Search

Abstract Predicting rock tunnel squeezing in underground projects is challenging due to its intricate and unpredictable nature. This study proposes an innovative approach to enhance the accuracy and reliability of tunnel squeezing prediction. The proposed method combines ensemble learning techniques with Q-learning and online Markov chain integration. A deep learning model is trained on a comprehensive database comprising tunnel parameters including diameter (D), burial depth (H), support stiffness (K), and tunneling quality index (Q). Multiple deep learning models are trained concurrently, leveraging ensemble learning to capture diverse patterns and improve prediction performance. Integration of the Q-learning-Online Markov Chain further refines predictions. The online Markov chain analyzes historical sequences of tunnel parameters and squeezing class transitions, establishing transition probabilities between different squeezing classes. The Q-learning algorithm optimizes decision-making by learning the optimal policy for transitioning between tunnel states. The proposed model is evaluated using a dataset from various tunnel construction projects, assessing performance through metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. Results demonstrate the efficiency of the ensemble deep learning model combined with Q-learning-Online Markov Chain in predicting surrounding rock tunnel squeezing. This approach offers insights into parameter interrelationships and dynamic squeezing characteristics, enabling proactive planning and support measures implementation to mitigate tunnel squeezing hazards and ensure underground structure safety. Experimental results show the model achieves a prediction accuracy of 98.11%, surpassing individual CNN and RNN models, with an AUC value of 0.98.

Abstract Nature has developed numerous design motifs by arranging modest materials into complex architectures. The damage-tolerant, double-bouligand architecture found in the coelacanth fish scale is comprised of collagen fibrils helically arranged in a bilayer manner. Here, we exploit the toughening mechanisms of double-bouligand designs by engineering architected concrete using a large-scale two-component robotic additive manufacturing process. The process enables intricate fabrication of the architected concrete components at large-scale. The double-bouligand designs are benchmarked against bouligand and conventional rectilinear counterparts and monolithic casts. In contrast to cast concrete, double-bouligand design demonstrates a non-brittle response and a rising R-curve, due to a hypothesized bilayer crack shielding mechanism. In addition, interlocking behind and crack deflection ahead of the crack tip in bilayer double-bouligand architected concrete elicits a 63% increase in fracture toughness compared to cast counterparts.

Indonesia is a country that operates a democratic system. A democratic government system is characterized by freedom of each individual to express his opinion in any way that is protected by the state constitution. The rules discussing freedom of opinion are in Article 1 paragraph (1) in Law Number 9 of 1998 concerning Freedom to Express Opinions in Public. In the provisions of this law, every citizen has the right to voice their ideas orally, in writing and through other means without any obstacles, while still carrying out their responsibilities in accordance with the provisions of the applicable laws and regulations. This law acts as an implementation in Article 28 of 1945 Constitution Republic Indonesia which states: "Freedom of association and assembly, expressing thoughts verbally and in writing and so on is determined by law. The legal provisions governing legally proven crimes of hate speech involve several articles in statutory regulations. These articles include Article 156, Article 157, Article 310, and Article 311 of the Criminal Code, Article 28 paragraph (2) juncto. Article 45A paragraph (2) in Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions, and Article 16 in Law Number 40 of 2008 concerning the Elimination of Racial and Ethnic Discrimination. The legal principle used is lex specialis derogat legi generali which will accommodate accountability for every violation of hate speech on social media, with reference to Article 28 paragraph (2) juncto. Article 45A paragraph (2) of the ITE Law stipulates that the length of imprisonment is 6 years and/or a maximum fine of one billion Rupiah.

There are limited studies in the Southern region of Saudi Arabia on the characteristics of hospitalised patients with cancer. The aim of this study was to explore the clinical and therapeutic characteristics of hospitalized cancer patients in the Najran Region of Saudi Arabia. A retrospective cross-sectional observational study was conducted using cancer patients’ medical records at the oncology unit in the King Khalid Hospital in Najran situated in the southern region of Saudi Arabia. Hospitalized patients’ records were extracted between 2014 and 2020. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify determinants of ICU admission among cancer patients. A total of 1,678 patients were involved in this study. The mean age was 52.5 (SD: 21.1) years. The average duration of stay was 8.7 days (SD: 13.4). The most commonly reported types of cancer were breast cancer, rectum cancer and colon cancer, accounting for 13.6%, 6.9%, and 6.7%, respectively. A total of 13.9% of the study participants required ICU admission. More than half (57.1%) of the patients were complaining of a moderate to severe case upon hospitalization. Older age (52.5 years and above) and the presence of comorbidities were risk factors that significantly increased the risk of ICU admission (P

Background: Medication error is a preventable adverse effect of medical care, whether or not it is evident or harmful to the patient. Disclosure of medication errors and improvement of patient safety are inexorably related, and they provide one of the strongest reasons to report and disclose errors, including near misses in which no harm comes to the patient. This study aimed to identify medication errors at the southern province of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted by reviewing all medical records in the King Khaled Hospital in Najran, Saudi Arabia. Medication errors related information were extracted from the electronic medical system for the duration between 2018 and 2020. Results: During the study period of 2018 to 2020, a total of 4860 medication errors were identified. More than half of the reported medication errors (66.9%) were linked to ordering, prescribing, or transcribing medications. The most commonly reported medication errors connected to ordering/prescribing/transcribing were inappropriate dosage, dosage units, and therapeutic duplication of medication. The most commonly reported medication errors linked to administration were missing documentation during administration, not performing independent double-checks during the administration of high alert medications, and the administration of look-alike sound-alike (LASA) medications. The intensive care unit (ICU), female medical ward, and male medical ward were the most commonly reported locations for medication errors. Pharmacists detected more than half of the reported medication errors. Physicians were found to be responsible for 66.0% of reported medication errors, followed by nurses. Conclusion: Medication errors are common in hospital settings in Saudi Arabia's southern provinces. Efforts should be made to improve drug ordering, prescribing, and transcription in hospital settings. To guarantee optimum practices, the entire medical team should take responsibility for the patient's optimal medication administration.

Mobile Crowdsensing (MCS) is a new paradigm that leverages the collective sensing ability of a crowd so that a special task can be performed through the aggregation of information collected from personal mobile devices. While MCS brings several benefits, its application is prevented by challenges such as the efficient recruitment of users, effective mechanisms for rewarding users to encourage participation, and an effective and fast enough approach for managing the underlying resources that support large-scale MCS applications involving a large number of people in data collection. On the other hand, Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications, which are mostly based on Deep Neural Networks (DNN), are becoming pervasive today and are executed by the end users’ mobile devices, which are characterised by limited memory and computing power, and low battery level. This paper describes and evaluates an incentive mechanism for a mobile crowdsensing system with an AI sensing task based on a one-leader multi-follower Stackelberg game. The MCS platform, as a leader, provides an AI sensing task to be executed by a DNN, which can be deployed in two different ways: fully on the user device or partially on the device and partially on edge or cloud resources. The users, as followers, make their decisions regarding their participation to the MCS system and select their desired deployment given the energy and memory available on their device and the deployment reward proposed by the MCS platform. The goals of the MCS platform are: i) to motivate the users to participate in the system, ii) to maximize its profit, and iii) to identify the optimal resources supporting the sensing task that minimizes the cost and provide performance guarantees. This problem has been formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear program and propose an efficient algorithmic approach to solve it quickly. The proposed approach has been compared with some baseline methods and with BARON state-of-the-art solver. Results show that our approach converges to the optimal solution much faster than BARON (up to orders of magnitude) especially in large scale systems. Furthermore, the comparison to the baseline methods shows that our approach always beats the best baseline method under different scenarios providing up to 16% improvement for the MCS platform profit.

The objectives of this study are: (1) Determine the effect of entrepreneurial mental attitudes on the performance of Village Owned enterprises (BUMDES) in Lombok Island; (2) Determine the effect of entrepreneurial mental attitudes on technopreneurship; (3) Determine the effect of Technopreneurship on the Performance of Village Owned Enterprises in Lombok Island. This type of research is causal associative. The data collection method uses a census. Respondents in this study were all directors of Village Owned enterprises on the Lombok Island, as many as 85 peoples. The data collection tool used in this study was a questionnaire. Data analysis using SEM-PLS. The results of the research and discussion above, the conclusions from the research that can be drawn are: (1) Entrepreneurial mental attitude has a positive and significant effect on the Performance of Village Owned Enterprises. (2) Entrepreneurial mental attitude has a positive and significant effect on the Technopreneurship. (3) Technopreneurship has a positive and significant effect on the performance of Village Owned enterprises.

Biological and ecological information on the Tapanuli orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis) remains limited. This study was designed to analyze the demographic parameters and build a growth model of the Tapanuli orangutans to help guide policy in developing a conservation program for them. Data were collected from tapanuli orangutans that were directly observed over four years in the Batang Toru Landscape, South Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatra. There were 32 distinct individual orangutans, 27 of which were adults or sub-adults. Only five were children or infants. The adult sex ratio, male to female, was 1: 0.83, the birthrate was 0.13, and the highest mortality rate was among sub-adults and adults. The population growth rate (r) was estimated to be 0.051 per year and predicted to reach the potential carrying capacity of the habitat they now occupy in about 60–80 years from 2020. Conservation activities that might help to increase the tapanuli orangutan population include increasing the number of food plants in production forests around nature reserves and increasing patrols to monitor the population and minimize potential damage to the animal and their habitat due to human activities.

Coal mining changed forest structure and composition, it caused large negative impacts on the orangutan. In order to mitigate those negative effects, it is crucial to understand their nesting behavior adaptation in mining area. We investigated 74 times nested event in coal mining rehabilition area (CMRA) in East Kutai and 123 times in the Kutai National Park (Prevab) from October 2013 to September 2014 and include only night nests. We compared both habitats. Orangutans in CMRA built the nest later than in Prevab and used 15 species of trees as nests sites intensively on Senna siamea and Gmelina arborea. In Prevab, 35 species with the higher frequencies on Eusideroxylon zwageri and Dracontomelon dao. The average diameter of nest trees in CMRA smaller than Prevab. The height of nest trees in CMRA with the highest frequency was in 10.1-15 m, while in Prevab was as in 20.1-25 m. Orangutans in CMRA nested at the height of 20 m. Reused nest in CMRA was higher than in Prevab. Orangutans in CMRA more often built nests at the peak and limb, while in Prevab at the limb and peak. Orangutans in CMRA had learned to utilize various species and dimensions of trees as the place to build nests.

Forest fragmentation has resulted in decreased wildlife habitat, which has triggered conflicts with humans due to the use of the same plants. This has been particularly contentious with the tapanuli orangutan. Research of the tapanuli orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis) habitat is very limited. The aims of this research is to examine the latest habitat conditions, such as land cover, composition of vegetation, feed plant, and habitat carrying capacity to provide recommendations for habitat management in developing a mitigation policy of the human-tapanuli orangutan conflict. The research location is focused on the area of human-orangutan conflict in the Batang Toru Landscape in South Tapanuli Regency, which took place from August to December 2019. Vegetation analysis was conducted using the strip transect method with a total of 294 plots (11.76 ha). The number of species at the pole and tree levels were high with 149 species (46 families) and diversity index (H') > 3. Eighty feed plant species were found and expected to support the growth of the orangutan population of 247 individuals. The density and diversity of cultivated plant species in the buffer zone were high and consumption by orangutans resulted in human-tapanuli orangutan conflict, especially on durian (Durio zibethinus Murray). Conflict with humans will cause stress and disruption to the growth of the tapanuli orangutan. We recommend habitat management to mitigate conflict through patrols for monitoring habitat destruction in conservation forests, enrichment of feed plants in Forest Management Units, cultivation of orangutan non-food crops on community lands, and building a corridor with orangutan food crops with fruits that are not utilized by humans.

The interfacial adhesion between asphalt binder and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) depends on many nanoscopic properties such as diffusion of SARA molecules on CNTs surface. Functionalization of CNTs with Oxygens (O=CNTs), hydroxyl groups (HO–CNTs), and hydrogens (H–CNTs) has been an effective way to modify the surface properties of CNTs and ultimately the macroscopic properties of the CNT-composites. This paper presents the effect of different dosages of oxygenated and hydrogenated CNTs on the adhesion and diffusion of SARA molecules on CNTs’ surfaces. First, reactive molecular dynamics simulation is used to oxygenate and hydrogenate CNTs up to a certain dosage. Next, it is employed to model the interaction and diffusion of SARA molecules with the functionalized CNTs. We employ the steer molecular dynamic (SMD) and Einstein formula to calculate the adhesion and diffusion properties. The results demonstrate that hydrogenation has little effect on the adhesion energy, while oxygenation can increase adhesion energy up to 100% for 25% dosage. The diffusion coefficient dramatically drops for both oxygenated and hydrogenated CNTs, with lower values for the latter. We observe that for hydrogenated and oxygenated CNTs at different dosages, asphaltene, resin, aromatic, and saturate molecules have the highest to lowest values, respectively.

Hutan mangrove di Teluk Jakarta memiliki fungsi yang sangat penting sebagai penyangga kehidupan namun telah terdegradasi dan terdeforestasi. Akibatnya terjadi rob, intrusi air laut, abrasi, berkurangnya produksi perikanan. Hutan mangrove memiliki karakteristik sumberdaya milik bersama cenderung rusak karena hak-haknya sulit untuk ditegakkan dan cenderung menjadi bersifat open acces. Para pihak yang terkait dalam menjalankan perannya kurang optimal sehingga kondisi mangrove tetap terdegradasi. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk mendapatkan suatu bentuk penataan peran para pihak dalam pengelolaan hutan mangrove di daerah perkotaan. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Muara Angke, Kecamatan Penjaringan, Kotamadya Jakarta Utara dan Muara Gembong, Kabupaten Bekasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Key Player yaitu para pihak yang memiliki kewenangan dalam pengelolaan mangrove, belum membuat rencana terpadu pengelolaan hutan mangrove akibatnya kurang bersinerginya kegiatan yang dilaksanakan oleh para pengelola. Agar mangrove lestari perlu adanya peningkatan peran dari masyarakat yang semula hanya menjadi Subject agar menjadi Key Player melalui kegiatan pemberdayaan masyarakat. LSM dan Lembaga Penelitian perlu meningkatkan perannya dari Crowd menjadi Context Setter yang berpengaruh besar dalam pengambilan kebijakan. Perlu dibentuk Tim Koordinasi Strategi Pengelolaan Ekosistem Mangrove tingkat Provinsi maupun tingkat Kabupaten untuk mensinergikan kebijakan dan program pengelolaan ekosistem mangrove. Kegiatan pemberdayaan perlu dilaksanakan secara intensif untuk mendorong terjadinya perubahan peran dalam pengelolaan mangrove.

Penelitian manajemen konflik banteng dengan masyarakat sekitar Taman Nasional Meru Betiri (TNMB) dan Taman Nasional Alas Purwo (TNAP) telah dilakukan pada bulan Desember 2009 sampai Desember 2011. Tujuan penelitian untuk memformulasikan manajemen konservasi banteng secara kolaboratif. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh dan kepentingan para pihak dilakukan analisis stakeholder melalui wawancara dengan para pihak terkait konflik yaitu Perum Perhutani, Perkebunan Bandealit, Balai Taman Nasional Meru Betiri (BTMB), Balai Taman Nasional Alas Purwo (BTNAP) dan masyarakat.Teknik AHP dipakai untuk menilai persepsi pakar, analisis SWOT digunakan dalam penentuan strategi untuk implementasi program kegiatan dan analisis tingkat comanagement. Stakeholders yang mempunyai pengaruh dan kepentingan terhadap pengelolaan TN dan banteng adalah BTNMB, LSM KAIL, masyarakat dan Perkebunan Bandealit, sedangkan di TNAP yaitu BTNAP, LSM binaan KAIL, masyarakat dan Perum Perhutani. Stakeholder tidak terkait konflik, tetapi dapat berkontribusi dalam pengelolaan kolaboratif konservasi banteng yaitu Balai Besar Inseminasi Buatan (BBIB), Dinas Peternakan, Dinas Pertanian, Dinas Kehutanan dan Dinas Pariwisata. Hasil analisis menunjukkan prioritas program yang dapat dikolaborasikan dalam konservasi bantengadalah peningkatan kualitas habitat (instruktif), pengembangan penangkaran (kooperatif), pengembangan ekowisata (advokatif), pengembangan tanaman obat dan buah (kooperatif).

Distraction enterogenesis has been extensively studied as a potential treatment for short bowel syndrome, which is the most common form of intestinal failure. Different strategies including parenteral nutrition and surgical lengthening to manage patients with short bowel syndrome are associated with high complication rates. More recently, self-expanding springs have been used to lengthen the small intestine using an intraluminal axial mechanical force, where this biomechanical force stimulates the growth and elongation of the small intestine. Differences in physical characteristics of patients with short bowel syndrome would require a different mechanical force—this is crucial in order to achieve an efficient and safe lengthening outcome. In this study, we aimed to predict the required mechanical force for each potential intestinal size. Based on our previous experimental observations and computational findings, we integrated our experimental measurements of patient biometrics along with mechanical characterization of the soft tissue into our numerical simulations to develop a series of computational models. These computational models can predict the required mechanical force for any potential patient where this can be advantageous in predicting an individual’s tissue response to spring-mediated distraction enterogenesis and can be used toward a safe delivery of the mechanical force.

Nilai ekonomi total ekosistem hutan berasal dari berbagai jenis hasil hutan, mencakup hasil hutan kayu dan non kayu, termasuk juga jasa fungsi ekologis. Pendekatan sistem digunakan di dalam pendugaan nilai ekosistem hutan, dengan dasar pertimbangan adanya karakteristik saling keterkaitan berbagai hasil hutan tersebut. Pada umumnya, masing-masing pihak atau stakeholders mempunyai penilaian yang berbeda-beda tergantung pada persepsi dan kepentingan masing-masing pihak. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menjawab pertanyaan bagaimana mengukur dinamika nilai ekonomi total ekosistem hutan, dan bagaimana cara mengharmoniskan berbagai kepentingan stakeholders itu di dalam pengelolaan hutan. Hasil simulasi dengan intensitas penebangan tegakan 0%, 50%, 76% dan 100% menunjukkan bahwa nilai ekonomi total (nilai guna kayu dan non kayu) tidaklah statis, tetapi nilai ini dipengaruhi oleh perubahan kondisi ekosistem hutan, sebagai akibat tindakan pengelolaan hutan. Harmonisasi kepentingan stakeholders di dalam pengelolaan hutan dapat dievaluasi melalui distribusi nilai ekonomi total, dan pemenuhan kriteria kelestarian sumber daya hutan, yang di dalam simulasi penelitian ini dapat dicapai pada intensitas penebangan tegakan 50%.

Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, (Linneaus, 1758) is an important aquaculture species in Nigeria and other parts of the world. We obtained specimens (3,5-13,00 cm total length; 1,7 to 49 g) from Jabi Reservoir, Nigeria, and exposed them to 18-38o C. The frequency of opercular beats (i.e.respiratory rate) was determined from videos. At room temperature (28o C), the average frequency of opercular beats per minute for the weight groups of 1, 7 – 3,3; 4,0 – 7,0; 11,0 – 20 and 40 – 49g were 218, 190, 167 and 119 respectively. It decreased to 153, 137, 94 and 77 beats respectively when the water temperature was lowered to 18o C. It subsequently increased to 283, 267, 209 and 136 beats respectively when water temperature was raised to 38o C (p

Javan rhino (Rhinoceros sondaicus) is one of the rarest species in the world so categorized as critically endangered by IUCN. Survival of the rhino in Ujung Kulon National Park is threatened by a variety of factors that could cause these extinct animals, such as: invasion langkap, competition with the bulls, and inbreeding. The strategy should be promoted in maintaining and developing population that is making a second habitat. The purpose of this research is to know the suitability level of Cikepuh Wildlife Reserves (CWR) as javan rhino’s second habitat. The method used is the field observations. Results showed that the CWR have high suitability as javan rhino’s second habitat with an area of 6886.4 ha (84.72% CWR). Cikepuh Wildlife Reserves components that have a high potential as second habitat are on aspects altitude, air temperature, humidity, water availability, and soil pH. Strategies that can be done in improving the suitability of the CWR as second habitat includ: create pools ofthe rhino, planting food plants that have a high palatability and reduce human pressure through strict enforcement, public education, standardized regular patrols, rehabilitation and enrichment of degraded area, livestock expenses , and review the MoU regarding the use of the area as a military Cikepuh SM. Keywords: Cikepuh Wildlife Reserve, habitat suitability, javan rhino, second habitat

Bandung Regency is experiencing increased of air temperature, particularly in the urban area. High air temperature in urban areas is caused by increasing built-up areas and declining green open space. Green open space should be built to lower air temperature and to create a comfortable micro climate. Green open space should be developed at locations with high air temperature to reach its efficacy. This research used spatial analysis to generate air temperature distribution map. The map was used as the basis in developing green open space. The map showed that green open spaces should be developed at several sub-districts, namely Margahayu, Margaasih, Dayeuhkolot, Baleendah, Bojongsoang, Rancaekek, Cileunyi, Pameungpeuk, and Majalaya sub-districts.

Crude Palm Oil (CPO) contains approximately 50% saturated fatty acids and approximately 40% unsaturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acid content is known to be effective in lowering blood cholesterol levels. Palm oil also contains [beta]-carotene which is very beneficial for health. Palm oil processing is defined by three stages, namely degumming, bleaching and deodorization. The bleaching process is carried out at 90-105[degrees]C using 1-2% bleaching earth and deodorization at 240-270[degrees]C. The high concentration of bleaching earth and deodorization temperature causes carotene to be degraded leading to low carotene content in the final product. The effort to maintain the carotene content is to process CPO into red palm oil (RPO). The content of carotene and fatty acids contained therein will be damaged in the presence of high heat, ascertain this, a study was conducted on the effect of heating time on the chemical properties of red palm oil. The study was conducted using a completely randomized block design with prolonged heating treatment (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 hours) at 180[degrees]C and repeated 3 times and then the fatty acid content, peroxide value, iodine number and functional groups formed in bulk red palm oil purchased online were observed. The results showed that increasing the heating time can decrease the iodine number but increase the acid number and peroxide value. Heating at 180[degrees]C for 10 hours produced iodine, acid and peroxide value of 57.72, 9.56 and 12.55, respectively. The results of the analysis using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) showed the presence of free fatty acids at wave number 722 [cm.sup.-1] and peroxide numbers at wave number 2.854 [cm.sup.-1]. The test results using gas chromatography showed that linoleic acid decreased by about 3.23% during heating for up to 10 hours, while saturated fatty acids increased by about 0.32%. Key words: Cooking oil, Free fatty acid, Iodine number, Peroxide number, polymerization, INTRODUCTION Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Colombia and Nigeria are the primary producers of palm oil. Palm oil can be processed into red palm oil which is rich in carotene, which is [...]

High-resolution images with wide field of view are important in realizing many applications of wireless multimedia sensor networks. Previous works that generally use multi-tier topology and provide such images by increasing the capabilities of camera sensor nodes lead to an increase in network cost. On the other hand, the resulting energy consumption is a considerable issue that has not been seriously considered in previous works. In this paper, high-resolution images with wide field of view are generated without increasing the total cost of network and with minimum energy dissipation. This is achieved by using image stitching in WMSNs, designing a two-tier network topology with new structure, and proposing a camera selection algorithm. In the proposed two-tier structure, low cost camera sensor nodes are used only in the lower-tier and sensor nodes without camera are considered in the upper-tier which decreases total network cost as much as possible. Also, since a simplified image stitching method is implemented and a new algorithm for selecting active nodes is utilized, energy dissipation in the network is decreased by applying the proposed methods. The results of simulations supported the preceding statements.

Technological progress in the fields of Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and wireless communications and also the availability of CMOS cameras, microphones and small-scale array sensors, which may ubiquitously capture multimedia content from the field, have fostered the development of low-cost limited resources Wireless Video-based Sensor Networks (WVSN). With regards to the constraints of videobased sensor nodes and wireless sensor networks, a supporting video stream is not easy to implement with the present sensor network protocols. In this paper, a thorough architecture is presented for video transmission over WVSN called Energy-efficient and high-Quality Video transmission Architecture (EQV-Architecture). This architecture influences three layers of communication protocol stack and considers wireless video sensor nodes constraints like limited process and energy resources while video quality is preserved in the receiver side. Application, transport, and network layers are the layers in which the compression protocol, transport protocol, and routing protocol are proposed respectively, also a dropping scheme is presented in network layer. Simulation results over various environments with dissimilar conditions revealed the effectiveness of the architecture in improving the lifetime of the network as well as preserving the video quality.

A common assumption of excitotoxic mechanisms in the nervous system is that the ionic imbalance resulting from overstimulation of glutamate receptors and increased Na+ and Ca++ influx overwhelms cellular energy metabolic systems leading to cell death. The goal of this study was to examine how a chronic Na+ channel leak current in developing Purkinje cells in the heterozygous Lurcher mutant (+/Lc) affects the expression and distribution of the α3 subunit of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump, a key component of the homeostasis system that maintains ionic equilibrium in neurons. The expression pattern of the catalytic α3 Na+/K+ ATPase subunit was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, histochemistry, and Western Blots in wild type (WT) and +/Lc cerebella at postnatal days P10, P15, and P25 to determine if there are changes in the distribution of active Na+/K+ ATPase subunits in degenerating Purkinje cells. The results suggest that the expression of the catalytic α3 subunit is altered in chronically depolarized +/Lc Purkinje cells, although the density of active Na+/K+ ATPase pumps is not significantly altered compared with WT in the cerebellar cortex at P15, and then declines from P15 to P25 in the +/Lc cerebellum as the +/Lc Purkinje cells degenerate.

The species composition and forest structure of Taman Hutan Raya Bukit Soeharto - East Kalimantan were investigated using transect method through systematic sampling with random start design. During data collection,5 transects of 20 m width and 1 km length of each in Wanariset Semboja forest complex and 10 transects in Pusrehut UNMUL and Protection Forest areas were established. The study shows that species richness of trees in those three forest complexes are relatively similar, however, the regeneration stage in Pusrehut UNMUL forest complex is relatively higher than those in another two areas. Medang (Litsea firma), Acacia (Acacia sp.), and Mahang (Macaranga gigantea) are dominant tree species in Wanariset Semboja, Pusrehut UNMUL and Protection Forest areas, respectively. Mahang (M. gigantea) as pioneer species is also commonly dominated forest regeneration in Taman Hutan Raya Bukit Soeharto. Based on tree’s diameter distribution, those forests show balanced uneven-aged forests in which the large amount of trees are concentrated in the height class of 10 to 29 m. Species diversity of those forests are relatively high (H > 2.5) either for seedling, sapling, pole or tree growth stages, however, those forests show different plant communities (IS < 70 %).

Private forest at Kuningan district, West Java province, has shown increasing coverage at average of 5,86% during 2003-2009. The forest has served as protection area beside state protection forest in Kuningan district. The forestland status is private property whereas forthe owner has served as production forest. The aim of this research was to assess performance of that private forest management, using set of criteria and indicators for sustainable community-based forest management developed by the Indonesian Ecolabelling Institute/LEI (2002). The result shows that management practiced fail to fulfill the standard. Nevertheless private property rights of the forest land enabled the owner to invest in forest development for economic benefit, which public perceived having a positive impact in the form of environmental services. Lack of technical and institutional capacity in forest management need to be improved to enable the owner gain economic benefit while provide environmental services for public. Key words: private forest, sustainable forest management, protection area, institution

This research aim to establish a land use change model purposed to figure a spatial ecological equilibrium out from the land used activities. The analyzing of these land use change impacts were adopted from modeling methods, based from system thinking approach. Although the analytical constructions dominated by social sciences, all methodologies were drawn from more than one field of discipline to analyze the nature-society-economy relationships. These interdisciplinary orientation combining concepts has some advantages in recognizing most complex variables in the real world than another functional approaches. The model has verified to validate in villages around the HTI concession area of Jambi Province which is managed by PT Wirakarya Sakti (WKS), and resulted some behavior patterns of land use changed that showed in descriptions as a whole. At last, sensitivity analysis of this model - like a game - has developed the “what if” input variables to predict situation of the future, and has resulted some options of scenario as decision support to the policy system framework. Keywords: Ecologycal equilibrium, HTI pulp concession area, land use change, modeling, system thinking approach, decision support system, Jambi.

This study investigated the inter-relationshep between diversity of tree and bird species existed in urban forest of Bandar Lampung City. The objectives of the study on Tree and Bird Species Diversity in Several Urban Forest Area of Bandar Lampung City are to know a) tree species diversity composition in urban forest vegetation, b) bird species diversity, and c) the correlation between those both components. The study conducted on six areas of urban forest in Bandar Lampung City. Tree sampling was measured within plot line having 20 m x 20 m size, while bird observation was done using direct watching method which was performed every morning (06.00 ~ 08.00) and evening (16.00 ~ 18.00) during tree days for each urban forest area. The biodiversity parameters used in this study are Margalef Species Richness Index, Shannon Biodiversity Index, and Modified Hill’s Ratio Index of Evenness. In all urban forest areas of Bandar Lampung City was identified 45 tree species (24 families) with index of species richness 6.22, index of species diversity 2.92, and index of evenness 0.60. Compared to closest natural vegetation (of Wan Abdul Rachman Provincial Park) the vegetation is very different (index of similarity 0.13). The study concluded that a) urban forest vegetation of Bandar Lampung City are generally dominated by domesticated species, 2) 24 birds species (16 families) were identified in all of urban forest area of Bandar Lampung City, and c) there is positive correlation between the tree species diversity and bird species diversity in urban forest of Bandar Lampung City.

In recent years, there has been a rapid development in research on high performance ceramics for mechanical, electrical and medical industries. This development will be shown for alumina as a representative for oxide ceramics powders. Dry–pressing forming technique was used to prepare different ceramic compacts for alumina grafted by polymethacrylate polymers. All Alumina compact were fired firstly at 1200 ◌ْ C, then at 1600 ◌ْ C. Mechanical strength was examined in different means, some depends on compression and other depends on impact. Hardness was also measured .The results obtained were compared with that of Alumina compact prepared under the same condition from Alumina especially made for pressing . The results revealed that the compacts lubricated with polymethacrylate copolymers had higher mechanical properties than that prepared from Alumina made especially for pressing, reflecting the good capability of those polymers to act as lubricant for Alumina particles, this was supported by scanning electron microscope

Fisherman community in Bengkulu city which divided into groups based on ethnic and authority of production asset. Sumberjaya district is the modern area fishery, the profit sharing system indicates the large imbalance relatively in distribution which cause distribution not covered all out relatively in eaming distribution. And in Teluk Sepang district which is fishery area, the profit sharing system indicates small imbalance relatively, even still cause distribution which not covered all out. The tightly relationship client patron has seen clearly in Sumberjaya district which make high dependance relatively between owner of production equipment with laborer of ship fisherm8n, hence pONerty will keep existing, while in Teluk Sepang district has not seen the patron client relationship, however the pONerty still existing because of the limited production tool. Marketing distribution of fish based on kind of fisherman exertion. FIsherman exertion which using ·purseine", "gill ner, and "trammel net" chain of marketing to 'consumer is long precisely. This matter is because of the commodity which resulted is the export commodity, because of the commodffy wich resulted is the export, while kind of fisherman exertion which using ·waiing·, fishing rod and"mono filament", the marketing chain is short relatively because of the local commodity. However, the existing long chain marketing cause narrow margin which received by fisherman.