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Hepatic fibrosis is a chronic disease that results from hepatitis C infection. The tests used to screen for chronic liver disease are known as serum biochemical liver tests (LTs) (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma glutamyl transferase). Objectives: To determine the prevalence and etiologies of abnormal LTs in the population of Lahore, Pakistan. To determine whether there is any correlation of HCV infection and viral load to the clinical parameters such as ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin, patient's age and gender. Methods: Liver function tests (ALT, AST, and Bilirubin) were carried out using standard kits and a regular chemical analyzer in a photometric manner. Results: In our research, we gathered information from 80 patients, out of whom 27 women and 53 men. HCV was more common in the adult population aged 30 years or older and in men than in women. These individuals had elevated levels of several biochemical markers as ALT, AST, and ALP. Conclusions: Based on the results of this research and our investigation, we saw instances of viral hepatitis being diagnosed in asymptomatic patients with abnormal LFTs. The findings of the present investigation showed that men and patients under the age of 30 in Lahore had a significant frequency of abnormal LTs. Test results reveal biochemical markers at particularly elevated levels. Implementing initiatives to lessen the potential burden of chronic liver disease may benefit from knowing the estimated prevalence and etiologies of aberrant LTs (CLD).

Dysmenorrhea disorder is a significant concern of this era in young girls at the stage of the menarche or near menstrual period. Primary dysmenorrhea is prevailing all around the world. Objectives: To evaluate reducing effects of Cinnamon, vitamin D and starch capsules in patients suffering from dysmenorrhea. Methods: The 30 candidates for each group were selected following the minimum sample size rule. The questionnaire and numeric pain rating scale were the main tools for assessing dysmenorrhea severity, reduction in dysmenorrhea, quality of life and other variables in patients. Results: The demographic data showed that the maximum participants belonged to middle-class families, well-educated and living in their own homes. The results depicted that Cinnamon reduced pain severity, bleeding and physical pain and improved physical activity, leisure activities, life satisfaction, health services, meaningful life and body appearance among most participants. Likewise, vitamin D also exhibited a significant reduction in dysmenorrhea symptoms and increased the quality of life among most patients. However, the effects of starch capsules were observed to be less effective than the cinnamon tea and vitamin D. Conclusions: The study concluded that cinnamon tea and vitamin D were the best therapy for reducing dysmenorrhea symptoms.

Pollution is the main cause that effects the environment in a degradable condition. For the presence of heavy metals in the atmosphere birds are considered as tremendous bio indicator. Blue pigeon and domestic pigeon (Coloumba livia) of Faisalabad are selected to examine the level of heavy metals including Manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), Cobalt (Co), lead (Pb) cadmium (Cd) and Copper (Cu) in several tissues such as (heart, lungs, bones, muscles and feathers. Six adult birds were collected rural, urban and residential and traffic areas of Faisalabad. After collection of sample fresh weight will be measured of each sample, then digestion of sample was done by conventional acid digestion method and digested samples were analyzed in the lab by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer for the determination of heavy metals. It was concluded that accumulation of heavy metals in the birds depends upon the environmental conditions. Our result showed that concentration of heavy metals more in rock pigeon as compared to domestic pigeon which may be due to more exposure of industrial waste to rock pigeon. It has inferred from our study that high concentration of heavy metals in the excreta of rock pigeon was due to its high trophic level in food chain.

Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) by deploying viral-based vectors such as tobacco rattle virus (TRV) is a homology-based gene silencing technique in post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) and transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) to validate the function of particular genes. The study presented here showed the induction of DNA methylation in the promoter regions of three phenotypic marker genes in different cotton accessions, including two endogenous genes such as phytoene desaturase (PDS) and phytoene synthase (PSY), and an exogenous gene, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP). First, DNA methylation was established in transgenic GFP cotton where methylation persisted up to S

Codiaeum variegatum (common name, garden croton) is an ornamental plant grown for its bright yellow variegated leaf morphology. Two C. variegatum plants with upward leaf curling and vein swelling symptoms were collected in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Sequencing of clones obtained by PCR amplification with specific primers showed one plant infected with the monopartite begomoviruses pedilanthus leaf curl virus (PeLCV) and papaya leaf curl virus (PaLCuV) and the other to be infected with only PeLCV. Both plants also harboured a betasatellite that was distinct from all previously identified betasatellites, for which the name "codiaeum leaf curl betasatellite" (CoLCuB) is proposed. This is the first identification of a begomovirus and an associated betasatellite infecting C. variegatum in Pakistan. Both PeLCV and PaLCuV cause problems in a number of crop plants, and C. variegatum may act as a reservoir for these agriculturally important viruses. The precise impact and geographical distribution of the newly identified CoLCuB will be investigated.

Background: The lip has functional and aesthetic importance. Lip defects occur due to the variety of etiology and the choice of their reconstruction has profound effect on functions and cosmesis. There are multiple options available for reconstruction according to defect size, but superiority of one method over another is still debated and hence the methods and their outcome were analyzed prospectively. Material and method: Twenty-one patients with all sizes and locations of defects in upper and lower lip with acquired etiology were included in the evaluation. Reconstruction was performed according to defect size, availability of local/regional and distant donor tissue, defect location, patients��� comorbid conditions and patients��� preference. Patients were assessed at 1 month and 6 months postoperatively. Observers��� and patients��� input were also taken into account for outcome. Results: Out of 21 patients, 5 free radial artery forearm flap reconstructions, 4 nasolabial flap reconstructions, 5 primary closures of defect, 4 Estlander flap reconstructions, 2 lip advancements, and one Karapandzic flap reconstruction were done. Free flap and nasolabial flap had hypoesthesia and incompetence if commissure is reconstructed and problem of bulk, restricted mobility and vermilion mismatch. Local and lip flaps were associated with decreased stoma size and some form of local scarring and asymmetry. However, all patients were satisfied with the functional and aesthetic outcome. Conclusion: Local flaps are better in terms of functional and aesthetic outcome but with some degree of microstomia which was well tolerated by most patients. Regional and distant flaps provide reconstruction where no other option is available and provide good functional support and acceptable cosmesis., Hintergrund: Die Lippe hat funktionelle und ��sthetische Bedeutung. Lippendefekte treten aufgrund unterschiedlicher ��tiologie auf und die Wahl ihrer Rekonstruktion hat tiefgreifende Auswirkungen auf Funktionen und Kosmese. Es gibt mehrere Optionen f��r die Rekonstruktion je nach Defektgr����e, aber die ��berlegenheit einer Methode gegen��ber einer anderen wird immer noch diskutiert, daher wurden die Methoden und ihr Ergebnis prospektiv analysiert. Material und Methode: 21 Patienten mit allen Gr����en und Orten von Defekten der Ober- und Unterlippe mit erworbener ��tiologie wurden in die Untersuchung einbezogen. Die Rekonstruktion wurde nach Defektgr����e, Verf��gbarkeit von lokalem/regionalem und entferntem Spendergewebe, Defektort, Komorbidit��ten der Patienten und Pr��ferenz der Patienten durchgef��hrt. Die Patienten wurden 1 Monat und 6 Monate nach der Operation untersucht. Eingaben der Beobachter und der Patienten wurden ebenfalls f��r das Ergebnis ber��cksichtigt. Ergebnisse: Bei den 21 Patienten wurden 5 Rekonstruktionen mit freiem Radialis-Unterarmlappen, 4 Rekonstruktionen mit Nasolabiallappen, 5 prim��re Defektverschl��sse, 4 Rekonstruktionen mit Estlander-Lappen, 2 Lippenvorsch��be und 1 Rekonstruktion mit Karapandzic-Lappen durchgef��hrt. Bei freiem Lappen und Nasolabiallappen traten Hyp��sthesie und Funktionseinschr��nkung auf, wenn die Kommissur rekonstruiert wurde, und das Problem der Gr����e, der eingeschr��nkten Mobilit��t und der Rot-Fehlanpassung. Lokale Lappen und Lippenlappen waren mit einer verringerten Stomagr����e und einer Form von lokaler Narbenbildung und Asymmetrie verbunden. Alle Patienten waren jedoch mit dem funktionellen und ��sthetischen Ergebnis zufrieden. Schlussfolgerung: Lokale Lappen sind hinsichtlich des funktionellen und ��sthetischen Ergebnisses besser, weisen jedoch einen gewissen Grad an Mikrostomie auf, der von den meisten Patienten gut akzeptiert wurde. Regionale und entfernte Klappen erlauben eine Rekonstruktion, wenn keine andere Option verf��gbar ist, und bieten eine gute funktionelle Unterst��tzung und eine akzeptable Kosmese.

Pre-eclampsia is the most common pregnancy complication affecting 1 in 20 pregnancies, characterized by high blood pressure and signs of organ damage, most often to the liver and kidneys. Metabolic network analysis of published lipidomic data points to a shortage of Coenzyme A (CoA). Gene expression profile data reveal alterations to many areas of metabolism and, crucially, to conflicting cellular regulatory mechanisms arising from the overproduction of signalling lipids driven by CoA limitation. Adverse feedback loops appear, forming sphingosine-1-phosphate (a cause of hypertension, hypoxia and inflammation), cytotoxic isoketovaleric acid (inducing acidosis and organ damage) and a thrombogenic lysophosphatidyl serine. These also induce mitochondrial and oxidative stress, leading to untimely apoptosis, which is possibly the cause of CoA restriction. This work provides a molecular basis for the signs of pre-eclampsia, why polycystic ovary syndrome is a risk factor and what might be done to treat and reduce the risk of disease.

Globally, peptic ulcer is a disease that is very common in an adult population with 10% prevalence.Patients with H.pylori infection has 3 to 4 folds higher risk of getting peptic ulcer.Objective: To find out the determinants of Peptic ulcer among the patients visiting Services HospitalLahore Methods: A Cross sectional study was carried out. Patients were selected through nonprobabilityconvenient sampling technique from Services Hospital, Lahore. Patients were assessedthrough pre-tested questionnaire. SPSS version 21.0 was used for analysis of data. The study wascarried out at Medical departments of Services Hospitals, Lahore during Dec-2017 to March-2018Results: The prevalence of peptic ulcer was higher in males i.e. 68%. 41% patients were 36-45 years ofage, 63% patients were from urban areas, 40% of patients were overweight, 32% patients weresecondary educated and 75% patients were having no knowledge about peptic ulcer. There wassignificant association of gender with consumption of fried food items and smoking Conclusions:Study concluded that, male gender, low educational status, work pressure, smoking, addiction of painkillers and intake of fried food items were the risk factors of peptic ulcer.

Background/Objectives: A study was conducted to observe the self-similarity pattern exhibited within the vegetational field due to their nutritional sharing channels. Methods/Statistical Analysis: A square grid matrix was chosen in the cultivated fields to draw the sample data of the biological as well as environmental variables. Grid matrix was further divided into one hundred and forty -four subareas of 1.2 by 1.2-meter square. Data were analyzed based on a Box-counting method to determine the fractal dimension in each class. Findings: Highest dimension was found to be 2.48 in class one which consists of 144 small grids. Whereas, the lowest dimension found to be 1.03 in class 4. The pattern of the fractal dimension of various classes seems to be self-similar within the vegetational field. Application/Improvements: Vegetational fields share several materials through the nutritional channels within the grid matrix. We observed the pattern in different scales using fractal dimension and found to be the self-similar pattern in all scales. Keywords: Box-Counting Method, Fractal Dimension, Self-Similar Pattern

The thyroid, or thyroid gland, is an endocrine gland in the neck consisting of two connected lobes. The lower two thirds of the lobes are connected by a thin band of tissue called the thyroid isthmus. This cross-sectional study was conducted among the patients presenting in outdoor department of different hospitals. Name, age, gender, disease of presentation and thyroid function tests were noted on a predefined proforma. All the data was entered and analyzed with SPSS Ver. 23.0. A total of 110 patients were included in this study i.e., 55 males (50%) and 55 females (50%). The mean age of the patients was 31.78±5.45 years. The thyroid function tests of all the patients were taken from the lab. Out of 110 patients, five patients had lower T3 and T4 levels and six patients had higher levels. Rest of the patients had normal levels.

Background: Rocuronium, the non-depolarizing neuromuscular obstructive mediator, experienced for quick arrangement introduction in addition intubation, as this was quick beginning also satisfactory intubating situations at developed dosages. Propofol, once experienced as an initiation mediator decreases cardiac production, thus might diminution transfer of neuromuscular delaying mediator at neuromuscular intersection also thus period of beginning of deed of rocuronium might remain enlarged. Ephedrine was labelled to rapidity up beginning of exploit of rocuronium also deliver improved intubating situations throughout introduction of anesthesia. Researchers showed that our current research to enumerate consequence of ephedrine on intubation situations also hemodynamic outline throughout introduction of overall anesthesia through propofol also rocuronium. Methodology: The research held at Services Hospital Lahore from September 2017 to March 2018. The current research has the overall Seventy grownup cases of ASA Ranking 2 also 3, old amongst 19-56 years arranged for numerous chosen operations underneath overall anesthesia, remained haphazardly billed into 2 sets through 32 cases in separately set; Set A (n = 35) established inj ephedrine 72 μg/kg shadowed single min future through propofol 3.6 mg/kg through rocuronium 0.7 mg/kg also Set B (n = 35) established standard saline shadowed solitary min advanced through propofol 3.6 mg/ kg also rocuronium 1.7 mg/kg. Intubating circumstances also hemodynamic limitations remained measured in together sets. Results: The demographic information also baseline hemodynamic limitations remained similar among 2 sets, (P > 0.06). Though, here remained the substantial variance in hemodynamic limitations subsequently introduction in equally sets, (P < 0.06) nonetheless clinically variance remained unimportant. The intubating situations remained meaningfully improved in Set A as associated to Set B, (P < 0.06). Conclusion: The usage of little quantity ephedrine beforehand initiation through propofol in addition rocuronium (0.7 mg/kg) on condition that healthier intubating situations as associated to initiation through propofol also rocuronium unaided at 1 minute. The disparities in hemodynamic limitations remained originate to remain mathematically substantial but then again medically irrelevant from its zero standards. Key words: Ephedrine, Propofol, Rocuronium, Intubation, Endotracheal, Endotracheal Anesthesia.

Background: Our current research remained intended to regulate gradation of association amongst 2 disruptive sleep apnea (OSA) forms, authenticated ‘STOP-Bang’ survey also ‘Flemons’ Adapted Neck Perimeter (MNC)’ survey that got to be exercised at Services Hospital Lahore. Methodology: Through IRB endorsement in addition on paper knowledgeable case agreements, 203 mature OPD bestowing for gastroenterological measures remained haphazardly partitioned for disruptive sleep apnea danger experiencing together STOP-Bang also ‘Flemons’ Adapted Neck Perimeter forms. Spearman’s rampant association constant remained experienced to amount numerical requirement of points intended from 2 surveys. Our current research was led at Services Hospital Lahore, from November 2015 to September 2016. Results: The Spearman’s association amongst STOP-Bang survey point also the ‘Flemons’ Adapted Neck Perimeter survey score remained 0.83 (p < 0.002). Conclusions: Here remains very robust association amongst STOP-Bang also ‘Flemons’ Adapted Neck Perimeter surveys as established in the current research. Researchers positive practice through ‘Flemons’ Adapted Neck Perimeter survey validate transmission of the randomized measured test to check rationality of ‘Flemons’ Adapted Neck Perimeter survey. Keywords: Sleep Apnea, Disruptive, Apnea, Showing; Surveys.

High levels of friction, especially in horizontal and extended-reach operations, can be a major concern during sliding or rotating. Friction increases drag, which increases the required torque and weight on bit (WOB), thereby reducing efficiency. Other related issues include excessive tool wear, lower rate of penetration (ROP), and poor directional control. There are several methods used by the industry to combat the torque and drag phenomenon, one of which is the use of a drilling agitator tool (DAT). A DAT is commonly used in extended lateral formations to improve weight transfer to the bit. The operational principal of the DAT is the production of a pressure pulse that causes a repetitive axial motion. A DAT consists of a pulse generator and displacement generator, also known as a shock tool (ST). The system ultimately produces axial oscillation in the drillstring, which helps reduce the effective frictional coefficient regardless of whether the string is sliding or rotating. The DATs are sometimes used in conjunction with standalone STs, which are placed in a remote location where the DAT displacements may be out of range. Standalone STs placed at the bottomhole assembly (BHA) also help isolate downhole dynamics, improving drilling efficiency. The objective of this study is to see how a DAT and ST combination impacts drilling. Furthermore, a closer look is taken at the impact on the operational drilling efficiency of drillstrings with a DAT and standalone ST. These results are discussed in detail and supported by high-resolution data collected during drilling. The information presented in this paper can be used to evaluate the performance of DAT and ST combinations, their impact on drilling performance, and their zone of effectiveness. The data analysis presented here also provides an in-depth look into the operation of a DAT and how the BHA below the DAT is impacted by its operation. This study takes data from a novel, small, self-contained tool located directly above and the DAT, ST, and the BHA. This tool measures axial vibration, internal pressure, temperature, and axial displacement, allowing a comparative assessment to be made and delivering information about drilling performance that is otherwise not available via conventional downhole measurement tools. This new measuring tool specializes in collecting high-speed data in memory mode and is dedicated to the analysis of the operation of the DATs.

High levels of drag, especially in horizontal and extended-reach operations, can be a major concern during sliding or rotating. Drag reduces drilling efficiency by requiring increased energy input, primarily through increasing torque and weight on bit, to achieve the desired rate of penetration (ROP). Reduced drilling efficiency results in excessive tool wear, lower ROP, and poor directional control. Of the several methods the industry uses to combat drag, the scope of this study was focused on the use of a pulse generator paired with a displacement generator, which makes up a drilling agitator tool (DAT). A DAT is commonly used in extended lateral formations to improve weight transfer to the bit in vertical and nonvertical drilling applications. The operational principal of the DAT is the production of a pressure pulse that causes a repetitive axial motion in a shock tool. This paper compares offset run data between two DAT cases—one run with a traditional DAT and the other on a new, efficient, "high-energy" DAT (HE DAT). The run performance in similar portions of vertical and horizontal sections was compared between the two systems.This study was based on data collected from a pressure pulse and axial displacement data recorder from horizontal wells in the STACK play drilled by Devon Energy. The objective of this study was to observe the performance of the HE DAT and determine if there was a noticeable gain in performance in terms of drilling efficiency and ROP as compared to a standard DAT. These results are discussed in detail and supported by high-resolution data collected during drilling.The data analysis presented here provides an in-depth look into the operation of the HE DAT's performance as compared to the standard DAT in a very similar offset well. Overall, a 20 to 25% increase in ROP with the HE DAT was expected, effectively validating the enhancements made to the tool. This study collected data using data recorders—novel, small, self-contained devices measuring axial vibration, internal pressure, temperature, and axial displacement—located directly above and below the DATs to make a comparative assessment and deliver information about drilling data that was otherwise not available via conventional downhole measurement tools.

Quality of life of chronic renal disease patients is affected by several factors, depending on stage of disease, type of treatment and sociodemographic factors Objective: To assess the quality of life undergoing hemodialysis patients Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore during February to May-2019. Patients suffering from chronic renal disease were included in the study and uncooperative patients were excluded in the study. Total 100 samples of chronic renal disease patients were selected through non-probability convenient sampling technique. Patients were assessed through pre-tested questionnaire. SPSS version 21.0 was used for data analysis Results: According to results 39% patients reported that they were suffering from depression, 47% patients of chronic renal disease were unemployed, 28% patients were malnourished and 98% patients were having 3 or more dialysis sessions per week. Also only 26% patients thought that quality of life of older patients is better while 74% considered it poor. Only 77% patients thought that quality of life of middle aged patients is better while 23% patients considered that quality of life of middle aged patients was poor. 42% patients thought that quality of life of young aged patients is better while 58%considered it poor. Conclusions: Malnutrition, unemployment and hypertension are the factors affecting the quality of life in patients undergoing hemodialysis in this study. The quality of life of middle aged patients was comparatively better.

STUDY QUESTION Do any proteomic biomarkers previously identified for pre-eclampsia (PE) overlap with those identified in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). SUMMARY ANSWER Five previously identified proteomic biomarkers were found to be common in women with PE and PCOS when compared with controls. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Various studies have indicated an association between PCOS and PE; however, the pathophysiological mechanisms supporting this association are not known. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A systematic review and update of our PCOS proteomic biomarker database was performed, along with a parallel review of PE biomarkers. The study included papers from 1980 to December 2013. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS In all the studies analysed, there were a total of 1423 patients and controls. The number of proteomic biomarkers that were catalogued for PE was 192. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Five proteomic biomarkers were shown to be differentially expressed in women with PE and PCOS when compared with controls: transferrin, fibrinogen α, β and γ chain variants, kininogen-1, annexin 2 and peroxiredoxin 2. In PE, the biomarkers were identified in serum, plasma and placenta and in PCOS, the biomarkers were identified in serum, follicular fluid, and ovarian and omental biopsies. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The techniques employed to detect proteomics have limited ability in identifying proteins that are of low abundance, some of which may have a diagnostic potential. The sample sizes and number of biomarkers identified from these studies do not exclude the risk of false positives, a limitation of all biomarker studies. The biomarkers common to PE and PCOS were identified from proteomic analyses of different tissues. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This data amalgamation of the proteomic studies in PE and in PCOS, for the first time, discovered a panel of five biomarkers for PE which are common to women with PCOS, including transferrin, fibrinogen α, β and γ chain variants, kininogen-1, annexin 2 and peroxiredoxin 2. If validated, these biomarkers could provide a useful framework for the knowledge infrastructure in this area. To accomplish this goal, a well co-ordinated multidisciplinary collaboration of clinicians, basic scientists and mathematicians is vital. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) No financial support was obtained for this project. There are no conflicts of interest.

This research aims at Comparative experimental behavior of Halloysite Nano Tubes& Clay as an in –fill to Composite Steel tubes. Both materials are of Nano category and one is in the tubular form and the other amorphous. Naturally formed in the Earth over millions of years, Halloysite Nano Clay are unique and versatile Nano materials that composed of aluminum, silicon, hydrogen and oxygen and are mined from natural deposits in countries like China, New Zealand, America, Brazil, and France. The effects of the diameter, length of steel tube, grade of concrete & volume fractions of HNC’s to concrete (0%,0.5%,1%,1.5%,&2%) on the behavior of Halloysite Nano Clay(HNC’s) concrete filled steel tube columns under axial compression are presented and compared with that of Nano tubes. Also, Studies are carried out to know the effect of Diameter (D), Change in steel tube length (l), and Strength of infill (fCK) and to determine the ultimate load (Pult) & defection (Δaxial) in HNC’s composite steel hollow tubes under monotonic loading and SEM (scanning electron microscope) image are taken during mixing, before testing and after testing and Fracture Analysis will be carried out for the buckled steel tubes using Radiographic Testing.

A total of 305 stools samples during the period of October 2011 to June 2012 were collected from patients attending Brack General Hospital and Medical Technology, Department of Brack, Al-Shati, Libya. All stool samples were examined by direct smear preparation in normal saline, iodine, and eosin stains and 4 concentration methods (formalin-ether, normal saline sedimentation, zinc sulfate, and Sheather's sugar flotation). Of the 305 samples, 18.03% stools were found positive for protozoan parasites in direct smear microscopy. Normal saline sedimentation and zinc sulfate flotation detected 27.21% and 23.6% positive samples, respectively. However, formalin-ether was found to be the most sensitive method. Sheather's sugar flotation failed to detect Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, Entamoeba coli, and Blastocystis hominis. B. hominis was the most common parasite among the patients. Concentration techniques showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) detection rates of parasites compared with direct smear microscopy.

Summary Three stabilisation techniques, microwave, dry heat and parboiling were applied to bran followed by enzymatic extraction, biological quality through growth and nitrogen balance study and safety assessment through 45 days feeding trial. Traits linked with protein bio-evaluation were affected significantly by the test diets (P

Protein isolates extracted from differently stabilized rice bran were analyzed to work out the food use potential. Bulk density remained higher for isolates obtained from heat stabilized bran, the treatments were found to have positive impact on the oil absorption properties, while the water absorption was slightly impaired owing to some possible configurational changes. Surface hydrophobicity and emulsion properties were improved with bran stabilization. Isolates exhibited better foaming properties owing to the flexible nature of protein molecules, with less intensive disulfide bonding, that were slightly affected by the stabilization treatment. Nitrogen solubility index followed a curved pattern with the least value near isoelectric point that showed an increasing trend toward basic pH, and parboiled protein isolates exhibited better gelling properties among the isolates.

Agro-industrial waste 'rice bran' was stabilized and the extracted protein isolates were used as ingredients to make nutritive complimentary food for the growing infants. The formulation processed through drum drying and the starchy ingredients were pregelatinized to reduce bulk in the prepared meal and facilitate spoon-feeding. The formulations had uniform texture, light golden color and good paste consistency. Nutrient composition was good enough to meet standards for supplementary infant foods. Caloric value remained up to 416 kcal/100 g with spoonable viscosity and 80.90-84.45% in vitro digestibility. A single meal could substantially contribute to the daily essential amino acid requirement. The formulation had good acceptability during a short-term infant-feeding trial. The present study can provide practical guideline for manufacturers as well as the nutritionist for the use of an economical and nutritive formulation for young children.

2 Abstract: Rice bran from 'Basmati Super' cultivar was stabilized by dry heat, microwave heat and parboiling. All the stabilization techniques were found effective in reduction of antinutrients including trypsin inhibitor, haemagglutinin-lectin and phytates. No adverse effect of stabilization was observed on chemica l composition of rice bran. Protein was extracted from differently stabilized rice bran along with unstabilized bran by enzymatic extraction. Protein isolates yield remained highest for the unstabilized bran, followed by Microwave Stabilized Rice Bran Protein Isolates (MWRBPI), Dry Heat Stabilized Rice Bran Protein Isolates (DHRBPI) and Parboiled Rice Bran Protein Isolates (PAR-RBPI).

Objective: To study the influence of size of screws for syndesmosis fixationin bimalleolar Weber C ankle fracture. Design: A prospective randomised controlled clinical trial. Place and Durationof Study: Orthopaedic Department at Combined Military Hospital Malir. Period: From October 2002 to September2005. Patients and Methods: 17 consecutive young active patients with Weber type C bimalleolar ankle fractureshaving syndesmotic injuries treated with open reduction and internal fixation were randomly allocated to two groups.1 2 In group I (n = 9) 3.5mm small fragment and in group II (n =8) 4.5mm large fragment AO cortical screws were usedfor syndesmotic fixation. All patients were followed up for 12 months. Fracture healing or loss of reduction ofsyndesmosis was taken as the study end point. Hardware loosening or breakage and need for hardware removal werethe outcome measures. Subjective and objective assessment with Olerud-Molander Ankle (OMA) scores , range of 1motion and radiographic criteria was done. Results: Loss of reduction was not seen in any patient in both groups.Comparing two groups using paired sample t-test, there was no difference in screw loosening and breakage (p values> 0.05). We did not find a statistically significant difference between range of motion (p = 1.08) and OMA score (p-value= 0.805). Conclusion: Size of the syndesmotic screw does not appear to influence healing of syndesmotic injury.Screw loosening, which can result in reduced range of ankle motion postoperatively was more common in smallerscrew group though the difference was not significant.

A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of different levels of sulfur (S) on yield and yield components of maize crop grown on silt loam soils at the Agriculture Research Station Baffa, district Mansehra. The soil contained 1.17% organic matter, 10% CaCO3, and 39 mg SO4‐S kg−1. Sulfur was applied at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 kg ha−1 as gypsum along with 120 kg N, 90 kg P2O5, 60 kg K2O ha−1 replicated thrice in RCB design. Soil samples at silking and harvesting stage from each treatment plot along with leaf samples were collected for the determination of S. Yield and yield components of maize were significantly (p