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In Latin America (LA), 40–50 million people live with rare diseases (RDs) that require constant monitoring, care, and attention. Caregivers help them with their basic life activities and medication administration, which they would otherwise be unable to perform. Family caregivers complement healthcare and social security systems; however, their unpaid work is often underappreciated and under-protected. Recognizing the need to address these unrecognized and undervalued women, the Americas Health Foundation (AHF) convened a panel of LA experts on caregiving for people with RDs to provide recommendations to support the undervalued family caregivers. A panel of LA experts in caregiving for RDs were given questions to address the challenges faced by family caregivers of people with RDs in LA. During a 3-day conference, the panelists' responses were discussed and edited until the panel agreed on recommendations to address the challenges. The identified challenges for caregivers included physical, emotional, and economical areas. Caregivers, primarily women, experienced physical pain, and social isolation, and were forced to pay substantial out-of-pocket expenses in their caregiving roles. Brazil and Colombia are at the forefront of policies to protect caregivers and their experiences in attempting to provide for this group are outlined as case studies for what is possible in LA. Finally, recognizing that caregivers must be included in formulating, executing, and evaluating care policies for people living with RDs and that the caregivers themselves require social assurances, the panel suggested policy objectives aimed at protecting caregivers of people living with RDs. The recommendations ranged from recognizing the role of the family caregiver as an essential supplement to the formal healthcare system to providing financial assistance, training, and workplace protection, among others. Finally, monitoring and evaluating the impact of policies is necessary to ensure that LA is moving forward in caring for family caregivers for people with RDs.

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Background: Although nuclear criteria are considered to be characteristic for papillary thyroid carcinoma, some cases do raise controversy as being papillary thyroid carcinoma or non-papillary thyroid carcinoma due to unclear diagnostic nuclear features. Immunohistochemical markers can help in identifying PTC. Trophoblastic cell surface antigen 2 (TROP-2) is a novel marker that is recently applied on thyroid. The aim of this study was to evaluate TROP-2 expression and diagnostic utility in PTC compared to other thyroid nodules with follicular pattern on tissue specimens and cell block sections. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was carried out at National Cancer Institute, Cairo University between January 2010 and January 2015. Immunohistochemical evaluation of TROP-2 was applied on archival 110 surgically excised and 66 cytological cell blocks of PTC and other follicular thyroid nodules. Membranous staining, with or without cytoplasm, was considered positive.Results: Among excised specimens, 85.1% of PTC demonstrated TROP-2 staining. The majority revealed diffuse staining. No significant staining difference was reported between studied classic and non classic variants. TROP-2 sensitivity and were 85.1% and 94.4%. Among cytological materials, all PTC were positive except two (false negative) and only two follicular adenomas were positive (false positive). TROP-2 sensitivity and specificity were 93.8% and 94.1%. None of nodular hyperplasia or adjacent normal thyroid tissues showed TROP-2 immunoreactivity either on histopathological or cytological sections.Conclusion: TROP-2 positivity was significantly higher in PTC compared to all other studied non PTC lesion in both surgical pathology specimens and cytological materials. No reported significant staining difference among studied PTC variant.

In this research, we provide the first optical and electrical characterization of 4,6-diacetylresorcinol and 4,6-bis(1-hydrazonoethyl)benzene-1,3-diol. The optical properties have been studied by measuring the diffused reflectance. Both materials have indirect optical transitions with energy gaps of 1.91 and 1.83 eV, respectively. AC electrical conductivity of both materials increases with increasing the applied frequency (1 kHz-5 MHz). It obeys σac(ω) = BωS with S about unity and is explained in terms of correlated barrier hopping model. 4,6-Diacetylresorcinol has higher values of AC conductivity and dielectric constant than those of 4,6-bis(1-hydrazonoethyl)benzene-1,3-diol. Finally, 4,6-bis(1-hydrazonoethyl) benzene-1,3-diol could be employed as a dye to form dye-sensitized solar cells for photosensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]