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AbstractBackground: The rapid growth of global population and urbanization has resulted in disorder in urban spaces, diminishing their effectiveness and exacerbating transportation issues. Furthermore, the lack of foresight by urban managers in long-term planning has hindered sustainable urban development. Consequently, policymakers and urban planners have been compelled to address these challenges through appropriate measures and strategies. The Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) approach has been presented as a viable solution to these disruptions. This approach aims to revitalize surrounding land uses and improve the movement of goods and services by making adjustments in the vicinity of public transportation systems. The metro station of Meydan Sā'at (Line 1) in the two-municipality area of Tabriz City holds significant potential to evolve into a TOD center due to its numerous challenges.Objective: The research endeavored to foster sustainable development, cultivate a welcoming environment, and restructure land use in accordance with TOD criteria.Research Method: The methodology employed was descriptive-analytical with practical objectives and the research was conducted through the preparation of a questionnaire, data extraction from GIS software, and the use of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).Findings: Upon analyzing 4 primary criteria and 9 influential sub-criteria, the results underscored the significance of options, such as enhancing economic efficiency, improving the public transportation system's effectiveness, and increasing density with the selection priority scores of 0.25, 0.183, and 0.161, respectively.Keywords: Transit-Oriented Development (TOD), Regeneration of Urban Land Use, Metro Station, Meydan Sā'at, Line 1 IntroductionContemporary urban transportation system design involves formulating comprehensive urban plans to maximize the alignment between urban development policies and the need to reevaluate land use in accordance with urban network characteristics. Coordinated and simultaneous planning for transportation and other influential urban factors, such as land use and density, can reduce citizens' time and cost in utilizing urban spaces to fulfill their needs. However, the lack of attention to this issue and continuation of separate planning for individual elements hinder the achievement of an optimal city shape and structure, particularly given the escalating population and traffic trends in cities. This situation leads to increased costs for citizens to access different parts of the city and transforms traffic problems into formidable challenges for city managers. Consequently, utilization and spatial distribution of urban lands play a crucial role in optimizing urban space usage. In general, defining land use encompasses various types of land use, density, land use per parcel, building height, architectural appearance, and integration of commercial, residential, and healthcare facilities within each neighborhood. In response to emerging urban issues, such as traffic congestion, air pollution, and haphazard city expansion, Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) has been proposed as an advanced perspective. Sustainable development, through the interconnectedness of transportation and urban development within the framework of smart growth and new urbanism movements, emphasizes public transportation to foster healthier societies and a more dynamic economy. By integrating transportation planning and land use, this approach aims to curb the scattered expansion of physical development and marginalization of cities. Materials & MethodsIn line with the research objectives, a descriptive-analytical research method based on document analysis and library studies was employed with a practical orientation. Consequently, data collection involved a synthesis of global experiences, the structure and principles of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD), and the information extracted from GIS software to elucidate the research theoretical foundations. Field observations were also conducted to gather the necessary data and information within the study scope. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique and Expert Choice software were utilized to analyze and evaluate the data derived from the completed field reports. In this context, the criteria and sub-criteria for regenerating the land use of Meydan Sā'at Station (Line 1) were selected based on an investigation of the study area and relevant fundamentals. Subsequently, expert opinions were incorporated through the creation of questionnaires to facilitate pairwise comparisons.Research FindingsEvaluation of the sub-criteria revealed that "increasing economic efficiency" held the highest importance with a score of 0.232 in the economic criterion followed by "increasing the efficiency of the public transportation system" at 0.183 in the traffic criterion and "increasing density" at 0.161 in the economic criterion. Consequently, revisions were made based on the priority of the criteria and sub-criteria. Conversely, "increasing social interactions" scored 0.058 in the social criterion, "expansion of green space" scored 0.044 in the environmental criterion, and "increasing the safety of pedestrians" scored 0.064 in the traffic criterion indicated their relatively minor roles in achieving the research goals. Additionally, "increasing public services" scored 0.095 in the economic criterion, "expanding green space" scored 0.044 in the environmental criterion, "reducing biological pollution" scored 0.077 in the environmental criterion, and "reducing parking" scored 0.086 in the traffic criteria were identified as next in priority. Discussion of Results & ConclusionSuccessful development of Transit-Oriented Developments (TODs) hinges on the convergence of numerous intricate factors, including social conditions, demographics, economic conditions, political support, and promotion of alternative transportation among others. However, without a solid foundation, these factors become inconsequential. Therefore, the researchers’ objective in this study, based on the conducted research and theoretical concepts, was to assess the influential elements in integrating the efficiency of public transportation systems and land use according to TOD criteria with a focus on land use intensification within a city. To this end, analysis, evaluation, and prioritization of the research criteria and sub-criteria were conducted by using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique and Expert Choice software. The results obtained from the AHP technique indicated that the "economic," "social," and "environmental" criteria held the weights of 0.48, 0.27, and 0.15, respectively. Furthermore, the sub-criteria of "increasing economic efficiency," "enhancing transportation system efficiency," and "general transportation" followed by "increasing density" emerged as the most significant factors with the respective weights of 0.232, 0.183, and 0.161. These findings aligned with the results of previous studies by Rafiyan et al. (2011), Saatian et al. (2010), Faramarzi Asli et al. (2021), and Mirfatahi et al. (2021).

IntroductionInclusive city approach seeks to increase citizens' access to urban services and infrastructure through targeted and accessible investments.The city of Tabriz facing a major challenge in terms of the three basic dimensions of the inclusive city (spatial, social and economic inclusion); Because access to affordable infrastructure, land and housing (spatial dimension), the right to the city and participation in the urban management process (social dimension) and access to equal opportunities has become a major issue for urban development managers. Therefore, considering the issues and problems raised, the present study seeks to identify the factors affecting the inclusion of the city of Tabriz, to level the ten regions in terms of indicators.Data and MethodThe research method is descriptive-analytical. The steps and methods of conducting research, can be summarized in three steps. In the first step, the Delphi method has been used to identify the key factors of inclusive city. In the second step, Vensim model was used to find the cause and effect relationship between key factors. Then, VIKOR model was used to identify areas in terms of having the characteristics of an inclusive city and their ranking.Results and DiscussionBased on the Delphi model, the key and influential factors on the formation of an inclusive city in the metropolis of Tabriz by thematic axes are presented in the table below.Table 1-1. Factors affecting the formation of an inclusive city in the metropolis of TabrizAxisKey factorsSpatial scaleLocalNationalInternationalEconomicEconomic reconstruction * Employment * Informal employment* Economic replacement* Inclusive growth* Distribution of opportunities* SocialMigration * Mobility* access to information** Feeling of security* Citizenship rights** Right to the city* Smart City* Sustainable Development***Social Equality* Quality of Life* Social Justice** EnvironmentalResilience** transportation planning* Infrastructure** Environmental sustainability** Reduce water loss* Make up for lost water* Waste Management* Natural quality of urban space* Water saving* PoliticalGovernance** Innovation* Stability** Political participation** political power** SpatialAffordable housing* Public spaces* Spatial justice* Land Use* Source: Results of the author's studiesAfter identifying the effective factors and confirming their relationship to the formation of the inclusive city, these factors were modeled through Vensim software. The purpose of this software is to find optimal solutions in different situations that need to be analyzed. This software has the ability to simulate the dynamic behavior of systems by identifying causal loops and finding leverage points. Then, in order to analyze the cause-and-effect relationship (factors extracted in the Delphi model), key factors were entered into the relevant software. Findings obtained from Vensim model, show the effectiveness of two factors of spatial justice and resilience in the inclusive development of Tabriz.Then, in order to ranking the ten districts of Tabriz, the VIKOR model was used. Research indicators have been extracted according to the review of theoretical foundations and studies conducted in the field of inclusive city and urban sustainability. Therefore, after collecting the data and combining them, the raw data matrix of each criterion was defined in the study area. The decision matrix consists of options (rows) and criteria (columns). Our options are the ten districts of Tabriz metropolis and our criteria are 14 criteria that are given in the raw data table. The results of VIKOR model indicate that the comprehensiveness indicators of Tabriz city areas do not depend on the location of urban areas according to the north and south of the city. So that regions 9, 6, 2 and 8 have a good situation in terms of inclusive indicators. Areas 10, 1 and 4 are in the worst condition.ConclusionThe study of inclusive cities, requires study the city in all economic, social and spatial dimensions. Accordingly, the Delphi model was used to investigate the factors affecting the inclusiveness of the city of Tabriz. The results of the Delphi model show that the main factors of the inclusiveness of Tabriz city, can be divided into four main categories. Part of the factors is related to the economic situation of the city (or community) which includes economic growth, unemployment, land and housing prices and other economic and financial factors. Another part is related to structural issues, laws and regulations and general policies and even infrastructures and popular institutions that affect the formation of an inclusive city in the city of Tabriz. Social and environmental causes are other factors that affect the future of these developments. In order to identify the most influential factors and cause and effect relationships between factors, the Venice model was used. The results of Vensim model show that the two factors of resilience and spatial justice have the greatest impact on leading the city of Tabriz to inclusiveness. The results of VIKOR model show that the inclusive indicators of Tabriz city areas do not depend on the location of urban areas with respect to the north and south of the city. So that regions 9, 6, 2 and 8 have a good situation in terms of inclusive indicators and regions 10, 1 and 4 are in the worst condition.

Introduction Investigations on the rates of damages and casualties caused by earthquake in the cities have shown that in many cases, high percentage of casualties are directly or indirectly associated with undesirable state of urban planning and urban risks reduction. In fact, it can be said that the major causes of damages and casualties caused by the earthquake, in addition to the negligence and nonchalance in observing the safety standards of structures, can also be resulted from the lack of appropriate urban development principles and plans. It is noteworthy that one of the issues of urbanization and urban planning that can be effective in reducing the earthquake effects and incrementing the urban Resilience is the compatibility of various forms of urban usages versus each other. Data and Method The term resilience is derived from the Latin word "Resilio" which means “to return (or to bounce back) suddenly”. The concept of resilience has undergone many changes throughout the time. Although the existing interpretations for this term are complex and diverse, but what is certain is that there is a close relationship between disaster risk, resilience and the built environment. In this context, consideration of resilience as the ability to organize the threats posed by accidents as well as the ability to attract people and resistance against disasters- while still retaining essentially the same function - is particularly concerning. Thus, it can be concluded that the characteristic of returning to the situation that existed before the disturbance occurred, and also improving the situation, for further development of the system, is called resilience. By compatibility factor in planning, we mean the land use compatibility, which means that the use of lands that are within the sphere of influence of each other, should be consistent with each other in terms of compatibility, stability and activities and do not cause problems for one another or impede others from accomplishing their activities. Results and Discussion In this study, considering the proximity of urban usages relative to each other and using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the urban usage compatibility of district 4 in Tabriz was assessed. For this aim, first all urban usages in the study area were classified in 10 classes and the compatibility of each usage relative to other usages were studied. Then the usage layers were combined in GIS software by AHP model and finally, the compatibility map of urban usages for district 4 was obtained. Conclusion The results show that 5.9 % of the urban land usages in district 4 are totally incompatible with each other and 43.9 % of the urban usages are completely compatible with each other in the case of an earthquake. In general it can be said that most parts of the district 4 of Tabriz are in good condition in terms of the index of the urban land use compatibility and in case of an earthquake, less damage will be imposed on this area. Only the lands used for industries and workshops as well as municipal, administrative and military facilities are not in proper conditions in terms of the compatibility factor. So, on the basis of GIS-generated maps, because of incompatibility of industrial, municipal, administrative and military land uses, it is necessary to take effective measures in order to create a favorable environment in the city; because neglecting and disregarding the importance of the compatibility of these land uses can be dangerous for the surrounding area and it can increase the casualties caused by the earthquake in an area.

For Iranian citizens traveling to turkey without visa is possible and the main reasons of Iranian citizens for traveling to Turkey are; resting, leisure time, enjoying various attractions like sea side, cultural, trading especially buying clothes and etc. The tourism industry is one of the main driving forces of Turkish economy. The increase and decrease of traveler to turkey depends on various factors in both national and international levels. This article wants to forecast the amount of Iranian tourist which traveling to Turkey by using the Artificial Neural Network; (ANN). On the other hand, the present article attempts to attend to explore the importance of used variables in tourism demand to Turkey. The variables effects on Iranians’ tourism demand were extracted by exploring the literature review, and the present research just utilized 13 variables for forecasting the tourism demand. The results of the research showed that accessed estimates had less error in comparison with real data. According to present research, four important variables effect on tourism demand of Iranian citizens are the daily crude oil producing in Iran, inflation volume in Iran, gross domestic product in Turkey, gross domestic product for working people in Iran.

Humans have allocated some places to group activities during their historical life. One of these places is square. In spite of mass memories from squares the significance of square as the identity source of city, the vanishing of historical squares is important challenge in existing cities. With this regard, the purpose of this study is to identify strategies for regeneration of Tabriz SahebAbad historical square. This study is an applied research with descriptive- explanatory methodology. Data were collected by questionnaire from 30 experts and analyzed by SWOT technique. The SWOT technique was used in order to identify the weakness and strengthens opportunities and threats in three stages based on the matrix of inner factors and matrix of external factors and comparative matrix. According to the results of this study, there are 6 strengthening points and 9 weakness points in inner factors. There are also 9 factors as the external threats and 7 factors as external opportunities. The results show that, while Saheb Abad square currently is faced with some threats and weaknesses, it is possible fot it to become an important cultural- historical center.

Informal settlements were formed as the shadow cities after the industrial revolution and the geographical redistribution of population in Europe. Informal settlements were slowly appeared after industrialization and modernization process as a main characteristic of almost many cities of developing countries. However, this phenomenon acted as an attenuating phenomenon in European countries and over the time and in the context of the location they were solved in the heart of the cities. Therefore, this phenomenon is now confined to the cities of the developing countries. Even the cities in developing countries like our country are also feature this phenomenon. Khoy middle city is not an exception of this rule. This research is classified as an explanatory analytical survey. Like most survey researches, this study focuses on a limited sample and the sampling method is the probable classification technique. In other words, all informal settlements in Khoy city are classified into four geographical categories amongst which four districts were randomly selected. The main purpose of this research was identifying the relationship between development and the increase of residents’ numbers in informal settlements and for this the hypothesis of study was that there was a significant relationship between urban and rural development and the increase of residents’ numbers in informal settlements in Khoy. The results indicated that in contrast to the expectations of many researches in this area, the number of residents in informal settlements would increase with increasing level of urban and rural development.