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Abstract Diabetes mellitus is among the leading global health concerns, causing over 1.5 million deaths alongside other significant comorbidities and complications. Conventional diagnosis involves estimating fasting, random blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance test. For monitoring purposes, long-term glycaemic control has been achieved through the measurement of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) which is considered reliable and preferred tool. However, its estimation could be affected by haemoglobin types like HbA0, HbA2, and HbF concentrations whose magnitude remains unclear as well as other haematological parameters. As such, the current study determined the association between HbA1c and haemoglobin types and determined correlation between haemoglobin types and haematological parameters among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compared to healthy non-diabetic participants. In this cross-sectional study, participants [n = 144 (72 per group), ages 23–80 years] were recruited and the desired parameter measured. HbA1c and other Haemoglobin variants were measured using ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) by the Bio-Rad D-10 machine (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc). Haematological parameters were measured using the Celtac G MEK-i machine (Nihon Kohden Europe). SPSS version 27 (IBM Corporation, Chicago, Illinois, United States) was used for the analysis. Chi-square (χ2) analysis, Mann-Whitney U test, Binary logistic regression and Pearson correlation were used to determine the differences between proportions, compare laboratory characteristics, associations and correlations respectively. With non-diabetics as the reference group, HbA1c was associated with increased HbA0 [OR = 1.509, 95% CI = 1.020–1.099, p = 0.003] and increased HbA2 [OR = 3.893, 95% CI = 2.161–7.014, p = 0.001]. However, there was no significant association between HbA1c and HbF [OR = 2.062, 95% CI = 0.873–4.875, p = 0.099]. Further, haematocrit (HCT) had a negative correlation with HbAO and a positive correlation with HbAS in participants with controlled diabetes. Mean cell volume (MCV) and mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) had a negative correlation with HbF. MCHC (mean cell haemoglobin concentration) had a negative correlation with HbA2 in participant with uncontrolled diabetes. The study concluded that levels of various haemoglobin types should be considered while monitoring glycaemic control through HbA1c. Additionally, MCHC should be considered in individuals with high concentration of HbA2 among T2DM patients while interpretating results for HbA1c.

Diabetes mellitus is among the leading global health concerns, causing over 1.5 million deaths alongside other significant comorbidities and complications. Conventional diagnosis involves estimating fasting, random blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance test. For monitoring purposes, long-term glycaemic control has been achieved through the measurement of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) which is considered reliable and preferred tool. However, its estimation could be affected by haemoglobin types like HbA0, HbA2, and HbF concentrations whose magnitude remains unclear as well as other haematological parameters. As such, the current study determined the association between HbA1c and haemoglobin types and determined correlation between haemoglobin types and haematological parameters among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compared to healthy non-diabetic participants. In this cross-sectional study, participants [n = 144 (72 per group), ages 23–80 years] were recruited and the desired parameter measured. HbA1c and other Haemoglobin variants were measured using ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) by the Bio-Rad D-10 machine (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc). Haematological parameters were measured using the Celtac G MEK-i machine (Nihon Kohden Europe). SPSS version 27 (IBM Corporation, Chicago, Illinois, United States) was used for the analysis. Chi-square (χ2) analysis, Mann-Whitney U test, Binary logistic regression and Pearson correlation were used to determine the differences between proportions, compare laboratory characteristics, associations and correlations respectively. With non-diabetics as the reference group, HbA1c was associated with increased HbA0 [OR = 1.509, 95% CI = 1.020–1.099, p = 0.003] and increased HbA2 [OR = 3.893, 95% CI = 2.161–7.014, p = 0.001]. However, there was no significant association between HbA1c and HbF [OR = 2.062, 95% CI = 0.873–4.875, p = 0.099]. Further, haematocrit (HCT) had a negative correlation with HbAO and a positive correlation with HbAS in participants with controlled diabetes. Mean cell volume (MCV) and mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) had a negative correlation with HbF. MCHC (mean cell haemoglobin concentration) had a negative correlation with HbA2 in participant with uncontrolled diabetes. The study concluded that levels of various haemoglobin types should be considered while monitoring glycaemic control through HbA1c. Additionally, MCHC should be considered in individuals with high concentration of HbA2 among T2DM patients while interpretating results for HbA1c. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maheeba A M Abdulla,1 Fajer Juma Almoosa,1 Rana Juma Almoosa,1 Jehad Al Qamish2 1Department of Internal Medicine, Salmaniya Medical Complex, 2Department of Internal Medicine, Ibn Al Nafees Hospital, Manama, Bahrain Background: Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder that leads to abnormally high levels of hemoglobin sickling in erythrocytes. Patients suffer debilitating and severe complications that affect multiple organs, though mainly the liver, gallbladder, spleen, bones, and kidneys. It has a significant impact on morbidity and mortality rates and is associated with substantial health care costs.Methods: For this study, the researchers prospectively reviewed the charts of 154 sickle cell disease patients who had been treated in Salmaniya Medical Complex hospital in Bahrain between September 2013 and December 2014. Results: The results obtained showed that 95% of patients had sickle cell hemoglobin type. Of the sample patients, 80% exhibited bone pain, with all patients exhibiting bone crisis. Biochemical tests revealed reduced hemoglobin concentration, elevated bilirubin, compromised liver function, and lower white blood cell counts. The incidence of hepatitis B and C was very low, at 0% and 9%, respectively. There were a large number of hospital admissions, with 11 days as an average length of stay. The most common ultrasound findings in this study were hepatomegaly, hepatosplenomegaly, cholelithiasis, gallbladder sludge, and splenomegaly.Conclusion: Sickle cell disease had profound negative effects on multiple organs, with a particularly large number of complications related to the hepatobiliary system. Keywords: sickle cell disease, hemoglobin types, bone pain, liver function, hepatobiliary complications

Response of goats to natural helminth infection was investigated among 277 Nigerian indigenous goats belonging to three different breeds [West African dwarf (WAD), Red Sokoto (RS) and Sahel White (SW)] through the determination of parasitological and haematological parameters. The results showed that 65% of the sampled animals were positive for one helminth or two. Mixed infection due to Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis constituted 33.33% prevalence rate, while Haemonchus contortus and Oesophagostomum columbianum mixed infection had 26.67% rate of infection among the sampled animals. However, single infection due to either of Haemonchus contortus, Oesophagostomum columbianum, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Strongyloides papilosus, Cooperia punctata, Trichuris ovis, Paramphistomum cervi and Moniezia benedini constituted 5.0%. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference in mean faecal egg count (FEC) among the breeds investigated. Similarly, correlation coefficient between Haemonchus worm count (HWC) and FEC showed positive correlation value which was significantly (p<0.01) higher among WAD (0.661) than SW (0.427) and RS (0.350) breeds. Three (3) different haemoglobin types (HbAA, HbAB and HbBB) were detected among the goats investigated. Goats with HbAA showed significantly (p<0.05) higher PCV compared to those with HbAB/HbBB alleles. In addition, Sahel White and Red Sokoto breeds had microcytic, hypochromic anaemia with a significantly (p<0.05) lower haematocrit values than the West African Dwarf breed. Eosinophil count of RS and SW goats did not vary significantly between the parasitized and the non-parasitized goats. However, in WAD, the eosinophil count was significantly higher (p<0.05) in parasitized than non-parasitized goats. In conclusion, the WAD breed appears to be more resistant to helminthes infections and H. contortus in particular, than RS and SW, and this may be due to high frequency of HbAA alleles in this breed. The advantage of this relative resistance could be exploited by crossbreeding WAD with other breeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The relationship between the haemoglobin (Hb) type and reproduction and body weight was estimated in two different cattle breeds including 59 Thai indigenous and 51 Simmental×Brahman crossbred cows. Haemoglobin type was measured using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Five haemoglobin types were present in indigenous cattle: HbAA (35.59%), HbAB (28.81%), HbAC (20.34%), HbBB (11.6%) and HbBC (3.39%). In the Simmental×Brahman crossbred cattle, three haemoglobin types, 50.98% HbAA, 45.10% HbAB and 3.92% HbBB, were present. The results revealed that Thai indigenous cows with HbAB type were heavier at birth, however, the best growth performance was recorded in HbAC animals. In contrast, calves carrying HbBB type were the lightest animals at birth and were the youngest group at first calving. This group of Thai indigenous cows was more than 4 months younger at first calving than the heifers with HbAA type. Simmental×Brahman crossbred cows with HbAA type were significantly (P <0.05) heavier than the animals with HbAB type at birth as well as on days 200, 400 and 600 of age. Whereas, the animals with HbAB type gave birth to their first calf at a significantly (P <0.05) younger age than those with HbAA type. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]