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The target of this work was to study the effect of adding HHO to gasoline fuel on engine performance and emissions. HHO gas production per input power was achieved by designing, manufacturing, and optimizing the HHO cell. The optimized parameters were the amount of HOH added to the Gasoline as the experimental Study is done by measuring the thermal efficiency and exhaust emission effect in many cases. First case Neat Gasoline and the remaining cases after adding HOH in different percentages of 5, 10, and 15 L/ min and then repeating the experimental tests with three different commercial Octane Boosters. The used engine is a Honda commercial OHV engine, air-cooled, four-stroke, and single-cylinder. Additionally, the Gasboard exhaust gas analyzer was used to monitor the emissions of NOx, HC, and CO. The results indicated that the impacts of HHO and gasoline fuels on engine performance metrics like braking power, brake-specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, and exhaust emissions such as CO, NOx, CO2, and exhaust gas temperature were evaluated at different engine loads (lighting) (EGT). Except for CO and HC emissions in comparison to neat petrol operations, the results revealed that adding HHO-gasoline combination with additives is the most successful in boosting engine performance and offering a more ecologically acceptable attitude toward exhaust emissions.

This study aims to investigate the use of waste cooking oil biodiesel blend (B30D70) in CDC mode and the use of different premixing ratios of diesel vapor (15%, 20%, 25% and 30%) through manifold injection at a manifold premixed temperature of 110 ⁰C in PCCI mode when using biodiesel blend (B30D70) as the main fuel and diesel as the premixed fuel. The experiments were carried out on 4-stroke, single-cylinder, air cooled, DI diesel engine which was modified to run in PCCI mode with adding a fuel vaporizer to create the external homogeneous mixture. The engine combustion parameters, performance, and emissions characteristics were fully discussed, and the results were compared with these of CDC mode fueled by diesel. The obtained results for the use of B30D70 fuel indicates a certain decrement for exhaust gas temperature, HC, and CO emissions, but with a penalty in brake thermal efficiency, NOx, and smoke opacity. The experiments revealed that the best results were indicated for 20% diesel vapor in PCCI mode as CO, HC, NOx, and EGT reduced by 34.62%, 43.75%, 2.65% and 8.53% respectively and almost has the same BTE compared to CDC mode fueled by diesel. While increasing PR to 25% and 30% decrease the volumetric efficiency leads to rich mixture and deterioration of combustion and increase CO, HC and smoke emissions.

Nanomaterials (NMs) like copper oxides, titanium oxides, and aluminum oxides have been developing into some of the most promising fuel additives for diesel engines in recent years. in order to create a practical nano fuel. A significant amount of laboratory testing has been conducted up to this point to investigate the impact of using nano fuels on several aspects of diesel engine characteristics, particularly on hazardous emissions and engine performance (brake specific fuel consumption, effective power, brake thermal efficiency). This study provides an overview of the findings so far and the current situation regarding the use of nano fuels in diesel engines. Additionally, among the group of the most tested fuel additive nanoparticles, the best NMs/base fuel combinations are found based on two criteria that either involve all diesel engine parameters or simply diesel emissions. There are numerous techniques for improving engine performance. Nanoparticles can be used as catalysts in chemical reactions and feedstock pretreatment processes to produce biofuels. According to the overall findings, adding nanoparticles significantly reduced the amount of fuel used for brakes by 20% to 23% when compared to biodiesel-diesel blends with and without the addition of alcohol. In addition to improving the combustion process and boosting the brake power by 2.5% to 4%, nanoparticles have a high thermal conductivity. Emission data revealed that while HC, CO, and PM emissions all dramatically decreased in most reviews, NO emissions increased by up to 55%.

The transportation sector is a major source of worldwide carbon emissions and represents a significant contributor to air quality issues, particularly in metropolitan areas. To address the enormous carburization issues, the transportation sector must embrace low-emission vehicle technology. The team is presently developing a passenger electric hybrid car with the goal of reducing the environmental pollution. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), which have a record of success in lowering hydrocarbon usage, stand as an intermediary technique between fully electric cars and internal combustion engines. In the present work, the conventional gasoline car has been tested on road at different trips condition. The gasoline fuel consumption as well as the SI engine emissions have been tested. A complete Hybrid electric system has been impeded instead of conventional driving gasoline engines and tested at a different charging rate of the battery. A comparison between the tested systems shows increased fuel efficiency as a key advantage of using HEVs technology. However, there are still unresolved issues about the system's energy reliability. HEVs emit up to 21.0, 5.8, 9.0-, and 23.3-times lower NOx, UHC, CO, and particle number emissions than comparable gasoline vehicles. The development of after-treatment systems, enhanced engine management methods and the use of renewable fuels are emerging as research strategic priorities

Recently the world has a very important need for replacement fossil fuel with renewable sources of energy. Greenhouse effect is considered one of bad effects of fossil fuels. In this study diesel fuel will be replaced with blends of diesel and biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil(WCO) is created using a catalytic transesterification reaction (CTR). With the addition of a low concentration of alcohol over the period of an hour at a reaction temperature of 65 °C, (CTR) converts (WCO) to methyl esters. Blends consisting of (40 % diesel, 60 % biodiesel and CuO nano- martial with different concentration) will be prepared for fueling direct injection engine four-stroke. The engine will be run at 1400 rpm with natural aspiration under various loads. Using blends of (pure diesel, B40 [consist of 60 % biodiesel and 40 % diesel], 50b40 [consist of 60 % biodiesel, 40 % diesel and 50 mg CuO],100B40 [consist of 60 % biodiesel, 40 % diesel and 100 mg CuO], 150 [consist of 60 % biodiesel, 40 % diesel and 150 mg CuO] and pure diesel). On engine performance and emissions, the impact of using copper oxide has been studied. The results of the experiment demonstrate that diesel engines can run on various mixtures of fuel, biodiesel, and CuO nano-material under the same operating conditions. The obtained data indicates that a 10% increase in brake thermal efficiency was noted, decrease in exhaust temperature with 11.6 % and decrease in brake specific fuel consumption with 6.66 %

Abstract: One of the major issues, the energy crisis, makes the globe dangerous and violent [1]. Every day, there is an increase in energy demand. Resources of energy are running out swiftly, and all indicators point to their impending demise. In such cases, renewable energy sources must be given more consideration. The widespread use of fossil fuels renders them unsustainable because they increase CO2 levels and emit greenhouse gases that harm the environment [2]. With several trials of usage of HHO gas or compressed natural gas as a fuel performance improver on both internal combustion engines powered by gasoline or diesel up until this point, many advancements have been made in this field[3]. This paper comprises a survey of the numerous advancements that have occurred in this area. There was a net lead to an amplified in brake power from 2.1% to 5.8% and an increase in brake thermal efficiency from 10.27% to 35% with the addition of HHO gas. The usage of traditional fuels decreased by 20% to 30%, and HC and CO exhaust emissions decreased by an average of 14% and 18%, respectively

The use of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) as an alternative to traditional petroleum-powered cars has risen due to climate change, air pollution, and fuel depletion. The transportation sector is the second largest energy-consuming sector that accounts for 30% of the world’s total delivered energy and about 60% of world oil demand. In 2008, the transportation sector accounted for about 22% of total world CO2 emissions. Within this sector, road vehicles dominate oil consumption and represent 81% of total transportation energy demand. This review discusses opportunities to reduce energy consumed and greenhouse gases in this sector and briefly discusses the Hybrid electric vehicles as a solution to improve fuel economy and reduce emissions. Also, the Classification of Hybrid Electric Vehicles, and the General architectures of hybrid electric vehicles and their subtypes have been discussed. Hybrid electric vehicle system components, system analysis, and fuel economy benefits are also explained. As the comparison results proved that the benefits of improved engine thermal efficiency outweigh the losses caused by longer energy transmission paths and showed that hybridization can improve fuel economy by about 24% in typical urban cycles. This study offers a thorough analysis of hybrid electric vehicles, including information on the designs, and energy management systems, created by different researchers. According to the thorough analysis, the current systems can execute HEVs rather effectively, but their dependability and autonomous systems remain not satisfactory. Several variables, difficulties, and issues related to the future generation of hybrid cars have been highlighted in this research.

As internal combustion engines (ICEs) produce serious emissions and a big part of greenhouse gases from fuel combustion. Due to the universal concerns about degradation in the ambient environment, limitations on exhaust emissions, depletion of petroleum reserves, and global warming, many strict regulations have been launched on the standard emissions released from engines. Premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) is a promising technique to overcome these challenges in recent years which can simultaneously reduce NOx and soot emissions and substantially improve thermal efficiency. The PCCI combustion concept has the advantages of both SI and CI engines, like SI engines as the charge is premixed which produces low emissions and like CI engines the fuel-air mixture is auto-ignited as a result of compression which leads o high thermal efficiency. Normally, PCCI combustion is a single-stage combustion process achieved by employing early injection timing to increase the time available for mixing fuel and air by using single-fuel and split fuel (pilot/main) injection tactics, in which a large fraction of fuel burns in premixed combustion phase resulting in relatively lower in-cylinder temperatures compared to compression ignition (CI) combustion. Thus, the objective of this paper is to provide an inclusive review of the effects of fuel injection timings, ratios, pressure, and fuel properties on the PCCI engine combustion performance improvement and emission reduction, this review has been analyzed extensively based on the published studies to provide and discuss different strategies for the control of PCCI technique of combustion at wide range of speed and load.

A different models of Shell-and-tube heat exchangers were designed by Ansys geometry & Solidworks to evaluate the best model for heat transfer and to calculate the difference in heat transfer in each model by investigated with numerically modeling. Each model for heat exchanger has different assumptions for first model one tube & one pass with tube length 3 meter, was made with 2 different cases (each case have the same conditions such as same temperature, same velocity, changing the direction of the flow between parallel and counter flow). The flow and temperature fields inside the shell and tubes are resolved using a Ansys CFD 17.2. A set of CFD simulations is performed for a single shell and tube bundle and is compared with the experimental results. the Realizable K-ε model is known for predicting the flow separation better than Standard K-ε. The temperature of each model is examined in detail. Each design was studied separately on the basis of the findings, the designs need modifications to improve heat transfer. The main goal of designing these models is to obtain highest performance for shell and tube heat exchanger with given conditions. These studies were carried out to find the most suitable conditions of operation in shell and tube heat exchanger so that in the future it can improve the performance of heat exchanger in industries through applying these conditions.

Widely known that, heat exchanger is a device that is being used to transfer thermal energy (enthalpy) between two or more fluids, between a solid surface and a fluid, or between solid particulates and a fluid, at different temperatures and in thermal contact. The most common heat transfer devices are concentric tube (double pipe), shell and tube and, plate heat exchanger. Nowadays, Shell and tube heat exchangers were used extensively in most industries as petrochemicals, oil and refineries. According to previous survey, almost 45% of heat exchangers utilized are shell and tube heat exchangers due to its high-pressure application it is more suitable in the field of oil & petrochemical application. Thus, the following study presented shell and tube type only. Due to complexity of studying heat exchangers experimentally, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) used to simulate the effect of local surface heat transfer coefficients on the surfaces by aid of computer numerical calculation and graphical display. In addition, analysis of the physical phenomena involved in fluid flow and heat conduction would be presented in the following research paper with Comparative designs for shell and tube heat exchangers. The paper considered a review for the design of a shell and tube heat exchanger. A variety of heat exchangers are used in industry and in their products. The objective of this paper is to describe most of these heat exchangers in some detail using classification schemes and the basic design methods for two fluid heat exchangers.

This review summaries several studies on the emission and performance characteristics of biodiesel, as well as the various proportions of diesel blended with biodiesel, in an oil burner in terms of the specific fuel type that can be used, types of emissions such as NOx, CO, soot, and CO2, and other operating conditions that can be used to improve the performance of the biodiesel burner system. A brief description of the production of biodiesel, as well as its physical and chemical properties, is presented at the outset. Biodiesel has emerged as the most promising replacement diesel fuel. Because of its renewable origin, the availability of current production technology, biodegradability, high combustion efficiency, the potential for sustainability, economic viability, environmental friendliness, and chemical and physical qualities identical to regular diesel oil. The experimental setup used in various investigations and their results related to performance and emissions with respect to biodiesel and different mixing ratios of it with diesel, as well as methods for maximizing the benefit of it in the combustion applications of industrial burners, have been presented in brief to a large number of studies. The emission and performance characteristics of a biodiesel burner system demonstrated unequivocally that biodiesel fuel may be a viable renewable alternative energy source for a burner system.

The solar chimney power plant (SCPP) is a hopeful solution to produce electrical power from solar energy. In this paper, a 2D numerical study is presented to estimate the performance of the SCPPs while varying the collector angle, chimney diverging angle, variable solar radiation and ambient temperature and some geometrical designs. Numerical models run with solar load discrete ordinates (DO) and realizable k-ɛ turbulence models. System is defined by the collector height =50 mm, the chimney diameter =160 mm, the collector diameter =2750 mm and the chimney height =3000 mm. its investigated for each case the profile of magnitude velocity, air temperature, pressure, incident radiation and turbulence characteristics were presented. The effective choice of the best geometry is based on the maximum value of the air velocity inside the SCPP. Results indicates that a negative collector-roof positively increases the air velocity, and the output power. To a specific limit, increasing the diverging angle of the chimney has a god effect on the velocity magnitude and the other parameters. also Increasing the collector diameter and chimney height and diameter has a great effect on power output as shown in results.

Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) is an advanced combustion technology being considered for internal combustion engines due to the potential for high fuel conversion efficiency and extremely low particulate matter (PM) and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions. In HCCI engines, there is no direct control method for auto ignition time. A common method to indirectly control the ignition timing in HCCI combustion engines is altering engine’s parameters which can affect the combustion. Previous research has indicated that fuel chemistry has a strong impact on HCCI combustion. This work introduces a new predictive multi-zone model for the description of combustion in HCCI engines. A multi zone model with reduced fuel chemistry was developed to simulate the combustion process in HCCI engines and predict engine performance. In this work, a parametric study on Diesel/Biodiesel blends(D80B20) HCCI combustion is conducted in order to identify the effect of equivalence ratio values (0.1786, 0.27, 0.37, and 0.4762) on combustion and engine performance parameters. Two kinds of parameters will be discussed. First, in-cylinder pressure, temperature and net heat release rate diagrams at altering Diesel/Biodiesel dose (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%), then the second category, the variation of start of combustion and combustion duration which are performance parameters of HCCI Diesel Engine.