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Multi-layer membrane filtration is a widely used technology for separating and purifying different components of a liquid mixture. This technique involves passing the liquid mixture through a series of membranes with decreasing pore sizes, which allows for the separation of different components according to their molecular size. This study investigates the filtration process of a fluid through a two-dimensional porous medium designed for seawater desalination. The focus is on understanding the impact of various parameters such as the coefficient of friction, velocity, and the number of layers on filtration efficiency. The results reveal that the number of layers plays a crucial role in desalination, with an increase in layers leading to enhanced filtration quality, following a power law relationship. The study explores the influence of the coefficient of friction on filtration performance, emphasizing its significant effect on the number of particles filtered over time. Additionally, the role of the initial velocity in filtration efficiency is examined, showing distinct effects at both high and low velocities. Biofouling is identified as a factor influencing filtration, with an initial increase in filtered particles followed by a decline due to particle accumulation in pores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural batteries offer multiple advantages, providing viable solutions for electric mobility. By playing a dual role as both an energy storage device and structural component, they can achieve a larger transportation range and greater safety. However, they are exposed to external mechanical loads that can exacerbate the mechanical stresses induced by the electrochemical cycling. It should be noted that batteries undergo stress due to the intercalation and deintercalation of Li+. In fact, when lithium ions are inserted into the active materials, mechanical tension occurs, which can cause cracks and pulverization of the particles. Consequently, the individual particles lose their electrical connectivity. Another aging process is caused by the expansion of the active materials due to mechanical strain during the insertion of lithium ions, resulting in changes in particle volume. In addition to this electrochemical stress, there is added mechanical stress due to their role as a structural component. This paper explores the superposition of these two phenomena and tries to understand the fatigue and failure mechanisms induced by mechanical strain and electrochemical cycling (Li+ intercalation/deintercalation) in structural batteries. To achieve this, we plan to use the fiber bundle model as a theoretical approach to study the damage and fracture of fiber-reinforced composite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the fiber energy in composite materials, subject to an external constant load, is studied. The investigation is done in the framework of fiber bundle model with randomly oriented fibers. The charge transfer is done only between neighboring close fibers according to the local load sharing. During the breaking process, the fibers expand, increasing their elastic energy, but when the fiber breaks, it loses its link with its neighboring fibers reducing the cohesive energy of the materials. The results show that the material energy presents one maximal peak at cross over time which decreases linearly with the applied force and scales with the lifetime of the material. However, the temperature does not have a remarkable effect on the material energy variation. In addition, the link density fiber decreases exponentially with time. The characteristic time of the obtained profile decreases with the applied force. Moreover, this density decreases with applied forces according to the Lorentz law with a remarkable change at critical force value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]