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1. The Chief Resident Role in Emergency Medicine Residency Programs

Author

Hafner, John W. Jr., MD, MPH, Gardner, Joanna C MD, Boston, William S, and Aldag, Jean C

Subjects
Residency, Internship and Residency, Emergency Medicine, Graduate Medical Education, Education, Medicine, Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid, RC86-88.9
Abstract

Study Objectives: Although other specialties have examined the role of the chief resident (CR), the role and training of the emergency medicine (EM) CR has largely been undefined.Methods: A survey was mailed to all EM CRs and their respective program directors (PD) in 124 EM residency programs. The survey consisted of questions defining demographics, duties of the typical CR, and opinions regarding the level of support and training received. Multiple choice, Likert scale (1 strong agreement, 5 strong disagreement) and short-answer responses were used. We analyzed associations between CR and PD responses using Chi-square, Student’s T and Mann-Whitney U tests.Results: Seventy-six percent of CRs and 65% of PDs responded and were similar except for age (31 vs. 42 years; p

Published
2010

2. Researching COVID to enhance recovery (RECOVER) adult study protocol: Rationale, objectives, and design

Author

Horwitz, Leora I, Thaweethai, Tanayott, Brosnahan, Shari B, Cicek, Mine S, Fitzgerald, Megan L, Goldman, Jason D, Hess, Rachel, Hodder, SL, Jacoby, Vanessa L, Jordan, Michael R, Krishnan, Jerry A, Laiyemo, Adeyinka O, Metz, Torri D, Nichols, Lauren, Patzer, Rachel E, Sekar, Anisha, Singer, Nora G, Stiles, Lauren E, Taylor, Barbara S, Ahmed, Shifa, Algren, Heather A, Anglin, Khamal, Aponte-Soto, Lisa, Ashktorab, Hassan, Bassett, Ingrid V, Bedi, Brahmchetna, Bhadelia, Nahid, Bime, Christian, Bind, Marie-Abele C, Black, Lora J, Blomkalns, Andra L, Brim, Hassan, Castro, Mario, Chan, James, Charney, Alexander W, Chen, Benjamin K, Chen, Li Qing, Chen, Peter, Chestek, David, Chibnik, Lori B, Chow, Dominic C, Chu, Helen Y, Clifton, Rebecca G, Collins, Shelby, Costantine, Maged M, Cribbs, Sushma K, Deeks, Steven G, Dickinson, John D, Donohue, Sarah E, Durstenfeld, Matthew S, Emery, Ivette F, Erlandson, Kristine M, Facelli, Julio C, Farah-Abraham, Rachael, Finn, Aloke V, Fischer, Melinda S, Flaherman, Valerie J, Fleurimont, Judes, Fonseca, Vivian, Gallagher, Emily J, Gander, Jennifer C, Gennaro, Maria Laura, Gibson, Kelly S, Go, Minjoung, Goodman, Steven N, Granger, Joey P, Greenway, Frank L, Hafner, John W, Han, Jenny E, Harkins, Michelle S, Hauser, Kristine SP, Heath, James R, Hernandez, Carla R, Ho, On, Hoffman, Matthew K, Hoover, Susan E, Horowitz, Carol R, Hsu, Harvey, Hsue, Priscilla Y, Hughes, Brenna L, Jagannathan, Prasanna, James, Judith A, John, Janice, Jolley, Sarah, Judd, SE, Juskowich, Joy J, Kanjilal, Diane G, Karlson, Elizabeth W, Katz, Stuart D, Kelly, J Daniel, Kelly, Sara W, Kim, Arthur Y, Kirwan, John P, Knox, Kenneth S, Kumar, Andre, Lamendola-Essel, Michelle F, Lanca, Margaret, Lee-lannotti, Joyce K, Lefebvre, R Craig, and Levy, Bruce D

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Prevention, Clinical Research, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases, Infection, Good Health and Well Being
Abstract

Abstract: Importance: SARS-CoV-2 infection can result in ongoing, relapsing, or new symptoms or other health effects after the acute phase of infection; termed post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), or long COVID. The characteristics, prevalence, trajectory and mechanisms of PASC are ill-defined. The objectives of the Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) Multi-site Observational Study of PASC in Adults (RECOVER-Adult) are to: (1) characterize PASC prevalence; (2) characterize the symptoms, organ dysfunction, natural history, and distinct phenotypes of PASC; (3) identify demographic, social and clinical risk factors for PASC onset and recovery; and (4) define the biological mechanisms underlying PASC pathogenesis. Methods: RECOVER-Adult is a combined prospective/retrospective cohort currently planned to enroll 14,880 adults aged ≥18 years. Eligible participants either must meet WHO criteria for suspected, probable, or confirmed infection; or must have evidence of no prior infection. Recruitment occurs at 86 sites in 33 U.S. states, Washington, DC and Puerto Rico, via facility– and community-based outreach. Participants complete quarterly questionnaires about symptoms, social determinants, vaccination status, and interim SARS-CoV-2 infections. In addition, participants contribute biospecimens and undergo physical and laboratory examinations at approximately 0, 90 and 180 days from infection or negative test date, and yearly thereafter. Some participants undergo additional testing based on specific criteria or random sampling. Patient representatives provide input on all study processes. The primary study outcome is onset of PASC, measured by signs and symptoms. A paradigm for identifying PASC cases will be defined and updated using supervised and unsupervised learning approaches with cross– validation. Logistic regression and proportional hazards regression will be conducted to investigate associations between risk factors, onset, and resolution of PASC symptoms. Discussion: RECOVER-Adult is the first national, prospective, longitudinal cohort of PASC among US adults. Results of this study are intended to inform public health, spur clinical trials, and expand treatment options.

Published
2023

3. Severe Vitamin K-dependent Coagulopathy from Rodenticide-contaminated Synthetic Cannabinoids: Emergency Department Presentations

Author

Wright, Erik, Hafner, John W., Podolej, Gregory, Feinstein, Douglas L., van Breemen, Richard, Rubinstein, Israel, Aks, Steven, and Wahl, Michael

Subjects
Synthetic Cannabinoid, coagulopathy, synthetic marijuana, K2, superwarfarin, brodifacoum
Abstract

Introduction: Synthetic cannabinoids are a rapidly expanding subset of designer drugs widely available in the United States since 2008. In Illinois during the spring of 2018, over 160 documented cases of bleeding and prolonged coagulopathy occurred secondary to contaminated synthetic cannabinoids. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study consisting of 38 patients to describe the initial emergency department (ED) presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Results: Through serum testing we found that three long-acting anticoagulant rodenticides (LAAR) were detected in patients who had inhaled these tainted products: brodifacoum, difenacoum, and bromodialone.  Discussion: This study encompasses the largest ED presentation of LAAR poisoning via the inhalational route known to date. Conclusion: The emergency physician should be aware of the potential for tainted coingestants as the cause of undifferentiated coagulopathy.

Published
2021

4. Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) adult study protocol: Rationale, objectives, and design

Author

Horwitz, Leora I., primary, Thaweethai, Tanayott, additional, Brosnahan, Shari B., additional, Cicek, Mine S., additional, Fitzgerald, Megan L., additional, Goldman, Jason D., additional, Hess, Rachel, additional, Hodder, S. L., additional, Jacoby, Vanessa L., additional, Jordan, Michael R., additional, Krishnan, Jerry A., additional, Laiyemo, Adeyinka O., additional, Metz, Torri D., additional, Nichols, Lauren, additional, Patzer, Rachel E., additional, Sekar, Anisha, additional, Singer, Nora G., additional, Stiles, Lauren E., additional, Taylor, Barbara S., additional, Ahmed, Shifa, additional, Algren, Heather A., additional, Anglin, Khamal, additional, Aponte-Soto, Lisa, additional, Ashktorab, Hassan, additional, Bassett, Ingrid V., additional, Bedi, Brahmchetna, additional, Bhadelia, Nahid, additional, Bime, Christian, additional, Bind, Marie-Abele C., additional, Black, Lora J., additional, Blomkalns, Andra L., additional, Brim, Hassan, additional, Castro, Mario, additional, Chan, James, additional, Charney, Alexander W., additional, Chen, Benjamin K., additional, Chen, Li Qing, additional, Chen, Peter, additional, Chestek, David, additional, Chibnik, Lori B., additional, Chow, Dominic C., additional, Chu, Helen Y., additional, Clifton, Rebecca G., additional, Collins, Shelby, additional, Costantine, Maged M., additional, Cribbs, Sushma K., additional, Deeks, Steven G., additional, Dickinson, John D., additional, Donohue, Sarah E., additional, Durstenfeld, Matthew S., additional, Emery, Ivette F., additional, Erlandson, Kristine M., additional, Facelli, Julio C., additional, Farah-Abraham, Rachael, additional, Finn, Aloke V., additional, Fischer, Melinda S., additional, Flaherman, Valerie J., additional, Fleurimont, Judes, additional, Fonseca, Vivian, additional, Gallagher, Emily J., additional, Gander, Jennifer C., additional, Gennaro, Maria Laura, additional, Gibson, Kelly S., additional, Go, Minjoung, additional, Goodman, Steven N., additional, Granger, Joey P., additional, Greenway, Frank L., additional, Hafner, John W., additional, Han, Jenny E., additional, Harkins, Michelle S., additional, Hauser, Kristine S. P., additional, Heath, James R., additional, Hernandez, Carla R., additional, Ho, On, additional, Hoffman, Matthew K., additional, Hoover, Susan E., additional, Horowitz, Carol R., additional, Hsu, Harvey, additional, Hsue, Priscilla Y., additional, Hughes, Brenna L., additional, Jagannathan, Prasanna, additional, James, Judith A., additional, John, Janice, additional, Jolley, Sarah, additional, Judd, S. E., additional, Juskowich, Joy J., additional, Kanjilal, Diane G., additional, Karlson, Elizabeth W., additional, Katz, Stuart D., additional, Kelly, J. Daniel, additional, Kelly, Sara W., additional, Kim, Arthur Y., additional, Kirwan, John P., additional, Knox, Kenneth S., additional, Kumar, Andre, additional, Lamendola-Essel, Michelle F., additional, Lanca, Margaret, additional, Lee-lannotti, Joyce K., additional, Lefebvre, R. Craig, additional, Levy, Bruce D., additional, Lin, Janet Y., additional, Logarbo, Brian P., additional, Logue, Jennifer K., additional, Longo, Michele T., additional, Luciano, Carlos A., additional, Lutrick, Karen, additional, Malakooti, Shahdi K., additional, Mallett, Gail, additional, Maranga, Gabrielle, additional, Marathe, Jai G., additional, Marconi, Vincent C., additional, Marshall, Gailen D., additional, Martin, Christopher F., additional, Martin, Jeffrey N., additional, May, Heidi T., additional, McComsey, Grace A., additional, McDonald, Dylan, additional, Mendez-Figueroa, Hector, additional, Miele, Lucio, additional, Mittleman, Murray A., additional, Mohandas, Sindhu, additional, Mouchati, Christian, additional, Mullington, Janet M., additional, Nadkarni, Girish N., additional, Nahin, Erica R., additional, Neuman, Robert B., additional, Newman, Lisa T., additional, Nguyen, Amber, additional, Nikolich, Janko Z., additional, Ofotokun, Igho, additional, Ogbogu, Princess U., additional, Palatnik, Anna, additional, Palomares, Kristy T. S., additional, Parimon, Tanyalak, additional, Parry, Samuel, additional, Parthasarathy, Sairam, additional, Patterson, Thomas F., additional, Pearman, Ann, additional, Peluso, Michael J., additional, Pemu, Priscilla, additional, Pettker, Christian M., additional, Plunkett, Beth A., additional, Pogreba-Brown, Kristen, additional, Poppas, Athena, additional, Porterfield, J. Zachary, additional, Quigley, John G., additional, Quinn, Davin K., additional, Raissy, Hengameh, additional, Rebello, Candida J., additional, Reddy, Uma M., additional, Reece, Rebecca, additional, Reeder, Harrison T., additional, Rischard, Franz P., additional, Rosas, Johana M., additional, Rosen, Clifford J., additional, Rouphael, Nadine G., additional, Rouse, Dwight J., additional, Ruff, Adam M., additional, Saint Jean, Christina, additional, Sandoval, Grecio J., additional, Santana, Jorge L., additional, Schlater, Shannon M., additional, Sciurba, Frank C., additional, Selvaggi, Caitlin, additional, Seshadri, Sudha, additional, Sesso, Howard D., additional, Shah, Dimpy P., additional, Shemesh, Eyal, additional, Sherif, Zaki A., additional, Shinnick, Daniel J., additional, Simhan, Hyagriv N., additional, Singh, Upinder, additional, Sowles, Amber, additional, Subbian, Vignesh, additional, Sun, Jun, additional, Suthar, Mehul S., additional, Teunis, Larissa J., additional, Thorp, John M., additional, Ticotsky, Amberly, additional, Tita, Alan T. N., additional, Tragus, Robin, additional, Tuttle, Katherine R., additional, Urdaneta, Alfredo E., additional, Utz, P. J., additional, VanWagoner, Timothy M., additional, Vasey, Andrew, additional, Vernon, Suzanne D., additional, Vidal, Crystal, additional, Walker, Tiffany, additional, Ward, Honorine D., additional, Warren, David E., additional, Weeks, Ryan M., additional, Weiner, Steven J., additional, Weyer, Jordan C., additional, Wheeler, Jennifer L., additional, Whiteheart, Sidney W., additional, Wiley, Zanthia, additional, Williams, Natasha J., additional, Wisnivesky, Juan P., additional, Wood, John C., additional, Yee, Lynn M., additional, Young, Natalie M., additional, Zisis, Sokratis N., additional, and Foulkes, Andrea S., additional

Published
2023
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6. All-Terrain Vehicle Safety and Use Patterns in Central Illinois Youth

Author

Hafner, John W., Hough, Scott M., Getz, Marjorie A., Whitehurst, Yvette, and Pearl, Richard H.

Abstract

Context: All-terrain vehicles' (ATVs) popularity and associated injuries among children are increasing in the United States. Currently, most known ATV use pattern data are obtained from injured youth and little documented data exist characterizing the typical ATV use patterns and safety practices among American children in general. Purpose: To describe the typical ATV safety and use patterns of rural youth. Methods: A cross-sectional anonymous mail survey was conducted of youth participants (ages 8-18) in the 4-H Club of America in four Central Illinois counties. Questions examined ATV use patterns, safety knowledge, safety equipment usage, crashes, and injuries. Findings: Of 1,850 mailed surveys, 634 were returned (34% response rate) with 280 surveys (44% of respondents) eligible for analysis. Respondents were principally adolescent males from farms or rural locations. Most drove less than or equal to 1 day per week (60.2%) and used ATVs for recreation (36%) or work (22.6%) on farms and/or private property (53.4%). Most never used safety gear, including helmets (61.4%), and few (14.6%) had received safety education. Of the 67% who experienced an ATV crash, almost half (44%) were injured. Children with safety training had fewer crashes (P = 0.01), and those riding after dark (P = 0.13) or without adult supervision (P = 0.042) were more likely injured. Conclusions: ATV use is common in a rural 4-H population. Most child ATV users were adolescent boys, had little safety training and did not use safety equipment or helmets. ATV injury prevention efforts should focus on these areas.

Published
2010
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19. Effects of vitamin K1 treatment on plasma concentrations of long-acting anticoagulant rodenticide enantiomers following inhalation of contaminated synthetic cannabinoids

Author

Feinstein, Douglas L, primary, Nosal, Daniel G, additional, Ramanathan, Swetha, additional, Zhou, Jifang, additional, Chen, Luying, additional, Hershow, Ronald C, additional, van Breemen, Richard B, additional, Wright, Erik, additional, Hafner, John W, additional, and Rubinstein, Israel, additional

Published
2019
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22. The effect of a community crash reenactment program on teen alcohol awareness and behavior

Author

Hafner,John W., Bleess,Brandon B., Famakinwa,Michelle Folake, Wang,Huaping, Coleman,Monica, Hafner,John W., Bleess,Brandon B., Famakinwa,Michelle Folake, Wang,Huaping, and Coleman,Monica

Abstract

John W Hafner,1 Brandon B Bleess,1 Michelle Folake Famakinwa,2 Huaping Wang,3 Monica Coleman41University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Department of Emergency Medicine, Peoria, IL 616137, USA; 2University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA; 3University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Department of Internal Medicine, Peoria, IL, USA; 4American Red Cross Central and Southern Illinois Region, Peoria, IL, USABackground: Motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) are the leading cause of death in US teens, encompassing greater than one in three deaths. Mock crash reenactments have been used to promote awareness in communities about the effects of drinking and driving.  The majority of these programs are for alcohol injury prevention, target high school students, and often involve a scenario of a student driving while under the influence (DUI) and sustaining a fatal car crash.Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a regional mock crash reenactment upon the students’ drinking and driving knowledge and behaviors.Methods: An observational pre-post study was conducted.  The survey had seven five-point Likert-scale questions (1 being strongly disagree and 5 strongly agree) measuring outcomes. Students were surveyed before and after the crash reenactment concerning their knowledge and attitudes related to drinking and driving. The survey also included questions that queried participant’s age, gender, alcohol consumption history, and seatbelt usage.Results: The final study population included 947 pre-surveys and 840 post-surveys.  Students demonstrated no significant increase in knowledge-based drinking and driving questions.  However, after the reenactment program, students were 1.39 times less likely to report drinking and driving in the future or that they would get into a car with someone who would drive drunk. Studen

Published
2019

23. Effects of vitamin K1 treatment on plasma concentrations of long-acting anticoagulant rodenticide enantiomers following inhalation of contaminated synthetic cannabinoids.

Author

Feinstein, Douglas L, Nosal, Daniel G, Ramanathan, Swetha, Zhou, Jifang, Chen, Luying, Hershow, Ronald C, van Breemen, Richard B, Wright, Erik, Hafner, John W, and Rubinstein, Israel

Subjects
SYNTHETIC marijuana, BLOOD coagulation, LIQUID chromatography-mass spectrometry, PHARMACOKINETICS, ANTICOAGULANTS, HOSPITAL admission & discharge, VITAMINS
Abstract

Background: An outbreak of synthetic cannabinoid (SC)-associated coagulopathy and bleeding in Illinois, USA was determined to be due to inhalation of SC contaminated with brodifacoum (BDF), difenacoum (DiF), and bromadiolone (BDL), highly potent long-acting anticoagulant rodenticides (LAARs). Treatment with high-dose vitamin K1 (VK1) prevented mortality; however, plasma LAAR levels were not measured risking recurrence of coagulopathy and bleeding due to premature discontinuation. The goal of this study was to determine if plasma LAAR levels were reduced following standard of care treatment to normalize coagulopathy. Methods: Blood samples were collected from a cohort of 32 patients, and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis used to quantify plasma LAAR levels including enantiomers. Results: BDF was detected in 31 samples; 30 also contained DiF and 18 contained BDL. Initial plasma levels were 581 ± 87, 11.0 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 5.9 ng/mL for BDF, DiF, and BDL, respectively (mean ± SE). At discharge plasma, BDF levels remained elevated at 453 ± 68 ng/mL. Plasma half-lives for BDF, DiF, and BDL were 7.5 ± 1.3, 7.2 ± 1.9, and 1.8 ± 0.3 days, respectively. The half-life for trans-BDF enantiomers (5.7 ± 0.8 days) was shorter than for cis-enantiomers (7.6 ± 1.9 days). BDF half-lives were shorter, and coagulopathy normalized faster in patients receiving intravenous VK1 as compared to oral VK1. Patients prescribed VK1 at discharge had fewer re-admittances. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that plasma LAAR levels at discharge were elevated in poisoned patients despite normal coagulation, and that the route of VK1 administration affected LAAR pharmacokinetics and INR normalization. We propose plasma LAAR levels and coagulation be monitored concomitantly during follow-up of patients with LAAR poisoning. In patients treated with high-dose vitamin K1 for LAAR poisoning, plasma levels remained 40-fold above safe levels upon discharge from hospital. LAAR half-lives, normalization of coagulopathy, and readmittances were reduced by treatment with intravenous vitamin K1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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25. The Chief Resident Role in Emergency Medicine Residency Programs

Author

Hafner, John W., Hafner, John W., Gardner, Joanna C, Boston, William S, Aldag, Jean C, Hafner, John W., Hafner, John W., Gardner, Joanna C, Boston, William S, and Aldag, Jean C

Abstract

Study Objectives: Although other specialties have examined the role of the chief resident (CR), the role and training of the emergency medicine (EM) CR has largely been undefined.Methods: A survey was mailed to all EM CRs and their respective program directors (PD) in 124 EM residency programs. The survey consisted of questions defining demographics, duties of the typical CR, and opinions regarding the level of support and training received. Multiple choice, Likert scale (1 strong agreement, 5 strong disagreement) and short-answer responses were used. We analyzed associations between CR and PD responses using Chi-square, Student’s T and Mann-Whitney U tests.Results: Seventy-six percent of CRs and 65% of PDs responded and were similar except for age (31 vs. 42 years; p<0.001). CR respondents were most often male, in year 3 of training and held the position for 12 months. CRs and PDs agreed that the assigned level of responsibility is appropriate (2.63 vs. 2.73, p=0.15); but CRs underestimate their influence in the residency program (1.94 vs. 2.34, p=0.002) and the emergency department (2.61 vs. 3.03, p=0.002). The majority of CRs (70%) and PDs (77%) report participating in an extramural training program, and those CRs who participated in training felt more prepared for their job duties (2.26 vs. 2.73; p=0.03).Conclusion: EM CRs feel they have appropriate job responsibility but believe they are less influential in program and department administration than PD respondents. Extramural training programs for incoming CRs are widely used and felt to be helpful. [West J Emerg Med. 2010; 11(2):120-125.]

Published
2010

26. The Blood of Strangers: Stories From Emergency Medicine

Author

Hafner, John W.

Subjects
Emergency medicine, Health
Abstract

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/S0196-0644(00)70025-4 Byline: John W. Hafner Author Affiliation: University of Illinois College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, OSF Saint Francis Medical Center Peoria, IL

Published
2000

29. Aneurysms and atypical pain can impede correct diagnosis. (Abdominal Pain, Part II)

Author

Hubler, James and Hafner, John W., Jr.

Subjects
Gastrointestinal bleeding -- Diagnosis, Abdominal pain -- Causes of, Abdominal pain -- Diagnosis, Aortic aneurysms -- Diagnosis, Business, Health, Health care industry
Abstract

Editor's note: This issue of ED Legal Letter is the second of a four-part series related to pitfalls associated with evaluating patients with abdominal pain. The series will analyze high-risk [...]

Published
2003

30. Abdominal pain: gut instinct not enough to make diagnosis

Author

Hubler, James and Hafner, John W., Jr.

Subjects
Abdominal pain -- Care and treatment, Abdominal pain -- Diagnosis, Emergency medical services -- Management, Company business management, Business, Health, Health care industry
Abstract

Editor's note: Abdominal pain is a common presenting complaint in the emergency department (ED). The frequency of malpractice cases concerning abdominal pain is staggering. Due to the large volume of [...]

Published
2003

49. Influenza

Author

Boktor SW and Hafner JW

Abstract

Influenza is a communicable viral disease that affects the upper and lower respiratory tract. A wide spectrum of influenza viruses causes it. Some of these viruses can infect humans, and some are specific to different species. These viruses are transmissible through respiratory droplets expelled from the mouth and respiratory system during coughing, talking, and sneezing. The influenza viruses can be transmitted by touching inanimate objects soiled with the virus and touching the nose or eye. Influenza can be transmitted before the patient is symptomatic and until 5 to 7 days after infection. After infection, it takes a few days for most of the healthy patients to recover fully, but complications that include pneumonia and death are common in certain high-risk groups. These groups include young children, the elderly, immunocompromised, and pregnant females. Symptoms of influenza include a runny nose, high fever, cough, and sore throat. Influenza spreads rapidly and efficiently in seasonal epidemics. Flu epidemics occur every autumn and winter in temperate regions and affect a significant portion of adults and children, but seasons differently impact age groups and severity. Over the past few decades, more lethal strains of the influenza virus have evolved. Besides infecting humans, these viruses also infect animals. Clinicians should be aware that all rapid tests for detecting influenza have limited sensitivity, and false-negative results are common. The gold standard for diagnosis is the PCR test or viral culture of throat secretions, but these tests take a few days to yield results. The key strategy in reducing the morbidity of the infection is vaccination., (Copyright © 2022, StatPearls Publishing LLC.)

Published
2022

50. Bacterial Meningitis

Author

Runde TJ, Anjum F, and Hafner JW

Abstract

Bacterial meningitis is a bacterial infection of the meninges, which is the protective covering for the brain and spinal cord resulting in inflammation. It is a serious and life-threatening condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment., (Copyright © 2022, StatPearls Publishing LLC.)

Published
2022

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