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Bayero University is located in the northern region of the country, where the level of disparity between the male and female genders is high. Hence, this study examined female student participation in recreational activities. Data were obtained through questionnaire administration on female students. Information obtained from the center of information technology revealed 9,685 registered female students across 11 faculties. A total of 291 respondents were selected for the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that recreation facilities are abundantly provided in the University, and most students are aware of their existence. The study further revealed that female students participate less in sporting activities except for jogging, walking, listening to music, and reading. The reason why female students participate in recreation includes: Getting exercise (SPI = 4.41), Keep physically fit (SPI = 4.39), Educational/research (SPI = 4.38), Improving physical, and emotional health (SPI = 4.29), Developing skill/ability (SPI = 4.08), Boredom (SPI = 3.99), and Minimize stress (SPI = 3.77). Based on further findings, the factors influencing female student participation in recreation include facility safety (accounting for 47% variance) and demographics (accounting for 44.2% variance).

This study examined the solid waste transformation process to promote a recycled based society. Four major waste transformation sites were identified in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. Direct physical observation and in-situ key informant discussion were adopted to elicit qualitative data. At the same time, the questionnaire was administered to 194 members of the host communities within 300 meters radius of the transformation sites. The study categorized waste transformation into four cardinal processes (Scavengers/ Resources Recovery; Cart Pushers/ Itinerant Buyer; Metals Scrapers/Recyclers and Composter) and established that the process was left in the hands of the less-educated group in the community. The study reports no statistically significant variation between distance and severity of consequences experienced. However, residents express concern about the consequences of the activities at the transformation sites, including noise pollution, rodents' invasion, scavenging birds' disturbance, and pungent odour, among others, despite having an average of 8 years of residency. The coping strategies by the residents present a firm base for the formulation and execution of environmental management system (EMS) that is acceptable by the locals to promote a recycled based society, thereby contributing to the actualization of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 1 and 11, reducing poverty and making the community safe, resilient and sustainable.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine crime characteristics and its causation in Mushin Lagos Nigeria. The incidence of urban crime in Nigeria has been associated with increasing urbanization, high poverty level, congestion, unemployment, deprivation, income inequality, poor physical planning and design, political democratization, disorganization and moral decadence and breakdown in infrastructure. Hence, tackling urban crimes in selected communities within Lagos state will address several issues, creating inclusiveness and safer communities. Design/methodology/approach Primary data were collected through questionnaire administration on three income groups, cutting across 14 communities in the study area. Multistage sampling techniques were adopted to select six communities (Idi Araba, Idi Oro, Fadeyi, Ilasamaja Papa Ajao and Ilupeju), 60 streets and 144 respondents for this study. Respondents selected for this study are individuals who have stayed in the communities for more than five years. Findings This study reports no statistically significant variation in the crime occurrence by type across the selected communities. However, residents experienced a high occurrence of crime against a person in robbery, assault and pocket-picking, especially among the low-income earners. The same trend was observed in crimes against property such as theft, burglary and store breaking in the low- and middle-income areas, whereas burglary, theft and car theft have high occurrence in the high-income areas. In addition, crimes against morality inform of gambling, prostitution and offences against public peace were high in the low- and high-income areas, whereas gambling, prostitution and bribery are common in the middle-income areas. Practical implications This study identifies appropriate policies for combating crime. Collective values promote citizen participation and encourage Do It Yourself in the communities. Stakeholders’ crime prevention mechanism will create safer communities. Social crime prevention and environmental design is an instrument for creating safer cities. Originality/value The outcome of this study addresses goal 11 of the SDGs if properly managed.

PurposeThe study had examined the dynamism in rental housing characteristic in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachData were collected through questionnaire administration on 550 tenants selected across high, medium and low density areas, using systematic random sampling.FindingsFindings revealed that rented apartments in the traditional town are built with modern materials like sandcrete blocks, cement, corrugated roofing sheet and aluminium. Further findings revealed a statistical significant variation in the rental housing typologies across the residential densities (χ2 = 94.732a, df = 10 and p = 0.000). The dominant housing typology in the low income earners areas is rooming apartments known traditionally as (face-to-face), in the middle income earners areas detached and semi-detached bungalows (Mini, 2bedroms and 3 bedrooms flat); and lastly, bungalows and duplexes dominates the high income earners areas. Therefore, the study likened the variation across the income areas to deferential in socioeconomic characteristics of tenants, surroundings peculiarities and the landlord and tenant relationships.Originality/valueThe outcome of this study could strengthen policies in creating design standards for construction of housing for renters; this is step towards achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11, creating an inclusive communities.

Although a significant proportion of road hazards and their associated health risks in Nigeria involve motorcycles, relatively little research explores whether commercial motorcyclists have unique seasonal accident experiences. This article analyses survey data from 241 commercial motorcyclists in selected terminals in Ifo, Nigeria, to explore how road hazards and health risks experienced differ from one season to another. The study established that seasonality of motorcycle hazards and health risks cannot be assumed across the terminals and routes as some were dominant in either rainy or dry seasons or both. In particular, most motorcycle hazards and health risks were less likely caused by seasonal variation but by human errors and road conditions. The results underscore the importance of collecting commercial motorcyclists' perceptual data because many experience hazards and health risks that are burdensome to them.

Activities in slaughterhouses result in complex multidimensional health risks and environmental pollution due to the high levels of organic waste produced that directly and indirectly can affect th...

PurposeRental housing is an important form of accommodation; evaluating its quality will improve the quality of designs, standard living of renters, new dimension to policy guiding rental housing and enhance the values of rental houses. This study aims to examine the factors influencing rental housing quality in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachMulti-stage sampling procedure was used to select tenants for the study. Residential areas were stratified into three densities: high, medium and low. Out of the 18 residential areas identified, six, eight and four were in the high, medium and low densities, respectively. Five residential areas were selected based on high concentrations of rental housing. The selected areas are Mokuro and Iloro (high density), Ife City and Eleyele (medium density) and Aladanla (low density). Systematic sampling technique was used to select 550 buildings where an adult tenant was selected per building for questionnaire administration.FindingsThe results of the principal component analysis established that four factors were generated for the high-density, nine factors for the medium-density and five factors for low-density areas as the major factors influencing rental housing quality. The variation in the number of factors generated and the percentage variance explained by the factors could be associated to the peculiarities across the densities in terms of the socioeconomic characteristics and housing characteristics of the renters.Originality/valueThis study examined the factors influencing housing quality for renters in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. It provides information on the three residential densities in terms of the variation in their housing morphology. The study went further to establish the relationship among the three musketeers such as socioeconomic characteristic of renters, housing characteristics and housing quality, under three dimensions environmental, internal building and external Building. Therefore, the contribution of this study strengthens the position that a minimum standard and schedule of upgrade and maintenance should be meted out for landlords to carry out repairs at interval, so as to make the housing unit and environment habitable for tenants.

Heritage tourism destinations attract heterogeneous number of players each with significantly different interests at the expense of residents. Therefore, this study assesses impacts and patronage of heritage tourism sites on the host communities in Osun State, Nigeria. Data for this study was derived through questionnaire administration. Random sampling without replacement was used to select eleven (11) heritage tourism sites in which two hundred and twenty-two (222) questionnaire were administered residents. Findings revealed the propelling factors of the influx of tourist to the heritage sites are socio-economic (33.06%), service (17.75%), mobility (12.77%) and management factors (10.78%) and the possible outcomes are both positive and negative, which were further categorized into Social, economic and environmental impacts. The implications of this study revealed the prominence of social vices such as increase in prostitution, traffic congestion, and noise pollution among others in the areas accommodating the heritage tourism sites, hence appropriate policies for proper guidance among the heritage tourism sites, the tourists and the residents.

Managing environmental hazards in any environment is imperative as they are harmful phenomena, objects, behaviours, conditions or human activities which may result in loss of life, injury and other health impacts. Therefore, this article assessed how students’ socioeconomic attributes affect their ability to cope with issues of sanitary hazards in tertiary public education institutions in Oyo State, Nigeria. The study evaluated such relationships using a perceptual approach whereby socioeconomic characteristics of students and their responses to sanitary hazards were captured. Data were obtained through a questionnaire survey which was administered to each of the selected 367 students residing on campus in three tertiary institutions using probability sampling procedures. Data obtained were analysed using frequency distribution and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Findings revealed that students’ coping ability had significant variation with socioeconomic variability such as age of student (F (3,363)= 4.090, p = 0.007*), ethnicity (F (3,363)= 3.381, p = 0.018*) and childhood environment (F (2,364)= 7.207, p = 0.010*). Of which the effect size measures of these attributes as presented by the Eta-squared statistic indicated that each attribute of these socioeconomic variability [age (0.033), ethnicity (0.027) and childhood environment (0.038)] accounted for a medium magnitude of students’ coping ability. The study, however, concludes that students are in need of environmental sanitation education to provide the required health knowledge and safety precautions to ensure sanitary environments within the institutions.

PurposeHospital solid waste may cause serious health hazards and impair the quality of life of the community through transmission of diseases and injury if not properly managed. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine solid waste management practice (SWMP) in Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex.Design/methodology/approachPrimary data were collected for this study through interview and questionnaire administration. Systematic sampling technique was used to select 60 students, 13 staffs, 43 cleaners, 8 contractors, and a management staff for questionnaire administration. Data obtained were analyzed using frequency distribution, pictorial analysis, and factor analysis.FindingsFindings established that solid wastes components generated in the hospital were not segregated in line with the directive of the World Health Organization. The study further established that the factors influencing SWMP accounted for 79.9 percent variance in the following proportion: available storage and collection facilities (30.94 percent), number of patients’ factors (17.86 percent), transportation factor (15.39 percent), human and material resource factors (8.33 percent), and disposal (7.36 percent).Originality/valueThe study therefore concludes that the effectiveness of SWMPs depends on the facilities and equipment, human resources capacity, and frequency of waste collection and disposal.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the physico-chemical properties of the groundwater surrounding the Solous (solid waste dumpsite) at Isheri, Lagos, Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach In total, 40 groundwater samples were collected from ten pre-determined sampling stations. Three sample stations were established before the dumpsite; three sample stations were located in the vicinity of the dumpsite in the direction of the leachate plume, while the remaining four sample stations were situated further away and acted as a control. Sampling was carried out four times during the study period (twice each in the rainy and dry seasons). The parameters measured in situ were air and water temperatures (using mercury-in-glass bulb thermometer) and pH (using pH meter). Calcium and magnesium contents were measured using the Ca-Mg indicator; sodium content was measured using the flame emission spectrophotometry and phosphate was measured using the flame photometry. The selected heavy metals (copper, iron, lead, cadmium, zinc and manganese) were measured by using the atomic absorption spectrometer. The oxygen parameters, such as dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and organic matter, were determined titrimetrically. The data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistics and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Findings The results showed that many parameters had higher values in the dry season than in the rainy season. Temperature (27.75±0.95°C), alkalinity (211.37±82.78 mg/LCaCO3), phosphate (0.30±0.07 mg/L) and sulfate (2.78±0.35 mg/L), sodium ion (41.95±18.86 mg/L), dissolved oxygen (2.98±0.57 mg/L) and COD (33.54±4.50 mg/L) had higher mean values in the dry season than in the rainy season. On the other hand, the mean values of electrical conductivity (1,224.85±370.63), nitrate (0.01±0.003 mg/L), chloride (98.76±21.58 mg/L), calcium ion (5.38±0.68 mg/L), magnesium ion (3.05±0.05 mg/L), BOD (22.37±2.20 mg/L) and pH (6.31±0.18) were higher in the rainy season than in the dry season. The heavy metals (iron 1.10±0.05 mg/L, lead 0.12±0.07 mg/L, manganese 0.01±0.004 mg/L, copper 0.15±0.003 mg/L, zinc 0.07±0.004 mg/L and cadmium 0.02±0.02 mg/L) were fairly uniform all year round. There was also a marked decline in the values as one moved away from the dumpsite. Practical implications The implication of the findings is that human health is remarkably dependent upon safe and clean drinking water. Preserving the water resources and hindering them from pollution is preferred to the treatment of polluted water and rendering it suitable for consumption. The high electrical conductivity values obtained in the groundwater samples near the dumpsites are an indication of the effect of leachate on the groundwater quality. The high concentrations of dissolved solids in the groundwater may decrease the palatability and may cause gastro-intestinal irritation in humans, and laxative effect particularly on transits. Originality/value The pollutants from the various waste components disposed at the dumpsite percolate into the ground to pollute the groundwater. The groundwater is transported in the line of flow away from the vicinity of the dumpsite to pollute the groundwater in the area. The extent of contamination level of groundwater quality due to leachate percolation depends upon a number of factors like chemical composition of leachate, rainfall, depth and distance of the well from the dumpsite. Groundwater samples of different depths and distances from dumpsites were analyzed in the present study to understand the level of a combination.

PurposeFestivals in many regions of the world are sources of attraction to tourists. Festivals have become of great significance to many people especially in areas where tradition, norms and values of the society are still being upheld of which Yoruba land in Nigeria is not an exception. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine the patronage and factors influencing patronage of Olojo and Ojude Oba festival, in Southwestern Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachPurposive sampling technique was used to select Ojude Oba and Olojo festivals based on popularity among other identified festivals in the study areas. Convenience sampling technique was employed to select 210 and 114 Patrons from Ojude Oba and Olojo festivals, respectively. Preliminary survey showed that there were 4,294 and 3,124 buildings around the venues of the festivals in Ijebu-Ode and Ile-Ife, respectively. Therefore, systematic sampling technique was employed to select one out of every 40th buildings (2.5 per cent) where a household head will be sampled for questionnaire administration. Consequently, 107 and 78 household heads were sampled, respectively, from Ijebu-ode and Ile-Ife. This gave a total of 324 patrons and 185 residents for the study.FindingsFindings established that the factors influencing patronage of cultural festival comprises festival anxiety, promotion of community cultural heritage, socio-cultural development, infrastructural development, improved town liveability, ethno-cultural unity, entertainment, income generation and public enlightenment factors accounting for 14.78, 13.20, 10.44, 6.20, 5.68, 5.59, 5.00, 4.93 and 4.88 per cent variations of the total factors that influenced patronage of Olojo and Ojude Oba festival.Originality/valueThe implication of the findings is that patrons attended the festival and events for leisure purpose, whereas the aspiration, promotion of community cultural heritage, socio-cultural development, infrastructural development, improved town liveability, ethno-cultural unity, entertainment, income generation and public enlightenment are the underlining factors of motivation to purchase and repurchase the festival.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine multivariate analysis of challenges faced by patrons of medical tourism in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach Systematic sampling technique was employed to select 15 specialized private hospitals and 14 Public hospitals in the study area, resulting to a sample size of 29 hospitals. Ten patrons were contacted in each of the selected hospitals; consequently, 290 patrons were sampled. Findings The major challenges faced across the selected hospitals in the study area as revealed by this study included time spent in transit to hospital (PKI=3.96 and Mean Dev.=0.77), payment procedure is quick and simple (PKI=3.86 and Mean Dev.=0.67), package pricing is not transparent (PKI=3.76 and Mean Dev. =0.57), hospital facilities and equipment are not easily accessible (PKI=3.63 and Mean Dev.=0.44), Doctors do not pay enough attention to patrons (PKI=3.61 and Mean Dev.=0.42), Doctors do not give adequate explanation of patrons condition (PKI=3.49 and Mean Dev.=0.30), High cost of treatments (PKI=3.32 and Mean Dev.=0.13). The result of multiple regression analysis that produced (R2=0.933, F=296.080, p=0.000) meaning that challenges faced by patrons explain 99.3 percent variation of their destination choice. Originality/value The study revealed that challenges face by patrons determine their destination choice.

The study examined the relationships between residents’ socioeconomic characteristics and the housing quality standard in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Systematic sampling technique was used to select 198 household heads for questionnaire administration. The findings revealed that socioeconomic factors are correlated in the following proportions: educational level shows a moderate correlation with monthly income (r = .463, p < 0.01), length of stay (r = -.433, p < 0.01) and age of building (r = -.414, p < 0.05); monthly income displays a fairly strong correlation with length of stay (r = -.502, p < 0.01) and age of building (r = -.625, p < 0.01); household size presents a relatively strong correlation with length of stay (r = .766, p < 0.01), and a moderate correlation with age of building (r = .545, p < 0.01). The results of the multiple regression analysis produced an R2 = 0.387, meaning that socioeconomic variables explained the 38.7% variance in the housing quality standard (HQS) in the study area. Therefore, the study concluded that length of stay, educational level and age of building are strongly associated with the housing quality in Abeokuta.

Hospital solid waste dumped indiscriminately into the municipal bins often increases the chances of survival and mutation of pathogenic microbial population in the waste. Therefore, this study examined the determinants of hospital solid waste composition in Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife. Data were obtained from both primary (Actual measurement of waste in kg) and secondary sources. Waste produced in the wards and clinics were measured for seven days in each week over the period of three months. The study showed that sharps and general waste produced in wards represented 27.3 and 72.7%, respectively. The study also showed that the highest quantity of wastes was generated on Monday representing 15.17%, while the least quantity was on Sunday (11.54%). The daily and weekly per capita waste quantities generated in the wards of OAUTHC were 0.799 and 5.689 kg, respectively. The study concluded that the methods and materials of waste storage in OAUTHC were not in conformity with World Health Organisation standards.