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Placental mesenchymal dysplasia is an increasingly recognizable abnormality. Early cases have been confused with partial hydatidiform mole. Placental mesenchymal dysplasia is probably under-diagnosed because of being an unfamiliar clinical entity and also mistaken for gestational trophoblastic disease due to the similar sonographic findings of two entities. In this report, we describe the clinical, gross, and histopathological findings of placental mesenchymal dysplasia in two cases. The 33-week-preterm baby of a 26-year-old woman with cardiovascular disease and 342 gram placenta and the 19-week fetus with trisomy 21 of a 40 year-old woman were terminated. Macroscopically thick-walled vessels and microscopically hydropic villous with peripherally localized thick-walled vessels without trophoblastic cell proliferation were observed in both cases. These two cases represent a rare placental anomaly that is benign but it is challenging to distinguish placental mesenchymal dysplasia from an incomplete mole. Placental mesenchymal dysplasia should be included in the differential diagnosis of sonographic findings that show a normal appearing fetus and a placenta with cystic lesions. Placental mesenchymal dysplasia is associated with pregnancy-related hypertension. In conclusion, the most important point is “you can diagnose it if you consider it”.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to find out differences between expression of EGFR (epidermal growth f actor receptor) and Ki 67 labeling index (LI) in complete, incomplete mole hydatidiforms, exaggareted placental sites and normal placentas. STUDY DESIGN: Eighteen incomplete, 7 complete hy datidif orm moles, 19 exaggareted placental sites and 10 placentas (control group) were studied immunohistochemically for EGFR (epidermal growth f actor receptor)and Ki 67. RESULTS: Ki 67 LI of villous cytotrophoblasts differed significantly between complete and incomplete hydatidiform moles (p < 0.01). Ki67 LIs of hydatidiform moles were significantly higher than control group (p < 0.001). EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor)staining of villous cytotrophoblasts differed signif icantly between complete, incomplete hydatidiform moles and control group (p < 0.001). EGFR (epidermal growth f actor receptor) expression of syncytiotrophoblast differed signif icantly between complete, incomplete hydatidiform moles and control group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Expression of EGFR (epidermal growth f actor receptor)in syncytiotrophoblast and cy totrophoblasts is important in the pathogenesis of complete and incomplete hydatidiform moles. Ki67 LI can be a useful marker in differentiating complete and incomplete moles.