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1. Analysis of Proton Bunch Parameters in the AWAKE Experiment

Author

Hafych, V., Caldwell, A., Agnello, R., Ahdida, C. C., Aladi, M., Goncalves, M. C. Amoedo, Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. -M., Baistrukov, M. A., Batsch, F., Bergamaschi, M., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Dexter, A., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Furno, I., Gessner, S., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Graubner, T., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Guran, E. D., Henderson, J. R., Hüther, M., Kedves, M. Á., Khudyakov, V., Kim, S. -Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Liang, L., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Mazzoni, S., Godoy, D. Medina, Moody, J. T., Moon, K., Guzmán, P. I. Morales, Moreira, M., Nechaeva, T., Nowak, E., Pakuza, C., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Perera, A., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Ráczkevi, B., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Silva, L. O., Stollberg, C., Sublet, A., Topaloudis, A., Torrado, N., Tuev, P. V., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Vieira, J., Vincke, H., Welsch, C. P., Wendt, M., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Zepp, M., and Della Porta, G. Zevi

Subjects
Physics - Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

A precise characterization of the incoming proton bunch parameters is required to accurately simulate the self-modulation process in the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE). This paper presents an analysis of the parameters of the incoming proton bunches used in the later stages of the AWAKE Run 1 data-taking period. The transverse structure of the bunch is observed at multiple positions along the beamline using scintillating or optical transition radiation screens. The parameters of a model that describes the bunch transverse dimensions and divergence are fitted to represent the observed data using Bayesian inference. The analysis is tested on simulated data and then applied to the experimental data.

Published
2021
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2. Simulation and Experimental Study of Proton Bunch Self-Modulation in Plasma with Linear Density Gradients

Author

Guzmán, P. I. Morales, Muggli, P., Agnello, R., Ahdida, C. C., Aladi, M., Goncalves, M. C. Amoedo, Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. -M., Baistrukov, M. A., Batsch, F., Bergamaschi, M., Blanchard, P., Braunmüller, F., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Dexter, A., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Furno, I., Gessner, S., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Graubner, T., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Guran, E. D., Hafych, V., Henderson, J. R., Hüther, M., Kedves, M. Á., Khudyakov, V., Kim, S. -Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Liang, L., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Godoy, D. Medina, Moody, J. T., Moon, K., Moreira, M., Nechaeva, T., Nowak, E., Pakuza, C., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Perera, A., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Ráczkevi, B., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Silva, L. O., Stollberg, C., Sublet, A., Topaloudis, A., Torrado, N., Tuev, P. V., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Vieira, J., Vincke, H., Welsch, C. P., Wendt, M., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Zepp, M., and Della Porta, G. Zevi

Subjects
Physics - Plasma Physics, Physics - Accelerator Physics
Abstract

We present numerical simulations and experimental results of the self-modulation of a long proton bunch in a plasma with linear density gradients along the beam path. Simulation results agree with the experimental results reported in arXiv:2007.14894v2: with negative gradients, the charge of the modulated bunch is lower than with positive gradients. In addition, the bunch modulation frequency varies with gradient. Simulation results show that dephasing of the wakefields with respect to the relativistic protons along the plasma is the main cause for the loss of charge. The study of the modulation frequency reveals details about the evolution of the self-modulation process along the plasma. In particular for negative gradients, the modulation frequency across time-resolved images of the bunch indicates the position along the plasma where protons leave the wakefields. Simulations and experimental results are in excellent agreement., Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures

Published
2021
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3. Transition between Instability and Seeded Self-Modulation of a Relativistic Particle Bunch in Plasma

Author

Batsch, F., Muggli, P., Agnello, R., Ahdida, C. C., Goncalves, M. C. Amoedo, Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. -M., Baistrukov, M. A., Blanchard, P., Braunmüller, F., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Deubner, H. L., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Furno, I., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Graubner, T., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hafych, V., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Hüther, M., Kargapolov, I. Yu., Kim, S. -Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Liang, L., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Godoy, D. Medina, Minakov, V. A., Moody, J. T., Moon, K., Guzmán, P. I. Morales, Moreira, M., Nechaeva, T., Nowak, E., Pakuza, C., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Perera, A., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Rieger, K., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Silva, L. O., Speroni, R., Spitsyn, R. I., Stollberg, C., Sublet, A., Topaloudis, A., Torrado, N., Tuev, P. V., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Vincke, H., Welsch, C. P., Wendt, M., Wing, M., Wiwattananon, P., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Zepp, M., and Della Porta, G. Zevi

Subjects
Physics - Plasma Physics, Physics - Accelerator Physics
Abstract

We use a relativistic ionization front to provide various initial transverse wakefield amplitudes for the self-modulation of a long proton bunch in plasma. We show experimentally that, with sufficient initial amplitude ($\ge(4.1\pm0.4)$ MV/m), the phase of the modulation along the bunch is reproducible from event to event, with 3 to 7% (of 2$\pi$) rms variations all along the bunch. The phase is not reproducible for lower initial amplitudes. We observe the transition between these two regimes. Phase reproducibility is essential for deterministic external injection of particles to be accelerated., Comment: Letter and Supplemental Material, 6 figures, 8 pages

Published
2020
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4. Experimental study of extended timescale dynamics of a plasma wakefield driven by a self-modulated proton bunch

Author

Chappell, J., Adli, E., Agnello, R., Aladi, M., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. -M., Baistrukov, M. A., Batsch, F., Bergamaschi, M., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Djotyan, G. P., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Turno, I., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hafych, V., Hartin, A., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Howling, A., Hüther, M., Jacquier, R., Jolly, S., Kargapolov, I. Yu., Kedves, M. Á., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M. D., Kim, S. -Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Li, Y., Liang, L., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Godoy, D. Medina, Minakov, V. A., Moody, J. T., Guzmán, P. I. Morales, Moreira, M., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Asmus, F. Peña, Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Ráczkevi, B., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Ruhl, H., Saberi, H., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Spitsyn, R. I., Tuev, P. V., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Dia, G., Zepp, M., and Della Porta, G. Zevi

Subjects
Physics - Plasma Physics, Physics - Accelerator Physics
Abstract

Plasma wakefield dynamics over timescales up to 800 ps, approximately 100 plasma periods, are studied experimentally at the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE). The development of the longitudinal wakefield amplitude driven by a self-modulated proton bunch is measured using the external injection of witness electrons that sample the fields. In simulation, resonant excitation of the wakefield causes plasma electron trajectory crossing, resulting in the development of a potential outside the plasma boundary as electrons are transversely ejected. Trends consistent with the presence of this potential are experimentally measured and their dependence on wakefield amplitude are studied via seed laser timing scans and electron injection delay scans., Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures

Published
2020
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5. Proton beam defocusing in AWAKE: comparison of simulations and measurements

Author

Gorn, A. A., Turner, M., Adli, E., Agnello, R., Aladi, M., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. -M., Baistrukov, M. A., Batsch, F., Bergamaschi, M., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschon, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Djotyan, G. P., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Furno, I., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hafych, V., Hartin, A., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Howling, A., Huther, M., Jacquier, R., Kargapolov, I. Yu., Kedves, M. A., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M. D., Kim, S. -Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Liang, L., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Godoy, D. Medina, Minakov, V. A., Moody, J. T., Guzman, P. I. Morales, Moreira, M., Nechaeva, T., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Asmus, F. Pena, Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Raczkevi, B., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Ruhl, H., Saberi, H., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Spitsyn, R. I., Tuev, P. V., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Zepp, M., and Della Porta, G. Zevi

Subjects
Physics - Accelerator Physics, Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract

In 2017, AWAKE demonstrated the seeded self-modulation (SSM) of a 400 GeV proton beam from the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) at CERN. The angular distribution of the protons deflected due to SSM is a quantitative measure of the process, which agrees with simulations by the two-dimensional (axisymmetric) particle-in-cell code LCODE. Agreement is achieved for beam populations between $10^{11}$ and $3 \times 10^{11}$ particles, various plasma density gradients ($-20 \div 20\%$) and two plasma densities ($2\times 10^{14} \text{cm}^{-3}$ and $7 \times 10^{14} \text{cm}^{-3}$). The agreement is reached only in the case of a wide enough simulation box (at least five plasma wavelengths)., Comment: 8 pages, 9 figures, 1 table

Published
2020

6. Controlled growth of the self-modulation of a relativistic proton bunch in plasma

Author

Verra, L., Zevi Della Porta, G., Pucek, J., Nechaeva, T., Wyler, S., Bergamaschi, M., Senes, E., Guran, E., Moody, J.T., Kedves, M.Á., Gschwendtner, E., Muggli, P., Agnello, R., Ahdida, C.C., Goncalves, M.C.A., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Arnesano, J.M., Bachmann, A.-M., Barrientos, D., Batsch, F., Bencini, V., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P.N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D.A., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Dexter, A.C., Doebert, S., Elverson, F.A., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V., Fonseca, R., Furno, I., Gorn, A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Graubner, T., Grulke, O., Hafych, V., Henderson, J., Hüther, M., Khudiakov, V., Kim, S.-Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Liang, L., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K., Martinez Calderon, M., Mazzoni, S., Medina Godoy, D., Moon, K., Morales Guzmán, P.I., Moreira, M., Nowak, E., Pakuza, C., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Pepitone, K., Perera, A., Pukhov, A., Ramjiawan, R.L., Rey, S., Schmitz, O., Silva, F., Silva, L., Stollberg, C., Sublet, A., Swain, C., Topaloudis, A., Torrado, N., Tuev, P., Velotti, F., Verzilov, V., Vieira, J., Weidl, M., Welsch, C., Wendt, M., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Yarygova, V., Zepp, M., and AWAKE Collaboration

Subjects
Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), Other Fields of Physics, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Acceleratorfysik och instrumentering, Accelerator Physics and Instrumentation, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Ciências Naturais::Ciências Físicas [Domínio/Área Científica], Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics, Physics - Plasma Physics, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Fusion, plasma och rymdfysik, physics.plasm-ph, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Physics - Accelerator Physics, physics.acc-ph
Abstract

A long, narrow, relativistic charged particle bunch propagating in plasma is subject to the self-modulation (SM) instability. We show that SM of a proton bunch can be seeded by the wakefields driven by a preceding electron bunch. SM timing reproducibility and control are at the level of a small fraction of the modulation period. With this seeding method, we independently control the amplitude of the seed wakefields with the charge of the electron bunch and the growth rate of SM with the charge of the proton bunch. Seeding leads to larger growth of the wakefields than in the instability case. A long, narrow, relativistic charged particle bunch propagating in plasma is subject to the self-modulation (SM) instability. We show that SM of a proton bunch can be seeded by the wakefields driven by a preceding electron bunch. SM timing reproducibility and control are at the level of a small fraction of the modulation period. With this seeding method, we independently control the amplitude of the seed wakefields with the charge of the electron bunch and the growth rate of SM with the charge of the proton bunch. Seeding leads to larger growth of the wakefields than in the instability case.

Published
2022

7. Entwicklung von fortgeschrittenen statistischen Methoden und Anwendungen für das AWAKE Experiment am CERN

Author

Hafych, V., Caldwell, Allen C. (Prof. Dr.), and Jenko, Frank (Prof. Dr.)

Subjects
Physik, ddc:530, Bayesian Analysis, Markov Chain Monte Carlo, Plasma Wakefield Acceleration
Abstract

Analysis of the data with the help of statistical methods is a key element of modern scientific research. The first part of this thesis presents the development of two algorithms for the Bayesian evidence estimation and parallelization of Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods. The second part of this thesis presents a detailed analysis of the incoming proton bunch parameters in the AWAKE experiment at CERN using advanced statistical algorithms. Datenanalyse mit der Hilfe von statistischen Methoden ist ein Schlüsselelement von moderner Wissenschaft. Der erste Teil dieser Dissertation präsentiert die Entwicklung von zwei Algorithmen für „Bayesian evidence“ Abschätzungen und Parallelisierung von Markov-Chain Monte Carlo Methoden. Der zweite Teil der Dissertation zeigt eine detaillierte Analyse der einkommenden Protonbündelparameter des AWAKE Experiments am CERN unter Zuhilfenahme fortgeschrittener statistischen Algorithmen.

Published
2022

8. Analysis of proton bunch parameters in the AWAKE experiment

Author

Hafych, V., additional, Caldwell, A., additional, Agnello, R., additional, Ahdida, C.C., additional, Aladi, M., additional, Amoedo Goncalves, M.C., additional, Andrebe, Y., additional, Apsimon, O., additional, Apsimon, R., additional, Bachmann, A.-M., additional, Baistrukov, M.A., additional, Batsch, F., additional, Bergamaschi, M., additional, Blanchard, P., additional, Burrows, P.N., additional, Buttenschön, B., additional, Chappell, J., additional, Chevallay, E., additional, Chung, M., additional, Cooke, D.A., additional, Damerau, H., additional, Davut, C., additional, Demeter, G., additional, Dexter, A., additional, Doebert, S., additional, Farmer, J., additional, Fasoli, A., additional, Fedosseev, V.N., additional, Fiorito, R., additional, Fonseca, R.A., additional, Furno, I., additional, Gessner, S., additional, Gorn, A.A., additional, Granados, E., additional, Granetzny, M., additional, Graubner, T., additional, Grulke, O., additional, Gschwendtner, E., additional, Guran, E.D., additional, Henderson, J.R., additional, Hüther, M., additional, Kedves, M.Á., additional, Khudyakov, V., additional, Kim, S.-Y., additional, Kraus, F., additional, Krupa, M., additional, Lefevre, T., additional, Liang, L., additional, Lopes, N., additional, Lotov, K.V., additional, Mazzoni, S., additional, Medina Godoy, D., additional, Moody, J.T., additional, Moon, K., additional, Morales Guzmán, P.I., additional, Moreira, M., additional, Nechaeva, T., additional, Nowak, E., additional, Pakuza, C., additional, Panuganti, H., additional, Pardons, A., additional, Perera, A., additional, Pucek, J., additional, Pukhov, A., additional, Ráczkevi, B., additional, Ramjiawan, R.L., additional, Rey, S., additional, Schmitz, O., additional, Senes, E., additional, Silva, L.O., additional, Stollberg, C., additional, Sublet, A., additional, Topaloudis, A., additional, Torrado, N., additional, Tuev, P.V., additional, Turner, M., additional, Velotti, F., additional, Verra, L., additional, Vieira, J., additional, Vincke, H., additional, Welsch, C.P., additional, Wendt, M., additional, Wing, M., additional, Wolfenden, J., additional, Woolley, B., additional, Xia, G., additional, Zepp, M., additional, and Zevi Della Porta, G., additional

Published
2021
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9. Transition between Instability and Seeded Self-Modulation of a Relativistic Particle Bunch in Plasma

Author

Batsch, F, Muggli, P, Agnello, R, Ahdida, CC, Amoedo Goncalves, MC, Andrebe, Y, Apsimon, O, Apsimon, R, Bachmann, A-M, Baistrukov, MA, Blanchard, P, Braunmüller, F, Burrows, PN, Buttenschön, B, Caldwell, A, Chappell, J, Chevallay, E, Chung, M, Cooke, DA, Damerau, H, Davut, C, Demeter, G, Deubner, HL, Doebert, S, Farmer, J, Fasoli, A, Fedosseev, VN, Fiorito, R, Fonseca, RA, Friebel, F, Furno, I, Garolfi, L, Gessner, S, Gorgisyan, I, Gorn, AA, Granados, E, Granetzny, M, Graubner, T, Grulke, O, Gschwendtner, E, Hafych, V, Helm, A, Henderson, JR, Hüther, M, Kargapolov, I Yu, Kim, S-Y, Kraus, F, Krupa, M, Lefevre, T, Liang, L, Liu, S, Lopes, N, Lotov, KV, Martyanov, M, Mazzoni, S, Medina Godoy, D, Minakov, VA, Moody, JT, Moon, K, Morales Guzmán, PI, Moreira, M, Nechaeva, T, Nowak, E, Pakuza, C, Panuganti, H, Pardons, A, Perera, A, Pucek, J, Pukhov, A, Ramjiawan, RL, Rey, S, Rieger, K, Schmitz, O, Senes, E, Silva, LO, Speroni, R, Spitsyn, RI, Stollberg, C, Sublet, A, Topaloudis, A, Torrado, N, Tuev, PV, Turner, M, Velotti, F, Verra, L, Verzilov, VA, Vieira, J, Vincke, H, Welsch, CP, Wendt, M, Wing, M, Wiwattananon, P, Wolfenden, J, Woolley, B, Xia, G, Zepp, M, Zevi Della Porta, G, AWAKE Collaboration, and Collaboration, AWAKE

Subjects
Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), Proton, Other Fields of Physics, Phase (waves), FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Ciências Naturais::Ciências Físicas [Domínio/Área Científica], 01 natural sciences, Instability, Relativistic particle, physics.plasm-ph, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, physics.acc-ph, Physics, acceleration, Plasma, electron-beam, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Physics - Plasma Physics, ddc, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Transverse plane, Amplitude, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Physics - Accelerator Physics, Atomic physics, Event (particle physics)
Abstract

We use a relativistic ionization front to provide various initial transverse wakefield amplitudes for the self-modulation of a long proton bunch in plasma. We show experimentally that, with sufficient initial amplitude ($\ge(4.1\pm0.4)$ MV/m), the phase of the modulation along the bunch is reproducible from event to event, with 3 to 7% (of 2$\pi$) rms variations all along the bunch. The phase is not reproducible for lower initial amplitudes. We observe the transition between these two regimes. Phase reproducibility is essential for deterministic external injection of particles to be accelerated., Comment: Letter and Supplemental Material, 6 figures, 8 pages

Published
2021

10. Experimental study of extended timescale dynamics of a plasma wakefield driven by a self-modulated proton bunch

Author

Chappell, J., Adli, E., Agnello, R., Aladi, M., Andrebe, Y, Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A.-M., Baistrukov, M. A., Batsch, F., Bergamaschi, M., Della Porta, G. Z., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Djotyan, G. P., Doebert. S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Furno, I., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hafych, V., Hartin, A., Helm, A, Henderson, J. R., Howling, A., Hüther, M ., Jacquier, R., Jolly, S. W., Kargapolov, I. Y., Kedves, M. Á., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M. D., Kim, S.-Y, Krausz, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T ., Li, Y., Liang, L., Liu, S., Lopes, N. C., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Medina Godoy, D., Militsyn, B. L., Minakov, V. A., Moody, J. T., Morales Guzmán, P. I., Moreira, M. T., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Peña Asmus, F., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Ráczkevi, B., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Ruhl, H., Saberi, H., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Spitsyn, R. I., Tuev, P. V., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G. X., and Zepp, M.

Subjects
Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Proton, Other Fields of Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, Electron, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, law, Electron injection, Physics::Plasma Physics, physics.plasm-ph, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, physics.acc-ph, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Dynamics (mechanics), Surfaces and Interfaces, Plasma, Laser, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Physics - Plasma Physics, ddc, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Amplitude, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Physics - Accelerator Physics, Atomic physics, Excitation
Abstract

Plasma wakefield dynamics over timescales up to 800 ps, approximately 100 plasma periods, are studied experimentally at the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE). The development of the longitudinal wakefield amplitude driven by a self-modulated proton bunch is measured using the external injection of witness electrons that sample the fields. In simulation, resonant excitation of the wakefield causes plasma electron trajectory crossing, resulting in the development of a potential outside the plasma boundary as electrons are transversely ejected. Trends consistent with the presence of this potential are experimentally measured and their dependence on wakefield amplitude are studied via seed laser timing scans and electron injection delay scans., 11 pages, 8 figures

Published
2021

11. Simulation and experimental study of proton bunch self-modulation in plasma with linear density gradients

Author

Morales Guzmán, P. I., Muggli, P., Agnello, R., Ahdida, C. C., Aladi, M., Amoedo Goncalves, M. C., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. M., Baistrukov, M. A., Batsch, F., Bergamaschi, M., Blanchard, P., Braunmüller, F., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Dexter, A., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Furno, I., Gessner, S., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Graubner, T., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Guran, E. D., Hafych, V., Henderson, J. R., Hüther, M., Kedves, M., Khudyakov, V., Kim, S. Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Morales Guzmán, P. I., Muggli, P., Agnello, R., Ahdida, C. C., Aladi, M., Amoedo Goncalves, M. C., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. M., Baistrukov, M. A., Batsch, F., Bergamaschi, M., Blanchard, P., Braunmüller, F., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Dexter, A., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Furno, I., Gessner, S., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Graubner, T., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Guran, E. D., Hafych, V., Henderson, J. R., Hüther, M., Kedves, M., Khudyakov, V., Kim, S. Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., and Lefevre, T.

Abstract

We present numerical simulations and experimental results of the self-modulation of a long proton bunch in a plasma with linear density gradients along the beam path. Simulation results agree with the experimental results reported [F. Braunmller, T. Nechaeva et al. (AWAKE Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 264801 (2020)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.125.264801]: with negative gradients, the charge of the modulated bunch is lower than with positive gradients. In addition, the bunch modulation frequency varies with gradient. Simulation results show that dephasing of the wakefields with respect to the relativistic protons along the plasma is the main cause for the loss of charge. The study of the modulation frequency reveals details about the evolution of the self-modulation process along the plasma. In particular for negative gradients, the modulation frequency across time-resolved images of the bunch indicates the position along the plasma where protons leave the wakefields. Simulations and experimental results are in excellent agreement.

Published
2021

12. Experimental study of wakefields driven by a self-modulating proton bunch in plasma

Author

Turner, M., Muggli, P., Adli, E., Agnello, R., Aladi, M., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. M., Baistrukov, M. A., Batsch, F., Bergamaschi, M., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Djotyan, G. P., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Furno, I., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hafych, V., Hartin, A., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Howling, A., Hüther, M., Jacquier, R., Jolly, S., Kargapolov, I. Yu, Kedves, M. A., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M. D., Kim, S. Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, Maciej, Lefevre, T., Li, Y., Liang, L., Liu, Sihang, Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Medina Godoy, D., Minakov, V. A., Moody, J. T., Morales Guzmán, P. I., Moreira, M., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Penã Asmus, F., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Ráczkevi, B., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Ruhl, H., Saberi, H., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Tuev, P. V., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Zepp, M., Zevi Della Porta, G., Turner, M., Muggli, P., Adli, E., Agnello, R., Aladi, M., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. M., Baistrukov, M. A., Batsch, F., Bergamaschi, M., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Djotyan, G. P., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Furno, I., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hafych, V., Hartin, A., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Howling, A., Hüther, M., Jacquier, R., Jolly, S., Kargapolov, I. Yu, Kedves, M. A., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M. D., Kim, S. Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, Maciej, Lefevre, T., Li, Y., Liang, L., Liu, Sihang, Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Medina Godoy, D., Minakov, V. A., Moody, J. T., Morales Guzmán, P. I., Moreira, M., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Penã Asmus, F., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Ráczkevi, B., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Ruhl, H., Saberi, H., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Tuev, P. V., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Zepp, M., and Zevi Della Porta, G.

Abstract

We study experimentally the longitudinal and transverse wakefields driven by a highly relativistic proton bunch during self-modulation in plasma. We show that the wakefields' growth and amplitude increase with increasing seed amplitude as well as with the proton bunch charge in the plasma. We study transverse wakefields using the maximum radius of the proton bunch distribution measured on a screen downstream from the plasma. We study longitudinal wakefields by externally injecting electrons and measuring their final energy. Measurements agree with trends predicted by theory and numerical simulations and validate our understanding of the development of self-modulation. Experiments were performed in the context of the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE).

Published
2020

13. Proton Bunch Self-Modulation in Plasma with Density Gradient

Author

Braunmüller, F., Nechaeva, T., Adli, E., Agnello, R., Aladi, M., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. M., Baistrukov, M. A., Batsch, F., Bergamaschi, M., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Djotyan, G. P., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Furno, I., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hafych, V., Hartin, A., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Howling, A., Hüther, M., Jacquier, R., Jolly, S., Kargapolov, I. Yu, Kedves, M., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M. D., Kim, S. Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Li, Y., Liang, L., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Medina Godoy, D., Minakov, V. A., Moody, J. T., Morales Guzmán, P. I., Moreira, M., Muggli, P., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Peña Asmus, F., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Ráczkevi, B., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Ruhl, H., Saberi, H., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Spitsyn, R. I., Tuev, P. V., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Zepp, M., Zevi Della Porta, G., Braunmüller, F., Nechaeva, T., Adli, E., Agnello, R., Aladi, M., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. M., Baistrukov, M. A., Batsch, F., Bergamaschi, M., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Djotyan, G. P., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Furno, I., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hafych, V., Hartin, A., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Howling, A., Hüther, M., Jacquier, R., Jolly, S., Kargapolov, I. Yu, Kedves, M., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M. D., Kim, S. Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Li, Y., Liang, L., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Medina Godoy, D., Minakov, V. A., Moody, J. T., Morales Guzmán, P. I., Moreira, M., Muggli, P., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Peña Asmus, F., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Ráczkevi, B., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Ruhl, H., Saberi, H., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Spitsyn, R. I., Tuev, P. V., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Zepp, M., and Zevi Della Porta, G.

Abstract

We study experimentally the effect of linear plasma density gradients on the self-modulation of a 400 GeV proton bunch. Results show that a positive or negative gradient increases or decreases the number of microbunches and the relative charge per microbunch observed after 10 m of plasma. The measured modulation frequency also increases or decreases. With the largest positive gradient we observe two frequencies in the modulation power spectrum. Results are consistent with changes in wakefields' phase velocity due to plasma density gradients adding to the slow wakefields' phase velocity during self-modulation growth predicted by linear theory.

Published
2020

14. Proton beam defocusing in AWAKE: comparison of simulations and measurements

Author

Gorn, A A, primary, Turner, M, additional, Adli, E, additional, Agnello, R, additional, Aladi, M, additional, Andrebe, Y, additional, Apsimon, O, additional, Apsimon, R, additional, Bachmann, A-M, additional, Baistrukov, M A, additional, Batsch, F, additional, Bergamaschi, M, additional, Blanchard, P, additional, Burrows, P N, additional, Buttenschön, B, additional, Caldwell, A, additional, Chappell, J, additional, Chevallay, E, additional, Chung, M, additional, Cooke, D A, additional, Damerau, H, additional, Davut, C, additional, Demeter, G, additional, Deubner, L H, additional, Dexter, A, additional, Djotyan, G P, additional, Doebert, S, additional, Farmer, J, additional, Fasoli, A, additional, Fedosseev, V N, additional, Fiorito, R, additional, Fonseca, R A, additional, Friebel, F, additional, Furno, I, additional, Garolfi, L, additional, Gessner, S, additional, Goddard, B, additional, Gorgisyan, I, additional, Granados, E, additional, Granetzny, M, additional, Grulke, O, additional, Gschwendtner, E, additional, Hafych, V, additional, Hartin, A, additional, Helm, A, additional, Henderson, J R, additional, Howling, A, additional, Hüther, M, additional, Jacquier, R, additional, Kargapolov, I Yu, additional, Kedves, M Á, additional, Keeble, F, additional, Kelisani, M D, additional, Kim, S-Y, additional, Kraus, F, additional, Krupa, M, additional, Lefevre, T, additional, Liang, L, additional, Liu, S, additional, Lopes, N, additional, Lotov, K V, additional, Martyanov, M, additional, Mazzoni, S, additional, Medina Godoy, D, additional, Minakov, V A, additional, Moody, J T, additional, Morales Guzmán, P I, additional, Moreira, M, additional, Nechaeva, T, additional, Panuganti, H, additional, Pardons, A, additional, Peña Asmus, F, additional, Perera, A, additional, Petrenko, A, additional, Pucek, J, additional, Pukhov, A, additional, Ráczkevi, B, additional, Ramjiawan, R L, additional, Rey, S, additional, Ruhl, H, additional, Saberi, H, additional, Schmitz, O, additional, Senes, E, additional, Sherwood, P, additional, Silva, L O, additional, Spitsyn, R I, additional, Tuev, P V, additional, Velotti, F, additional, Verra, L, additional, Verzilov, V A, additional, Vieira, J, additional, Welsch, C P, additional, Williamson, B, additional, Wing, M, additional, Wolfenden, J, additional, Woolley, B, additional, Xia, G, additional, Zepp, M, additional, and Zevi Della Porta, G, additional

Published
2020
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15. Controlled Growth of the Self-Modulation of a Relativistic Proton Bunch in Plasma.

Author

Verra L, Zevi Della Porta G, Pucek J, Nechaeva T, Wyler S, Bergamaschi M, Senes E, Guran E, Moody JT, Kedves MÁ, Gschwendtner E, Muggli P, Agnello R, Ahdida CC, Goncalves MCA, Andrebe Y, Apsimon O, Apsimon R, Arnesano JM, Bachmann AM, Barrientos D, Batsch F, Bencini V, Blanchard P, Burrows PN, Buttenschön B, Caldwell A, Chappell J, Chevallay E, Chung M, Cooke DA, Davut C, Demeter G, Dexter AC, Doebert S, Elverson FA, Farmer J, Fasoli A, Fedosseev V, Fonseca R, Furno I, Gorn A, Granados E, Granetzny M, Graubner T, Grulke O, Hafych V, Henderson J, Hüther M, Khudiakov V, Kim SY, Kraus F, Krupa M, Lefevre T, Liang L, Liu S, Lopes N, Lotov K, Martinez Calderon M, Mazzoni S, Medina Godoy D, Moon K, Morales Guzmán PI, Moreira M, Nowak E, Pakuza C, Panuganti H, Pardons A, Pepitone K, Perera A, Pukhov A, Ramjiawan RL, Rey S, Schmitz O, Silva F, Silva L, Stollberg C, Sublet A, Swain C, Topaloudis A, Torrado N, Tuev P, Velotti F, Verzilov V, Vieira J, Weidl M, Welsch C, Wendt M, Wing M, Wolfenden J, Woolley B, Xia G, Yarygova V, and Zepp M

Abstract

A long, narrow, relativistic charged particle bunch propagating in plasma is subject to the self-modulation (SM) instability. We show that SM of a proton bunch can be seeded by the wakefields driven by a preceding electron bunch. SM timing reproducibility and control are at the level of a small fraction of the modulation period. With this seeding method, we independently control the amplitude of the seed wakefields with the charge of the electron bunch and the growth rate of SM with the charge of the proton bunch. Seeding leads to larger growth of the wakefields than in the instability case.

Published
2022
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16. Transition between Instability and Seeded Self-Modulation of a Relativistic Particle Bunch in Plasma.

Author

Batsch F, Muggli P, Agnello R, Ahdida CC, Amoedo Goncalves MC, Andrebe Y, Apsimon O, Apsimon R, Bachmann AM, Baistrukov MA, Blanchard P, Braunmüller F, Burrows PN, Buttenschön B, Caldwell A, Chappell J, Chevallay E, Chung M, Cooke DA, Damerau H, Davut C, Demeter G, Deubner HL, Doebert S, Farmer J, Fasoli A, Fedosseev VN, Fiorito R, Fonseca RA, Friebel F, Furno I, Garolfi L, Gessner S, Gorgisyan I, Gorn AA, Granados E, Granetzny M, Graubner T, Grulke O, Gschwendtner E, Hafych V, Helm A, Henderson JR, Hüther M, Kargapolov IY, Kim SY, Kraus F, Krupa M, Lefevre T, Liang L, Liu S, Lopes N, Lotov KV, Martyanov M, Mazzoni S, Medina Godoy D, Minakov VA, Moody JT, Moon K, Morales Guzmán PI, Moreira M, Nechaeva T, Nowak E, Pakuza C, Panuganti H, Pardons A, Perera A, Pucek J, Pukhov A, Ramjiawan RL, Rey S, Rieger K, Schmitz O, Senes E, Silva LO, Speroni R, Spitsyn RI, Stollberg C, Sublet A, Topaloudis A, Torrado N, Tuev PV, Turner M, Velotti F, Verra L, Verzilov VA, Vieira J, Vincke H, Welsch CP, Wendt M, Wing M, Wiwattananon P, Wolfenden J, Woolley B, Xia G, Zepp M, and Zevi Della Porta G

Abstract

We use a relativistic ionization front to provide various initial transverse wakefield amplitudes for the self-modulation of a long proton bunch in plasma. We show experimentally that, with sufficient initial amplitude [≥(4.1±0.4)  MV/m], the phase of the modulation along the bunch is reproducible from event to event, with 3%-7% (of 2π) rms variations all along the bunch. The phase is not reproducible for lower initial amplitudes. We observe the transition between these two regimes. Phase reproducibility is essential for deterministic external injection of particles to be accelerated.

Published
2021
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17. Proton Bunch Self-Modulation in Plasma with Density Gradient.

Author

Braunmüller F, Nechaeva T, Adli E, Agnello R, Aladi M, Andrebe Y, Apsimon O, Apsimon R, Bachmann AM, Baistrukov MA, Batsch F, Bergamaschi M, Blanchard P, Burrows PN, Buttenschön B, Caldwell A, Chappell J, Chevallay E, Chung M, Cooke DA, Damerau H, Davut C, Demeter G, Deubner LH, Dexter A, Djotyan GP, Doebert S, Farmer J, Fasoli A, Fedosseev VN, Fiorito R, Fonseca RA, Friebel F, Furno I, Garolfi L, Gessner S, Goddard B, Gorgisyan I, Gorn AA, Granados E, Granetzny M, Grulke O, Gschwendtner E, Hafych V, Hartin A, Helm A, Henderson JR, Howling A, Hüther M, Jacquier R, Jolly S, Kargapolov IY, Kedves MÁ, Keeble F, Kelisani MD, Kim SY, Kraus F, Krupa M, Lefevre T, Li Y, Liang L, Liu S, Lopes N, Lotov KV, Martyanov M, Mazzoni S, Medina Godoy D, Minakov VA, Moody JT, Morales Guzmán PI, Moreira M, Muggli P, Panuganti H, Pardons A, Peña Asmus F, Perera A, Petrenko A, Pucek J, Pukhov A, Ráczkevi B, Ramjiawan RL, Rey S, Ruhl H, Saberi H, Schmitz O, Senes E, Sherwood P, Silva LO, Spitsyn RI, Tuev PV, Turner M, Velotti F, Verra L, Verzilov VA, Vieira J, Welsch CP, Williamson B, Wing M, Wolfenden J, Woolley B, Xia G, Zepp M, and Zevi Della Porta G

Abstract

We study experimentally the effect of linear plasma density gradients on the self-modulation of a 400 GeV proton bunch. Results show that a positive or negative gradient increases or decreases the number of microbunches and the relative charge per microbunch observed after 10 m of plasma. The measured modulation frequency also increases or decreases. With the largest positive gradient we observe two frequencies in the modulation power spectrum. Results are consistent with changes in wakefields' phase velocity due to plasma density gradients adding to the slow wakefields' phase velocity during self-modulation growth predicted by linear theory.

Published
2020
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