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Tebu sangat potensial dikembangkan di Indonesia karena kebutuhan gula pasir yang semakin meningkat seiring dengan bertambahnya penduduk. Dalam proses pembuatan gula pasir proses pemurnian dan penguapan merupakan hal penting yang harus diperhatikan agar mendapatkan produk maksimal. Selain itu kualitas gula pasir yang dihasilkan dipengaruhi oleh bahan baku utama yaitu nira tebu. Karena sifat dari nira tebu yang mudah rusak karena memiliki pH asam maka untuk menanggulangi hal tersebut perlu ditambahkan bahan yang bersifat basa yaitu kapur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan susu kapur terhadap pembentukan kerak selama proses, menentukan konsentrasi penambahan larutan susu kapur yang baik agar didapatkan kerak dengan jumlah minimal serta untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu dan waktu pemanasan terhadap massa kerak yang terbentuk. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan konsentrasi susu kapur sebesar 4,6%; 14,8%; dan 20,6% serta analisa ANOVA menggunakan Microsoft excel dengan memvariabelkan suhu pemanasan (100 dan 120 oC) dan waktu pemanasan (3 dan 6 jam). Dari penelitian diperoleh hasil terbaik dengan penambahan konsentrasi susu kapur sebesar 4,6% dengan nilai pH akhir sebesar 8,98 serta suhu penguapan sebesar 100 oC dengan lama waktu penguapan 3 jam dengan massa kerak 0,036 gram.

Meningkatnya perkembangan industri pengolahan kelapa di Indonesia sehingga banyak menghasilkan limbah biomassa yaitu sabut kelapa, dimana limbah tersebut banyak yang tidak diolah. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hasil kualitas di dalam biobriket dari campuran sabut kelapa dan serbuk kayu jati dan untuk mengetahui variasi campuran limbah sabut kelapa dengan serbuk kayu jati terhadap persen kadar air dan nilai kalor serta laju pembakaran didalam briket. Dengan variabel perbandingan jumlah bahan dengan menggunakan perekat 10:10, 10:20 dan 10:30. Dan tanpa menggunakan perekat dengan perbandingan 10:10, 10:20 dan 10:30. Pengujian dilakukan dengan mencari nilai kalor, kadar air dan hasil dari pembakaran. Sehingga hasil yang akan diperoleh adalah kualitas dari bio briket. Komposisi briket yang terbaik dalam bahan baku yang menggunakan perekat pada perbandingan (60:40), memiliki kadar air 5,9%, Nilai kalor 5974 kal/gram, dan laju pembakaran sebesar 1,858 kal/detik. Komposisi briket berbahan baku tidak menggunakan perekat pada perbandingan (50:50), dengan hasil yang diperoleh kadar air 6,2 %, Nilai kalor 7607 kal/gram dan laju pembakaran sebesar 1,591 kal/detik. Semua komposisi briket dalam penelitian ini telah memenuhi standar ketentuan SNI No. 01- 6235-2000 tentang briket arang kayu dan SNI No. 19-4791-1998 tentang briket sabut kelapa.

Pengujian TAN (Total Acid Number) merupakan pengukuran keasaman suatu minyak pelumas yang ditentukan oleh jumlah miligram kalium hidroksida (KOH) yang dibutuhkan untuk menetralkan asam lemak bebas dalam satu gram minyak. Pengujian TAN digunakan untuk menentukan sampel minyak pelumas baru dan setelah pemakaian, minyak setelah pemakaian dipantau untuk memastikan kualitas minyak memenuhi standar nilai TAN agar tidak menghambat proses produksi. Nilai TAN itu sendiri tidak dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi sifat korosif pada suatu minyak, hanya digunakan sebagai acuan untuk mengukur jumlah asam lemak bebas dalam sampel minyak pelumas. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan pengujian nilai TAN secara berkala agar dapat mengetahui perubahan nilai TAN sesudah pemakaian. Semakin besar nilai TAN maka corrosion rate akan naik, sehingga mempercepat terjadinya korosi pada material logam. Fungsi minyak pelumas adalah melumasi komponen-komponen mesin yang bergerak agar tidak cepat aus. Selain itu, minyak pelumas digunakan untuk mencegah terjadinya korosi, pendingin pada mesin, dan pembawa kotoran pada mesin. Hasil dari penelitian ini didapatkan nilai TAN pada metode PLTGU sebesar 0,1013 mg KOH/g sampel, metode ASTM D-974 0,1423 mg KOH/g sampel. Cara standar untuk menentukan nilai TAN pada sampel minyak adalah dengan analisa titrasi. Perbandingan metode yang digunakan yaitu metode PLTGU dengan ASTM D-974.

Posyandu Kamboja berdiri pada tahun 1975 di RW 4 Kelurahan Tasikmadu Kecamatan Lowokwaru. Nama ketua kader Posyandu tersebut adalah Ibu Jumik Rahayu, dengan jumlah kader sebanyak 13 orang. Kegiatan taman posyandu kamboja meliputi posyandu, Bina Keluarga Balita (BKB), dan pos Paud. Penyuluhan makanan bergizi merupakan salah satu kegiatan utama dan umumnya menjadi prioritas dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan Posyandu. Peran aktif kader kesehatan dipelayanan gizi sangat penting untuk meningkatkan kualitas dan status gizi masyarakat terutama kesehatan ibu dan anak. Permasalahan mendasar dari kader posyandu antara lain terbatasnya pengetahuan pengetahuan mengenai kecukupan makanan bergizi 2. Belum memiliki keterampilan teknik mengolah produk susu bernilai ekonomis dan bergizi. 3. Pendidikan kader posyandu yang masih kurang, rata-rata lulusan SMP dan SMA. Adapun Solusi yang ditawarkan tim PKM Polinema untuk mengatasi permasalahan mitra antara lai (1) Pelatihan serta pendampingan pembuatan yogurt sebagai solusi keterbatasan ketrampilan dari binaan kader posyandu “Kamboja” lowokwaru, 2) Pelatihan serta pendampingan keterampilan diversifikasi produk olahan Susu yang bernilai ekonomis dan bergizi tinggi. Kegiatan pelatihan pembuatan yogurt dilaksanakan pada tanggal 11 September 2021 bertempat di gedung balai RW 04 kelurahan Tasikmadu. Metode yang digunakan dalam pengabdian ini adalah metode ceramah, diskusi, demonstrasi, tanya jawab dan pelaksanaan tugas.

BOD, COD, phenol and ammonia-free in the effluent of hospitals wastewater often exceed the quality standards. This was due to less optimal biological processes to degrade the pollutants. So we need an efforts to find optimal process conditions through the engineering process and the factors that affect the biodegradation of pollutants. On the other hand, AF2B reactor containing biofilter with bee nest shaped has a large specific surface area so as to maximize the biodegradation process of pollutants by microorganisms. While bacteria consortium consisting of several types of bacteria have a greater capacity than a single bacterium in the degradation of pollutants. The research aims to determine the effect of starter volume and air flowrate to decrease the concentration of pollutants (BOD, COD, phenol and ammonia-free) in AF2B reactor batch using a bacterial consortium. The research was conducted in three phase which are the making of growth curve, acclimatization and biodegradation of pollutants in an AF2B reactor batch using a bacterial consortium. The experiment variables are the starter volume (85%, 75%, 65% in volume), and the air flowrate (2.5; 5; and 7.5 liter/min). Materials used are hospital waste water and bacterial consortium. The experiment begins with setting up the AF2B reactor containing biofilter with bee nest shaped and then filled it with a starter from the acclimatization process on a given volume and followed by supplies of air at a certain flowrate. Then hospital waste water and 5% of nutrients were added till reach 10 liters of total volume in reactor. Samples were taken every 30 minutes for up to 360 minutes of biodegradation process. The samples were then analyzed its pollutants concentration (BOD, COD, phenol and ammonia-free). The BOD concentration was analyzed using Winkler bottles method, COD using open reflux method, while phenol and ammonia-free using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. The results showed that the starter volume and air flowrate affect the decrease of pollutants concentration till reach quality standard, which at starter volume of 85%, air flowrate of 7.5 liter/min and biodegradation time of 360 min can reduce the BOD, COD, phenol, and ammonia-free to 92%, 86%, 88% and 76% respectively.

Coconut oil combustion characteristic is observed experimentally by evaporating oil in the boiler then mix it with air before being burned at various equivalence ratios in the Hele-shaw cell. The result shows that, coconut oil tends to break into glycerol and fatty acid due to hydrolysis reaction producing the flame propagation, where the fatty acid flame propagates first then glycerol flame. Micro-explosion occurs when moisture from fatty acid combustion is absorbed by glycerol, and higher heating due to higher flame speed produces more micro-explosion.

Coconut oil combustion characteristic is observed experimentally by evaporating oil in the boiler then mix it with air before being burned at various equivalence ratios in the Hele-shaw cell. The result shows that, coconut oil tends to break into glycerol and fatty acid due to hydrolysis reaction producing the flame propagation, where the fatty acid flame propagates first then glycerol flame. Micro-explosion occurs when moisture from fatty acid combustion is absorbed by glycerol and higher heating due to higher flame speed produces more micro-explosion.

Biodiesel is one of the alternative fuels produced from the transesterification reaction between triglycerides and alcohols with glycerol by-products. So far, the resulting crude glycerol has not been maximally utilized because of its low purity. So, it is necessary to purify glycerol before turning it into a more useful compound. The purified glycerol can be reacted with acetic acid within esterification reaction (acetylation process) using an acid catalyst to produce glycerol triacetate (triacetin). One of the uses of triacetin as an additive in gasoline and biodiesel. The purpose of this study is to utilize glycerol from by-products from biodiesel production to bio-additive materials that can improve fuel quality and are environmentally friendly. The method used in this study begins with the purification of crude glycerol, modification of zeolite catalyst with impregnated of nickel metal followed by an acetylation reaction which held on temperature of 100°C for 60 min. The experimental results are analyzed using base titration to determine the remaining unreacted acids and are applied as bio-additives by adding them to commercial fuels and measured the increasing octane numbers. The result shows that the reaction conversion increases with increasing mole ratio of reactants and catalysts with the best results in the mole ratio of acetic acid and glycerol is 9:1 and catalyst 5% by weight of acetic acid with a conversion of 66.02%. As bio-additives the reaction product could increase the octane number of commercial fuel by 6.5 up to 8.5%. Keywords: glycerol, acetylation reaction, mofified zeolite, bio-additive

BOD and Ammonia-free (NH3-N) are pollutants of hospital wastewater which often exceed the quality standards. It is because biological processes in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) have not been effective in degrading BOD and NH3-N. Therefore, a study on factors that influence the biodegradation of BOD and NH3-N by choosing the type of bacteria to improve the mechanisms of biodegradation processes is required. Bacterial consortium is a collection of several types of bacteria obtained from isolation process, which is known to be more effective than a single bacterial in degrading pollutants. On the other hand, AF2B is a type of reactor in wastewater treatment system. The AF2B contains a filter media that has a large surface area so that the biodegradation process of pollutants by microorganism can be improved. The objective of this research is to determine the effect of volume of starter and air supplies on decreasing BOD and NH3-N in hospital wastewater using bacterial consortium in the AF2B on batch process. The research was conducted in three stages: the making of the growth curve of the bacterial consortium, bacterial consortium acclimatization, and hospital wastewater treatment in the AF2B with batch process. The variables used are the volume of starter (65%, 75%, and 85% in volume) and air supplies (2.5, 5, and 7.5 L/min). Meanwhile, the materials used are hospital wastewater, bacterial consortium (Pseudomonas diminuta, Pseudomonas capica, Bacillius sp, and Nitrobacter sp), blower, and AF2B. AF2B is a plastic basin containing a filter media with a wasp-nest shape used as a medium for growing the bacterial consortium. In the process of making the growth curve, a solid form of bacterial consortium was dissolved in sterilized water, then grown in a nutrient broth (NB). Then, shaking and sampling were done at any time to determine the path growth of bacterial consortium. In the acclimatization process, bacterial isolates were grown using hospital wastewater as a media that was added gradually, followed by the addition of nutrients and aeration. Furthermore, in the biodegradation process of AF2B, the result of acclimatization (as a starter) was fed into the AF2B, then added to the hospital wastewater at a certain volume (as variables), and followed by aeration at a certain flow rate (as variables). Sampling was done at any time to determine the decrease of the concentration of BOD, NH3-N, and MLSS (Mixed Liqour Suspended Solid). BOD and Ammonia-free analyses were conducted using winkler bottle titration and spectrophotometry method. MLSS analysis used gravimetric methods. The results of the research shos that the volume of starter 85% (v) and air supplies of 7.5 L/min can reduce BOD and NH3-N of 92% and 76% respectively. Besides that, AF2B and bacterial consortium have a great ability and are very fast in degrading BOD and NH3-N.BOD and Ammonia-free (NH3-N) are pollutants of hospital wastewater which often exceed the quality standards. It is because biological processes in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) have not been effective in degrading BOD and NH3-N. Therefore, a study on factors that influence the biodegradation of BOD and NH3-N by choosing the type of bacteria to improve the mechanisms of biodegradation processes is required. Bacterial consortium is a collection of several types of bacteria obtained from isolation process, which is known to be more effective than a single bacterial in degrading pollutants. On the other hand, AF2B is a type of reactor in wastewater treatment system. The AF2B contains a filter media that has a large surface area so that the biodegradation process of pollutants by microorganism can be improved. The objective of this research is to determine the effect of volume of starter and air supplies on decreasing BOD and NH3-N in hospital wastewater using bacterial consortium in the AF2B on batch proc...