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ABSTRACT: Male reproductive tract disorders (MRTDs) are common in equids and may represent a significant proportion of the caseload of equine practitioners. Herein, we determined the frequency, clinico-pathological findings, and therapeutics of MRTDs in equids from a 9-year survey of the clinical records of a Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Midwestern Brazil. During this period, 87 affected equids presented 100 MRTDs distributed in 17 different diagnoses. Forty-three (49.4%) equids presented MRTDs affecting the glans penis or preputial skin fold. Testicles, scrotum, and spermatic cords disorders were diagnosed in 32 (36.8%) horses. Of the remaining 12 (13.8%) horses, six presented two different MRTDs on two distinct anatomical areas, and five animals exhibited the same disease, affecting two different anatomical locations. Only one horse presented three distinct MRTDs on two anatomical regions. Habronemiasis was the most frequent MRTD detected in 26% of the diagnoses, followed by miscellaneous wounds (14%), cryptorchidism (13%), inguinal hernia (13%), funiculitis (9%), paraphimosis (6%), squamous cell carcinoma (5%), urethrolithiasis (3%), preputial abscesses, and orchitis (2% each). Phimosis, ulcerative posthitis, epididymitis, hydrocele, papillomatosis, teratoma, and testicular torsion accounted for 1% each. Sixty-three (72.5%) equids received hospital discharge, 18 (20.6%) were humanely euthanized, and six (6.9%) died. This study detected the most relevant MRTDs that affected over 7.5% in a survey of 1,154 equids referred for hospital care. Our finding highlights that MRTDs may be debilitating and life-threatening conditions, and they can potentially impact the reproduction of equids in the region. This knowledge may support equine practitioners in elaborating proper sanitary and management protocols to prevent and reduce the incidence of most MRTDs recorded, improving equid production and welfare.

Summary: The present report describes a case of cutaneous papillomatosis related to equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) with concomitant cutaneous habronemiasis. A 2‐year‐old female Pura Raza Española horse was referred for a dermatological evaluation because of the onset of cutaneous multifocal, nodular lesions on the face characterised by a warty and partially ulcerated overlying epidermis. Multiple biopsies were taken from these lesions, and cutaneous viral papillomas with a concomitant severe focal eosinophilic dermatitis with intralesional Habronematidae nematode larvae were diagnosed. Immunohistochemistry revealed papillomaviral capsid protein L1 in the epidermal proliferative lesion, confirming the presence of a productive infection. Rt‐qPCR confirmed the presence of EcPV type 2. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of EcPV2‐related papillomas with concurrent habronemiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Equine cutaneous habronemiasis is common in the distal regions of the limbs. Organophosphates, applied systemically, one previously used treatment, which is highly effective, but currently in disuse, due to the risks of intoxication. Regional perfusion is a potential technique for distal limb wounds, since, in addition to being used in low doses, it prevents systemic circulation of the drug and possible intoxication, and has a lower treatment cost. The current work aimed to perform clinical, laboratory, and venography evaluations of the use of trichlorfon in regional intravenous perfusion, as a possible form of treatment for cutaneous habronemosis in the distal region of equine limbs. Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve equines were used, divided into 2 groups, with the left thoracic limb (LTL) being the test limb, and the right thoracic limb (RTL) the control limb. At moment zero (M0), distal radiography and venography were performed. The tourniquet was then loosened and after 5 min, at moment one (M1), the tourniquet was repositioned for 1.25 mg/kg (G1) and 5.5 mg/kg (G2) trichlorfon injections into the left thoracic limb, diluted in 20 mL of Ringer’s lactate solution, and 20 mL of Ringer’s lactate solution was applied to the right thoracic limb. The tourniquet was maintained for 30 min after infusion in both groups. At moment 2 (M2), 4 days later, blood tests, radiography, and venography were repeated. Every day between M0 and M2, physical examinations were performed, including measurement of the pastern, fetlock, and coronet band, and a lameness examination. There were no significant alterations in clinical parameters, behavior, and appetite. In the blood cell count, there was an increase in leukocytes on D4 in G2, although remaining within the reference values for the species. The biochemical tests showed no alterations. There were no changes in the circumferences evaluated and 4 equines from G2 presented lameness in the LTL and 1 in the RTL. In the venograms, 1 G2 animal was noticed to be hypoperfused in all LTL plexuses. Discussion: The use of trichlorfon in regional perfusion at a dose of 1.25 mg/kg demonstrated safety, with no clinical, laboratory, and lameness changes in any of the animals. At the highest dose (5.5 mg/kg), individual reactions were observed, such as different degrees of lameness, swelling, and heat in foot. Serial venographies document the response to treatment used, it was decided to perform the second venography 4 days after the trichlorfon perfusion and the first initial venography evaluation, following the recommendations for the repetition time of the examination and evaluation of the use of the drug. The evaluation of radiographic images of venography, in a grading system created considering the range of contrast in 5 regions by the 3 examiners experienced in podiatry and the analysis of radiographic images of limbs of equines, without having participated in the previous procedures was important for the reliability of the assessment. The areas of hypoperfusion observed in the venography were not related to trichlorfon perfusion. It is essential that the application of trichlorfon be performed correctly, intravenously, to avoid reactions such as necrosis, pain, edema, erythema, lameness, and even more severe inflammatory reactions, such as phlegmon and thrombophlebitis. Although a small number of animals were used in this study, trichlorfon regional perfusion of equine limbs, at a dose of 1.25 mg/kg may be a technique appears to be inert to hoof vascularization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mare presented with lameness and a large swelling palmarolateral and proximal to the right carpus. Radiography revealed mineral opacity, bone remodeling, and soft tissue swelling. At surgery, fibrous tissue was removed from the subcutaneous area and sulfur granules were removed from near the carpal canal. Histopathology revealed eosinophilic inflammation. Habronemiasis was the primary differential, although no larvae were found. The swelling resolved, and the mare was sound 1 year after initial presentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reasons for performing study Donkeys ( Equus africanus asinus) are important working animals, particularly in countries where the majority of the population lives below the poverty line. Gastric ulceration has been shown to be common in British donkeys but donkeys from other parts of the world have not been as extensively researched. Objectives This study was performed as a preliminary overview of the severity and distribution of gastric lesions in mature donkeys and to document which parasites were present. Study design Descriptive study of pathological findings. Methods Stomachs of 35 mature draught donkeys were examined grossly and histopathology samples taken from 5 regions of the gastric mucosa. Results Gross examination revealed hyperaemia, oedema, erosions and ulcers in addition to parasitic lesions. Histopathological examination revealed hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, vacuolar degeneration of stratified squamous cells, gastritis, erosions, ulcerations, scarring, hyperactivity of mucus glands, periglandular fibroplasia and parasitic granulomes with infestation by Gasterophilus spp . larvae , Habronema spp . and Draschia megastoma. Conclusions In donkeys, ulceration of the nonglandular regions of the stomach is more prominent than the glandular regions and parasitic infestations were frequent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A retrospective study of equine skin diseases diagnosed in the Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas was conducted between 1978 and 2013. The necropsy and biopsy protocols for horses received for diagnosis were reviewed to determine the prevalence of dermatopathies in southern Brazil. The most prevalent skin diseases in decreasing order were: sarcoid [234/710 (32.9%)], exuberant granulation tissue [81/710 (11.4%)], pythiosis [67/710 (9.4%)], squamous cell carcinoma [55/710 (7.7%)], papillomatosis [33/710 (4.6%)] and habronemiasis [30/710 (4.2%)]. Other skin lesions accounted for 25.3% of all cases studied. The Crioulo breed was the most prevalent [310/710 (43.6%)]. Horses aged between 2-5 years old [230/710 (32.3%)] were the most frequently affected. The data obtained in this study demonstrate the importance of skin diseases that affect horses In southern Brazil. The most of the dermatopathies observed In horses, although not resulting in death could cause aesthetic damage resulting in animal rejection, the inability to participate In collective sports activities and economic losses due to treatment and surgery costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An eight year old gelding with a history of inability to retract his penis was presented to the clinic. Physical examination revealed granulomatous lesions on the penis. Local and systemic treatment for two weeks did not show any improvement. Animal was found negative for habronemiasis. Histological examination of the paraphimosed penis was indicative of pyogranuloma. As remedial measure amputation of the penis and penile urethrostomy were carried out. Animal recovered uneventfully after about a week and was sent back to the track. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of study was to describe clinico histopathological manifestations of cutaneous and gastric habronemiasis in horse. The adult worms live on the wall of the stomach and cutaneous of the host without internal migration. A 5 year old 700 kg warm-blood, cross gelding was referred to the Tehran School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital. The horse presented skin lesions around. In our survey, several raised granulomatous nodules with a cystic space and parasites within the cysts were observed. Also gastric rupture at greater curvature due to abscess and perforation through the serosa causing diffused peritonitis and subsequent death. Eosinophils and other inflammatory cells were present in large numbers. Furthermore, cutaneous lesions were characterized by single or multiple ulcerated timorous masses with eosinophil epithelioid cell infiltration and scattered necrotic debris. Granulation tissue and neutrophils were observed along the ulcerated area. In this report a case of cutaneous and gastric habronemiasis in a horse in Iran is described with special attention to confirmation of the clinical diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most common eyelid disorders of horses include traumatic insults, anatomic malalignment problems, inflammatory lesions, and neoplasms. These eyelid conditions are discussed in this article with particular attention paid to practical diagnostic and therapeutic options. Surgical treatment for eyelid lacerations, entropion, ectropion, and temporary tarsorrhaphies are described. Causes and treatments for blepharitis and neoplastic diseases, especially sarcoids, are included. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The development of a nodule is a fairly common reaction pattern in the skin and subcutaneous tissues of the horse. In many such nodules, the inciting aetiologic agent or antigen is unknown, but in some equine cases there is significant evidence for insect bite origin. The pathogenesis of some equine nodular diseases appears to involve marked collagen degeneration which varies from hyalinization to lysis and can become mineralized. The exact role the lytic collagen has in the pathogenesis of these lesions is still unknown. Vascular changes may be present in some entities. Other nodules may be caused by or complicated by the larva of Habronema spp. The clinical or histological entities outlined in this section include the collagenolytic granuloma, axillary nodular necrosis, unilateral papular dermatosis and cutaneous habronemiasis., (Blackwell Science Ltd.)