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Background: Hamstrings undergo adaptive shortening. It is common in healthy individuals to have a sedentary lifestyle affecting males (91.8%) more than females (78.7%). Hamstring tightness can interrupt ADL’s predisposing the person to further health problems i.e. plantar fasciitis, sacroiliac joint pain, decreased lumbar lordosis, knee pain, quadriceps malfunction, postural disturbances, overstretched lumbar ligaments, reduced muscle strength. Aims and Objectives: To analyze the prevalence of hamstring tightness and its effects on lower extremity function in individuals with prolonged standing. Materials and Methods: 65 participants were chosen for this cross-sectional study by convenient sampling; all were female nurses. The hamstring tightness was measured by the data collection tools i.e. lower limb task questionnaire, straight leg raise test, and active knee extension test after having the consent forms signed by the participants. The data was collected from three big hospitals in the city. Results: The results of the study conducted to see the prevalence of hamstrings tightness and its impact on lower extremity function in asymptomatic individuals with prolonged standing hours showed that only 15.38% of the sample (n=65) with a mean age of 31-35 years were found with bilateral hamstrings tightness while 84.62% were found with no hamstrings tightness. Conclusion: The prevalence of hamstring tightness in asymptomatic individuals with prolonged standing hours is low.

In response to the highly volatile industry situation post-Covid19, E&P companies are abandoning or delaying exploration projects. It is anticipated that to meet growing energy demand in the future, it would require robust reservoir surveillance to improve individual well productivity. Production logging plays a key role in developing reservoir flow characterization and its integration with multiple data sources can allow for a holistic well dynamic description, leading to production enhancement on a well-by-well basis. Multiple case studies are presented in this work that propose a data-driven, integrated workflow which combines production logging data with plethora of under-utilized data sources to constitute an investigative analysis to solve water production conundrum. The workflow developed as part of this work incorporates three distinct stages. Firstly, an in-depth data analysis is conducted utilizing all historical production data/trends and well events to link it with water production as each will have its distinct impact on the type of production logging tools/techniques that would be deployed on the subject well to achieve job objectives. Secondly, real-time production logging is conducted to ensure job objectives as defined in stage one is being met which is crucial to the resultant wellbore zonal profiling. Finally, once the production log visual representation is created, various other open-hole petrophysical and cased-hole well integrity logs are analyzed to make sense of the derived results and suggest reasoning to the state of the reservoir production pertaining to producing water. The case studies discussed in this paper include the use of petrophysical logs, MDT formation testing data, ultrasonic cement evaluation logs, and production log time-lapse analysis. Integrating various data sources with production log analysis allowed for establishment of water production sources in the various case studies discussed. In one case, production related ambiguity was resolved by integrating formation testing and production logging data together. Another analysis revealed channeling behind the casing through a micro-channel in the cement which caused water to encroach shallow perforations. This highlighted the importance of azimuthal cement logging to detect small channels even when omni-directional sonic measurements are depicting good cement placement. Finally, through integrated time-lapse production log analysis, it was discovered how wellbore dynamics were changing chronologically.

The COVID-19 epidemic is considered the most important health disaster of the century and the largest humanitarian crisis since World War II. In December 2019, a new respiratory disease/disorder was discovered in Wuhan, Hubei province, China and World Health Organization named it COVID-19 (coronavirus 2019). It has been diagnosed with a new class of corona virus, called SARS-CoV-2 (a serious respiratory disease). According to the history of human civilization it is affected by the incidence of disease outbreaks caused by the number of viruses. Covid-19 is rapidly spreading across the globe, due to which mankind faces major health, economic, environmental and social challenges. The outbreak of coronavirus is seriously affecting the global economy. Almost all nations have problems limiting the spread of the disease by screening and treating patients, setting up suspects by keeping in touch, blocking large gatherings, maintaining full or partial closure etc. This paper describes the impact of COVID-19 on society and the global environment, and the ways in which the disease is likely to be controlled have been discussed.

Background: Hepatitis C Virus is a member of flaviviridae family in hepacivirus genome. HCV effect liver that develop in CHC contagion in maximum patients. About 160 million individuals are infected by HCV contagion that leads Long-lasting hepatitis C, liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma. Direct damaged hepatic cells by HCV cause CHC and Chronic Hepatitis C leads lipid accumulation in liver. Objective: To evaluate the lipid peroxidation and Hepatic profile in hepatitis C patients receiving ribavirin and sofosbuvir. Methodology: Venous blood samples (5.0 ml) of 50 diagnosed Hepatitis C patients receiving sofosbuvir and ribavirin and 50 Blood samples (5.0 ml) of Healthy individuals were taken in clotted gel vials. Blood serum was further tested for estimation of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric Oxide (NO), Advanced Glycation End products (AGE’s), Serum Liver Functions tests (LFTs), Lipid Profile, Urea and Creatinine by using spectrophotometer. Results: Serum MDA level significantly elevate (8.60) in diseased individuals receiving sofosbuvir and ribavirin than control (1.3) and NO level significantly increase in patients (35.21) as compare to healthy individuals (6.41). Serum hepatic profile status reveals that value of ALT significantly rises in disease persons (44.56) that control individuals (36.22). Serum AST level increase significantly in diseased individuals (40.33) as compare to healthy individuals (29.81). All parameters showed significant statistically (P = 0.000 < 0.05). Conclusions: Due to high lipid peroxidation, serum MDA level and NO level elevated remarkably in Hepatitis C patients that is highly significant. AGE’s level and Creatinine level decreased in Hepatitis C patients. ALT, AST, ALP, Total Bilirubin, Urea, Cholesterols and Triglyceride level increased in HCV patients that may leads to the progression of disease. Key Words: HCV, Ribavirin, Sofosbuvir, ALT, AST, MDA

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder in reproductive age of women categorized by hyper-androgenism, chronic ovulation and menstrual disturbance. Obesity, infertility, and insulin resistance are the major sign and symptoms of all these three indications. PCOS can be diagnosed by occurrence of 12 or more follicles which diameter is about 2 to 9 mm and or on transvaginal ultrasound study raised volume is about >10cm3. About 6-8% population of women disturb by PCOS. Objectives: To evaluate the level of different hormones FSH, LH and Malondialdehyde status in polycystic ovary syndrome patients. Methodology: Venous blood (5.0 ml) samples of 50 polycystic ovary syndrome patients and 50 blood samples (5.0 ml) of control individuals were taken in clotted gel vials. Blood serum was further processed for the estimation of Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Advanced Glycation End products (AGE’s) , Nitric oxide (NO), serum liver function tests (LFT’s), Lipid Profile, and Renal Profile by using spectrophotometer. Results: Level of AGE’s in control (1.05) and in diseased patients (1.38), level of MDA in control (3.15) and in diseased patients is (0.88) and level of LH significantly increase in patients (10.81) as compare to healthy individuals (8.45) also level of FSH is decrease in patients (14.65) as compare to control individuals (19.34). Serum hepatic profile status reveals that level of value of bilirubin elevate in diseased patients (0.58) as compare to healthy persons(0.42) while SGOT level in diseased individuals raise (47.62) as compare with healthy persons (40.12) and level of SGPT also elevate in diseased persons (52.97) as compare with control persons (43.12). All parameters showed statistically significant (P=0.00 Conclusion: PCOS is an endocrine disorder at reproductive age of women. It is the major cause of infertility which also correlate with other metabolic disorders. PCOS mainly recognized by hyperandrogenism, irregular periods and presences of cysts. Key Words: PCOS, FSH, LH, MDA, SGOT, Bilirubin and SGPT

Background: Ovariancancerrefers to the growth of any cancerous cells in the ovaries. Most often ovarian cancer arises from the epithelium (outer lining) of the ovary.Ovarian cancer considered as the major reason of death in gynecological malignancies. The ovaries are two small organs located on either side of the uterus in a woman’s body. Methodology: 5.0 ml blood sample of 50 ovarian cancer patients and 50 healthy persons was collected in EDTA vials from oncology department of Mayo and Jinnah Hospital Lahore. MDA, CAT, GSH, SOD, Micronutrients, serum Electrolytes were estimated Results: Serum MDA level in ovarian malignancy patients is remarkably inflated (8.42 ± 0.53) whereas there level in healthy individuals was extremely low (2.25±.24). In patients the level of GSH reduced (0.12 ±0.14) as compared to normal individual (6.35 ± 0.17). The CAT level is moderately decreased in patients (0.60±0.52) as compared to healthy individual is high (4.16±1.06). Ovarian cancer patients have remarkably deficient vitamin A level (2 .55±0.17) while its level was extremely high in healthy subjects (7.15±0.47). So it depicts that ovarian cancer patients shows the highly significant behavior (p꞊0.000).Conclusion: A fine balance between oxidants (ROS production) and antioxidants is predominant for the general defensive capacity of cells in contrast to oxidative damage. MDA level in ovarian malignancy patients is remarkably inflated due to high lipid peroxidation mechanism. Key Words: SOD, MDA, GSH, CAT, Ovarian Cancer&rsquo

Background: The silk worm Bombyx mori is a domesticated insect, which feeds exclusively on mulberry leaves to produce raw silk in the form of cocoon. Commonly it is known as Abresham and possesses the antioxidant activity and rich flavonoid contents. Since the ancient times it has been used to treat cardiac ailments due to the lipid lowering properties attributed to it which are well documented. Objective: The objective to explore the potential of Bombyx mori cocoon formulation (khamira Abresham Hakim Arshad Wala) in the reduction of hyperlipidemia. Methodology: Fifty hyperlipidemic male and female patients were taken and their lipid profile (cholesterol , triglycerides, HDL, LDL) liver function test (bilirubin toal, bilirubin direct, SGPT, SGOT, alkaline phosphate) and renal function test (blood urea,serum creatinine) were studied before, and after six and twelve weeks of treatment with Bombyx mori cocoon formulation. After 6th and 12th week, all the parameters were studied to evaluate the mean difference in their values. Results: In lipid profile parameters there was decrease in cholesterol level (mg/dl) 197.36 ± 12.86 to 194.00 ± 17.60 after six and twelve weeks of treatment. There was decrease in triglycerides (mg/dl) 122.640 ± 23.4640 after the 6th week and little increase to 123.94 ± 17.50 after the 12th week of treatment. In the liver function test of total bilirubin (mg/dl) the value was decreased to 0.612 ± 0.1081and 0.56 ± 0.08 after 6th and 12th week. There was no change in the values of direct bilirubin before and after the treatment. The values of SGOT were also decreased to 26.90 ± 5.92 and 25.96±5.81mg/dl after the 6th and 12th week of treatment. In the renal function parameters the blood urea mean level was decreased to 34.740± 6.4581and 34.04± 6.43 after 6th and 12th week. Conclusion: By the utilization of Bombyx mori cocoon formulation a decrease in cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, total bilirubin, SGPT, SGOT, an increase in blood urea, while no change in direct bilirubin was observed. Key Words: LDL, HDL, SGPT, SGOT, Cholesterol.

Background: Dopaminergic movement in the prefrontal cortex are related with the shortfall side effects and psychological impedance of schizophrenia and that expanded action in the sub cortex is related with the insane manifestations of schizophrenia. A partial employment of glutamatergic transmission in oxytocin mediated choking of dopaminergic psycho stimulant induced practices has in like manner been proposed. Objective: To determine the Lipid Peroxidation status in schizophrenic patients receiving anti-psychotic drugs. Methodology: Comparative Study. Fourty patients of Schizophrenia and Fourty age and sex-matched healthy individuals were eligible for inclusion in the study at Mental Hospital Lahore. 5.0 ml blood sample was taken from each individual and subjected to centrifuge at 3500-4500 rpm for 10-15 minutes for the separation of serum. Oxidative stress biomarkers (NO, MDA, AOPP and AGE’s) and serum electrolyte profile, Serum LFT’s, Serum RFT’s and serum Lipid Profile were estimated. Results: NO level in schizophrenic patients is (0.17 ± 0.10), while NO level in sound people (12.3±2.05) Data also shows that NO is significant statistically (P = 0.000MDA level in schizophrenic patients is (0.23±0.08), while MDA level in healthy individuals (1.27±0.28). Information additionally demonstrates that MDA is critical factually (P = 0.000Na+ level in schizophrenic patient’s is (78.93±59.46), while Na+ level in healthy persons (141.5±2.05). Data other than presentations that Na+ is key truly (P = 0.000 Conclusion: Present study concluded that serum total protein, sodium (Na+), NO, AGE,s and AOPP level declined remarkably which is the cause for the progression of disease. Key Words: NO, MDA, AGE’s, AOPP, Lipid Peroxidation.

The objective of this study was to discover the scientific source these plants have much inhibitory effects against Vero cell lines. Medicinal plants have secondary metabolites in which more quality against many type of disordered and like flavonoids, phenol, taninns, and some other that have very good and special properties are occur them. DPPH assay screen test on the TLC shows very much anticancer activity. MTT assay proved that these plants are abundant inhibitory activity against VERO cell liens cell. These shows we can reduce that death rate of cancer and also control that cancer that are spared in other body organ and also inhibited the disorder. Key Words: TLC, DPPH, MTT, Anti-Cancer, Phytochemicals.

A multi-centred study was designed to collect dengue epidemiologic data from government and registered private hospitals/clinics and maintained archive of frozen specimens in bio-bank to be used for future dengue epidemic control program, and assess the epidemiology of dengue fever (DF) by evaluating biochemical and oxidative status of patients. ELISA IgM antibodies test was done to confirm DF. From August 2010 to December 2011, 101 confirmed blood samples of DF patients referred to pathology lab of Jinnah Hospital Lahore were subjected to the epidemiologic assessment by evaluating the biochemical and physiological indices and alterations of circulating antioxidants. Clinical features of DF patients and effect of fever on blood components and serum proteins of liver were recorded. The hospital stay in DF, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) showed significant difference. Significant increases in serum alanine amino transferase (ALT) (P=0.000), aspartate amino transferase (AST) (P=0.000), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (P=0.000), malondialdehyde (MDA) along with significant decreases in total protein (TP) (P=0.000), reduced glutathione (GSH) (P=0.000), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) (P=0.000), and sialic acid contents (P=0.016) were observed. A positive correlation existed between bound sialic acid levels, liver enzymes and circulating antioxidants (r=0.656, P=0.016). In the present study, alterations of circulating antioxidants in DF suggest that DF might be a metabolic response to an acute, self-limiting tropical viral infection, and a consequence of the viral inflammatory process.