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The ground spider genera Leptodrassex Murphy, 2007 and Leptopilos Levy, 2009 are recorded from southern Africa for the first time, with the description of five new species: Leptodrassex murphyi sp. nov. (♂ ♀) from Mozambique and South Africa, and L. capensis sp. nov. (♀) from South Africa; Leptopilos butleri sp. nov. (♂ ♀) and L. vasivulva sp. nov. (♂ ♀) from Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe, and L. digitus sp. nov. (♂ ♀) from South Africa. Further, the new genus Afrodrassex gen. nov. is described, with the type species A. balrog sp. nov. (♂ ♀) from South Africa and Angola, and A. catharinae sp. nov. (♂ ♀) from South Africa described therein. Details of the somatic and genitalic morphology of all three genera are examined by scanning electron microscopy, and revised descriptions of Leptodrassex and Leptopilos are presented.

Bunyoronius Bonaldo, Ramírez & Haddad gen. nov. Type species: Bunyoronius femoralis sp. nov. Etymology. The generic name, masculine, is a contraction of the words Bunyoro and Carteronius, honoring the Bunyoro people, a pre-colonial Kingdom on the territory of modern Uganda, including the Budongo Forest, type locality of the type species. Diagnosis. Members of the genus Bunyoronius gen. nov. share with those of Carteronius the trilobulated RTA, with an apical spur inserted in the base of the ventral lobe, sperm duct with a single ventral fold, and the basally widened, curved embolus surrounding tegular margins. They can be readily recognized by large apical retrolateral femoral apophysis, ventral fold of sperm duct oriented retro-dorsally; median apophysis absent, pit vestigial; embolus inserted basally, with wide bifid tip (Figs 22A–C, 23A–C, F–I). Females can be recognized by the epigynal plate divided by two lateral, longitudinal ridges, forming a median atrium, and by the copulatory openings oriented anteriorly (Fig. 22D, E). Description. Medium-sized spiders, 6.03 7.70 mm in length. Carapace reddish-brown, surface finely granulate, with few long hairs; very broad, sub-oval, as long as wide, cephalic region weakly demarcated posteriorly, swollen antero-laterally, higher than thoracic region; thoracic region abruptly depressed, posteriorly rounded, thoracic fovea present (Fig. 20B). Clypeus low, height nearly one AME diameter. AER straight in frontal view, ALE oblique, eyes equidistant; PER slightly procurved in dorsal view, slightly wider than AER, eyes equidistant; AME largest, approximately two times ALE diameter, remaining eyes sub-equal in width, medians and PLE circular; ALE suboval. Chilum present, entire, with large median tubercle in both males and females. Chelicerae nearly as long as half the length of carapace, frontal surface granulate, slightly geniculated in both sexes, unmodified in males; basal boss evident, promargin with three teeth, retromargin with two teeth (Fig. 21A). Endites convergent, promargin slightly protruded anteriorly, retromargin slightly excavated; labium sub-squared, as long as wide, slightly longer than half endite length, proximal lateral constrictions shallow. Sternum shield-shaped, slightly longer than wide; surface covered by small hair-bearing tubercles, precoxal and intercoxal sclerites present, margins well defined, especially antero-laterally. Retrocoxal hymen present (Fig. 21B, C). Leg formula: I.II.V.III. Legs long, I–II sturdier; femur I (Fig. 21D) with one dorsal spine, tibia I (Fig. 21F) with seven pairs of ventral spines, metatarsus I with two pairs of ventral spines. Tarsus I with dorsal cluster of trichobothria; tarsal organ sub-apical (Fig. 21E). Abdomen oval, dorsal and ventral scuta absent. Spinnerets not surveyed with SEM; female (under light microscopy): PMS with three cylindrical gland spigots; PLS with two cylindrical gland spigots., Published as part of Eb. Bonaldo, Ramírez, Martín J., Om. Labarque, Shimano, Yulie, Silva-Junior, Cláudio J. & Haddad, Charles R., 2022, Switching identities: a revision of the Afrotropical spider genus Carteronius Simon 1897 (Araneae, Corinnidae), senior synonym of Mandaneta Strand, 1932, with a new genus of the Pronophaea group, pp. 343-373 in Zootaxa 5205 (4) on pages 367-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5205.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7307035

Carteronius gentilis (Simon, 1909) comb. nov. Figs 18, 19; Map 1 Procopius gentilis Simon, 1909: 382 (♂ holotype from “ Fernando Poo: Basilé”, leg. L. Fea, MNHN 22.254 —examined). Note. The male holotype, from Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, is here tentatively associated with a female from continental Africa (Cameroon). Bioko is a continental-shelf island that supports relatively low levels of endemism of angiosperms, bats, birds, reptiles, and amphibians when compared to oceanic islands of the Gulf of Guinea (Príncipe, São Tomé and Annobón) (Jones 2004). This island was separated from mainland Africa by the rise in sea level at the end of the last glacial period, approximately 10 000 years ago (Schabetsberger et al. 2004; PérezPérez & Yu 2021). Both the Bioko and Cameroon specimens share a strikingly similar dorsal abdominal pattern (Fig. 18A, F), as well as similarities in leg spination. Nevertheless, this association must be tested when additional samples come to light. From a strictly nomenclatural point of view, proposing this doubtful association is preferable to making available a possibly unnecessary specific name. Diagnosis. Males of C. gentilis comb. nov. differ from all other Carteronius species in having a bifid dorsal lobe on the RTA (Fig. 19A, B). Females resemble those of C. myene sp. nov. by the slightly curved transverse ridge (Figs 14A, 19C), but differ by the relatively small posterior sector and the extremely narrow copulatory duct in relation to the spermathecae (Fig. 19C, D). Description. Male (holotype). Measurements: Total length 8.03, CL 3.82, CW 3.57, AL 3.95, AW 2.80, SL 1.93, SW 1.81. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.32, ALE 0.21, PLE 0.24, PME 0.26, AME-AME 0.21, AME-ALE 0.24, ALE-ALE 1.66, PME-PME 0.85, PME-PLE 0.52, PLE-PLE 2.07. Length of leg segments: I 4.13+ 1.74+4.05+3.10+1.22=14.24; II 4.02+1.70+3.95+3.20+1.26=14.13; III 2.61+1.26+2.18+2.15+1.00=9.20; IV 3.36+ 1.29+2.82+3.12+1.10=11.69. Chelicerae: promargin with three spaced teeth, median tooth largest; retromargin with two spaced teeth, subequal in size. Leg spination: femora: I do 0-1-1 pl 0-1-0, II do 0-1-0, III do 0-1-2, IV do 0-1-2; tibiae: I ve 2-2-2-2-2-2, II ve 1 p -1 r -2-2-2-2, III ve 0-2-2-0, IV ve 0-0-0-1 r; metatarsi: I ve 0-2-2-0, II ve 0-2-2-0, III pl 0-1-1 rl 0-1-1 ve 2-2-1, IV pl 0-1-1 rl 0-1-1 ve 2-2-0. Coloration: carapace and chelicerae dark reddish-brown. Endites, labium and sternum reddish-brown. Legs dark yellow, with femora I and II reddish-brown. Abdomen dorsally with yellowish area anteriorly and five transversal follicular bands in posterior half (Fig. 18A). Palp: RTA with apical spur approximately same size as ventral lobe, medial lobe short and pointed; ventral lobe sub-squared and excavated; sperm duct with long loop, retrolateral apical tegular process present, blunt; embolus long and thin, without projections (Figs 19A, B). Female (MRAC 162.128). Measurements: Total length 7.92, CL 3.26, CW 2.78, AL 4.62, AW 3.26, SL 1.57, SW 1.60. Eyes diameters and interdistances: AME 0.22, ALE 0.18, PLE 0.19, PME 0.19, AME-AME 0.63, AME-ALE 0.20, ALE-ALE 1.35, PME-PME 0.32, PME-PLE 0.38, PLE-PLE 1.60. Length of leg segments I 3.13+1.33+3.01+2.30+1.10=10.87; II 3.05+1.30+2.90+2.29+1.09=10.63; III 2.23+1.00+1.89+1.73+0.87=7.72; IV 2.74+1.06+2.30+2.40+0.93=9.43. Chelicerae: promargin with three spaced teeth, median tooth largest; retromargin with two teeth, inner tooth larger. Leg spination: femora: I do 0-1-0 pl 0-1-0, II do 0-1-0, III do 0-1-2, IV do 0-1-2; tibiae: I ve 2-2-2-2-2-2, II ve 2-2-2-2-2, III ve 1 p -1 r -2, IV pl 0-1-0-1 rl 0-1-0-1 ve 1 p- 1 p -0-0; metatarsi: I ve 0-2- 2-0, II ve 0-2-2-0, III pl 1-0-0-1 rl 0-0-1 ve 2-2, IV pl 0-1-0-1 rl 0-1-0-1 ve 1 p- 1 p -1 r -1 r. Coloration: carapace and chelicerae dark reddish brown. Endites, labium and sternum orange red. Legs whitish with femora I and II reddish. Abdomen as in male (Fig. 18F). Epigynum: CDv long, straight, narrow; ST2 tappering, anteriorly located, gland ducts conspicuous, smaller than ST1; CDd large, S-shaped (Fig. 19D). Other material examined: CAMEROON: Mount Cameroun, near Buea, 04°12’N, 09°11’E, 1400 m.a.s.l., II-III.1981, Bosmans & Van Stalle leg. (montane forest with arable fields, V.H.F), 1♀ (MRAC 162.128). Distribution. Recorded from the island of Bioko (Equatorial Guinea) and Cameroon (Map 1)., Published as part of Eb. Bonaldo, Ramírez, Martín J., Om. Labarque, Shimano, Yulie, Silva-Junior, Cláudio J. & Haddad, Charles R., 2022, Switching identities: a revision of the Afrotropical spider genus Carteronius Simon 1897 (Araneae, Corinnidae), senior synonym of Mandaneta Strand, 1932, with a new genus of the Pronophaea group, pp. 343-373 in Zootaxa 5205 (4) on pages 364-367, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5205.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7307035, {"references":["Simon, E. (1909) Arachnides recueillis par L. Fea sur la cote occidentale d'Afrique. 2 e partie. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 44, 335 - 449.","Jones, P. J. (2004) Biodiversity in the Gulf of Guinea: an overview. Biodiversity & Conservation, 3, 772 - 784. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00129657","Schabetsberger, R., Drozdowski, G., Drozdowski, I., Jersabek, C. D. & Rott, E. (2004) Limmnological aspects of two tropical crater lakes (Lago Biao and Lago Loreto) on the island of Bioko (Equatorial Guinea). Hydrobiologia, 524, 79 - 90. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / B: HYDR. 0000036121.07007. e 8"]}

Carteronius myene Bonaldo & Labarque sp. nov. Figs 13A, B; 14A, B; Map 1 Type. ♀ holotype from Parc National de Moukalaba-Doudou, Département de Ndougou, Province de Ogooué Maritime (02°35’S, 10°14’E), GABON, III–IV.2003, O.S.G. Olivier & M. Burger leg. (forêt marecaguese) (MRAC 220.827). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition referring to the Myene people, which settled fishing communities along the coast of Gabon. Diagnosis. Females of Carteronius myene sp. nov. resemble those of C. gentilis comb. nov. by the slightly curved epigynal transversal ridge (Figs 14A, 19C), but can be recognized by the posterior sector relatively larger; spermathecae barely visible by transparency in anterior sector (Fig. 14A). Description. Male. unknown. Female. (MRAC 220.827). Measurements: Total length 11.29, CL 5.29, CW 4.85, AL 6.33, AW 4.59, SL 2.64, SW 2.30. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.42, ALE 0.34, PLE 0.29, PME 0.32, AME-AME 0.32, AME-ALE 0.37, ALE-ALE 2.32, PME-PME 0.39, PME-PLE 0.62, PLE-PLE 2.71. Length of leg segments: I 4.68+2.28+4.48+3.46+1.34=16.24; II 4.96+2.29+4.27+3.58+1.41=16.58; III 3.59+1.71+2.83+2. 81+1.00=11.29; IV 4.03+1.69+3.43+3.44+1.15=13.74. Chelicerae: promargin with three spaced teeth, median tooth largest; retromargin with two spaced teeth, proximal tooth largest; Leg spination: femora: II do 0-1-0, III do 0-1-0 ve 0-1-0, IV do 1-0-0; tibiae: I ve 2-2-2-2-2-2, II ve 2-2-2-2-2, III ve 2-2, IV ve 1-0-1; metatarsi: I ve 2-2-2-2, II ve 1 p -1 p -0-1 r -2, III pl 0-0-0-1 rl 0-0-0-1 ve 2-2-1, IV pl 2-0-1-0 ve 0-1-0 -0. Coloration: Carapace and chelicerae dark reddish-brown. Endites, labium and sternum dark reddish-brown. Legs reddish-brown, with femora I and II darker. Abdomen dark gray, with several small white spots, two pairs of small white spots in middle dorsally, and three faint chevrons posteriorly. Venter gray, with irregular white spots forming two transversal lines (Fig. 13A). Epigynum: CDv long, gently arched, ST2 tapering, anteriorly located, gland ducts present, approximately same size as ST1; CDd folded ventrally (Fig. 14B). Other material examined. None. Distribution. Only known from Gabon (Map 1).

Carteronius simoni Bonaldo & Shimano sp. nov. Fig. 17; Map. 1 Holotype. ♀ from GABON: leg. Mocquery (No further data) (MNHN-17.436). Etymology. The specific name is a patronym honoring French arachnologist Eugène Simon, who described Carteronius. Diagnosis. Females of C. simoni sp. nov. are similar to those of C. lumumba sp. nov. by the inconspicuous lateral plates of the posterior epigynal sector (Figs 16D, 17C) but can be recognized by the wider, divergent copulatory ducts (Fig. 17C). Description. Male. unknown. Female. (MNHN-17.436) Measurements: Total length 9.15, CL 4.14, CW 3.55, AL 4.99, AW 4.03, SL 1.68, SW 1.82. Eye diameters and interdistances:AME 0.35, ALE 0.24, PLE 0.25, PME 0.30, AME-AME 0.30, AME-ALE 0.40, ALE-ALE 2.15, PME-PME 0.56, PME-PLE 0.61, PLE-PLE 2.60. Length of leg segments: I 2.80+1.47+2.58+2.10+1.09=10.04; II 2.95+1.40+2.48+2.12+0.96=9.91; III 2.35+1.09+1.77+1.76+0.78 =7.75; IV 2.80+1.14+2.43+2.27+0.87=9.51. Chelicerae: promargin with three spaced teeth, median tooth largest; retromargin with two subequal teeth. Leg spination: tibiae: I ve 2-2-2-2-2, II ve 2-2-2-2, IV ve 0-0-1 p; metatarsi: I ve 2-2, II ve 2-2, III ve 2-1 p -2, IV pl 0-0-0-1 rl 0-1-0-1 ve 1 p -1 r - 1 p. Coloration: carapace, chelicerae, endites, labium and sternum reddish. All leg segments yellowish-red. Abdomen pale gray dorsally, with indistinct white spots (Fig. 17A). Epigynum: CDv long, straight, ST2 a small globe, anteriorly located, gland ducts inconspicuous, smaller than ST1; CDd large, S-shaped (Fig. 17D). Other material examined. None. Distribution. Only known from Gabon (Map 1)., Published as part of Eb. Bonaldo, Ramírez, Martín J., Om. Labarque, Shimano, Yulie, Silva-Junior, Cláudio J. & Haddad, Charles R., 2022, Switching identities: a revision of the Afrotropical spider genus Carteronius Simon 1897 (Araneae, Corinnidae), senior synonym of Mandaneta Strand, 1932, with a new genus of the Pronophaea group, pp. 343-373 in Zootaxa 5205 (4) on page 363, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5205.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7307035

Carteronius arboreus Bonaldo & Haddad sp. nov. Figs 7, 8; Map 1 Types. ♂ holotype from Bas Congo, Mayombe, Luki Forest Reserve (05°37’S, 13°05’E), 28.IX.2007, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, D. de Bakker & J. P. Michiels leg. (sieving along trail in primary rainforest) (MRAC 223.475). ♀ paratype, same locality and collectors, 10.XI.2006 (Fog 3, primary rainforest) (MRAC 220.925). Etymology. The specific name is a Latin adjective meaning arboreal, in reference to the fact that most of the known specimens were collected by canopy fogging. Diagnosis. Males of Carteronius arboreus sp. nov. are similar to those of C. ashanti sp. nov. by the presence of a sub-apical embolar process (Figs 8A, 10A), but differ by the dorsal lobe of the RTA, which is broad and retrolaterally oriented, and the rounded medial lobe, which is small in relation to the dorsal lobe, and share the same base (Fig. 8B). In C. ashanti sp. nov., the dorsal lobe is spoon-shaped and the medial lobe longer and fang-shaped, with its own base. Females resemble those of C. sudanus comb. nov. in the strongly recurved epigynal transversal ridge (Figs 4C, 8C), but differ by the lateral plates of the epigynal posterior sector being strongly sclerotized (Fig. 8C). Description. Male. (MRAC 223475). Measurements: Total length 6.03, CL 3.16, CW 2.71, AL 2.95, AW 2.24, SL 1.39, SW 1.49. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.28, ALE 0.17, PLE 0.18, PME 0.16, AME-AME 0.65, AME-ALE 0.16, ALE-ALE 1.34, PME-PME 0.33, PME-PLE 0.37, PLE-PLE 1.57. Length of leg segments: I 3.08+1.17+2.67+2.29+1.22=10.43; II 3.10+1.24+3.10+2.24+1.27=10.95; III 2.07+0.93+1.61+1.65+0.96=7.22; IV 2.55+0.94+2.11+2.25+1.05=8.90. Chelicerae: promargin with three spaced teeth, median tooth largest; retromargin with two spaced teeth, subequal in size. Leg spination: femora: I do 0-1-0 pl 0-0-1-0, II do 0-1-0, III do 0-1-0, IV do 0-1-0; tibiae: I ve 2-2-2-2-2, II ve 1 p -1 r -1 p -2-2-2, III ve 1 r -1 p -2, IV rl 0-1-0-1 ve 1 p -0-1 p; metatarsi: I ve 2-2, II ve 2-2, III pl 0-1-0-1 rl 0-1-0-1 ve 2-2, IV pl 0-1-0-1 rl 0-1-0-1 ve 1 r -1 p -1 r -0. Coloration: carapace and chelicerae reddish-brown. Endites, labium and sternum reddish-brown. Legs I and II: coxae and trochanters reddish-brown; femora reddish-brown, yellowish distally; tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi yellowish. Legs III and IV yellowish. Abdomen dark gray dorsally, with two well defined white bands; white ventrally (Fig. 7A). Palp: RTA with apical spur short, curved and pointed, dorsal lobe with apical edges bent ventrally, ventral lobe rounded and excavated. Tegulum with short retrolateral apical tegular process, spermatic duct with long loop (Fig. 8A, B). Female. (MRAC 220925). Measurements: Total length 10.58, CL 4.10, CW 3.86, AL 6.37, AW 4.91, SL 1.97, SW 1.93. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.31, ALE 0.21, PLE 0.21, PME 0.18, AME-AME 0.25, AME-ALE 0.29, ALE-ALE 1.75, PME-PME 0.45, PME-PLE 0.49, PLE-PLE 2.13. Length of leg segments: I 3.87+1.81+3.70+2.88+1.28=13.54; II 3.70+1.73+3.66+2.99+1.31=13.39; III 2.75+1.32+2.17+2.08+0.91=9.23; IV 3.25+1.31+2.76+2.84+0.98=11.14. Chelicerae: promargin with three spaced teeth, median tooth largest; retromargin with two spaced teeth, subequal in size. Leg spination: femora: I do 0-1-0 pl 0-1-0, II do 0-1-0, III do 0-1-0-1 p, IV do 0-1-0-1 p; tibiae: I ve 2-2-2-2-2-2-2, II ve 2-2-2-1 r -1 p -1 r -1 p -1 r, III ve 1 p -1 r -2, IV rl 0-1-0-1 ve 1p-0-1 p; metatarsi: I ve 2-0-2-0, II ve 2-2-2, III pl 0-1-0-1 rl 0-0-0-1 ve 2-2-1, IV pl 0-1-0-1 rl 1-0-1 ve 1 p -1 r -1 p - 0-0. Coloration: Carapace and chelicerae dark reddish-brown. Endites, labium and sternum reddish-brown. Legs reddish-brown, with femora I and II darker. Abdomen gray, dorsum with scattered small white spots, denser in middle, forming irregular white longitudinal band; posteriorly with large triangular white spot. Ventrally gray with two irregular lateroventral white bands (Fig. 7C). Epigynum: CDv slight folded posteriorly, ST2 globose, anteriorly located, larger than ST1, CDd almost straight (Fig. 8D). Other material examined. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: Bas Congo, Mayombe, Luki Forest Reserve (05°37’S, 13°05’E), 18.IX.2007, D. de Bakker & J.P. Michiels leg. (Fog 5, old secondary forest), 1♀ (MRAC); same data but 22.IX.2007, 1♀ (MRAC); same data but 30.IX.2007, 1♂ (MRAC). Distribution. Only known from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Map 1).

Eb.Bonaldo, Ramírez, Martín J., Om.Labarque, Shimano, Yulie, Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Haddad, Charles R. (2022): Switching identities: a revision of the Afrotropical spider genus Carteronius Simon 1897 (Araneae, Corinnidae), senior synonym of Mandaneta Strand, 1932, with a new genus of the Pronophaea group. Zootaxa 5205 (4): 343-373, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5205.4.3

Carteronius sudanus (Karsch, 1880) comb. nov. Figs 2 – 6; Map 1 Mandane sudana Karsch, 1880: 377 (♂ holotype from Adafoah, Volta River Basin, Ghana, Ungar leg., ZMB 2143, examined). Carteronius helluo Simon, 1896: 400 (♂ holotype from Freetown, Sierra Leone, MNHN 10611, accidentally switched with the male holotype of Carteronius scriptus Simon, 1896, from Diego Soares, Madagascar, MNHN 14.625). syn. nov. Mandaneta sudana; Strand 1932: 140; Haddad & Bosselaers 2010: 7, figs 16–19; Ramírez 2014: 365, figs 20A, 69D. Medmassa laurenti Lessert, 1946: 211, fig. 10 (♂ lectotype and ♀ paralectotype from Eala, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, leg. H. J. Bredo, MRAC 12419-12420, one palp of the ♂ lectotype in Museum of Natural History, Geneva, not re-examined). Synonymized with Mandaneta sudana by Haddad & Bosselaers 2010: 7. Diagnosis. Males of C. sudanus comb. nov. resemble those of C. lumumba sp. nov. by the absence of a retrolateral apical tegular process and by the bifid embolus tip (Figs 4A, 16B), but differ by the chelicerae with a frontal anterior excavation (Fig. 2A), the wider proximal half of embolus, and by the short distal loop of the spermatic duct, which is restricted to the middle of the bulb (Fig. 4A). Females resemble those of C. arboreus sp. nov. by the strongly recurved epigynal transversal ridge (Figs 4C, 8C), but differ by the lateral plates of the posterior sector not being sclerotized (Fig. 4C). Description. Male. (MRAC MT 207.386). Measurements: Total length 9.21, CL 4.52, CW 4.00, AL 4.69, AW 2.72, SL 2.20, SW 1.94. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.30, ALE 0.19, PLE 0.18, PME 0.23, AME-AME 0.32, AME-ALE 0.36, ALE-ALE 1.62, PME-PME 0.52, PME-PLE 0.62, PLE-PLE 2.18. Length of leg segments: I 4.36+1.86+4.44+3.52+1.62=15.80; II 4.52+2.04+4.56+3.60+1.58=16.30; III 3.16+1.36+2.84+2.36+1.18=10.90; IV 3.68+1.48+3.52+3.52+1.22=13.42. Chelicerae: promargin with three spaced teeth, median tooth largest, distal tooth smallest; retromargin with two teeth, subequal in size. Leg spination: femora: I do 0-0-1-0 pl 0-0-1, II do 0- 1-0, III - IV do 0-1-0-1; tibiae: I ve 2-2-2-2-2-2, II ve 2-2-2-2-2, III ve p 1- r 1-2, IV pl 1-0-1-1 rl 0-1-1; metatarsi: I-II ve 2-2, III pl 1-1-0 lv 0-1-0 ve 2-2, IV pl 0-1-0 lv 0-1-0 ve 2-2. Coloration: carapace and chelicerae reddish-brown. Endites and labium reddish-brown, sternum yellowish. Legs I and II: coxae and trochanters reddish-brown; femora reddish-brown, yellowish distally; tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi yellowish. Legs III and IV: coxae whitish, trochanters brownish; femora whitish prolaterally and retrolaterally, brownish ventrally and distally; patellae, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi brownish. Abdomen dark gray dorsally, with diamond-shaped spot in middle, followed by four white transversal lines; white ventrally (Fig 3A – C). Palp: RTA with apical spur short, pointed; dorsal lobe long, excavated, with folded edges and oriented upwards; medial lobe smaller than dorsal lobe, pointed and oriented upwards; ventral lobe sub-squared, not excavated. Sperm duct with short loop (Fig 4A, B). Female. (MRAC MT 204.306–MRAC MT 177.640). Measurements: Total length 9.65-10.18, CL 4.32-4.28, CW 3.80-4.00.0, AL 5.33-5.90, AW 3.68-4.52, SL 2.08-2.14, SW 1.76-1.96. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME-AME 0.28, AME-ALE 0.32, ALE-ALE 1.56, PME-PME 0.44, PME-PLE 0.36, PLE-PLE 2.02. Length of leg segments: I 3.88+1.86+4.00+3.04+1.4=14.18; II 3.92+1.86+4.04+3.16+1.44=14.42; III 3.00+1.42+2.52+2.24+ 1.20=10.38; IV 3.56+1.48+3.28+3.20+1.30=12.82. Chelicerae with three spaced teeth on promargin, median tooth largest, distal tooth smallest; two teeth on retromargin, subequal in size. Leg spination: femora: I do 0-1-0 pl 0-0-1, II do 0-1-0, III - IV do 0-1-0-1; tibiae: I-II ve 2-2-2-2-2-2, III ve 1 r -1 p -2, IV ve pl 0-1-0-1 rl 0-1-0-1; metatarsi: I pl 1-0-0 ve 2-2, II rl 1-0-0 ve 2-2, III pl 0-1-0-1 rl 0-1-0-1 ve 2-2, IV plv 4 rlv 3 pl 0-1-0 rl 0-1-0 ve 1 p -2-2. Coloration: carapace and chelicera dark red; endites, labium and sternum reddish. Legs I and II: coxae and trochanter reddish brown; femora dark red; tibia, metatarsus and tarsus reddish. Legs III and IV: coxae whitish, trochanter brownish; femur whitish prolaterally and retrolaterally, brownish ventrally and distally; tibia, metatarsus and tarsus brownish. Abdomen: pale gray with several spots dorsally, present two pair of white spots and four white transversal lines well defined dorsally (Fig. 3D – F). Epigynum: CDv long, slender, ST2 anteriorly positioned in relation to the ST1, similarly sized to ST1, with conspicuous gland ducts; CDd S-shaped (Figs 4D, 5C, D). Other material examined: CÔTE D’IVOIRE: Mankono, Ranch de la Marahoué, 08°27’N, 06°52’W, 12. III.1980, leg. J. Everts, riverine forest, 1♂ (MRAC 173.984); Bettié, forêt classeé de Mabi, 06°05’N, 03°30’W, dense forest, by hand, 26.XI.1993, R. Jocqué, leg. 1♀ (MRAC 177.640; SEM preparations MJR 574–576); same locality, Eco. Grappe 3, 24. III.1997, T. Steyn leg., 1♀ (MRAC 207.387); Appouesso, FC Bossematié, Forest, pitfall, station 1B, 12.II.1995, R. Jocqué and R. Tanoh leg., 1♀ (MRAC 204.306); same locality, station 5, found in leaf litter, 21. III.1997, T. Steyn leg., 1♂ (MRAC 207.386). DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: Eyolo Forest, ca. 2 km E of Lieki, 00°41.785’N, 24°14.512’E, 25–29. V.2010, A.H. Kirk-Spriggs leg. (Malaise traps, lowland evergreen swamp forest), 1♀ (IRSNB IG.34481). GUINEA: Mount Nimba, Gallery Forest of Zié, 07°40’N, 08°22’W, 1250 m.a.s.l., 3.X.2011, D. van den Spiegel & A. Henrard leg. (fogging 1, canopy of trees, understory of shrub layer), 1♂ (MRAC 238.050); same locality, Station de pompage Zié, 07°40’N, 08°22’W, 1250 m.a.s.l., 11.X.2011, D. van den Spiegel & A. Henrard leg. (sieving litter under “matete” [high grass], near route, open area), 2♂ (MRAC 237.965); same locality, Station de pompage Zié, 07°40’N, 08°22’W, 1250 m.a.s.l., 1.X.2011, D. van den Spiegel & A. Henrard leg. (sieving litter under “matete” [high grass], near route, open area), 1♂ (MRAC 237.984); same locality, Gba Valley, 07°40’N, 08°23’W, 880 m. a.s.l., 9.X.2011, D. van den Spiegel & A. Henrard leg. (beating, primary gallery forest, litter in trees and shrubs, at 1.5-3m above the floor, “chablis”), 2♂ (MRAC 238.090); same locality, Ziela, near Pierré-Richaud, 0742’N, 0821’W, 568 m. a.s.l., 20.II.2012, A. Henrard, C. Allard, P. Bimou & M. Sidibé leg. (sieving litter), 1♂ (MRAC 238.697). Distribution. Widespread across equatorial West and Central Africa (Map 1).

Carteronius teke Bonaldo & Bosselaers sp. nov. Figs 13C, D, 14C, D; Map 1 Type. ♀ holotype from Kivu, Rwankwi [01°19’S, 29°22’E], DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, VI.1946, J. Leroy leg. (MRAC 168.643). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition referring to the Teke people, one of the three kingdoms that ruled Congo before the arrival of Europeans. Diagnosis. Females of Carteronius teke sp. nov. differ from all other species of Carteronius by the presence of completely straight epigynal transversal ridge (Fig. 14C). Description. Male. Unknown. Female. (MRAC 168.643) Measurements:Total length 13.45, CL 4.90, CW 4.39, AL 7.99, AW 5.24, SL 2.44, SW 2.15. Eye diameters and interdistances:AME 0.38, ALE 0.25, PLE 0.28, PME 0.25, AME-AME 0.36, AME-ALE 0.40, ALE-ALE 2.30, PME-PME 0.57, PME-PLE 0.67, PLE-PLE 2.81. Length of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): I 4.21+2.04+3.57+2.92+1.25=13.99; II 4.15+1.86+3.89+2.79 +1.19=13.88; III 2.83+1.43+2.52+2.20+1.04=10.02; IV 3.42+1.42+3.03+3.14+1.28=12.29. Chelicerae: promargin with three spaced teeth, median tooth largest; retromargin with two spaced teeth, subequal in size. Leg spination: femora: IV do 1-0-0; tibiae: I ve 1 p -2-2-2-2-2, II ve 0-0-2-2-2-2, III ve 0-0-1 p -0, IV ve 1 p -0-1 p -0; metatarsi: I ve 2-2-2-2, II ve 1 r -1 p -2-2, III ve 0-2-2-0, IV ve 0-2-2-0. Coloration: carapace and chelicerae dark reddish-brown. Endites, labium and sternum reddish-brown. Legs I and II reddish-brown, III and IV dark yellow. Abdomen dorsally pale gray, ventrally white with darker band converging at spinnerets (Fig. 13C). Epigynum: CDv long, arched, ST2 tapering, medially located, gland ducts inconspicuous, much smaller than ST1; CDd folded ventrally (Fig. 14D). Other material examined. None. Distribution. Only known from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Map 1)., Published as part of Eb. Bonaldo, Ramírez, Martín J., Om. Labarque, Shimano, Yulie, Silva-Junior, Cláudio J. & Haddad, Charles R., 2022, Switching identities: a revision of the Afrotropical spider genus Carteronius Simon 1897 (Araneae, Corinnidae), senior synonym of Mandaneta Strand, 1932, with a new genus of the Pronophaea group, pp. 343-373 in Zootaxa 5205 (4) on pages 359-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5205.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7307035

Carteronius Simon Mandane Karsch, 1880: 337, pl. 12, fig. 4 (type species by monotypy, M. sudana). Preoccupied by Kinberg 1866, in Spionidae, Annelida: Polychaeta) Carteronius Simon, 1897: 85 (type species by original designation, C. helluo Simon, 1896). Mandaneta Strand, 1932: 140. Replacement name for Mandane Karsch. syn. nov. Notes on the identity of Carteronius. Simon (1896) described four species of Carteronius: C. helluo (the type species), C. vittiger, C. scriptus, and C. fuscus. The first three species were described from males only, and C. fuscus from a female. The type locality is Sierra Leone for C. helluo, Madagascar for C. vittiger and C. scriptus, and Mauritius for C. fuscus. Based on Simon’s original Latin descriptions, the male of C. helluo can be considered to differ significantly from the males of C. vittiger and C. scriptus: it has a strongly rugose cephalothorax, granulose chelicerae, anterior tibiae with six short ventral spine pairs, anterior metatarsi with four long ventral spine pairs, a male palpal tibia that is only slightly longer than the patella, a large, lamelliform, bifid retrolateral tibial apophysis and an oval, blunt cymbium. Carteronius vittiger and C. scriptus both have an almost smooth cephalothorax and smooth chelicerae, anterior tibiae with four long ventral spine pairs, anterior metatarsi with two long ventral spine pairs, a male palpal tibia that is longer than the patella, a small, sharp and simple retrolateral tibial apophysis, and a very elongate, curved cymbium that is much longer than the bulbus itself. Simon (1897) presented the genus description of Carteronius, transferred Cheiracanthium argenticomum Keyserling, 1877 to the new genus (pp. 79–80), and synonymized C. scriptus with C. argenticomus (p. 83). Upon consulting the MNHN collection (Paris) and studying the type specimens of Simon’s four species, it turned out that the vial of the type species C. helluo did not contain the specimen corresponding with Simon’s original description. Instead, this vial, labeled Clubionidae — Carteronius E.S. helluo E.S. 10.611 Sierra Leone: Free town, contained a smooth male specimen with four and two ventral spine pairs on the anterior tibiae and metatarsi, respectively, as well as a male palp with a long tibia and cymbium and a simple retrolateral tibial apophysis, as described in Simon (1896) for C. vittiger and C. scriptus (Figs 1A–E; both here transferred to Donuea, the latter under D. argenticoma). On the other hand, the C. scriptus vial, labeled Clubionidae — Carteronius E.S. scriptus E.S. 14.625 Diego Suares, contained a rugose male specimen with six and four ventral spine pairs on the anterior tibiae and metatarsi, as well a male palp with a short tibia, a blunt cymbium, and a bifid retrolateral tibial apophysis, as described in Simon (1896) for C. helluo (Figs 1F–J). It must be concluded that the type specimen of C. helluo has been accidentally switched with the type specimen of C. scriptus. After proper photographic documentation (Fig 1A–E), the specimens were re-switched to their original vials to avoid confusion in the future. The C. vittiger vial, labeled Clubionidae — Carteronius E.S. vittiger E.S. 10.188 Diego Suares, can still be assumed to contain the correct male type specimen, as it has a spider that corresponds in detail with Simon’s original (1896) description of this species. The C. vittiger type specimen is slightly smaller than the C. scriptus type, having a brown cephalothorax, with a darker eye region and two dark dentate bands, brown chelicerae, and a male palpal tibia that is longer than the patella. The abdomen of the C. vittiger type is completely bleached and can no longer be compared with Simon’s description of its markings. The C. scriptus type has lost its coloration over time, but it can be recognized by the more robust chelicerae and the more robust ventral spines on the anterior tibiae and a male palpal tibia that is only slightly longer than the patella. Diagnosis. Members of the genus Carteronius share with those of Bunyoronius gen. nov. the trilobulated RTA, with an apical spur inserted in the base of the ventral lobe, a sperm duct with a single ventral fold, and the basally widened, curved embolus surrounding the tegular margins. They can be readily recognized by the absence of modifications on the male palpal femur (with a large apical retrolateral apophysis in Bunyoronius gen. nov.); the ventral fold of sperm duct oriented prolaterally (retro-dorsally in Bunyoronius gen. nov.); a hook-shaped median apophysis inserted retro-apically in a deep, wide circular pit (vestigial in Bunyoronius gen. nov.); and embolus inserted retrolaterally with a narrow tip (basally inserted, with a wide tip in Bunyoronius gen. nov.) (Figs 4A, B, 8A, B, 10A, B). Females can be recognized by the epigynal plate divided by a single transversal ridge, delimiting posterior and anterior sectors (two lateral longitudinal ridges, delimiting a median atrium in Bunyoronius gen. nov.); epigynal posterior sector with two lateral plates; and copulatory openings oriented posteriorly (oriented anteriorly in Bunyoronius gen. nov.) (Figs 5A, B, 8C, D). Description. Medium to large-sized spiders, 6.03 – 13.45 mm in length. Carapace heavily sclerotized, surface granulate with scarce long setae; very broad, sub-oval, as long as wide, cephalic region well-demarcated posteriorly, swollen anterolaterally, higher than thoracic region; thoracic region abruptly depressed, posteriorly rounded, thoracic fovea present (Figs 2, 3A – E, 13B, D). Clypeus low, height less than AME diameter, generally nearly half AME diameter (Fig. 2). AER straight in frontal view, ALE oblique, eyes equidistant; PER procurved in dorsal view, only slightly wider than AER, eyes equidistant; AME largest, approximately two times ALE diameter, remaining eyes sub-equal in size. Eyes circular. Chilum present, entire, generally bilobed, with two geminated tubercles; with a large median tubercle only in females of C. lumumba sp. nov. and C. simoni sp. nov.. Chelicerae sclerotized, slightly longer than half the length of the carapace, frontal surface granulate, strongly geniculate in females, slightly geniculated in males, heavily modified in males of C. sudanus (frontally with anterior excavation and blunt median tubercle on prolateral surface, Fig. 2A) and C. lumumba sp. nov. (ventrally with retromarginal proximal tooth modified into a large keel and a proximal constriction on prolateral margin, Fig. 16A), basal boss evident, promargin usually with three teeth, retromargin with two teeth. Endites convergent, promargin anteriorly protruded, retromargin slightly excavated; labium sub-squared, nearly as long as wide, slightly longer than half an endite’s length, proximal lateral constrictions shallow. Sternum shield-shaped, slightly longer than wide; surface covered by small setae-bearing tubercles, precoxal and intercoxal sclerites present, margins well defined, especially anterolaterally. Leg formula: I.II.IV.III. Legs long, I–II more robust; femur I with one dorsal spine, tibiae I with five to seven pairs of ventral spines (Fig. 11C); metatarsus I with two or four pairs of ventral spines. Femora with short setae inserted on tubercles; scopulae sparse, present in all tarsi and distal third of metatarsi I–II, metatarsi III–IV with sparse cluster of long setae. Tarsal trichobothria with lowered distal plate below a transverse ridge (only C. sudanus and C. ashanti sp. nov. surveyed, Figs 6D, 11F). Abdomen oval, with distinctive chevron markings variable across species (Figs 3A, B; 7A, C, 15A, C, 17A, 18A, F); dorsal and ventral scuta absent. Spinnerets (only female of C. sudanus surveyed with SEM): ALS with two major ampullate gland spigots near the middle of the spinning field and several piriform glands spigots around; PMS with three cylindrical gland spigots, two minor ampullate glands spigots, and 2–3 aciniform gland spigots; PLS with two cylindrical gland spigots and several aciniform glands spigots (Fig. 6F–I). Male palp: retrolateral femoral apophysis absent, retrolateral tibial apophysis complex, with three lobes, ventral lobe with apical spur (Figs 4A, 8A); cymbium densely covered by setae, with a denser dorso-apical cluster of short chemosensory setae, forming a conspicuous patch (Fig. 12A); median apophysis hook-shaped; embolus basally widened, curved, surrounding tegular margins, with membranous tip (tip bifid in C. sudanus and C. lumumba sp. nov.), hyaline conductor present, lamelliform; retrolateral apical tegular process present in, C. arboreus sp. nov., C. ashanti sp. nov. and C. gentilis (Figs 8A, 10A, 19A). Epigynum characterized by the presence of a transverse ridge delimiting anterior and posterior sectors; posterior sector with a pair of rounded plates (inconspicuous in C. lumumba sp. nov.); two copulatory openings located posteriorly (Figs 4C, 14A, C, 16D, 19C); CD distinct between primary and secondary spermathecae; ventral sector of CD (distal to ST2 insertion) long, generally thick (narrow in C. gentilis). Secondary spermathecae generally placed anteriorly to the level of the anterior curve of the ventral sector of CD (posteriorly in C. myene sp. nov. and C. teke sp. nov.), commonly tapering (globose in C. arboreus sp. nov.); dorsal sector of CD (between ST1 and ST2, proximal to ST2 insertion) wide, generally S-shaped (nearly straight in C. arboreous sp. nov. and folded ventrally in C. myene sp. nov. and C. teke sp. nov.). ST1 appendiciform, posteriorly positioned, generally smaller than ST2. Fertilization ducts large in relation to ST1 size (Figs 4D, 5C, D, 8D, 14B, D, 16E). Distribution. West and Central Africa. Misplaced species. The three species presently included in Carteronius other than the type species belong to the genus Donuea (recently transferred to Corinnidae). They share with described representatives of the genus (the type species D. decorsei (Simon, 1903) and D. collustrata Bosselaers & Dierick, 2010 the large, highly modified median apophysis and the long, filiform embolus in the male palp (Fig. 1B–D), or the flat epigynal plate with a long, narrow atrium with anchoring lateral ridges that may be present in all representatives of that genus. - Carteronius argenticomus (Keyserling, 1877) = Donuea argenticoma (Keyserling, 1877) comb. nov. - Carteronius vittiger Simon, 1896 = Donuea vittiger (Simon, 1896) comb. nov. - Carteronius fuscus Simon, 1896 = Donuea fusca (Simon, 1896) comb. nov. Key to Carteronius species 1 Males (those of C. teke sp. nov., C. myene sp. nov. and C. simoni sp. nov. unknown)................................ 2 - Females (those of C. ashanti sp. nov. unknown)............................................................. 7 2(1) Chelicerae with anterior surface or teeth modified (Figs 2A, 16A); retrolateral apical tegular process absent (Figs 4A, 16B). 3 - Chelicerae unmodified, anterior surface and teeth unmodified; retrolateral apical tegular process present (Figs 8A, 10A)... 4 3(2) Chelicerae with frontal anterior excavation, teeth unmodified (Fig. 2A); proximal half of embolus relatively broad (Fig. 4A)................................................................................... C. sudanus comb. nov. - Chelicerae without frontal anterior excavation, retromarginal proximal tooth modified into a large keel (Fig. 16A); proximal half of embolus relatively narrow (Fig. 16B)................................................ C. lumumba sp. nov. 4(2) Apical third of embolus with a retrolaterally-directed process interlocking tegular edge (Figs 8A, 10A)................. 5 - Apical third of embolus without such a process (Fig. 19A).................................... C. gentilis comb. nov. 5(4) Median and dorsal lobes of RTA sharing the same base (Fig. 8B); embolar apices wide, sub-apical embolar process large (Fig. 8A)................................................................................. C. arboreus sp. nov. - Median and dorsal lobes of RTA completely separated at base (Fig. 10B); embolar apices not enlarged; sub-apical embolar process small (Fig. 10A).................................................................. C. ashanti sp. nov. 7(1) Transversal ridge of epigynum strongly recurved (Figs. 4C, 8C)................................................ 8 - Transversal ridge otherwise (Figs 14A, C, 16D)............................................................. 9 8(7) Lateral plates of posterior sector not sclerotized (Fig. 4C).................................... C. sudanus comb. nov. - Lateral plates of posterior sector sclerotized (Fig. 8C)......................................... C. arboreus sp. nov. 9(7) Lateral plates of posterior sector inconspicuous; central septum not rebordered laterally (Figs 16D, 17C)............... 10 - Lateral plates of posterior sector well defined, central septum of posterior sector rebordered laterally (Figs 14A, C)...... 11 10(9) Copulatory duct convergent in ventral view (Fig. 16D)........................................ C. lumumba sp. nov. - Copulatory duct divergent in ventral view (Fig. 17C)............................................ C. simoni sp. nov. 11(9) Epigynal transversal ridge gently recurved (Figs 14A, 19).................................................... 12 - Epigynal transversal ridge straight (Fig. 14C).................................................... C. teke sp. nov. 12(11) Posterior sector relatively small, nearly one quarter as long as the anterior sector; spermathecae visible by transparency in anterior sector (Fig. 19C).............................................................. C. gentilis comb. nov. - Posterior sector relatively large, nearly half as long as the anterior sector; spermathecae barely visible by transparency in anterior sector (Fig. 14A).................................................................. C. myene sp. nov., Published as part of Eb. Bonaldo, Ramírez, Martín J., Om. Labarque, Shimano, Yulie, Silva-Junior, Cláudio J. & Haddad, Charles R., 2022, Switching identities: a revision of the Afrotropical spider genus Carteronius Simon 1897 (Araneae, Corinnidae), senior synonym of Mandaneta Strand, 1932, with a new genus of the Pronophaea group, pp. 343-373 in Zootaxa 5205 (4) on pages 345-348, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5205.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7307035, {"references":["Karsch, F. (1880) Arachnologische Blatter (Decas I). Zeitschrift fur die gesammten Naturwissenschaft, 53, 373 - 409.","Kinberg, J. G. H. (1866) Annulata Nova. Continuatio. [various errantia & sedentaria]. Ofversigt af Koniglich Vetenskapsakademiens forhandlingar, Stockholm, 22 (4), 239 - 258.","Simon, E. (1897) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Tome Second. Deuxieme Edition. Roret, Paris, 192 pp.","Simon, E. (1896) Descriptions d'arachnides nouveaux de la famille des Clubionidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 40 (9), 400 - 422. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 2026","Strand, E. (1932) Miscellanea nomenclatorica zoologica et palaeontologica, III, IV. Folia Zoologica et Hydrobiologica, 4, 133 - 147 + 193 - 196.","Keyserling, E. (1877) Einige Spinnen von Madagascar. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 27, 85 - 96.","Simon, E. (1903) Descriptions d'arachnides nouveaux de Madagascar, faisant partie des collections du Museum. Bulletin du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, 9, 133 - 140.","Bosselaers, J., Dierick, M., Cnudde, V., Masschaele, B., Hoorebeke, L. van & Jacobs, P. (2010) High-resolution X-ray computer tomography of an extant new Donuea (Araneae: Liocranidae) species in Madagascan copal. Zootaxa, 2427 (1), 25 - 35. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2427.1.3"]}

Bunyoronius femoralis Bonaldo, Ramírez & Haddad sp. nov. Figs 20–23; Map 1 Types. ♂ holotype from Budongo Forest, 01°45’N, 31°25’E, 1200 m.a.s.l., UGANDA, 15-25.I.1997, leg. T. Wagner (collected by fogging in Rinorea beniensis, swamp forest), 1♂ (ZMFK Ar-23935). Paratypes: same locality and collector as the holotype, all collected by fogging in Rinorea beniensis; 11-20.VII.1995 (secondary forest), 1♂ (ZMFK Ar-23936); 11-20.VII.1995 (secondary forest) 1♂, 1♀ (ZMFK Ar-23937); 19-30.vi.1995 (primary forest), 1♂ (ZMFK Ar-23938); 21-31.VII.1995 (swamp forest), 2♂ (ZMFK Ar-23939); 5-15.I.1997 (swamp forest), 1♂ (ZMFK Ar-23940); 15-25.I.1997 (secondary forest), 1♂, (ZMFK Ar-23941). Etymology. The specific name is a Latin adjective highlighting the large male palpal apical retrolateral femoral apophysis. Diagnosis. As for the genus. Description. Male (Holotype). Measurements: Total length 7.37, CL 3.63, CW 3.10, AL 3.73, AW 2.56, SL 1.64, SW 1.59. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.27, ALE 0.14, PLE 0.14, PME 0.18, AME-AME 0.22, AME-ALE 0.21, ALE-ALE 1.14, PME-PME 0.38, PME-PLE 0.42, PLE-PLE 1.56. Length of leg segments: I 2.79 +1.04+2.98+2.30+1.26=13.35; II 2.91+1.01+2.96+2.32+1.23=10.43; III 2.08+0.86+1.64+1.74+0.79=7.11; IV 2.36 +0.88+2.17+2.39+0.84=8.86. Chelicerae: promargin with three teeth; retromargin with two teeth, proximal twice as large as the distal. Leg spination: I do 0-0-1-0 pl 0-0-1-0, II do 0-0-1-0, III do 0-1-0-1, IV do 0-1-0-2; tibiae: I ve 2-2-2-2-2-2-2, II ve 2-2-2-2-2-2, III pl 0-1-0-0 rl 0-0-1-0 ve 0-1-1-0, IV pl 0-1-0-1 rl 1-1-0-1 ve 1-0-0-1; metatarsi: I ve 2-2, II ve 2-2, III do 0-2-0-0 ve 2-2, IV pl 0-1-0-0 rl 1-0-1-0 ve 0-1-0-0. Coloration: Carapace, chelicerae, endites, labium and sternum reddish-brown (Fig. 20B). Legs yellowish, with femora I and II reddish-brown. Abdomen pale, with gray spots forming folicular shape in posterior region (Fig. 20A). Palp: Retrolateral apical femoral apophysis present, bifid; retrolateral tibial apophysis complex, with three lobes, ventral lobe with apical spurn; apical spur flat, smaller than ventral lobe, medial lobe very small, pointed; ventral lobe sub-rectangular, distally excavated; cymbium densely covered in setae, with dense dorso-apical cluster of short setae, forming conspicuous cymbial scopula (Fig. 23E); median apophysis absent, insertion area vestigial, represented by small unsclerotized window; sperm duct with two long loops, one retrolateral, directed proximally, and one ventral, directed distally; retrolateral apical tegular process absent. Conductor lamelliform, inserted retro-apically. Embolus wide, robust, not tapering distally, with apical sclerotized projection (Figs 22 A-C, 23). Female (ZMB Ar-23937). Measurements: Total length 6.92, CL 3.34, CW 3.02, AL 3.63, AW 2.62, SL 1.65, SW 1.57. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.24, ALE 0.14, PLE 0.13, PME 0.17, AME-AME 0.21, AME-ALE 0.21, ALE-ALE 1.10, PME-PME 0.39, PME-PLE 0.39, PLE-PLE 1.49. Length of leg segments: I 2.98+1.10+2.93+ 2.09+1.17=10.80; II 3.04+1.04+2.81+2.21+1.21=10.31; III 2.20+?+?+?+?=?; IV 2.52+0.82+2.20+2.35+0.95=8.84. Chelicerae: promargin with three teeth; retromargin with two teeth, proximal twice as large as distal. Leg spination: femora: I do 0-1-0 pl 0-1-0, II do 0-1-0, III do 0-1-0-1, IV do 0-1-0-1; tibiae: I ve 2-2-2-2-2-2-2, II ve 2-2-2-2-2-2, III broken, IV ve 1-0-0 rl 0-1-0-0; metatarsi: I ve 2-2, II ve 2-2, III broken, IV ve 1-1-1-0-0 do 0-2-0-2. Coloration: carapace, chelicerae, endites, labium and sternum reddish-brown (Fig. 20D). Legs yellowish, with femora I and II reddish-brown. Abdomen pale, with irregular gray spots (Fig. 20C). Epigynum with two lateral curved ridges, forming median atrium. Two copulatory openings located anteriorly; CDv short, obliquely inserted; ST2 globous, smaller than ST1, anteriorly positioned; CDd large and convoluted; ST1 reniform, FD long and robust (Fig. 22D, E). Other material examined. RWANDA: Ibanda Makera, Rusumo, 02°09’S, 30°55’E, 1350 m.a.s.l., X.1995, T. Wagner leg. (Fogging Teclea nobilis, gallery forest), 1♂ (ZMFK Ar-23942). CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: Prefecture Sangha-Mbaér, Parc National Dzanga-Ndoki, 37.9 km 169 S of Lidjombo, 02°22’14N, 16°10’21E, 360 m. a.s.l., 20–28. V.2001, B.L. Fisher leg. (rainforest, beating low vegetation), 2 imm. 1♀ (CAS, CASENT 9033197)., Published as part of Eb. Bonaldo, Ramírez, Martín J., Om. Labarque, Shimano, Yulie, Silva-Junior, Cláudio J. & Haddad, Charles R., 2022, Switching identities: a revision of the Afrotropical spider genus Carteronius Simon 1897 (Araneae, Corinnidae), senior synonym of Mandaneta Strand, 1932, with a new genus of the Pronophaea group, pp. 343-373 in Zootaxa 5205 (4) on pages 368-371, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5205.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7307035

Genus Afrodrassex gen. nov. Type species. Afrodrassex balrog sp. nov. Etymology. The genus name is a contraction referring to the currently known distribution in the Afrotropical Region, and Leptodrassex, to which it is related. Gender masculine. Diagnosis. Afrodrassex gen. nov. can be distinguished from all other Leptodrassinae by the distinctive genitalic structure: females have very long copulatory ducts running around the periphery of the epigyne before entering the spermathecae posteriorly (Figs 34, 39), while the male palps have a large curved anterior tegular process, lack a median apophysis, and have a long embolus associated with a large membranous conductor (Figs 36–38, 41–43). Description. Small pale spiders (Figs 1, 2, 7–10), females 2.23–3.20 mm and males 1.85–2.75 mm in length; carapace creamy-white to yellow; carapace oval, eye region narrow, broadest between coxae II and III, without fovea (Fig. 11); posterior margin straight or slightly concave; carapace gradually elevated from eye region, highest at 3/4 its length, with steep posterior slope; carapace smooth and matte, densely covered in feathery setae, with long straight setae in eye region (Figs 11–14). All eyes surrounded by black rings, pigment continuous between anterior eyes (Figs 7–10); AER procurved in anterior view, slightly recurved in dorsal view (Figs 12–14); clypeus height slightly larger than AME diameter; AME largest, separated by approximately 1/2 their diameter, separated from ALE by 1/8 ALE diameter; PER strongly procurved in dorsal view (Figs 13, 14); PME oval and flattened, PLE round, PME slightly larger than PLE; PME separated from each other and from PLE by distance between 1/2 to equal to their diameter; ALE and PLE almost touching (Figs 13, 14); MOQ narrower posteriorly than anteriorly, anterior width slightly larger than MOQ length. Cheliceral dentition: promargin with three teeth, usually middle tooth largest, distal tooth smallest, a tiny denticle; retromargin with two subequal teeth, larger than promarginal teeth; endites with slightly depressed lateral margins, distal margins rounded, with distinct serrula and maxillar hair tuft; labium trapezoid, rounded anteriorly, slightly longer than wide. Pleural bars weakly sclerotised, isolated; sternum oval, approximately 1¼ times longer than broad, broadest at coxa II, surface smooth, sparsely covered in straight setae; precoxal triangles present, intercoxal sclerites present between all coxal pairs. Abdomen oval, as broad as or slightly broader than carapace, dorsal scutum absent in both sexes (Figs 7–10); dorsum with single pair of sigilla, usually indistinct; dorsum and sides densely covered in feathery setae, with scattered fine plumose setae (Figs 15, 16), venter only with fine plumose setae (Fig. 16). Spinnerets (only observed in A. balrog sp. nov.; spinnerets of male partly retracted and obscured by silk threads): ALS of female with two major ampullate gland spigots anteriorly, two large piriform gland spigots mesally, two slender modified piriform gland spigots lateral to anterior piriform gland spigot, and two tartipores posteriorly (Fig. 17); PMS of female with two large minor ampullate gland spigots mesally, one small cylindrical gland spigot posteriorly, one tartipore, and five small aciniform gland spigots peripherally (Fig. 18); PLS of female (partly retracted) with only one small minor ampullate gland spigot anteriorly, one large cylindrical gland spigot mesally, and three aciniform gland spigots posteriorly (Fig. 19); ALS of male with only two large piriform gland spigots distinguishable (Fig. 20); PMS of male with only one posterior minor ampullate gland spigot and three peripheral aciniform gland spigots distinguishable (Fig. 21); PLS of male with single large anterior minor ampullate gland spigot and two aciniform gland spigots distinguishable (Fig. 22). Leg formula 4123 or 4213; legs densely covered in feathery setae, with scattered straight plumose setae between them, feathery setae sparse on tarsi; patellae with narrow indentation and small lyriform organ on retrolateral side, with single proximal and distal erect long seta dorsally on patellae III and IV that are usually missing, presumably easily damaged and lost during preservation; metatarsi with well-developed dorsal stopper distally; tarsi with sparse chemosensory setae, two pairs of dorsal trichobothria, oval tarsal organ and dense claw tufts (Figs 23–26); tarsal claws with at least three small ventral teeth (Fig. 26). Female epigyne with shallow paired ovoid atria, separated by median septum (Figs 27, 34, 39), with atria frequently filled with secretory plugs; internally with extremely lengthened copulatory ducts, with spermathecae posteromedially positioned, with posteriorly-directed fertilization ducts. Male palpal femur and patella without apophyses, except A. catharinae sp. nov., with a small ventral patellar denticle (Figs 41, 43); palpal patella with retrolateral lyriform organ (Fig. 31); palpal tibia with retrolateral apophysis singular, variable in shape (Figs 29, 38, 41, 43); cymbium narrower than tegulum, with dense setae distally on dorsal surface (Fig. 28); tegulum generally ovoid, with slender embolus originating proximally or prolaterally; embolus free of subtegulum, associated basally with large membranous conductor; embolus extending towards or around distal end of tegulum, closely associated with prolateral groove in cymbium (Fig. 30) and conductor (Fig. 31), and at its distal end with deep groove in apical tegular process (Figs 30–33, 36–38, 41–43); median apophysis absent., Published as part of Haddad, Charles R. & Booysen, Ruan, 2022, The ground spider genera Leptodrassex Murphy, 2007 and Leptopilos Levy, 2009 (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) in southern Africa, including the description of a new genus and seven new species, pp. 1-32 in Zootaxa 5194 (1) on pages 3-4, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7141932

Genus Leptodrassex Murphy, 2007 Type species. Leptodrassus simoni Dalmas, 1919, by original designation. Diagnosis. Leptodrassex was defined by Murphy (2007) as a group of small, pale spiders usually 2–4 mm in length, with small teeth on the chelicerae (2–4 promarginal and 2 or 3 retromarginal teeth), with males lacking a dorsal scutum and the AME larger than the other eyes. The two new species described in this paper are very consistent in the presence of all of these characters, but the genitalic morphology differs slightly from the three currently known species from the Mediterranean, being more similar to the undescribed species from Kenya that Murphy (2007) included in his book. Leptodrassex can be separated from Leptodrassus by the cheliceral dentition, with the latter having two large angular translucent teeth on the promargin and four or five small conical teeth on the retromargin (Murphy 2007). It can be distinguished from Leptopilos by the genitalic structure, with females of the latter having an epigyne with an anterior hood and males having a palp with several laminae (Levy 2009). It can be separated from Neodrassex by the female genitalic structure, with the latter possessing a large, divided atrium and paired posterior epigynal processes (Ott 2012, 2013), which are lacking in Leptodrassex. Lastly, it differs from Afrodrassex gen. nov. by the shorter embolus and presence of a median apophysis, and the short copulatory ducts of females. Description. Small pale spiders (Figs 3, 4, 45–47), females 1.80–3.60 mm and males 1.65–2.80 mm in length; carapace creamy-white to yellow; carapace oval, eye region narrow, broadest between coxae II and III, without fovea; posterior margin straight or slightly concave; carapace gradually elevated from eye region, highest at 3/4 its length, with steep posterior slope; carapace smooth and matte, densely covered in feathery setae, with long straight setae in eye region. All eyes surrounded by black rings, pigment continuous between anterior eyes (Figs 45–47); AER procurved in anterior view, slightly recurved in dorsal view; clypeus height slightly larger than AME diameter; AME largest, separated by approximately 1/2 to 3/4 their diameter, separated from ALE by 1/8 ALE diameter; PER strongly procurved in dorsal view; PME oval and flattened, PLE round, PME approximately 3/4 times PLE diameter; PME separated from each other and from PLE by distance between 1/2 to equal to their diameter; ALE and PLE almost touching; MOQ narrower anteriorly than posteriorly, anterior width slightly larger than MOQ length. Cheliceral dentition (southern African species): promargin with three teeth, usually middle tooth largest, distal tooth smallest, a tiny denticle; promargin with escort seta and rake setae (Fig. 48); retromargin with two or three subequal teeth and retromarginal escort seta (Fig. 49); endites with slightly depressed lateral margins, distal margins rounded, with distinct serrula and maxillar hair tuft (Fig. 50); serrula teeth with undulating sides (Fig. 51); labium trapezoid, slightly longer than wide, with rounded anterior margin. Pleural bars weakly sclerotised, isolated; sternum oval, approximately 1¼ times longer than broad, broadest at coxa II, surface smooth, sparsely covered in straight setae; precoxal triangles present, intercoxal sclerites present between all coxal pairs.Abdomen oval, as broad as or slightly broader than carapace, dorsal scutum absent in both sexes (Figs 45–47); dorsum with single pair of sigilla, usually indistinct; dorsum and sides densely covered in feathery setae (Fig. 52), with scattered fine plumose setae, venter only with fine plumose setae (Fig. 53). Spinnerets (only observed in L. murphyi sp. nov.): ALS of female with two major ampullate gland spigots anteromesally, two large piriform gland spigots mesally, and three adjacent slender modified piriform gland spigots (Fig. 54); PMS of female with two large minor ampullate gland spigots mesally, one small cylindrical gland spigot posteriorly, one tartipore, and several small aciniform gland spigots peripherally (Fig. 55); PLS of female with only one large cylindrical gland spigot medially, two small minor ampullate gland spigots anteriorly, and six aciniform gland spigots peripherally (Fig. 56); ALS of male with two small major ampullate gland spigots anteromesally, two large piriform gland spigots medially, two slender modified piriform gland spigots adjacent to the anterior piriform gland spigot, and posterior nubbin (Fig. 57); PMS of male with two medial minor ampullate gland spigots, two tartipores, and several peripheral aciniform gland spigots (Fig. 58); PLS of male with single large minor ampullate gland spigot, one anterior tartipore, one posterior nubbin, and five peripheral aciniform gland spigots (Fig. 59). Leg formula 4213; legs densely covered in feathery setae, with scattered straight plumose setae between them, feathery setae sparse on tarsi (Figs 63–67); femora with distal retrolateral lyriform organ (Figs 60, 61); patellae with narrow indentation and lyriform organ on retrolateral side (Figs 62–64), with single proximal and distal erect long seta dorsally on patellae III and IV, sometimes lost during preservation; metatarsi with well-developed dorsal stopper distally (Fig. 66); tarsi with sparse chemosensory setae, two pairs of dorsal trichobothria, followed by single median trichobothrium, oval tarsal organ, and dense claw tufts (Figs 67–70); tarsal claws with three small ventral teeth (Fig. 70). Female epigyne with shallow paired ovoid atria, separated by narrow median septum, with atria frequently filled with secretory plugs (Figs 71–73); internal structure with short copulatory ducts, with spermathecae laterally positioned, with mesally-directed fertilization ducts. Male palpal femur and patella without apophyses, palpal patella with retrolateral lyriform organ (Figs 74, 75); palpal tibia with small prolateral and dorsal apophyses (Fig. 76) and dorsal and ventral retrolateral apophyses (Figs 76–78); cymbium pear-shaped, with dense setae distally on dorsal surface; tegulum generally ovoid, with very slender embolus originating proximally, entering groove in large membranous prolateral subtegulum, leading embolus to large prolateral distal apical tegular process with fine groove (Figs 76–79); retrolateral tegular process shorter, slightly curved (Fig. 77); median apophysis present in Palaearctic species and L. murphyi sp. nov., hook- (e.g. Murphy 2007: fig. 513) or spike-like (Figs 76–78)., Published as part of Haddad, Charles R. & Booysen, Ruan, 2022, The ground spider genera Leptodrassex Murphy, 2007 and Leptopilos Levy, 2009 (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) in southern Africa, including the description of a new genus and seven new species, pp. 1-32 in Zootaxa 5194 (1) on pages 11-12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7141932, {"references":["Murphy, J. (2007) s. n. In: Gnaphosid genera of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. British Arachnological Society, St Neots, Cambridgeshire, pp. i - xii + 1 - 92 & pp. i - ii + 93 - 605.","Dalmas, R. de (1919) Catalogue des araignees du genre Leptodrassus (Gnaphosidae) d'apres les materiaux de la collection E. Simon au Museum d'Histoire naturelle. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 25, 243 - 250.","Levy, G. (2009) New ground-spider genera and species with annexed checklist of the Gnaphosidae (Araneae) of Israel. Zootaxa, 2066, 1 - 49. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2066.1.1","Ott, R. (2012) Neodrassex, a new genus of the Leptodrassex group (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) from South America. Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 102, 343 - 350. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0073 - 47212012000300015","Ott, R. (2013) Three new species of Neodrassex (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) from Brazil. Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 103, 381 - 387. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0073 - 47212013000400008"]}

Afrodrassex balrog sp. nov. Figures 1, 2, 7, 8, 11–38 Type material. Holotype ♀: SOUTH AFRICA: Free State: Bloemfontein, Langenhoven Park, 29°05.105’S, 26°09.563’E, 1420 m a.s.l., 9.III.2015, leg. C. Haddad (on walls of house at night) (NCA 2014/1936). Paratypes: Same data as holotype but 26.I.2015, 1♂ (NCA 2014/1939); Same data as holotype but 18.X.2020, 3♀ (NCA 2020/703). SOUTH AFRICA: Northern Cape: Richtersveld National Park, Sendelingsdrift, 28°07.805’S, 16°53.503’E, 9.X.2015, leg. P.J. Goede (home on wood), 1♀ (NCA 2016/3487); Rooipoort Nature Reserve, 28°38.220’S, 24°16.800’E, 23.III.2013, leg. M. Stiller (canopy fogging, Acacia tortilis), 1♀ (NCA 2015/4269). Limpopo: Little Leigh, 22°56.518’S, 29°52.735’E, 21.III.2006, leg. F. Maanda (Kirkia wilmsi, above knee searching), 1♀ (NCA 2009/719). Etymology. The species name is a noun in apposition of the fictional character referred to as the “Balrog”, a demon from the Lord of the Rings trilogy by author J.R.R. Tolkien. In Peter Jackson’s movies based on the books, the Balrog is depicted as wielding a long whip of fire, reminiscent of the very long embolus of this species. Diagnosis. Afrodrassex balrog sp. nov. females can be distinguished from A. catharinae sp. nov. by the small copulatory openings and transversely oval spermathecae (Figs 27, 34, 35) compared to the large copulatory openings and globular spermathecae in A. catharinae sp. nov. (Figs 39, 40), and males by the single elongate spike-like retrolateral tibial apophysis in retrolateral view (Figs 29, 38) compared to the small sharp tooth-like apophysis of A. catharinae sp. nov. (Figs 41, 43). Description. Female (holotype, NCA 2014/1936). Colouration (Fig. 7): carapace and chelicerae creamyyellow; endites and labium cream, labium slightly darker; sternum cream, margins brown; femora cream, remaining segments creamy-yellow. Abdomen cream dorsally and ventrally, with grey mottling on dorsum posteriorly above spinnerets. Measurements: CL 1.11, CW 0.90, AL 1.49, AW 1.16, TL 2.73. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.11, ALE 0.08 PME 0.08, PLE 0.07, AME–AME 0.04, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.08, PME–PLE 0.04, ALE–PLE 0.01. Leg measurements: I 0.71, 0.35, 0.56, 0.51, 0.38 = 2.51; II 0.76, 0.38, 0.44, 0.52, 0.24 = 2.34; III 0.62, 0.33, 0.44, 0.41, 0.24 = 2.04; IV 1.02, 0.41, 0.73, 0.87, 0.30 = 3.33. Leg spination: femora: I do 2, II do 1, III do 1 rl 1, IV do 2 rl 1; patellae: spineless; tibiae: I plv 2 rlv 2, II plv 1 rlv 2, III pl 2 rl 1 plv 1, IV pl 2 rl 2 plv 1 vt 2; metatarsi: I plv 1 rlv 1, II plv 1-2 rlv 1, III pl 3 rl 1 plv 1 rlv 1 vt 3, IV pl 3 rl 2 plv 1 vt 3; palp: femur do 1, patella spineless, tibia pl 2 plv 1, tarsus pl 2 rl 1 plv 2 rlv 1. Epigyne with large figure-6-shaped ridges, coursing around periphery of epigynal plate, with tiny copulatory openings originating centrally at start of ridges (Figs 27, 34); copulatory ducts narrow, following path of external ridges, on lateral sides continuing posteriorly, looping mesally before entering transverse oval spermathecae on their lateral margins; fertilization ducts on posterior margin of spermathecae, directed posterolaterally (Fig. 35). Male (paratype, NCA 2014/1939). Colouration (Fig. 8): similar to female, but grey mottling dorsally on abdominal posterior extending to middle. Measurements: CL 0.97, CW 0.81, AL 0.95, AW 0.63, TL 1.85. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.10, ALE 0.07, PME 0.08, PLE 0.06, AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.07, PME–PLE 0.05, ALE–PLE 0.01. Leg measurements: I 0.76, 0.33, 0.62, 0.52, 0.38 = 2.61; II 0.78, 0.35, 0.65, 0.60, 0.40 = 2.78; III 0.67, 0.32, 0.43, 0.51, 0.27 = 2.20; IV 0.98, 0.38, 0.71, 0.86, 0.30 = 3.23. Leg spination: femora: I do 1, II do 1, III do 1, IV do 2 rl 1; patellae spineless; tibiae: I rlv 1, II spineless, III pl 1 rl 1 plv 1, IV pl 1 rl 2 plv 1 vt 2; metatarsi: I plv 1 rlv 1, II plv 1 rlv 1, III pl 2 rl 2 plv 1 rlv 1 vt 3, IV pl 3 rl 2 plv 1 vt 3; palp: spineless. Palp: tibia broader than long, partly obscured by tegulum and membranous conductor, with elongate, slightly curved spike-like retrolateral apophysis (Figs 29, 38); tegulum largely obscured by massive bean-shaped membranous conductor; embolus long and very slender, originating prolaterally, looping proximally, then dorsally and distally above cymbium, with tip looping around ventral aspect of cymbium (Figs 30–33, 36–38); apical tegular process large, bending towards retrolateral side of palp, with split tip and deep groove along distal margin (Fig. 33); median apophysis absent. Additional material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Free State: Bloemfontein, Langenhoven Park, 29°05.105’S, 26°09.563’E, 1420 m a.s.l., 3.X.2020, leg. C. Haddad (on ceiling at night), 1♂ (S.E.M. preparations); Same locality, 29°05.384’S, 26°09.392’E, 23.VII.2020, leg. R. Booysen (in garden on plants at night), 1 imm. 1 subadult ♂ 1♀ (S.E.M. preparations). ANGOLA: Malanje: Malange [09°32’S, 16°20’E], 11.IX.1949, leg. B. Malkin, 1 imm. 1♀ (CAS, CASENT 9058549). Variation. Total length: females 2.23–3.10 (average 2.71, n = 6); males: only the single paratype described. Habitat and biology. All seven examined females (including the S.E.M. specimen, epigyne cleared) had plugged epigynes (Fig. 27). This species has been recorded from three biomes (desert, grassland and savanna), although the majority of the specimens were collected inside houses and gardens in central South Africa, where they were active at night. Distribution. Widely distributed in South Africa, but only known from four localities (Fig. 44). The precise locality of the specimen from Angola is unclear, as coordinates are missing from the specimen label. According to the global gazetteer, there are three towns in Angola called Malange: one in the Kwanza Sul Region (09°57’S, 14°55’E), one in the Lunda Norte Region (08°05’S, 19°00’E), and one in the Malanje Region (09°32’S, 16°20’E). Considering the similarity in the town name and that of the latter region, we have plotted the latter co-ordinates on the distribution map (Fig. 44)., Published as part of Haddad, Charles R. & Booysen, Ruan, 2022, The ground spider genera Leptodrassex Murphy, 2007 and Leptopilos Levy, 2009 (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) in southern Africa, including the description of a new genus and seven new species, pp. 1-32 in Zootaxa 5194 (1) on pages 7-9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7141932

Genus Leptopilos Levy, 2009 Type species. Drassus tenerrimus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872, by original designation. Diagnosis. Leptopilos can be recognised from other Leptodrassinae by the presence of an anterior median hood in the female epigyne, and a male palp armed with closely grouped, often pointed distal laminae (tegular processes), and a single retrolateral tibial apophysis (Levy 2009). Description. Small pale spiders (Figs 5, 6, 87–92), females 2.15–3.80 mm and males 1.77–2.98 mm in length; carapace creamy-white to yellow; carapace oval, eye region narrow, broadest between coxae II and III, without fovea (Fig. 93); posterior margin slightly concave; carapace gradually elevated from eye region, highest at approximately 3/4 its length, with steep posterior slope; carapace smooth and matte, densely covered in feathery setae (Figs 93, 94), with long straight setae in eye region. All eyes surrounded by black rings, pigment continuous between anterior eyes (Figs 87–92); AER procurved in anterior view, slightly recurved in dorsal view (Fig. 94); clypeus height slightly larger than AME diameter; AME largest, separated by approximately 1/2 their diameter, separated from ALE by 1/8 ALE diameter; PER strongly procurved in dorsal view (Fig. 94); PME oval and flattened, PLE round, PME slightly larger than PLE; PME separated from each other by approximately 3/4 their diameter, from PLE by approximately 1/2 PME diameter; ALE and PLE almost touching (Fig. 94); MOQ slightly narrower posteriorly than anteriorly, anterior width slightly larger than MOQ length. Chelicerae: with promarginal escort seta and rake setae, and single retromarginal escort seta (Fig. 96); cheliceral dentition (southern African species): promargin with one tooth; retromargin with two teeth, proximal tooth larger than distal (Figs 97, 98); endites with slightly depressed lateral margins, distal margins rounded, with distinct serrula and maxillar hair tuft; serrula teeth with weakly undulating lateral margins (Fig. 99); labium trapezoid, slightly longer than wide, with rounded anterior margin. Pleural bars weakly sclerotised, isolated; sternum shield-shaped, approximately 1¼ times longer than broad, broadest at coxa II, surface smooth, sparsely covered in straight setae (Fig. 100); precoxal triangles present, intercoxal sclerites present between all coxal pairs. Abdomen oval, slightly broader than carapace, dorsal scutum absent in both sexes (Figs 87–92); dorsum with single pair of indistinct sigilla; dorsum and sides densely covered in feathery setae, with scattered fine plumose setae (Fig. 101), venter only with fine plumose setae. Spinnerets (only observed in L. digitus sp. nov.): ALS of female with two major ampullate gland spigots anteriorly, two large piriform gland spigots mesally, and two slender modified piriform gland spigots, one anterior and one posterior to anterior piriform gland spigot (Fig. 102); PMS of female with two large minor ampullate gland spigots mesally, two small cylindrical gland spigots posteriorly, single mesal tartipore, and eight small aciniform gland spigots peripherally (Fig. 103); PLS of female with two small minor ampullate gland spigots anteriorly, one large cylindrical gland spigot mesally, single mesal nubbin, and nine aciniform gland spigots peripherally (Fig. 104); ALS of male with one large major ampullate gland spigot with adjacent nubbin anteromesally, one large piriform gland spigot mesally, and three slender modified piriform gland spigots, two anterior and one posterior to anterior piriform gland spigot (Fig. 105); PMS of male with one posterior minor ampullate gland spigot, one tartipore and nubbin anterior to it, one posterior tartipore, and seven peripheral aciniform gland spigots (Fig. 106); PLS of male with single large anterior minor ampullate gland spigot, one posterior nubbin, and five aciniform gland spigots peripherally (Fig. 107). Leg formula 4123; legs densely covered in feathery setae, with scattered straight plumose setae between them, feathery setae sparse on tarsi (Figs 108–110); patellae with narrow indentation and lyriform organ on retrolateral side (Figs 108, 109), with single distal erect long seta dorsally on all patellae; metatarsi with well-developed dorsal stopper distally (Fig. 110); tarsi with sparse chemosensory setae, three pro- and retrolateral dorsal trichobothria in alternating arrangement, oval tarsal organ and dense claw tufts (Figs 110–113); tarsal claws with three ventral teeth (Fig. 113). Female epigyne with median anterior hood (Figs 121, 131) or pair of anterior ridges (Fig. 126), with atria frequently filled with secretory plugs (Fig. 114); internally with short copulatory ducts, initially directed laterally, then looping anteriorly and mesally, entering teardrop-shaped spermathecae anteriorly, with posteriorly-directed fertilization ducts. Male palpal femur and patella without apophyses; palpal patella with retrolateral lyriform organ (Fig. 117); palpal tibia with single retrolateral apophysis (Figs 115, 116, 118); cymbium ovoid, with dense setae distally on dorsal surface (Fig. 115); tegulum generally ovoid, with very slender embolus originating proximally, entering prolateral groove in subtegulum, leading embolus to distal apical tegular process, with embolus tip in narrow retrolateral groove (Figs 119, 120); retrolateral tegular process closely associated with apical tegular process (Figs 119, 124, 129, 134); median apophysis hook-like, originating retrolaterally (Fig. 119)., Published as part of Haddad, Charles R. & Booysen, Ruan, 2022, The ground spider genera Leptodrassex Murphy, 2007 and Leptopilos Levy, 2009 (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) in southern Africa, including the description of a new genus and seven new species, pp. 1-32 in Zootaxa 5194 (1) on page 19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7141932, {"references":["Levy, G. (2009) New ground-spider genera and species with annexed checklist of the Gnaphosidae (Araneae) of Israel. Zootaxa, 2066, 1 - 49. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2066.1.1"]}

Leptodrassex murphyi sp. nov. Figures 46–79, 82–86 Leptodrassex sp. Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020: figs 8H, 19A, 22C, 24B, 28B, 29B. Type material. Holotype ♀: SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve, Main Camp, 26°54.516’S, 32°18.861’E, 13.VI.2005, leg. C. Haddad (grass litter) (NCA 2005/969). Paratypes: Together with holotype, 1♂ (NCA 2005/969); MOZAMBIQUE: Gaza: Bilene, Praia do Bilene, 25°16’S, 33°18’E, 27 m a.s.l., 20.XII.2007, leg. C. Haddad, R. Lyle & R. Fourie (leaf litter, coastal forest), 1♀ (NMBA 11318). Inhambane: Bartholomew Dias Point, 21°16’S, 35°07’E, 5 m a.s.l., 10.XII.2007, leg. C. Haddad, R. Lyle & R. Fourie (leaf litter, mangroves), 3♂ 5♀ (NMBA 11244); Vilankulos, Casa Chibububo, 22°01’S, 35°19’E, 3 m a.s.l., 12.XII.2007, leg. C. Haddad, R. Lyle & R. Fourie (leaf litter, coastal bush), 1♂ (NMBA 11358). Maputo: Near Marracuene, Blue Anchor Inn, 25°35’S, 32°40’E, 50 m a.s.l., 28.XI.2007, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle (leaf litter, savanna), 1♂ 2♀ (NMBA 11414). SOUTH AFRICA: Free State: Bloemfontein, Shelleyvale-Rayton road, 29°04’S, 26°12’E, 21.V.2015, leg. C. Haddad & N. Jolintini (Sorghum bicolor tussocks), 2♂ (NCA 2015/2512); Luckhoff district, Farm Bankfontein, 30°04.980’S, 24°54.170’E, 22.I.2015, leg. C. Haddad (base of grass tussocks, wetland), 1♂ (NCA 2015/1651). Etymology. This species is named for the late John Murphy, who described the genus and included in his book an undescribed species from Kenya that closely resembles this species (Murphy 2007). Diagnosis. The female of this species most closely resembles that of L. capensis sp. nov., but can be recognised by the more strongly bent copulatory ducts and the larger copulatory openings (compare Figs 80 and 82). Males most closely resemble those of the undescribed Leptodrassex sp. 1 of Murphy (2007), but have a much shorter retrolateral tegular process and shorter dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis (compare Figs 84–86 with Murphy 2007: fig. 515). Description. Female (holotype, Ndumo, NCA 2005/969). Colouration (Fig. 46): carapace, endites and chelicerae creamy-yellow, sternum creamy-white, margins yellow-brown at coxae; femora creamy-white, remaining segments creamy-yellow. Abdomen creamy-white dorsally and ventrally. Measurements: CL 0.99, CW 0.83, AL 1.57, AW 0.67, TL 2.70. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.10, ALE 0.09, PME 0.07, PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.06, PME–PLE 0.04, ALE–PLE 0.01. Leg measurements: I 0.71, 0.35, 0.57, 0.48, 0.37 = 2.48; II 0.76, 0.37, 0.63, 0.53, 0.40 = 2.69; III 0.62, 0.33, 0.44, 0.41, 0.24 = 2.04; IV 1.01, 0.40, 0.79, 0.84, 0.25 = 3.29. Leg spination: femora: I and II spineless, III do 1 rl 1, IV do 1 rl 1; tibiae: I plv 2 rlv 2, II rlv 2, III pl 3 rl 2 plv 2, IV pl 2 rl 2 plv 1 vt 2; metatarsi: I plv 1 rlv 1, II plv 1 rlv 1, III pl 2 rl 1 plv 1 vt 3, IV pl 2 rl 2 plv 1 vt 3; palp: femur do 2, patella spineless, tibia pl 2 plv 1, tarsus pl 1 rl 1 plv 2 rlv 4 vt 2. Epigyne with recurved hemispherical ridges anteriorly, continuing along midline into posterior half, forming bean-shaped atria (Figs 71–73), narrowly separated by median septum; copulatory openings oblique, procurved, situated in anterior part of atria; copulatory ducts S-shaped, broad initially but narrowing quickly, initially directed posteriorly, curving laterally at midpoint, with sharp lateral bend before entering ovoid lateral spermathecae; fertilization ducts on posteromesal margin of spermathecae, directed mesally (Figs 82, 83). Male (paratype, Ndumo, NCA 2005/969). Colouration (Fig. 47): similar to female, slightly paler. Measurements: CL 0.86, CW 0.71, AL 1.08, AW 0.67, TL 1.98. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, ALE 0.05, PME 0.08, PLE 0.05, AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.03, PME–PLE 0.03, ALE–PLE 0.01. Leg measurements: I 0.68, 0.30, 0.56, 0.46, 0.34 = 2.34; II 0.71, 0.32, 0.58, 0.48, 0.36 = 2.45; III 0.59, 0.30, 0.40, 0.38, 0.24 = 1.91; IV 0.95, 0.35, 0.72, 0.76, 0.25 = 3.03. Leg spination: femora: I and II spineless, III do 1, IV do 1 rl 1; tibiae: I plv 2 rlv 2, II rlv 2, III pl 2 rl 1 plv 1, IV pl 2 rl 2 vt 2; metatarsi: I plv 1 rlv 1, II plv 1 rlv 1, III pl 2 rl 1 plv 1 vt 3, IV pl 2 rl 2 plv 1 vt 3; palp: femur do 2 plv 1-2, patella spineless, tibia plv 1, tarsus plv 2 rlv 2. Palp: tibia longer than broad, with small lobate prolateral apophysis, small dorsal apophysis, slightly larger ventral retrolateral apophysis, and slender ventrally curved dorsal tibial apophysis (Figs 76–78, 84–86); tegulum ovoid, with large curved apical tegular process, smaller spike-like retrolateral tegular process, and slender straight median apophysis (Figs 77, 85); fine laminate conductor hidden behind apical tegular process (Fig. 77); embolus very slender, originating proximally and entering groove in subtegulum, continuing along prolateral margin distally, before entering groove in apical tegular process (Figs 77–79). Additional material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Free State: Amanzi Private Game Reserve, 28°35.785’S, 26°26.335’E, 1–30.IX.2012, leg. V. Butler (pitfall traps, Vachellia karroo woodland), 1♀ (NCA 2013/3379); Same locality, Obstacle course, 28°35.994’S, 26°25.650’E, 30.XII.2020, leg. C. Haddad (base of grass tussocks), 2♂ 1♀ (S.E.M. preparations); Bloemfontein, Free State National Botanical Gardens, 29°02’S, 26°12’E, 8.VI.2015, leg. C. Haddad & N. Jolintini (Hyparrhenia hirta tussocks), 1♀ (NCA 2015/2521); Same locality, 21.V.2015, leg. C. Haddad & N. Jolintini (H. hirta tussocks), 2♂ (NCA 2015/2503); Brandfort, Florisbad Research Station, 28°46’S, 26°05’E, 21.XII.1987 – 5.I.1988, leg. L. Lotz (pitfalls), 1♀ (NMBA 8435); Gariep Dam Nature Reserve, 30°35’S, 25°32’E, 1340 m a.s.l., 10.IV.2017, leg. M. Morake & N. Tshabalala (sifting leaf litter, Nama Karoo veld), 1♀ (NCA 2019/896); Harrismith, Platberg Nature Reserve, 28°16.842’S, 29°12.024’E, 2040 m a.s.l., 13.XI.2015 – 26.I.2016, leg. C. Haddad, D. Fourie & Z. Mbo (pitfall traps, alpine grassland), 1♂ 3♀ (NCA 2015/2300); Sterkfontein Dam Nature Reserve, 28°24.925’S, 29°02.529’E, 1700 m a.s.l., 11.XI.2015, leg. C. Haddad (under rocks, shore of dam), 1♀ (NCA 2015/2125). Gauteng: Pretoria, Pretoria National Botanical Gardens, 25°44’S, 28°16’E, 6.X–24.XI.2007, leg. E. Kassimatis (pitfalls), 1♀ (NCA 2010/2262). KwaZulu-Natal: Enseleni Nature Reserve, 28°41.350’S, 31°59.900’E, 12.X.2020, leg. R. Booysen & R. Steenkamp (hand collecting, grass tussocks), 2♂ (NCA 2020/727); iSimangaliso Wetlands Park, Mission Rocks picnic site, 28°15.879’S, 32°28.922’E, 90 m a.s.l., 29.XI.2015, leg. C. Haddad (base of grass tussocks, coastal forest), 1♀ (NCA 2015/2257). Limpopo: Soutpansberg Mountains, Lajuma Mountain Retreat, 23°02.306’S, 29°26.633’E, 6.II.2008, leg. R. Lyle & R. Fourie (beats, Afromontane forest), 1♀ (NCA 2008/494). Northern Cape: Benfontein Nature Reserve, 28°49’S, 24°49’E, 4.I.2006, leg. R. Lyle (pitfalls, dry savanna), 1♀ (NCA 2006/1128); Kathu, Farm Pniel, 28°35.420’S, 24°31.967’E, 31.X.2005, leg. R. Lyle (pitfalls, dry savanna), 1♀ (NCA (2006/1093). Variation. Total length: females 1.80–3.10 (average 2.44, n = 22); males 1.65–2.28 (average 1.96, n = 11). Habitat and biology. Approximately 80% of the examined females had plugged epigynes. This species occupied a broad range of biomes (Nama Karoo, grassland, savanna, forest, Indian Ocean Coastal Belt), where it was predominantly sampled from the ground by pitfalls, litter sifting, beneath rocks or from grass tussocks, and only rarely from woody vegetation by beating. Distribution. Widely distributed in southern Mozambique and the eastern half of South Africa (Fig. 44)., Published as part of Haddad, Charles R. & Booysen, Ruan, 2022, The ground spider genera Leptodrassex Murphy, 2007 and Leptopilos Levy, 2009 (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) in southern Africa, including the description of a new genus and seven new species, pp. 1-32 in Zootaxa 5194 (1) on pages 17-19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7141932, {"references":["Rodrigues, B. V. B. & Rheims, C. A. (2020) Phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily Prodidominae (Arachnida: Araneae: Gnaphosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 190, 654 - 708. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlaa 013","Murphy, J. (2007) s. n. In: Gnaphosid genera of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. British Arachnological Society, St Neots, Cambridgeshire, pp. i - xii + 1 - 92 & pp. i - ii + 93 - 605."]}

Leptopilos vasivulva sp. nov. Figures 91, 92, 131–135 Type material. Holotype ♀: BOTSWANA: North-East: Near Francistown, Selkirk Mine, 21°19.494’S, 27°45.030’E, 30.XI–6.XII.2007, leg. D.H. Jacobs (pitfalls) (NCA 2010/1835). Paratypes: Together with holotype, 2♂ 3♀ (NCA 2010/1835); Same data as holotype, 1♂ 1♀ (NCA 2009/3027); Same data as holotype but 30.X–6.XI.2007, 3♀ (NCA 2010/642). SOUTH AFRICA: Limpopo: Blouberg Nature Reserve, 22°59.332’S, 29°06.397’E, leg. S. Foord & E. Stam (pitfalls, Sclerocarrea birrea), no date, 1♀ (NCA 2009/1779); Vhembe Biosphere Reserve, Baries Farm, 22°28.672’S, 29°24.316’E, 6.XII.2012, leg. C. Schoeman (pitfalls, Musina mopane bushveld), 1♀ (NCA 2015/1240). Etymology. The species name is a contraction of the Greek words vasis and vulva, referring to the vase-shaped margins of the female’s epigynal atrium. Diagnosis. The females of L. vasivulva sp. nov. can be distinguished from congeners by the unique vaseshaped atrium and a single median curved marking on the anterior hood (Fig. 131). Males of L. vasivulva sp. nov. are similar to L. butleri sp. nov., but have longer apical and retrolateral tegular processes and a distally constricted retrolateral tibial apophysis (compare Figs 124 and 125 with Figs 134 and 135). Description. Female (holotype, NCA 2010/1835). Colouration (Fig. 91): carapace and chelicerae creamyyellow; endites and labium creamy-yellow, labium slightly darker; sternum creamy-yellow, margins yellow-brown; femora creamy-yellow, remaining segments pale yellow; abdomen creamy-grey dorsally and ventrally. Measurements: CL 1.13, CW 0.89, AL 1.90, AW 1.21, TL 3.40. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.11, ALE 0.09, PME 0.09, PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.06, PME–PLE 0.04, ALE–PLE 0.01. Leg measurements: I 0.92, 0.38, 0.65, 0.62, 0.48 = 3.05; II 0.78, 0.37, 0.54, 0.53, 0.40 = 2.62; III 0.67, 0.35, 0.44, 0.49, 0.32 = 2.27; IV 1.16, 0.44, 0.84, 1.00, 0.33 = 3.77. Leg spination: femora: I do 1, II do 1, III pl 1 do 2 rl 1, IV pl 1 do 3 rl 1; patellae spineless; tibiae: I and II spineless, III pl 2 rl 2 plv 1, IV pl 2 rl 2 plv 1 vt 2; metatarsi: I and II spineless, III pl 2 rl 1 plv 1 vt 3, IV pl 3 rl 2 plv 1 vt 3; palp: femur do 2, patella spineless, tibia plv 1, tarsus plv 3 rlv 3. Epigyne with strongly curved hemispherical anterior hood, with small recurved median marking; atrium vase-shaped, broad anteriorly and narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 131); copulatory openings anterolaterally in atrium, longitudinal; copulatory ducts short, initially directed laterally, looping anteriorly, then posteriorly, entering ovoid lateral spermathecae on their anterior margin; fertilization ducts on posterior margin of spermathecae, directed posteriorly (Fig. 132). Male (paratype, NCA 2010/1835). Colouration (Fig. 92): similar to female, slightly darker. Measurements: CL 1.05, CW 0.86, AL 1.43, AW 0.84, TL 2.63. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.11, ALE 0.08, PME 0.10, PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.04, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.04, PME–PLE 0.03, ALE–PLE 0.01. Leg measurements: I 0.90, 0.40, 0.76, 0.70, 0.51 = 3.27; II 0.81, 0.37, 0.60, 0.59, 0.43 = 2.80; III 0.66, 0.32, 0.48, 0.50, 0.33 = 2.29; IV 1.16, 0.41, 0.86, 1.02, 0.35 = 3.80. Leg spination: femora: I do 2, II do 2, III do 2 rl 1, IV pl 1 do 2 rl 1; patellae spineless; tibiae: I and II spineless, III pl 2 rl 2 plv 1, IV pl 2 rl 2 plv 1 vt 2; metatarsi: I and II spineless, III pl 2 rl 1 plv 1 vt 3; IV pl 2 rl 2 plv 1 vt 3; palp: femur pl 1 do 3, patella spineless, tibia with several long ventral setae, tarsus with several distal setae ventrally. Palpal tibia slightly longer than broad, broadened distally, without prolateral apophysis, with single triangular retrolateral apophysis with constricted tip (Fig. 135); tegulum ovoid, with slender, gradually curved median apophysis with hooked tip (Fig. 134); embolus very slender, originating proximally and entering groove in membranous conductor, continuing along prolateral margin in S-shaped groove (Fig. 133), before entering groove in apical tegular process, partly hidden behind retrolateral tegular apophysis. Additional material examined. ZIMBABWE: Bulawayo, Hillside, 20°10’S, 28°35’E, VI.1999, leg. M. FitzPatrick, 11♂ 14♀ (NMZ/ A16735); Same locality, VIII.1999, leg. M. FitzPatrick, 6 imm. 6♂ 14♀ (NMZ/ A16718); Same locality, III–IV.1999, leg. M. FitzPatrick (pitfall traps), 2 imm. 2♂ 11♀ (NMZ/ A14033). Variation. Total length: females 2.80–3.60 (average 3.23, n = 9); males 2.15–2.80 (average 2.53, n = 3). Habitat and biology. All nine examined females (100%) from South Africa had plugged epigynes. This species was only recorded from pitfall traps in savanna habitats. Distribution. Only known from a small area in northern Limpopo Province, South Africa, and south-western Zimbabwe, and south-eastern Botswana (Fig. 136)., Published as part of Haddad, Charles R. & Booysen, Ruan, 2022, The ground spider genera Leptodrassex Murphy, 2007 and Leptopilos Levy, 2009 (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) in southern Africa, including the description of a new genus and seven new species, pp. 1-32 in Zootaxa 5194 (1) on pages 28-30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7141932

Leptopilos digitus sp. nov. Figures 89, 90, 93–120, 126–130 Type material. Holotype ♀: SOUTH AFRICA: Northern Cape: Namaqua National Park, Koeroebees, 30°08.683’S, 17°42.177’E, 240 m a.s.l., 27.III.2022, leg. C. Haddad & R. Booysen (leaf litter, dry river bed) (NMBA 18534). Paratypes: SOUTH AFRICA: Free State: Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve, 28°30.134’S, 26°48.427’E, 22.XI– 23.XII.2005, leg. C. Haddad (pitfalls, burnt site 2), 1♂ (NMBA 13573). Northern Cape: Namaqua National Park, Koeroebees, 30°08.683’S, 17°42.177’E, 240 m a.s.l., 27.III.2022, leg. C. Haddad, R. Booysen, L. Malope & S. Sibisi (leaf litter, dry river bed), 2♂ 3♀ (NMBA 18533); Prieska district, Green Valley Nuts, 29°34’S, 22°55’E, 950 m a.s.l., 15.I.2001, leg. C. Haddad (canopy fogging, pistachio orchard), 1♂ (NCA 2004/196). Western Cape: Tankwa Karoo National Park, Tanqua Guesthouse, 32°23.911’S, 19°50.713’E, 355 m a.s.l., 19.I.2021, leg. C. Haddad & R. Booysen (hand collecting, at night around houses), 1♀ (NCA 2021/1016). Etymology. The species name is Latin for finger or toe (digit), referring to the shape of the apical tegular sclerite. Diagnosis. This species is very distinct in the genus by the short finger-like apical tegular process (Fig. 129) and the short, slender dorsal tibial apophysis (Figs 120, 130) of the male palp. Females can be distinguished from congeners by the paired, weakly sclerotized recurved ridges anteriorly in the epigyne, as opposed to a single median hood, and the paired longitudinal ridges forming the lateral margins of the atrium (Fig. 126). Description. Female (holotype, Namaqua, NMBA 18534). Colouration (Fig. 89): carapace and chelicerae creamy-white; endites and labium pale yellow-brown; sternum creamy-white, margins brown at coxae; femora creamy-white, remaining segments creamy-yellow, metatarsi and tarsi slightly darker; abdomen white dorsally and ventrally. Measurements: CL 1.06, CW 0.87, AL 1.71, AW 1.25, TL 2.80. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.10, ALE 0.07, PME 0.08, PLE 0.07, AME–AME 0.05, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.06, PME–PLE 0.04, ALE–PLE 0.01. Leg measurements: I 0.86, 0.40, 0.67, 0.57, 0.44 = 2.94; II 0.81, 0.37, 0.62, 0.56, 0.43 = 2.79; III 0.67, 0.35, 0.49, 0.48, 0.30 = 2.29; IV 1.05, 0.40, 0.84, 0.97, 0.30 = 3.56. Leg spination: femora: I do 1, II do 1, III do 1, IV do 2 rl 1; patellae spineless; tibiae: I plv 1, II spineless, III pl 2 rl 2 plv 1, IV pl 2 rl 2 plv 1 vt 2; metatarsi: I plv 1 rlv 1, II plv 1 rlv 1, III pl 2 rl 1 plv 1 rlv 1 vt 3, IV pl 3 rl 2 plv 2 vt 3; palp: femur do 1, patella pl 1 do 1, tibia plv 1, tarsus pl 1 rl 1 plv 3 rlv 2. Epigyne with paired, recurved, weakly sclerotized ridges anteriorly, longitudinal ridges laterally forming margins of atrium, with further funnel-shaped ridges medially (Fig. 126); copulatory openings small, beneath anterolateral corners of funnel-shaped ridges; copulatory ducts short, looping laterally, then anteriorly and posteriorly, entering teardrop-shaped spermathecae along their anterior margin (Fig. 127); fertilization ducts on posterior margin of spermathecae, directed posteriorly. Male (paratype, Prieska, NCA 2004/196). Colouration (Fig. 90): carapace and chelicerae light yellow; endites and labium creamy-yellow; sternum creamy-yellow, margins brown at coxae; femora to tibiae creamy-yellow, metatarsi and tarsi slightly darker; abdomen creamy-white dorsally and ventrally. Measurements: CL 1.05, CW 0.79, AL 1.81, AW 1.02, TL 2.98. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.11, ALE 0.08, PME 0.09, PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.05, PME–PLE 0.04, ALE–PLE 0.01. Leg measurements: I 0.87, 0.38, 0.67, 0.57, 0.51 = 3.00; II 0.83, 0.37, 0.62, 0.56, 0.48 = 2.86; III 0.65, 0.32, 0.48, 0.46, 0.33 = 2.24; IV 1.06, 0.41, 0.83, 0.95, 0.33 = 3.58. Leg spination: femora: I do 1, II do 1, III do 1 rl 1, IV pl 1 do 2 rl 1; tibiae: I plv 1 rlv 1, II spineless, III pl 2 rl 1 plv 1, IV pl 2 rl 2 plv 1 vt 2; metatarsi: I rlv 1, II rlv 1, III pl 2 rl 1 plv 1 vt 3, IV pl 2 rl 2 plv 1 vt 3; palp: femur do 1, patella and tibia spineless, tarsus plv 1 rlv 1. Palpal tibia very slightly longer than broad, with small spike-like dorso-retrolateral apophysis (Figs 115, 116, 130); tegulum oval, with narrow finger-like prolateral apical tegular process, lobate mesal retrolateral tegular process with additional smaller subtriangular lobe, and slender strongly curved median apophysis (Fig. 129); embolus very slender, originating proximally and entering S-shaped groove in prolateral subtegulum, continuing along prolateral margin distally (Fig. 128), before entering groove in apical tegular process. Additional material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Northern Cape: Namaqua National Park, Koeroebees, 30°08.683’S, 17°42.177’E, 240 m a.s.l., 14.I.2021, leg. C. Haddad, R. Booysen, R. Christiaan & A. Stander (leaf litter, dry river bed), 1♀ (NCA 2021/726; epigyne lost in preparation); Same locality, 27.III.2022, leg. C. Haddad, R. Booysen, L. Malope & S. Sibisi (leaf litter, dry river bed), 2♂ 2♀ (S.E.M. preparations). Variation. Total length: females 2.78–3.32 (average 2.98, n = 7); males 2.05–2.98 (average 2.36, n = 4). Habitat and biology. All of the females collected had the epigyne plugged (Fig. 114). Recorded from the Succulent Karoo, Nama Karoo and Grassland biomes. At the type locality, it was a common species collected in the litter of short shrubs in a dry river bed, with adults far more common in autumn (March) than midsummer (January) or winter (July). Distribution. Widespread in the western half of South Africa (Fig. 136)., Published as part of Haddad, Charles R. & Booysen, Ruan, 2022, The ground spider genera Leptodrassex Murphy, 2007 and Leptopilos Levy, 2009 (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) in southern Africa, including the description of a new genus and seven new species, pp. 1-32 in Zootaxa 5194 (1) on pages 26-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7141932

Leptodrassex capensis sp. nov. Figures 45, 80, 81 Type material. Holotype ♀: SOUTH AFRICA: Western Cape: Fisherhaven, near Hermanus, 34°21.430’S, 19°07.557’E, 30.IX.2007, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle (sifting leaf litter) (NCA 2008/360). Paratype: SOUTH AFRICA: Western Cape: Outeniquastrand, near George, 34°02.754’S, 22°17.037’E, 7.I.2015, leg. C. Haddad (base of grass tussocks), 1♀ (NCA 2015/1755). Etymology. This species is named for terra typica, the Western Cape Province of South Africa, from which it is known. Diagnosis. Females of L. capensis sp. nov. are most similar to those of L. murphyi sp. nov., but differ by the smaller copulatory openings and the slight curvature of the copulatory ducts (Fig. 80), which are respectively larger and strongly curved in the latter species (Fig. 82). Male unknown. Description. Female (holotype, NCA 2008/360). Colouration (Fig. 45): carapace and chelicerae creamy-yellow; endites and labium cream; sternum cream, margins yellow-brown at coxae; femora cream, remaining segments creamy-yellow. Abdomen cream dorsally and ventrally. Measurements: CL 1.04, CW 0.85, AL 1.52, AW 1.02, TL 2.85. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, ALE 0.08, PME 0.09, PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.07, AME–ALE 0.02, PME–PME 0.06, PME–PLE 0.05, ALE–PLE 0.01. Leg measurements: I 0.76, 0.34, 0.57, 0.48, 0.35 = 2.50; II 0.79, 0.37, 0.61, 0.54, 0.39 = 2.70; III 0.63, 0.33, 0.44, 0.40, 0.25 = 2.05; IV 1.00, 0.57, 0.76, 0.82, 0.22 = 3.37. Leg spination: femora: I and II spineless, III do 1, IV do 1 rl 1; patellae spineless; tibiae: I plv 2 rlv 2, II rlv 2, III pl 2 plv 1, IV pl 2 rl 2 plv 1 vt 2; metatarsi: I plv 1-4 rlv 1-3, II plv 0-1 rlv 1-2, III pl 2 rl 1 plv 1 vt 3, IV pl 3 rl 2 plv 1 vt 3; palp: femur and patella spineless, tibia pl 2 plv 1 rlv 1, tarsus pl 2 plv 2 rlv 1. Epigyne with weakly sclerotized recurved hemispherical ridges anteriorly, continuing along midline into posterior half, forming oval atria; copulatory openings transverse, situated in anteromesal part of atria; copulatory ducts narrow and initially directed posteriorly, bending laterally and diverging, with slight lateral bend before entering ovoid lateral spermathecae along their anterior margin; fertilization ducts on posteromesal margin of spermathecae, directed mesally (Figs 80, 81). Additional material examined. None. Variation. The single female paratype is 2.57 mm in total length. Habitat and biology. Both of the known females had plugged epigynes. This species was sampled from the ground (leaf litter and grass tussocks) in the Fynbos and Thicket biomes of South Africa. Distribution. Only known from two localities in the coastal parts of south-western South Africa (Fig. 44)., Published as part of Haddad, Charles R. & Booysen, Ruan, 2022, The ground spider genera Leptodrassex Murphy, 2007 and Leptopilos Levy, 2009 (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) in southern Africa, including the description of a new genus and seven new species, pp. 1-32 in Zootaxa 5194 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7141932

Leptopilos butleri sp. nov. Figs 87, 88, 121–126 Type material. Holotype ♀: BOTSWANA: Ngamiland: Okavango Delta, Shakawe, 18°21.960’S, 21°50.829’E, 28.XI.2006, leg. C. Haddad (leaf litter, dry savanna) (NCA 2007/1030). Paratypes: SOUTH AFRICA: Free State: Amanzi Private Game Reserve, 28°35.980’S, 26°24.935’E, 1– 30.IX.2012, leg. V. Butler (pitfall traps, Digitaria eriantha grazing), 7♂ 1♀ (NCA 2013/3295); Same locality, 28°35.506’S, 26°25.340’E, 1–30.IX.2012, leg. V. Butler (pitfall traps, Searsia burchellii woodland), 8♂ 4♀ (NCA 2013/3163). Etymology. The species is named for Vivian Butler, who collected most of the known material during a yearlong pitfall study in grassland biotopes (Haddad & Butler 2018). Diagnosis. The females of L. butleri sp. nov. can be easily recognized by the broad hemispherical anterior hood that is as wide as the lateral margins of the spermathecae (only as broad as the inner margins of the spermathecae in the type species, L. tenerrimus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872); see Levy 2009: fig. 18), with a pair of dark n-shaped markings at their anterior margin (Fig. 121). It differs from L. vasivulva sp. nov., which has a vase-shaped atrium and a single median curved marking on the anterior hood (compare Figs 121 and 131). Males of L. butleri sp. nov. have shorter apical and retrolateral tegular processes than L. vasivulva sp. nov., with the retrolateral tibial apophysis of the latter species also constricted at its distal end (compare Figs 124 and 125 with Figs 134 and 135). Description. Female (holotype, Shakawe, NCA 2007/1030). Colouration (Fig. 87): carapace and chelicerae yellow; endites creamy-yellow, labium slightly darker; sternum creamy-yellow, margins brown at coxae; femora creamy-yellow, remaining segments yellow; abdomen cream dorsally and ventrally. Measurements: CL 1.16, CW 0.90, AL 1.79, AW 1.11, TL 2.98. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.11, ALE 0.09, PME 0.10, PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.05, PME–PLE 0.04, ALE–PLE 0.01. Leg measurements: I 0.91, 0.38, 0.67, 0.62, 0.46 = 3.04; II 0.81, 0.38, 0.61, 0.59, 0.43 = 2.82; III 0.71, 0.35, 0.52, 0.51, 0.31 = 2.40; IV 1.27, 0.46, 0.92, 1.05, 0.33 = 4.03. Leg spination: femora: I do 2, II do 2, III pl 1 do 3 rl 1, IV pl 1 do 3 rl 1; patellae spineless; tibiae: I plv 1 rlv 1, II rlv 1, III pl 2 rl 2 plv 1, IV pl 2 rl 2 plv 1 vt 2; metatarsi: I plv 1 rlv 1, II plv 1 rlv 1, III pl 2 rl 1 plv 1 vt 3, IV pl 3 rl 2 plv 1 vt 3; palp: femur pl 1 do 2, patella spineless, tibia pl 1 plv 1, tarsus pl 1 rl 1 plv 3 rlv 3. Epigyne with broad hemispherical hood anteriorly, with paired n-shaped markings on either side of midline (Fig. 121); copulatory openings small, beneath posterior margin of hood, separated by distance equal to spermatheca width; copulatory ducts narrow, U-shaped initially, curving laterally, then looping anteriorly before entering almost globose spermathecae along their anterior margin (Fig. 122); fertilization ducts on posterior margin of spermathecae, directed posteriomedially. Male (paratype, Amanzi, NCA 2013/3163). Colouration (Fig. 88): similar to female, carapace slightly paler, abdomen slightly darker. Measurements: CL 0.92, CW 0.72, AL 1.06, AW 0.76, TL 2.08. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.10, ALE 0.07, PME 0.08, PLE 0.07, AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.03, PME–PLE 0.03, ALE–PLE 0.01. Leg measurements: I 0.81, 0.32, 0.60, 0.53, 0.41 = 2.67; II 0.71, 0.30, 0.54, 0.46, 0.38 = 2.39; III 0.62, 0.27, 0.42, 0.41, 0.28 = 2.00; IV 1.04, 0.37, 0.76, 0.87, 0.30 = 3.34. Leg spination: femora: I do 1, II do 1, III do 3 rl 1, IV pl 1 do 3 rl 1; patellae spineless; tibiae: I and II spineless, III pl 2 rl 1 plv 1, IV pl 2 rl 2 plv 1 vt 2; metatarsi: I spineless, II rlv 0-1, III pl 2 rl 1 plv 1 vt 3, IV pl 3 rl 2 plv 1 vt 3; palp: femur pl 1 do 2, patella spineless, tibia rlv 2, tarsus plv 1 with several modified distal setae ventrally. Palpal tibia slightly longer than broad, with single triangular retrolateral apophysis (Fig. 125); tegulum ovoid, with slender straight median apophysis with curved tip (Fig. 124); embolus very slender, originating proximally and entering groove in subtegulum, continuing along prolateral margin in S-shaped groove (Fig. 123), before entering groove in apical tegular process, partly hidden behind retrolateral tegular apophysis. Additional material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Free State: Amanzi Private Game Reserve, 28°35.805’S, 26°25.190’E, 1–30.IX.2012, leg. V. Butler (pitfall traps, Digitaria eriantha grazing), 8♂ 2♀ (NCA 2013/3310); Same locality, 28°35.765’S, 26°25.455’E, 1–30.IX.2012, leg. V. Butler (pitfall traps, mesa, plateau), 1♂ (NCA 2013/3236); Same data but 1–31.X.2012, 1♀ (NCA 2014/1541); Same locality, 28°35.565’S, 26°25.550’E, 1– 31.X.2012, leg. V. Butler (pitfall traps, mesa, plateau), 18♂ 4♀ (NCA 2014/1562); Same locality, 28°35.506’S, 26°25.340’E, 1–30.IX.2012, leg. V. Butler (pitfall traps, Searsia burchellii woodland), 1♀ (NCA 2013/3162); Same data but 1–30.IV.2013, 1♀ (NCA 2013/3581); Same locality, 28°35.975’S, 26°25.435’E, 1–30.IX.2012, leg. V. Butler (pitfall traps, Tarchonanthus camphoratus woodland), 1♂ (NCA 2013/3321); Same locality, 28°35.785’S, 26°26.335’E, 1–30.IX.2012, leg. V. Butler (pitfall traps, Vachellia karroo woodland), 1♂ 1♀ (NCA 2013/3380). Gauteng: Bronkhortspruit, Ezemvelo Nature Reserve, Farm Elandsfontein, 25°42’20.7’’S, 28°56’27.0’’E, 1403 m a.s.l., 8.III.2005, leg. R. Koko (pitfalls, koppie crest), 1♀ (NCA 2016/3183); Wonderboom, Tswaing Nature Reserve, Farm Tswaing, 25°24’15.1’’S, 28°03’34.9’’E, 1116 m a.s.l., 9.XI.2004, leg. R. Koko (baited pitfall, open woodland), 1♀ (NCA 2014/3235), 1♀ (NCA 2014/3252). KwaZulu-Natal: Tembe Elephant Park, Viewing Tower, Open woodland/sand, 27°02.225’S, 32°24.905’E, 115 m a.s.l., 3.XII.2015, leg. C. Haddad, R. Booysen, V. & N. Butler (hand collecting), 1♀ (NCA 2016/2045). Limpopo: Vyeboom, 23°18.534’S, 30°24.486’E, 24.I.2015, leg. E. Mauda (pitfalls), 1♂ (NCA 2016/245); Vhembi Biosphere Reserve, Mara Research Station, 23°02’S, 29°39’E, 7.XI.2012, leg. C. Schoeman (pitfalls, Makhado sweet bushveld), 1♂ (NCA 2015/1172). Northern Cape: Prieska district, Green Valley Nuts, 29°34.924’S, 22°54.376’E, 28.I.2009, leg. C. Haddad (base of grass tussocks), 1♂ (NCA 2009/1474). ZIMBABWE: Bulawayo, Hillside, 20°10’S, 28°35’E, III–IV.1999, leg. M. FitzPatrick (pitfall traps), 2♀ (NMZ/ A14034); Mtshelele Dam, 20°35’S, 28°36’E, 1–3.XII.2004, leg. M. FitzPatrick, 1♀ (NMZ/ A15180); Pomongwe, 20°32’S, 28°30’E, XII.2004, leg. M. FitzPatrick, 1♂ (NMZ/ A15250); Rowallan Park, 20°25’S, 28°31’E, VII.2005, leg. M. FitzPatrick, 1♀ (NMZ/ A15864). Variation. Total length: females 2.15–3.08 (average 2.51, n = 13); males 1.77–2.23 (average 2.03, n = 21). Habitat and biology. The extent of epigyne plugging was not quantified for this species. It occupies Nama Karoo, grassland and savanna habitats, and was predominantly sampled from the ground by pitfalls, litter sifting, beneath rocks or from grass tussocks, and only rarely from woody vegetation by beating. It represented 1.11% of the ground-dwelling spider fauna in a pitfall survey in the grassland biome, but was almost exclusively sampled there from Searsia burchellii closed evergreen shrubland and cultivated Digitaria eriantha pastures (Haddad & Butler 2018). Distribution. Widely distributed in South Africa, Zimbabwe and Botswana (Fig. 136)., Published as part of Haddad, Charles R. & Booysen, Ruan, 2022, The ground spider genera Leptodrassex Murphy, 2007 and Leptopilos Levy, 2009 (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) in southern Africa, including the description of a new genus and seven new species, pp. 1-32 in Zootaxa 5194 (1) on pages 23-26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7141932, {"references":["Haddad, C. R. & Butler, V. P. (2018) Ground-dwelling spider assemblages in contrasting habitats in the central South African Grassland Biome. Koedoe, 60, a 1482. https: // doi. org / 10.4102 / koedoe. v 60 i 1.1482","Levy, G. (2009) New ground-spider genera and species with annexed checklist of the Gnaphosidae (Araneae) of Israel. Zootaxa, 2066, 1 - 49. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2066.1.1"]}

Afrodrassex catharinae sp. nov. Figures 9, 10, 39–43 Type material. Holotype ♀: SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve, Crocodile farm, 26°54.426’S, 32°19.185’E, 12.I.2007, leg. C. Haddad (under rocks) (NCA 2007/3068). Paratypes: SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve, Nyamiti Pan, 26°53.409’S, 32°17.576’E, 35 m a.s.l., 3.XII.2019, leg. C. Haddad & V. Swart (canopy fogging, Pappea capensis), 2♂ 1♀ (NCA 2020/270). Etymology. The species is named for Catharine Hanekom, Regional Ecologist of Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife for the Maputaland Region, in recognition of more than twenty years of logistical support to the senior author during arachnid surveys in northern KwaZulu-Natal Province. Diagnosis. This species is most similar to A. balrog sp. nov., but females can be distinguished by their large copulatory openings and globular spermathecae (Figs 39, 40), which are small and transversely oval, respectively, in A. balrog sp. nov. (Figs 34, 35). Males of A. catharinae sp. nov. have a small sharp tooth-like retrolateral tibial apophysis in lateral view (Figs 41, 43), compared to an elongate spike-like retrolateral tibial apophysis in A. balrog sp. nov. (Figs 29, 38). Description. Female (holotype, NCA 2007/3068). Colouration (Fig. 9): carapace and chelicerae yellow; labium and endites creamy-yellow; sternum cream, margins yellow-brown at coxae; femora creamy-yellow, remaining segments yellow; abdomen cream dorsally and ventrally. Measurements: CL 1.16, CW 0.98, AL 1.73, AW 1.17, TL 3.20. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.11, ALE 0.08, PME 0.09, PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.05, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.08, PME–PLE 0.04, ALE–PLE 0.01. Leg measurements: I 0.78, 0.38, 0.59, 0.56, 0.41 = 2.72; II 0.87, 0.40, 0.65, 0.64, 0.44 = 3.00; III 0.72, 0.37, 0.49, 0.59, 0.30 = 2.47; IV 1.11, 0.44, 0.81, 0.95, 0.33 = 3.64. Leg spination: femora: I do 2, II do 2, III do 2 rl 1, IV do 3 rl 1; patellae: spineless; tibiae: I plv 2 rlv 2, II plv 2 rlv 2, III pl 2 rl 1 plv 2, IV pl 2 rl 2 plv 1 vt 2; metatarsi: I plv 1 rlv 1, II plv 1 rlv 1, III pl 2 rl 1 plv 1 vt 3, IV pl 3 rl 2 plv 1 vt 3; palp: femur do 1, patella spineless, tibia pl 2 plv 1, tarsus pl 1 rl 1 plv 4 rlv 2. Epigyne with elongate curved 6-shaped copulatory openings at anterior of epigynal plate (Fig. 39); copulatory ducts narrow, initially directed posteriorly, looping mesally and anteriorly before following path of faint external ridges around periphery of epigyne, laterally with distinct kink before continuing posteriorly, bending mesally before entering small globular spermathecae on their ventral surface; fertilization ducts on anterolateral margin of spermathecae, directed posteriorly (Figs 39, 40). Male (paratype, NCA 2020/270). Colouration (Fig. 10): as for female. Measurements: CL 1.16, CW 0.94, AL 1.19, AW 0.84, TL 2.35. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.11, ALE 0.08, PME 0.09, PLE 0.09, AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.07, PME–PLE 0.05, ALE–PLE 0.01. Leg measurements: I missing; II 0.90, 0.41, 0.76, 0.67, 0.44 = 3.18; III 0.79, 0.37, 0.55, 0.62, 0.33 = 2.66; IV 1.24, 0.44, 0.88, 1.02, 0.37 = 3.95. Leg spination (leg I derived from second male paratype in NCA 2020/270): femora: I do 2, II do 2, III do 3 rl 1, IV pl 1 do 3 rl 1; patellae spineless; tibiae: I plv 2 rlv 2, II plv 2 rlv 2, III pl 2 rl 1 plv 2 rlv 1, IV pl 2 rl 2 plv 1 vt 2; metatarsi: I plv 1 rlv 1, II plv 1 rlv 1, III pl 3 rl 1 plv 1 vt 3; IV pl 3 rl 2 plv 1 vt 3; palp: femur do 1, other segments spineless. Palp: patella with small proximal ventral bump-like apophysis; tibia slightly longer than broad, with small sharp tooth-like apophysis, with additional tiny basal tooth (Figs 41, 43); tegulum ovoid, with large curved apical tegular process distally; median apophysis absent; conductor massive, translucent and comma-shaped, covering most of ventral aspect of tegulum; embolus originating proximally on tegulum, curling proximally and prolaterally, curving gradually along prolateral margin of tegulum, bending sharply near distal end of cymbium (Figs 41–43). Additional material examined. None. Variation. Total length: females 3.03–3.20 (average 3.12, n = 2); males 2.35–2.75 (average 2.55, n = 2). Habitat and biology. Both of the known females had plugged epigynes. This species was sampled from the ground and canopies of a short tree (Pappea capensis) in savanna habitats. Distribution. Only known from the type locality in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (Fig. 44)., Published as part of Haddad, Charles R. & Booysen, Ruan, 2022, The ground spider genera Leptodrassex Murphy, 2007 and Leptopilos Levy, 2009 (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) in southern Africa, including the description of a new genus and seven new species, pp. 1-32 in Zootaxa 5194 (1) on pages 9-10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7141932