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Professional learning is widely acknowledged as an effective way to improve teacher practice and, consequently, student outcomes. However, this presupposes a direct link from professional learning to the enactment of the content of professional learning in teaching. This paper explores teachers' engagement with a continuing professional learning (CPL) program intended to improve teachers' knowledge and practice in reading instruction. Six case study subjects, self-selected from 10 schools participating in a year-long CPL program, provided the opportunity to explore what teachers enacted from the professional learning. This research highlighted the significance of contextual factors on how teachers engaged with and enacted information from the CPL. Contextual factors included individual beliefs about reading instruction and the expectations of the systems in which they are operating. This research emphasised the need to identify the personal and professional contexts of teachers involved in CPL programs in order to more effectively influence practice.

Students' thinking and learning in inquiry-based science is contingent on them being able to participate in substantive conversations so they explore their ideas and develop reasons and explanations for the outcomes of their investigations. While teachers understand the importance of talk for student learning, they are often unaware of the impact of their discourse practice on the quality of classroom talk. To develop substantive classroom discourse, first teachers need to understand what substantive talk looks and sounds like, and then they need to develop their capacity to use questioning and discourse moves to achieve such talk. Science poses additional challenges for teachers in that the form of discourse needs to be matched to the instructional purpose of the phase of inquiry. This article presents the findings of a study which documented the learning of primary school teachers participating in a professional learning intervention focussed on developing their capacity to manage discourse in science lessons. The article outlines the repertoire of questioning and discourse moves the teachers came to use to develop substantive whole-class discussions.

Non-completion of senior secondary schooling continues to be a matter of concern for policy makers and practitioners in Australia today. Despite the efforts of governments to improve participation and retention rates, 30% of students drop out of school before completing Year 12. Further, some students remain at school, just biding their time until graduation. Within this context, we investigate whether the wellbeing of the students is a key factor in supporting senior students in deciding to continue at school. The article reports on the first phase of a two-year study of factors impacting on quality retention and participation of 250 Year 11 students from two school communities. This initial phase focuses on the senior students' perspective of their wellbeing in Year 11, and includes our development of a suite of scales to measure the impact of students' social connectedness and academic engagement on academic achievement and retention. Data from the survey of students are enriched through student focus groups. The article identifies critical dimensions of what students regard as a healthy senior school culture; that is, a culture conducive to a positive and productive experience in terms of their retention, participation and achievement. Implications for school and system policy and governance are proposed. (Contains 6 tables, 1 figure and 1 endnote.)

Language is critical in the mediation of scientific reasoning, higher-order thinking and the development of scientific literacy. This study investigated how an exemplary primary science teacher scaffolds and supports students' reasoning during a Year 4 materials unit. Lessons captured on video, teacher and student interviews and micro-ethnographic analysis of classroom discourse reveal a sophisticated repertoire of teacher practices focusing on the development of language, conceptual understanding and reasoning within a classroom culture that supports reasoned arguments. The integration of conversation threads supporting language and conceptual development, syntactical and metacognitive scaffolds, prompts and self-regulation strategies extend the opportunities for scientific reasoning. Recommendations are made for adopting strategies that enhance opportunities for reasoning in primary science lessons.

Aboriginal children experience social and educational disadvantage and many are not engaged with schooling or learning, which results in significantly lower levels of educational attainment. The Aboriginal Education Program delivered by Scitech to remote Western Australian schools has been shown to significantly increase student ratings of their enjoyment of science, curiosity about science phenomena and their rating of science as a favourite subject. Teachers reported that student focus and engagement was very high during the Scitech activities and that student attendance and behaviour was better than usual (Hackling, Byrne, Gower, & Anderson, 2012). This study investigated the practices used by the Scitech presenters that generated high levels of student engagement. Analysis of classroom observations and transcripts of classroom dialogue from lessons that generated high levels of engagement showed that a set of 11 pedagogies underpinned this engaging practice. The pedagogical practices addressed: relationship-building, facilitation of effective hands-on activity work, participation in classroom discourse and connecting the science activities to the student's experiences and local context. The findings of this study elaborate the Primary Connections Indigenous perspectives framework (Australian Academy of Science, 2008), and provide a model to underpin approaches to teaching Aboriginal children, and possibly other children, who are not engaged with learning science.

Multimedia technologies such as Slowmation can be used to enhance curriculum resources and support innovative teaching methods. This case study research of a rural multi-aged class of primary science students included analyses of classroom captured video and interview data from a term long module on Astronomy. The study explored how students' engagement in the construction of a Slowmation impacted on their use of science discourse and multi-modal representations of key concepts. Intentionally crafted learning and teaching with Slowmation promoted the development of students' scientific literacy and engendered a joy of science learning.

With trends across many countries still indicating the decline of student interest in school science and diminishing numbers of students studying science beyond the compulsory years, it seems that the field remains in crisis. To address these unfortunate trends, there needs to be a greater emphasis on science education research that highlights the good news stories. For example, what are science teachers actually doing in their classrooms to increase student interest and understanding in science? This article focuses on the science teaching beliefs and practices of four Western Australian primary school teachers. The teachers were nominated by a professional colleague as effective practitioners. The study involved gathering information from classroom observations and teacher interviews to provide background information to assist in developing understandings of these teachers and their science teaching. This article reports on the initial findings drawn from Deanne A, Kate B, Lisa C and Rebecca D. Their practices were organised into the following six categories: classroom environment; conceptual knowledge and procedural skills; teaching strategies and approaches; student-specific considerations; teacher-specific considerations; and context-specific considerations. In examining the components contributing to these categories, it was evident that the teachers' beliefs, as well as the contextual factors inherent in each classroom environment, influenced how and why they teach science in the ways they do.

Video-based classroom research is opening-up exciting new insights into how teachers generate productive opportunities for student engagement in quality learning. This research reveals the extent to which effective teachers draw on a range of multimodal representations of science phenomena and learners must use these as semiotic resources for learning. This case study of a Year 4 class studying an introductory astronomy unit offers insights into a teacher's orchestration of a range of multimodal representations to support the co-construction of an explanation for a science phenomenon.

Australia's Early Years Learning Framework and leading international researchers argue for more intentional and purposeful teaching of science in the early years. This case study of exemplary practice illustrates intentional teaching of science materials which opened-up learning opportunities in literacy and number. Student-led hands-on exploration of materials supported with carefully scaffolded discourse and representation with some peer tutoring provided rich learning opportunities for these pre-primary/foundation students. (Contains 5 figures.)

Managing classroom discussions that maximise learning through the phases of inquiry in primary science requires a rich repertoire of teacher knowledge and skills. Twelve teachers participated in a professional learning program focussed on building teachers' knowledge, confidence and self-efficacy for managing classroom discourse and using puppets to engage students in discussions. The teachers developed sophisticated understandings about the role of discussion in supporting learning and made significant gains in confidence and self-efficacy for managing classroom discussions. Following the professional learning intervention, the teachers asked more open questions eliciting students' ideas and explanations, increased the proportion of student talk in discussions and the number of elaborated utterances made by students. (Contains 6 tables and 3 figures.)

A key principle of inquiry-based science education is that the process of inquiry must include opportunities for the exploration of questions and ideas, as well as reasoning with ideas and evidence. Teaching and learning Science therefore involves teachers managing a discourse that supports inquiry and students engaging in talk that facilitates their learning. This article outlines the role of talk in science learning, distinguishes between types of discourse, argues that types of talk need to be matched to phases of scientific inquiry, and develops a pedagogical framework that supports a discourse of inquiry. (Contains 4 figures.)

A number of reports have argued that secondary science education needs to be more inquiry oriented and involve authentic and practical investigations to develop scientific literacy and better engage students in learning science. Inquiry-oriented approaches, such as those advocated in the new science national curriculum, require that teachers have access to good laboratory facilities and equipment and are supported by knowledgeable laboratory technicians. Without adequate and qualified technical support, the quality of the curriculum will be compromised. This paper reports on the status of laboratory technicians in Australian secondary schools and makes recommendations for improving the quality of training and support of technicians and the level of servicing of science programs. (Contains 1 table and 4 figures.)

Effective science teaching is vital for improved student learning outcomes in primary school science. Therefore, there is a need to tease out the components of effective science teaching to better understand what effective primary teachers do in their classrooms and why they do it. Four primary teachers, each nominated as effective science practitioners by a professional colleague, entered into this research study. This "entry" phase involved gathering information from classroom observations and teacher interviews to provide background information about the beliefs and practices of these teachers. This paper reports on the findings drawn from one teacher--"Deanne".

Presents research which sets out to establish two pictures: one of the ideal regarding the teaching and learning of science, the other of the reality of what is actually happening in Australian schools. Identifies issues and implications for science teachers and the profession. (MM)

Reports on a large-scale study that investigated the quality of science teaching and learning in Australian schools. Purposes were to: (1) describe ideal practice in the teaching and learning of school science; (2) describe the nature of science teaching and learning in Australian schools; and (3) make recommendations to move the actual closer to the ideal. (Author/MM)

Uses data from a survey of Perth lower secondary science teachers to reveal low levels of inquiry and determine the nature of the laboratory work undertaken by their students. Contains 29 references. (DDR)

Provides a comprehensive review of literature regarding misconceptions that are held by secondary students in chemistry. Makes some recommendations based on the research. Contains 77 references. (DDR)

Compares experts', advanced students', and novice students' use of genetics knowledge to generate and test hypotheses while solving genetic pedigree problems. Reports that experts identified more critical cues, tested more hypotheses, were more rigorous in the falsification of alternative hypotheses, and were more flexible to their solving strategies. (YP)