge that drives the thermohaline characteristics of the German Bight, especially during events like the June 2013 flooding. Significantly, the use of climatological runoff proves to be ineffective in simulating stratification during extreme flooding events. In essence, this investigation enhances our understanding of the pivotal role played by high-frequency river freshwater buoyancy. It emerges as a driving force behind salinity fluctuations during extreme floods, providing valuable insights into coastal dynamics within the German Bight.

The anthropogenically intensified greenhouse effect has caused a radiative imbalance at the top of the atmosphere during the industrial period. This, in turn, has led to an energy surplus in various components of the Earth system, with the ocean storing the largest part. The land contribution ranks second with the latest observational estimates based on borehole temperature profiles, which quantify the terrestrial energy surplus to be 6 % in the last 5 decades, whereas studies based on state-of-the-art climate models scale it down to 2 %. This underestimation stems from land surface models (LSMs) having a subsurface that is too shallow, which severely constrains the land heat uptake simulated by Earth system models (ESMs). A forced simulation of the last 2000 years with the Max Planck Institute ESM (MPI-ESM) using a deep LSM captures 4 times more heat than the standard shallow MPI-ESM simulations in the historical period, well above the estimates provided by other ESMs. However, deepening the LSM does not remarkably affect the simulated surface temperature. It is shown that the heat stored during the historical period by an ESM using a deep LSM component can be accurately estimated by considering the surface temperatures simulated by the ESM using a shallow LSM and propagating them with a standalone forward model. This result is used to derive estimates of land heat uptake using all available observational datasets, reanalysis products, and state-of-the-art ESM experiments. This approach yields values of 10.5–16.0 ZJ for 1971–2018, which are 12 %–42 % smaller than the latest borehole-based estimates (18.2 ZJ).

To ensure a reliable and long-term safety assessment of high-level radioactive waste disposal, it is essential to study the physico-chemical properties of the radionuclides within spent nuclear fuel as well as their transport behavior expected under conditions of the near- and far-field of a nuclear waste repository. Among the radionuclide inventory, long-lived mobile fission products are of high concern since they can strongly contribute to the total biosphere dose from spent nuclear fuel disposal. The collaborative project VESPA “Chemical Behavior of Long-Lived Fission and Activation Products in the Near Field of a Nuclear Waste Repository and the Possibilities of their Retention - Phase II” aims to investigate the solubility and the immobilization of Tc-99, I-129, Cs-137, and Se-79. In particular, the focus is set on (1) the source term, evaluating, e.g., the I-129 inventory together with the instant release fraction and its speciation; (2) the effect of geochemical conditions in the near-field, i.e. T, p, Eh, pH, on the processes of surface redox-mediation and secondary mineral phase formation; (3) the solution chemistry, determining solubility products, complex formation and activity coefficients of Tc(IV) in presence of anions and small organic molecules, and Se(IV), Se(0), Cs(I) and I(-I) at elevated temperature; and (4) the retention behavior of I, Se and Tc on layered double hydroxides (LDH) and Fe-corrosion products. Finally, safety analysis calculations link the obtained results and provide an enhanced confidence in predictive risk assessments. The authors acknowledge the German Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWK) for the funding (02 E 11607A-D). Further information is given at https://vespa2.grs.de/.

This work was supported by the projects IlModelS, project no. CGL2014-726 59644-R and GReatModelS, project no. RTI2018-102305-B-C21. The work used resources of the Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum (DKRZ) granted by its Scientific Steering Committee (WLA) under project ID bm1026. Vladimir Alexeev was supported by the Interdisciplinary Research for Arctic Coastal Environments (InteRFACE) project through the Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research Program's Regional and Global Model Analysis program, and by NOAA project NA18OAR4590417. We also wish to thank Veronika Gayler for technical support on JSBACH and Christian Reick for helpful comments and discussion., Previous analytical and simulation-based analyses suggest that deeper land surface models are needed to realistically simulate the terrestrial thermal state in climate models, with implications for land-atmosphere interactions. Analytical approaches mainly focused on the subsurface propagation of harmonics such as the annual temperature signal, and a direct comparison with climate-change model output has been elusive. This study addresses the propagation of a harmonic pulse fitted to represent the timescale and amplitude of anthropogenic warming. Its comparison to land model simulations with stepwise increased bottom boundary depth leads to an agreement between the simulation-based and analytical frameworks for long-term climate trends. Any depth increase gradually decreases the relative error in the subsurface thermodynamics, and a minimum depth of 170 m is recommended to simulate the ground climate adequately. The approach provides an accurate estimate of the required land-model depth for climate-change simulations and assesses the relative bias in insufficiently deep land models. Plain Language Summary Many current-generation climate models have land components that are too shallow. Under climate change conditions, the long-term warming trend at the surface propagates deeper into the ground than the commonly used 3-10 m. Shallow models alter the terrestrial heat storage and distribution of temperatures in the subsurface, influencing the simulated land-atmosphere interactions. Previous studies focusing on annual timescales suggest that deeper models are required to match subsurface-temperature observations and the classic analytical heat conduction solution. However, for a systematic investigation of land-model deepening in the frame of anthropogenic climate change, the classic analytical solution is inaccurate because it does not mimic the timescale and amplitude of the simulated warming trend. This study intends to bridge the gap between analytical and simulatio, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Scientific Steering Committee (WLA), Interdisciplinary Research for Arctic Coastal Environments (InteRFACE) project through the Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research Program's Regional and Global Model Analysis program, NOAA project, Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

© 2021 American Meteorological Society. L Thanks to R. Schnur and V. Gayler from MPI Hamburg. We gratefully acknowledge the IlModels (CGL2014-59644-R) and GreatModelS (RTI2018102305-B-C21 and RTI2018-102305-A-C22) projects funded by the Spanish MINECO. SH contributed in the frame of the ERANET-plus-Russia project SODEEP (Study Of the Development of Extreme Events over Permafrost areas) supported by BMBF (Grant 01DJ18016A). This work used resources of the Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum (DKRZ) granted by its Scientific Steering Committee (WLA) under project ID bm1026., The representation of the thermal and hydrological states in land surface models is important for a realistic simulation of land-atmosphere coupling processes. The available evidence indicates that the simulation of subsurface thermodynamics in Earth system models is inaccurate due to a zero-heat-flux bottom boundary condition being imposed too close to the surface. To assess the influence of soil model depth on the simulated terrestrial energy and subsurface thermal state, sensitivity experiments have been carried out in piControl, historical, and RCP scenarios. A deeper bottom boundary condition placement has been introduced into the JSBACH land surface model by enlarging the vertical stratification from 5 to 12 layers, thereby expanding its depth from 9.83 to 1416.84 m. The model takes several hundred years to reach an equilibrium state in stand-alone piControl simulations. A depth of 100 m is necessary, and 300 m recommendable, to handle the warming trends in historical and scenario simulations. Using a deep bottom boundary, warming of the soil column is reduced by 0.5 to 1.5 K in scenario simulations over most land areas, with the largest changes occurring in northern high latitudes, consistent with polar amplification. Energy storage is 3-5 times larger in the deep than in the shallow model and increases progressively with additional soil layers until the model depth reaches about 200 m. While the contents of Part I focus on the sensitivity of subsurface thermodynamics to enlarging the space for energy, Part II addresses the sensitivity to changing the space for water and improving hydrological and phase-change interactions., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), BMBF Federal Ministry of Education & Research, Scientific Steering Committee (WLA), Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

New geochronological data provide evidence for Permo-Triassic low-sulphidation epithermal gold-silver mineralization in the Cordillera Frontal, Argentina. The U-Pb sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) analysis on zircons and titanite gave the following results: andesite and rhyolite volcanic host rocks of the Casposo Au-Ag deposit yielded a range of ages between 267.1 ± 0.7 and 241.7 ± 2.2 Ma; two composite plutons located near Casposo yielded ages of 268.2 ± 1.5 and 265.1 ± 1.5 Ma for the Colorado syenogranite-granite pluton and 266.6 ± 1.4 and 254.0 ± 2.4 Ma for the Casposo granodiorite-tonalite pluton; a trachyandesite dyke emplaced at 265.7 ± 1.2 Ma that is crosscut by mineralised quartz-adularia-calcite-gold veins in the Kamila East area; felsite intrusions, interpreted to be temporally related to the emplacement of mineralised veins at 261.1 ± 3.5 Ma; and, composite rhyolite/andesite dykes that crosscut all other lithostratigraphic units and mineralised veins at 238.4 ± 1.6 Ma. The 40Ar/39Ar dates on hydrothermal adularia within quartz-adularia-calcite-gold veins of the Casposo deposit revealed at least three, likely discreet, hydro-thermal fluid pulses and associated periods of vein formation during extensional events between 280–274, 262–258, and 250–246 Ma. Relative and absolute timing of volcanic host rocks, plutons, postmineralisation felsic dykes, and gold-bearing veins of the Casposo epithermal vein system suggest the presence of significant Permian (Cisuralian)-Lower Triassic low-sulphidation epithermal-style gold-silver mineralisation at the eastern flank of the Cordillera Principal in Argentina. The existence of this epithermal Au-Ag system opens the potential for a significant magmatic-hydrothermal system in a part of the Andes that previously was considered to be of low prospectivity., New geochronological data provide evidence for Permo-Triassic low-sulphidation epithermal gold-silver mineralization in the Cordillera Frontal, Argentina. The U-Pb sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) analysis on zircons and titanite gave the following results: andesite and rhyolite volcanic host rocks of the Casposo Au-Ag deposit yielded a range of ages between 267.1 ± 0.7 and 241.7 ± 2.2 Ma; two composite plutons located near Casposo yielded ages of 268.2 ± 1.5 and 265.1 ± 1.5 Ma for the Colorado syenogranite-granite pluton and 266.6 ± 1.4 and 254.0 ± 2.4 Ma for the Casposo granodiorite-tonalite pluton; a trachyandesite dyke emplaced at 265.7 ± 1.2 Ma that is crosscut by mineralised quartz-adularia-calcite-gold veins in the Kamila East area; felsite intrusions, interpreted to be temporally related to the emplacement of mineralised veins at 261.1 ± 3.5 Ma; and, composite rhyolite/andesite dykes that crosscut all other lithostratigraphic units and mineralised veins at 238.4 ± 1.6 Ma. The 40Ar/39Ar dates on hydrothermal adularia within quartz-adularia-calcite-gold veins of the Casposo deposit revealed at least three, likely discreet, hydro-thermal fluid pulses and associated periods of vein formation during extensional events between 280–274, 262–258, and 250–246 Ma. Relative and absolute timing of volcanic host rocks, plutons, postmineralisation felsic dykes, and gold-bearing veins of the Casposo epithermal vein system suggest the presence of significant Permian (Cisuralian)-Lower Triassic low-sulphidation epithermal-style gold-silver mineralisation at the eastern flank of the Cordillera Principal in Argentina. The existence of this epithermal Au-Ag system opens the potential for a significant magmatic-hydrothermal system in a part of the Andes that previously was considered to be of low prospectivity.

In the version of this Article originally published, the multiplication symbol was mistakenly used instead of the dot product in equations (1) and (4)–(11). This has now been corrected in the online versions of the Article.

Global warming alters surface water availability (precipitation minus evapotranspiration, P–E) and hence freshwater resources. However, the influence of land–atmosphere feedbacks on future P–E changes and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we demonstrate that soil moisture (SM) strongly impacts future P–E changes, especially in drylands, by regulating evapotranspiration and atmospheric moisture inflow. Using modelling and empirical approaches, we find a consistent negative SM feedback on P–E, which may offset ~60% of the decline in dryland P–E otherwise expected in the absence of SM feedbacks. The negative feedback is not caused by atmospheric thermodynamic responses to declining SM; rather, reduced SM, in addition to limiting evapotranspiration, regulates atmospheric circulation and vertical ascent to enhance moisture transport into drylands. This SM effect is a large source of uncertainty in projected dryland P–E changes, underscoring the need to better constrain future SM changes and improve the representation of SM–atmosphere processes in models.

Nonlinear responses to externally forced climate change are known to dampen or amplify the local climate impact due to complex cross-compartmental feedback loops in the Earth system. These feedbacks are less well represented in the traditional stand-alone atmosphere and ocean models on which many of today's regional climate assessments rely (e.g., EURO-CORDEX, NOSCCA and BACC II). This has promoted the development of regional climate models for the Baltic Sea region by coupling different compartments of the Earth system into more comprehensive models. Coupled models more realistically represent feedback loops than the information imposed on the region by prescribed boundary conditions and, thus, permit more degrees of freedom. In the past, several coupled model systems have been developed for Europe and the Baltic Sea region. This article reviews recent progress on model systems that allow two-way communication between atmosphere and ocean models; models for the land surface, including the terrestrial biosphere; and wave models at the air–sea interface and hydrology models for water cycle closure. However, several processes that have mostly been realized by one-way coupling to date, such as marine biogeochemistry, nutrient cycling and atmospheric chemistry (e.g., aerosols), are not considered here. In contrast to uncoupled stand-alone models, coupled Earth system models can modify mean near-surface air temperatures locally by up to several degrees compared with their stand-alone atmospheric counterparts using prescribed surface boundary conditions. The representation of small-scale oceanic processes, such as vertical mixing and sea-ice dynamics, appears essential to accurately resolve the air–sea heat exchange over the Baltic Sea, and these parameters can only be provided by online coupled high-resolution ocean models. In addition, the coupling of wave models at the ocean–atmosphere interface allows for a more explicit formulation of small-scale to microphysical pro

Neuroblastoma is a common childhood cancer with almost a third of those affected still dying, thus new therapeutic strategies need to be explored. Current experimental therapies focus mostly on inhibiting oncogenic transcription factor signalling. Although LIN28B, DICER and other RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) have reported roles in neuroblastoma development and patient outcome, the role of RBPs in neuroblastoma is relatively unstudied. In order to elucidate novel RBPs involved in MYCN-amplified and other high-risk neuroblastoma subtypes, we performed differential mRNA expression analysis of RBPs in a large primary tumour cohort (n = 498). Additionally, we found via Kaplan–Meier scanning analysis that 685 of the 1483 tested RBPs have prognostic value in neuroblastoma. For the top putative oncogenic candidates, we analysed their expression in neuroblastoma cell lines, as well as summarised their characteristics and existence of chemical inhibitors. Moreover, to help explain their association with neuroblastoma subtypes, we reviewed candidate RBPs’ potential as biomarkers, and their mechanistic roles in neuronal and cancer contexts. We found several highly significant RBPs including RPL22L1, RNASEH2A, PTRH2, MRPL11 and AFF2, which remain uncharacterised in neuroblastoma. Although not all RBPs appear suitable for drug design, or carry prognostic significance, we show that several RBPs have strong rationale for inhibition and mechanistic studies, representing an alternative, but nonetheless promising therapeutic strategy in neuroblastoma treatment.

High-latitude regions are a hot spot of global warming, but the scarce availability of observations often limits the investigation of climate change impacts over these regions. However, the utilization of satellite-based remote sensing data offers new possibilities for such investigations. In the present study, vegetation greening, vegetation moisture and lake distribution derived from medium-resolution satellite imagery were analyzed over the Pechora catchment for the last 35 years. Here, we considered the entire Pechora catchment and the Pechora Delta region, located in the northern part of European Russia, and we investigated the vegetation and lake dynamics over different permafrost zones and across the two major biomes, taiga, and tundra. We also evaluated climate data records from meteorological stations and re-analysis data to find relations between these dynamics and climatic behavior. Considering the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) in the summer, we found a general greening and moistening of the vegetation. While vegetation greenness follows the evolution of summer air temperature with a delay of one year, the vegetation moisture dynamics seems to better concur with annual total precipitation rather than summer precipitation, and also with annual snow water equivalent without lag. Both NDVI and NDMI show a much higher variability across discontinuous permafrost terrain compared to other types. Moreover, the analyses yielded an overall decrease in the area of permanent lakes and a noticeable increase in the area of seasonal lakes. While the first might be related to permafrost thawing, the latter seems to be connected to an increase of annual snow water equivalent. The general consistency between the indices of vegetation greenness and moisture based on satellite imagery and the climate data highlights the efficacy and reliability of combining Landsat satellite data, ERA-Interim reanalysis and

The Kalgoorlie district in the Archean Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia containstwoworld-classgolddeposits:thegiant Golden Mile shear-zone system and the Mt Charlotte quartz-vein stockworks. Mineralization occurs in three styles:(a) Fimiston style is characterized by ankerite-pyrite ± hematite-magnetite-gold replacement, (b) Oroya style overprintsFimiston ore in the shear zones and is characterized by silica-ankerite-V-muscovite-pyrite ± pyrrhotite-gold-telluridereplacement and (c) Mt. Charlotte style is characterized by veins with ankerite-sericite ± albite-pyrite-pyrrhotite-goldselvages. Hydrothermal pyrite is ubiquitous in all styles and occurs in several stages. Laser ablation inductively coupledplasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) spot analyses (n= 652) were collected on 54 representative samples of pyritefrom three deposits. Smooth sections in the ablation spectra were selected for quantitative analysis excluding peakscaused by micron-sized inclusions. Linear mixed effects (LME) modeling of the analytical results indicates no system-atic differences between the Fimiston, Oroya and Mt Charlotte styles. The variance introduced to the dataset bygeological variability reflected in random differences between samples and deposits is large. This may be a major reasonfor difficulties in distinguishing the differences due to mineralization style. However, there are clear differences betweenpyrites co-existing with different mineral assemblages. These indicate a strong control on pyrite chemistry by thecomposition of the hydrothermal fluids. Finally, Au-Te-As systematics show that a substantial proportion of the analyzedpyrites in all deposits fall into the field of gold saturation consistent with the known metallurgical character of the ores.Mineralogical studies, ultra-fine grinding and recovery by cyanide leach show that > 82% of all gold is present in nativegrains or in Au-Ag-tellurides. The refractory nature of theFimiston pyrite concentrates is due to clusters

Soil moisture observations are of broad scientific interest and practical value for a wide range of applications. The scientific community has made significant progress in estimating soil moisture from satellite-based Earth observation data, particularly in operationalizing coarse-resolution (25-50 km) soil moisture products. This review summarizes existing applications of satellite-derived soil moisture products and identifies gaps between the characteristics of currently available soil moisture products and the application requirements from various disciplines. We discuss the efforts devoted to the generation of high-resolution soil moisture products from satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data such as Sentinel-1 C-band backscatter observations and/or through downscaling of existing coarse-resolution microwave soil moisture products. Open issues and future opportunities of satellite-derived soil moisture are discussed, providing guidance for further development of operational soil moisture products and bridging the gap between the soil moisture user and supplier communities.