Search

Abstract We study the Mie-like scattering from an open subwavelength resonator made of a high-index dielectric material, when its parameters are tuned to the regime of interfering resonances. We uncover a novel mechanism of superscattering, closely linked to strong coupling of the resonant modes and described by the physics of bound states in the continuum (BICs). We demonstrate that the enhanced scattering occurs due to constructive interference described by the Friedrich-Wintgen mechanism of interfering resonances, allowing to push the scattering cross section of a multipole resonance beyond the currently established limit. We develop a general non-Hermitian model to describe interfering resonances of the quasi-normal modes, and study subwavelength dielectric nonspherical resonators exhibiting avoided crossing resonances associated with quasi-BIC states. We confirm our theoretical findings by a scattering experiment conducted in the microwave frequency range. Our results reveal a new strategy to boost scattering from non-Hermitian systems, suggesting important implications for metadevices.

Abstract All-dielectric nanophotonics opens a venue for a variety of novel phenomena and scattering regimes driven by unique optical effects in semiconductor and dielectric nanoresonators. Their peculiar optical signatures enabled by simultaneous electric and magnetic responses in the visible range pave a way for a plenty of new applications in nano-optics, biology, sensing, etc. In this work, we investigate fabrication-friendly truncated cone resonators and achieve several important scattering regimes due to the inherent property of cones—broken symmetry along the main axis without involving complex geometries or structured beams. We show this symmetry breaking to deliver various kinds of Kerker effects (generalized and transverse Kerker effects), non-scattering hybrid anapole regime (simultaneous anapole conditions for all the multipoles in a particle leading to the nearly full scattering suppression) and, vice versa, superscattering regime. Being governed by the same straightforward geometrical paradigm, discussed effects could greatly simplify the manufacturing process of photonic devices with different functionalities. Moreover, the additional degrees of freedom driven by the conicity open new horizons to tailor light-matter interactions at the nanoscale.

Musab Saeed,1 Mona Al-Obadi,2 Asma Salim,2 Alaa Y Alsawaf,2 Karrar Hadi3 1Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; 2Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; 3College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab EmiratesCorrespondence: Musab SaeedDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab EmiratesTel +97167056211Email m.saeed@ajman.ac.aeObjective: The main aim of this present systematic review is to ascertain whether a conservative endodontic cavity (ConsAC) has a better fracture resistance than a traditional access cavity (TradAC) in endodontically treated molars.Materials and Methods: Three independent reviewers researched without limits in multiple engines: PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, ResearchGate, EBSCOhost, Wiley Online Library, and Google Scholar, in addition to reference and hand search. Articles were chosen according to a certain inclusion and exclusion criteria, which, in brief, are in vitro studies assessing the fracture resistance difference between ConsAC and TradAC performed on extracted sound human molar teeth. A quality assessment criteria was produced to evaluate the chosen articles and categorized them according to their risk of bias into low, moderate and high.Results: Out of a total of 105 studies, which were obtained from seven different search engines, only eight in vitro studies were included after eliminating the duplicates followed by the application of the eligibility criteria. Five of the articles showed low risk of bias while the others revealed a moderate risk of bias.Conclusion: To sum up, there is insufficient evidence to give a final decision whether ConsAC is more advantageous than TradAC in terms of fracture resistance and further studies regarding this topic are needed.Keywords: traditional access cavity, conservative access cavity, endodontically treated teeth, molars, fracture resistance

Abstract The ever‐growing field of microfluidics requires precise and flexible control over fluid flows at reduced scales. Current constraints demand a variety of controllable components to carry out several operations inside microchambers and microreactors. In this context, brand‐new nanophotonic approaches can significantly enhance existing capabilities providing unique functionalities via finely tuned light−matter interactions. A concept is proposed, featuring dual on‐chip functionality: boosted optically driven diffusion and nanoparticle sorting. High‐index dielectric nanoantennae is specially designed to ensure strongly enhanced spin−orbit angular momentum transfer from a laser beam to the scattered field. Hence, subwavelength optical nanovortices emerge driving spiral motion of plasmonic nanoparticles via the interplay between curl−spin optical forces and radiation pressure. The nanovortex size is an order of magnitude smaller than that provided by conventional beam‐based approaches. The nanoparticles mediate nanoconfined fluid motion enabling moving‐part‐free nanomixing inside a microchamber. Moreover, exploiting the nontrivial size dependence of the curled optical forces makes it possible to achieve precise nanoscale sorting of gold nanoparticles, demanded for on‐chip separation and filtering. Altogether, a versatile platform is introduced for further miniaturization of moving‐part‐free, optically driven microfluidic chips for fast chemical analysis, emulsion preparation, or chemical gradient generation with light‐controlled navigation of nanoparticles, viruses or biomolecules.

هدفت الدراسة الى التعرف على دور الوعي المعلوماتي وابعاده في اقامة البنية التحتية لتقانة المعلومات، وتم وضع أنموذج افتراضي يهدف لتوضيح طبيعة العلاقة بين الوعي المعلوماتي (المتغير المستقل) وبين البنية التحتية لتقانة المعلومات (المتغير التابع)، كما تم صياغة عدد من الفرضيات التي تشير الى وجود علاقات ارتباط معنوية طردية بين الوعي المعلوماتي والبنية التحتية لتقانة المعلومات وكذلك علاقة تاثير معنوية بينها. تم اختيار تسعة وخمسون من منظمات الأعمال العاملة في مدينة دهوك لإجراء الجانب الميداني من الدراسة، وزعت استمارة الاستبانة على مدريري هذه المنظمات ومعاونيهم. بلغ عدد افراد عينة البحث مائة فردا، ومن خلال العديد من الاساليب الاحصائية تم اختبار فرضيات البحث ، وجرى تحليل النتائج باستخدام البرمجية الاحصائية الجاهزة (SPSS) . توصلت لها الدراسة الى وجود مستويات جيدة من الوعي المعلوماتي لدى ادارات المنظمات المبحوثة ، وكذلك مستويات جيدة من توفر البنية التحتية لتقانة المعلومات في تلك المنظمات. واستنتجت الدراسة الى وجود علاقة ارتباط معنوية طردية بين الوعي المعلوماتي وبين البنية التحتية لتقانة المعلومات وكذلك علاقة تاثير معنوية بينها. قدمت الدراسة مجموعة من التوصيات منها ضرورة أن تتضمن رسالة المنظمة العمل على نشر الوعي المعلوماتي وتعزيزه بين العاملين. وضرورة الاستفادة من التطورات الحاصلة في المكونات المادية للبنية التحتية لتقانة المعلومات والاستثمار فيها وتطبيقها بالشكل الذي يسمح من الاستفادة منها بطريقة أكثر.

The oil palm replanting program is becoming of importance for the next decade as some of oil palm plantations are reaching the productivity peak. This research was aimed to select the priority of oil palm replanting strategy with respect to the related factors and impacts to the share holders of PIR Trans and KPPA plantation of PT. AGROWIYANA , and to identify key success indicators of replanting model. A discriptive research methodoligy was carried out using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) involving multi stakeholders of PT. AGROWIYANA . Results of this research indicated that financial is considered as the most important factor for replanting implemention with the total cutting using standard technology as chosen replanting strategy. The funding scheme through intensive fund rising IDAPERTABUN needs to be well prepared to involve more farmer groups.Keywords: PT. AGROWIYANA , Replanting Strategy

The objectives of this research were (1) to determine the value chain of mangosteen at Kiara Pedes Sub district, Purwakarta District, (2) to identify the gap between actual condition at Kiara Pedes and Global GAP standard, (3) to identify internal and external factors that can affect the implementation strategy of Global GAP standards, and (4) to develop alternative strategies that can be applied to improve the system of mangosteen cultivation and post harvest handling based on Global GAP standards. The analytical tools being used in this study were value chain analysis, gap analysis, internal and external factor evaluation (IFE, EFE, IE matrix), SWOT analysis, and quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM). Identified primary actors in mangosteen value chain were farmers, middlemen, suppliers, exporters, and local and overseas retailers. Based on IE Matrix and SWOT analysis, the strategies to implement Global GAP standards were (a) to increase mangosteen productivity and improve its quality by using developed cultivation and postharvest technology, (b) to increase productivity, and improve quality and transportation network in accordance with Global GAP standard, (c) to improve clean water and post-harvest infrastructure through cooperation with exporters and financial institutions, and (d) to improve warehouse and supporting facilities such as packaging and sanitation according to the Global GAP standard for minimizing the environmental constraints. The most priority strategies from the QSPM analysis were improving clean water and post-harvest infrastructure through cooperation with exporters and financial institutions, followed by using the developed cultivation and postharvest technology to increase mangosteen productivity and improve its quality.Keywords: Mangosteen, Global GAP Standard, Value Chain, Improvement Strategies, Farming and Postharvest Handling Practices

The objective of this study were : 1) to improve development of Bogor Botanical Garden ecotourism value chain, 2) to recommend strategies of development for Bogor Botanical Garden ecotourism value chain, and 3) to formulate programs that increase value added for Bogor Botanical Garden value chain, especially for involved SME’s. Data collected from survey, in depth interview, and literature was analyzed using descriptive analysis, value chain analysis, SWOT analysis. The results of SWOT analysis indicated that the strength of The Bogor Botanical Garden value chain was the well known Bogor Botanical Garden, the weakness was lack of investment to improve the Bogor Botanical Garden, the opportunity was the support of government, and the threat was the growing of ecotourism competitor. Recommended strategies were : 1) relying on the strenghts of Bogor Botanical Garden as a focal point of the plus ecoedutourism programs, 2) improving quality of human resources at each value chain, 3) increasing investment for the development of value chain, and 4) marketing Bogor Botanical Garden as past of various integrated packages with other tourism objective in Indonesia.Keywords: Bogor Botanical Garden, Ecotourism Value Chain, SWOT Analysis

Many problems of coffee bean stability during storage and sea transportation are related to moisture content and the water activity of the beans. The moisture content of the beans is affected by temperature and relative humidity of the ambient air. Equilibrium of Moisture Content (EMC) defined as moisture content in substances was equal with moisture content in the surrounding air. EMC is a measuring rod of multiply microorganisme ability to cause destruction or degrading material during storage. The objectives of this research work were to determine water soption isotherms characterization of green coffee beans by BET and GAB models. Temperature used is 25-39 oC that usually found in storage of this commodity in tropical regions. Green beans used in this research are South Sulawesi arabika and robusta dried beans that dry process produce. The result showed that to be base on sorpsion area, water sorption isotherm regression equation by BET model showed that Robusta equilibrium moisture content on 70 % relative humidity which 32 oC and 25 oC temperature storage were 11.93 % and 11.22 % by BET model, and 12.81 % and 11.87 % by GAB model. For Arabica, 11.07 % and 11.09 % by BET model, and 11.65 % and 11.78 % by GAB model. Keywords : Coffee, water sorption isotherm, water activity, BET, GAB ABSTRAK Permasalahan dalam mempertahankan mutu selama penyimpanan dan pengiriman berkaitan dengan kadar air dan aktivitas air di dalam bahan. Equilibrium of Moisture Content (EMC) didefinisikan sebagai kandungan air pada bahan yang seimbang dengan kandungan air udara sekitarnya. EMC merupakan tolok ukur kemampuan berkembangnya mikro organisme yang menyebabkan terjadinya kerusakan atau pembusukan bahan pada saat penyimpanan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan karakteristik isotermi sorpsi air biji kopi dengan menggunakan model BET dan GAB. Kondisi suhu yang digunakan adalah 25-39 oC sesuai dengan kondisi penyimpanan di daerah tropis. Biji kopi yang digunakan adalah kopi Arabika dan Robusta hasil pengolahan kering dari Sulawesi Selatan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan pembagian daerah sorpsi, hasil analisis persamaan garis isotermi sorpsi model BET menunjukkan bahwa kadar air kopi Robusta yang berkeseimbangan dengan menggunakan model BET dan GAB pada kelembaban relatif 70 % pada suhu 32 oC masing-masing 11,93 % dan 11,22 %, sedangkan pada suhu 25 oC adalah 12,81 % dan 11,87 %. Untuk kopi Arabika pada suhu 32 oC masing-masing adalah 11,07 % dan 11,09 %, sedangkan pada suhu 25 oC adalah 11,65 % dan 11,78 %. Kata kunci : Kopi, isotermi sorpsi air, aktivitas air, BET, GAB

A simple mathematic model for caffeine kinetic description during the extraction process (leaching) of coffee bean was developed. A non­steady diffusion equation coupled with a macroscopic mass transfer equation for solvent was developed and them solved analytically. The kinetic of caffeine extraction from coffee bean is depend on initial caffeine content, final caffeine content, caffeine content at certain time, mass­transfer coefficient, solvent volume, surface area of coffee beans, process time, radius of coffee bean, leaching rate of caffeine, caffeine diffusivity and a are constan, solvent concentration, activation energy, temperature absolute and gas constant. Caffeine internal mass diffusivity was estimated by fitting the model to an experiment using acetic acid and liquid waste of cocoa beans fermentation. The prediction equation for leaching rate of caffeine in coffee beans has been found. It was found that Dk (m2/sec)=1.345x10­7—4.1638x10­7, and kL (m/sec)=2.445x10­5—5.551x10­5 by acetic acid as solvent depended on temperature and solvent concentration. The prediction equation for length of time to reduce initial caffeine content to certain concentration in coffee beans has been developed, Caffeine diffusivity (Dk) and mass­transfer coefficient (kL) was found respectively 1.591x 10­7—2.122x10­7 m2/sec and 4.897x10­5—6.529x10­5 m/sec using liquid waste of cocoa bean fermentation as solvent which depend on temperature and solvent concentration. Key words: Coffee, caffeine, decaffeination, leaching, mathematic model.

One of important steps in decaffeination process is steaming. The aim of steaming is to expand coffee beans porosity in order to obtain optimal condition for decaffeination process. Steaming can be done in single column reactor using saturated water vapour as media. The objective of this research is to study physical characteristics of coffee beans after steaming process using single column reactor. Material tested was Robusta coffee with 13—14% moisture content after dry processing. Reactor capacity is 6 kg dried coffee beans and 30 l water to produce water vapour. Dried coffee beans classified in 4 grades, i.e. diameter size (d) d>7,5 mm; 6,5

Abstract This experiment aims to know the solar energy efficiency of four clones of cocoa that cultivated under three different shading plants. This experiment has been done from September until December 2013 located at Kaliwining Experiment Farm with characteristic 45 m above sea level, soil type is low humic gley, soil texture is silty clay loam, and climate classification type D based on Scmidht and Fergusson Classification. This experiment used Nested Design as Experimental Design with species of shading plant as main plot which are Teak (Tectona grandis L.), Krete (Cassia surattensis (Burm.) F.), Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala L.) and Cocoa clones as sub plot which are Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, KKM 22, KW 165. The observation of solar energy efficiency consists of daily solar radiation intensity, solar radiation intensity above plant, solar radiation intensity under plant, and also plant total dry weight. The experimental result showed that there is differences (heterogenity) between shading location based on homogenity test by Bartlett Method. There are some interaction between the kind of shading plant and clones in parameter of interception efficiency, absorbtion efficiency, the efficiency of solar energy that caught by plant, and solar energy conversion efficiency. The efficiency of solar energy that caught by plant will affect the solar energy conversion efficiency with R2 = 0,86. Keywords : Solar Energy Efficiency, Cocoa Clones, Shading Plant, Nested Design, Bartlett Method

Abstract Pratylenchus coffeae is a parasitic nematoda that infected the roots of some plants, one of them is coffee. The Infection of Pratylenchus coffeae cause root tissue damage that led to root lession and make root become rotten, it will interfere the ability of roots to absorb water and nutrients in the soil which resulted in the growth of plants. At the moment, control of Pratylenchus coffeae are following integrated pests management (IPM) program, which integrated between the use of coffee resistant clone and application of biological agents. Research on biological control was conducted more intensive, at the moment; due to it is friendlier save against environment and cheaper then using chemical nematicides. The research was conducted to know the effects of Micorrhiza Helper Bacteria (MHB),Pseudomonas diminuta and Bacillus subtilis in suppressing the population of P. coffeaeas well as their effect on growth of coffee seedling. Coffee arabica (Coffea arabica L.) seedling one moth old were used in the experiment. The experiment prepared with eight treatments and five replications, as follows: A (Pseudomonas diminuta with density of 108 cfu / ml), B (Pseudomonas diminuta with density of 2x108 cfu / ml), C (Bacillus subtilis with density of 108 cfu / ml ), D (Bacillus subtilis with density 2x108 cfu / ml), E (Carbofuran nematicide 5 g formulation / pot), F (Pseudomonas diminuta and Bacillus subtilis with each density of 108 cfu / ml), K- (Nematoda inoculation but without bacteria and nematicide), K+ (coffee seedling without any additional treatment). The experiment was conducted for sixteen weeks or about four months. The results of the experiment showed that application of MHB could suppress population of P. coffeae and increase coffee seedling growth significantly. Inoculation of B. subtilis at 108 cfu per seedling suppressed significantly nematoda population of 71.3% compared with untreated seedling but inoculated with nematoda. It was not significant different with carbofuran treatment which could suppress nematoda population by 89.7%. The same result also occur on the treatment of P. diminuta at density level 2.108 cfu/seedling, which could suppress nematoda population by 64.2%. Seedling growth were treated with MHB also significantly increase compared with seedling without treatment and inoculation of nematodas, especially on the treatment of B.subtilis at density level 108 cfu and P.diminuta at density level of 108 cfu, with increasing level of 35.4% and 34.2 %, respectively. Keywords: MHB (Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria), Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.), Pratylenchus coffeae, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas diminuta.

Abstract Background Currently, there is no agreed-upon data collection tool for comprehensively structured documentation of Iranian traditional medicine (ITM) from the information management perspective. As ITM practice varies significantly from current medicine in diagnosis and treatment approaches, it is not appropriate to use data platforms or information systems developed for current medicine. Consequently, the collected data are non-comparable, reducing the verdicts’ generalization. Therefore, this research aims to create a minimum data set (MDS) for unified reporting of ITM diseases and interventions. Methods This multi-phased method study was performed from December 30, 2022 to March 20, 2023. The first phase involved a literature review, the second phase utilized the Delphi technique, and the third phase focused on validating the MDS-ITM. A list of potential data items was prepared after searching scientific databases, and grey literature, as well as reviewing existing information systems, forms, and websites related to ITM. A modified Delphi technique, including a two-round survey, was then employed. A panel of 34 individuals with clinical and research experience in ITM, was selected via purposeful sampling to rate the importance of candidate data items for inclusion in the ITM-MDS using a 5-point Likert scale. Items with an agreement level of 80% or more were deemed acceptable for inclusion in the final ITM-MDS. Finally, the content validity of the developed MDS was assessed using the content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) criteria. Results Consensus was reached on an ITM-MDS containing 291 items grouped into seven categories: Patient admission, past medical history, six principles of health preservation, objective signs, subjective symptoms, examination of body systems, and care plans. Conclusions The development of this MDS will enable ITM care settings to exchange information and share resources more easily. It also provides an inclusive dataset and structured documentation of medical records. This MDS can contribute to delivering high-quality care and improving clinical decision-making.

Thermo-chemical conversion of cigarette butt filters (CBF) waste was investigated using various thermal analysis techniques (simultaneous TG-DTG-DTA and DSC methods) at different heating rates in an inert atmosphere. Thermo- and thermophysical properties of waste material were discussed, from the point of view of chemical structure and the influence of experimental parameters on the conversion process. It was established that acetyl groups of plasticizer (triacetin) interact with cellulose acetate through dipolar interactions and hydrogen bonding's. Influence of these polar interactions can affect the position of glass transition temperature, Tg, of CBF. Based on estimated value of Tg from DSC analysis, it was found that cellulose acetate present in CBF has degree of substitution equals to 2.8, where the presence of cellulose triacetate was confirmed. It was assumed that an increase of degree of substitution leads to decline in the crystallinity. A decline of crystallinity causes the reduction of hydroxyl groups, leading to less organized chains, and whereby decreasing of inter-molecular interactions through hydrogen bonding. Based on the examination of thermophysical characteristics of the tested material, it was found that both, the heat capacity and the thermal inertia of material linearly increase with temperature, during pyrolysis progression. It was concluded that the type of bio-char produced in this process would have a large capacity to store the heat, which may depend on the formed particles size diameter and porosity. Furthermore, it was inferred that magnitude drops of thermal conductivity, κ, after Tg depends on the material fibrillation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gas turbine is one of the most widely used equipment in oil and gas industries as an electric generator driving system. To maintain the reliability and performance of the gas turbine, a major inspection program is required. Thermal efficiency analysis is the parameters of success in major inspection activities. Thermal efficiency analysis is carried out by comparing data and operating parameters of gas turbine before and after the major inspection. The analysis aims to determine the actual efficiency of each component, and also the actual overall efficiency in the gas turbine. The study result is the actual thermal efficiency of a gas turbine after a major inspection has increased from 12.20% to 12.84% at a load of 6 MW, an increase from 15.76% to 16.77% at a load of 9 MW, and an increase of 18.59% to 20.16% at a load of 12 MW. Based on the actual performance comparison data with design data, it is known that the overall actual performance is still below the design performance, both heat efficiency, heat consumption and heat rate. This is caused by the operating lifetime

Abstract Background Geriatric assessment (GA) is a multidimensional process that disrupts the primary health care (PHC) referral system. Accessing consistent data is central to the provision of integrated geriatric care across multiple healthcare settings. However, due to poor-quality data and documentation of GA, developing an agreed minimum data set (MDS) is required. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a GA-MDS in the PHC referral system to improve data quality, data exchange, and continuum of care to address the multifaceted necessities of older people. Methods In our study, the items to be included within GA-MDS were determined in a three-stepwise process. First, an exploratory literature search was done to determine the related items. Then, we used a two-round Delphi survey to obtain an agreement view on items to be contained within GA-MDS. Finally, the validity of the GA-MDS content was evaluated. Results Sixty specialists from different health geriatric care disciplines scored data items. After, the Delphi phase from the 230 selected items, 35 items were removed by calculating the content validity index (CVI), content validity ratio (CVR), and other statistical measures. Finally, GA-MDS was prepared with 195 items and four sections including administrative data, clinical, physiological, and psychological assessments. Conclusions The development of GA-MDS can serve as a platform to inform the geriatric referral system, standardize the GA process, and streamline their referral to specialized levels of care. We hope GA-MDS supports clinicians, researchers, and policymakers by providing aggregated data to inform medical practice and enhance patient-centered outcomes.

Abstract The declining fertility rate and increasing marriage age among girls pose challenges for policymakers, leading to issues such as population decline, higher social and economic costs, and reduced labor productivity. Using machine learning (ML) techniques to predict the desire to have children can offer a promising solution to address these challenges. Therefore, this study aimed to predict the childbearing tendency in women on the verge of marriage using ML techniques. Data from 252 participants (203 expressing a "desire to have children" and 49 indicating "reluctance to have children") in Abadan, and Khorramshahr cities (Khuzestan Province, Iran) was analyzed. Seven ML algorithms, including multilayer perceptron (MLP), support vector machine (SVM), logistic regression (LR), random forest (RF), J48 decision tree, Naive Bayes (NB), and K-nearest neighbors (KNN), were employed. The performance of these algorithms was assessed using metrics derived from the confusion matrix. The RF algorithm showed superior performance, with the highest sensitivity (99.5%), specificity (95.6%), and receiver operating characteristic curve (90.1%) values. Meanwhile, MLP emerged as the top-performing algorithm, showcasing the best overall performance in accuracy (77.75%) and precision (81.8%) compared to other algorithms. Factors such as age of marriage, place of residence, and strength of the family center with the birth of a child were the most effective predictors of a woman's desire to have children. Conversely, the number of daughters, the wife's ethnicity, and the spouse's ownership of assets such as cars and houses were among the least important factors in predicting this desire. ML algorithms exhibit excellent predictive capabilities for childbearing tendencies in women on the verge of marriage, highlighting their remarkable effectiveness. This capacity to offer accurate prognoses holds significant promise for advancing research in this field.

Introduction Crime is a multifaceted phenomenon that has always attracted the attention of economists, sociologists, lawyers and psychologists. Many experts and economic pioneers consider it necessary to achieve economic development to improve the level of security and reduce crime in the society. Since the occurrence of any phenomenon is affected by various factors, the occurrence of crime as an undesirable phenomenon is not excluded from this rule. Various economic, social and political factors affect crime in society. Identifying these factors can help a lot in the correct understanding and appropriate policy making in order to control and reduce the crime rate in the society. Meanwhile, one of the most important economic factors affecting crime is unemployment. Unemployment is one of the most important macroeconomic variables, which clearly affects many social phenomena, including crime. In this regard, the main goal of the present study is to investigate the relationship between unemployment and crime and to identify factors affecting crime in the Iranian cities. The statistical population of the current research is the cities of Iran and the time range under investigation is 2016. Methodology In this study, the spatial causality test was used to investigate the relationship between unemployment and crime. The first step in investigating the spatial causality relationship between the studied variables is to perform the spatial independence test of the variables. In the second step, the existence of spatial dependence between variables is examined. If both the investigated variables have a spatial structure and there is a spatial dependence between the two variables, then the spatial causality test is performed in the third step. In this study, the spatial econometric approach has also been used to estimate the crime model in the cities of Iran. In this regard, the presence of spatial effects in the model has been tested using Moran's I test, and then the most appropriate spatial regression model has been selected and estimated based on the Lagrange coefficient (LM) test and the LR diagnostic tests. The software packages used in this study are Matlab 2023, GeoDa 1.16 and Stata 15. Findings The results of the spatial tests show that both crime index and unemployment rate have a spatial structure and the spatial dependence between these two variables was also confirmed, so in the third step, the spatial causality has been tested. The results of spatial causality test indicate the existence of a two-way causality relationship between the crime index and the unemployment rate. In other words, unemployment was the cause of crime during the period under investigation, and unemployment also led to the occurrence and increase of crime. According to the results of the spatial causality test, the crime model of the Iranian cities was developed in terms of the unemployment variable and several control variables. In order to estimate the model, the presence of spatial effects was first investigated using Moran's I test. The results of this test indicate the presence of spatial effects in the model. Also, based on the results of the Lagrange coefficient and likelihood ratio tests, the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) was chosen as the most appropriate method for estimating the model. The results of the estimation of the crime model indicate that the spatial lag coefficient is positive and significant at a high level, which indicates the existence of spatial dependence in the model. The positiveness of this coefficient shows that an increase in crime in one city causes an increase in crime in neighboring cities. Also, according to the results of the research, the variables of unemployment, industrialization, urbanization and divorce rate are the most important variables affecting crime rate. The results show positive and significant relationships between unemployment, urbanization, divorce rate, and crime. The industrialization variable also has a negative and significant effect on crime. Also, the spillover effect of the unemployment variable is negative and significant. Based on the results, the higher the unemployment rate and the urbanization rate in the cities, the crime rate will also increase in those cities. On the other hand, as cities move toward industrialization and the number of industrial enterprises in them increases, the rate of crime will decrease more. Discussion and conclusion The findings reveal that, unemployment is one of the most important variables affecting crime in the Iranian cities. So, it is recommended that authorities pay special attention to sustainable policies regarding employment and its proportional distribution in cities. Considering excessive growth of urbanization and its detrimental impact on rampant crime rates, it is suggested that statesmen and policy makers create more facilities and pay special attention to rural areas to provide reverse migration in order to prevent occurrence of various crimes, which are happenning due to population increase especially in informal settlements of larger cities.

This study focuses on less-studied mode I/III fracture cracking behaviour. Seven specimens (ENDC, DNDC, SCB, ENDB, ATPB, TPB-IC, and SENB) were analyzed numerically and experimentally. Results show in pure mode-I, the specimens show identical KIc values (1.22 to 1.54 MPa√m). Especially if the KIc was measured by compressive specimens (ENDC and DNDC with KIc of 1.22 and 1.30 MPa√m, respectively) and was neglected. In these cases, the difference in measured KIc values directly relates to the T-stress value in pure mode-I. So, higher T-stress values increase the KIc and vice versa. In pure mode-III, which can only simulated by ENDB, ENDC, and DNDC specimens, the difference in measured KIIIc values was enormous, as 0.99 MPa√m for ENDB, 2.0 MPa√m for ENDC and 2.53 MPa√m for DNDC. Comparing the trend of KIIIc for specimens shows the same as KIc, KIIIc also has a direct relation with the T-stress. The affectability of fracture toughness from T-stress shows the importance of accounting for it in calculations. The trends show that the ENDB, ENDC, and DNDC specimens have considerably negative T-stress values, with different trends. Moving from pure mode-I to pure mode-III, the ENDB has a low-negative T-stress that becomes high-negative (about -0.32 to -2.5 MPa). Meanwhile, of DNDC, it is the opposite; the T-stress is high-negative for pure mode-I and becomes low-negative for pure mode-III (about -2.54 to -0.77 MPa). For ENDC, the T-stress is almost constant moderate-negative in all the mixed mode I/III conditions (about -2.1 MPa).

BackgroundUncertainty in the diagnosis of lung nodules is a challenge for both patients and physicians. Artificial intelligence (AI) systems are increasingly being integrated into medical imaging to assist diagnostic procedures. However, the accuracy of AI systems in identifying and measuring lung nodules on chest computed tomography (CT) scans remains unclear, which requires further evaluation. ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the impact of an AI-assisted diagnostic system on the diagnostic efficiency of radiologists. It specifically examined the report modification rates and missed and misdiagnosed rates of junior radiologists with and without AI assistance. MethodsWe obtained effective data from 12,889 patients in 2 tertiary hospitals in Beijing before and after the implementation of the AI system, covering the period from April 2018 to March 2022. Diagnostic reports written by both junior and senior radiologists were included in each case. Using reports by senior radiologists as a reference, we compared the modification rates of reports written by junior radiologists with and without AI assistance. We further evaluated alterations in lung nodule detection capability over 3 years after the integration of the AI system. Evaluation metrics of this study include lung nodule detection rate, accuracy, false negative rate, false positive rate, and positive predictive value. The statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and chi-square, Cochran-Armitage, and Mann-Kendall tests. ResultsThe AI system was implemented in Beijing Anzhen Hospital (Hospital A) in January 2019 and Tsinghua Changgung Hospital (Hospital C) in June 2021. The modification rate of diagnostic reports in the detection of lung nodules increased from 4.73% to 7.23% (χ21=12.15; P

Freshwater ecosystems, being highly susceptible to the impacts of climate change, experience a greater influence than terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Hence, by identifying the regions that will be most affected by climate change in the future, managers can implement more efficient and effective measures to protect them. In this study, we utilized six Luciobarbus species residing at the southernmost boundary of their global distribution as a representative species model. We aimed to evaluate the influence of climate change on the distribution of these key species to identify potential future climate refuges within the Tigris–Euphrates basin and use the richness mapping method to determine the most critical driver of their richness pattern for high-priority conservation. In the current study, using an ensemble approach, we modeled the potential impact of climate change on the distributions of six Luciobarbus species by the years 2061–2080 and 2081–2100 under two Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs) of general circulation models (GCMs). We employed a generalized linear model (GLM) with a quasi-Poisson distribution to create a map depicting the richness of Luciobarbus fish species.Our projections indicate that suitable habitats will decline in both time series under climate change SSP126 and SSP585 scenarios, resulting in the loss of certain habitat patches in the Southwest of Iran, Syria and Iraq. The result of the species richness map shows the southern region of the Tigris–Euphrates basin has the highest number of species. Furthermore, temperature was the most critical predictor of Luciobarbus fish richness in the basin. Implementing significant strategies, such as identifying areas with the highest species richness and susceptibility to climate change, is essential to conserving and managing key species like Luciobarbus. Additionally, establishing protected areas in suitable landscapes and preserving critical habitat patches as future climate refuges are crucial. These measures will contribute significantly to the conservation and management of freshwater species.

The relocation of the national capital from DKI Jakarta to the East Kalimantan region and its people migration requires energy escalation. This project will require an additional 1,555 MW of electricity from existing conditions. In line with Indonesia's clean energy transition, this need can be addressed by developing renewable energy infrastructure, particularly hydropower. This study evaluates the hydropower potential in the Mahakam River using a run-of-river scheme. Given the limited availability of hydro-climatological ground stations, satellite data such as CFSR-TRMM, SRTM DEM, DSMW, and land-cover data were utilized, supported by the SWAT rainfall-runoff model for hydrological analysis. Data calibration was applied, and discharge results were analyzed using a new diversion algorithm to estimate potential power output. Innovative resampling of headrace arrangements was introduced to mitigate potential hydropower conflict sites. Social factors, including protected areas and water transportation routes, were also incorporated to minimize land disputes. The study identified 25 mini-hydropower sites and 16 micro-hydropower sites with a total capacity of 105.4 MW and 9 MW, respectively. These small-scale hydropower systems could supply 3.4% of the projected electricity demand for the new capital city called Nusantara (IKN), and potentially reduce annual carbon emissions by approximately 480,000 tons. The use of satellite data requires meticulous attention to ensure that data acquisition and processing yield reliable results while accurately reflecting field conditions. This research position also provides an initial overview of energy transition strategies in the IKN area through hydropower development and the subsequent potential assessment.