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Food anaphylaxis is now the leading known cause of anaphylactic reactions treated in emergency departments, and wheat is one of the most common causes of anaphylaxis. Wheat is an important source of food worldwide. Wheat anaphylaxis is increasingly observed in our clinic. The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical features of wheat-induced anaphylaxis in 19 children for better elucidation of this disease. Children with severe reactions after ingestion of small amounts of wheat were referred to our clinic during a 4-year period. A detailed clinical history was recorded for each of the patients and a skin prick test was performed with wheat allergen extracts. The wheat-specific IgE and total IgE were measured. Grading of anaphylaxis episodes was performed according to a specific grading system. We identified 36 episodes of wheat anaphylaxis in 19 patients. All of the first attacks of wheat anaphylaxis occurred in the first-time ingestion. The most frequent manifestations of the reactions were skin and respiratory symptoms. In this study 78.9% of reactions were moderate and 21.1% of them were severe. All of our patients had positive skin prick tests to wheat. Mean total IgE level was 853.4 +/- 455.27 IU/ml, and mean wheat-specific IgE was 70 +/- 14.61 Ucs/ml. We conclude that wheat-induced anaphylaxis is a disease that is sufficiently severe, and. prevention of first wheat-induced anaphylaxis episodes is almost impossible. It would, however, probably be good practice to educate physicians to recognize the common clinical manifestations of this disease for early management.

To study the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Iranian schoolgirls and to identify risk factors which lead to obesity.This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2002 and a sample of 1800 female students between 7-12 years old was obtained using a multistage cluster sampling method from Tehran. Height and weight were measured and related socio-economic information was collected.The overall percent of overweight and obesity was 13.3% and 7.7% respectively. BMI (Body Mass Index) was directly and significantly(r=+0.28, P0.001) correlated with increasing age. Physical activity was significantly different between obese and non-obese children. (P=0.03) Also, economical factors such as the type of school (privatepublic) were different in these children. (P=0.03) The statistical analysis of the data revealed a significant and inverse correlation(r=-0.03, P=0.04) between maternal education and occurrence of overweight and obesity in children.The prevalence of overweight and obesity in young Iranian girls was high. Advanced age, lack of physical inactivity, low economical factors and maternal educational status could be risk factors for obesity in children.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common skin condition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of AD on the quality of life of children or adults and to identify the area of patients' lives most affected by the disease.Eighty six patients with AD who were referred to an immunology clinic and 98 patients (4 years old) attending a general clinic acting as controls (without any chronic or severe disease) participated in this survey. A physician filled the Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI) questionnaire for 4-16 year old children and the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaire for individuals more than 16 years via face-to-face interview.There were significant differences between the mean of CDLQI score and DLQI score in case and control groups (p0.001). For children and adults with AD, the mean score of each question was significantly higher than in the control group (p0.001).This study agreed with previous findings that AD has a major impact on physical well-being. The individuals dealing with AD and their families need more than just the physical treatment of symptoms. Educational and psychological support for patients and their families in addition to medical treatment of AD may improve their long-term physical outcomes.

Primary antibody deficiencies are the most frequent primary immunodeficiency disorders. Bronchiectasis as a feature of these disorders may be developed due to some factors such alpha-1- antitrypsin deficiency. In order to determine the prevalence of two common alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency alleles (PI*Z and PI*S) in Iranian patients with antibody deficiency, this study was performed. The prevalence of PI*M, PI*S, and PI*Z allele combinations was determined in 40 patients with primary antibody deficiency (with and without bronchiectasis) and compared with 60 healthy control subjects. Phenotyping was performed by isoelectric focusing. The phenotype frequencies among patients were as follow: M in 92.5%, S in 2.5% and Z in 5%. There was not any significant difference in distribution of alleles or phenotypes between patients and control subjects. Moreover, no significant difference was found between patients with and without bronchiectasis. We did not find evidence to support an association between alpha-1-antitrypsin phenotypes and primary antibody deficiencies in a small, controlled study. Larger studies will be required to clarify the relationship between alpha-1-antitrypsin genotype and susceptibility to bronchiectasis in patients with antibody deficiency.

The primary immunodeficiency (PI) disorders are abnormalities in development and maturation of the immune system. Individuals with PI disease may experience frequent infections, which limit their abilities to exhibit physical and psychological well-being secondary to their illness. In this survey we compared health-related quality of life of primary immune deficient patients with healthy children. The case-control study was designed for patients with PI disease who were referred to Children Medical Center in 2004-2005. Demographic information was taken and Pediatric Quality Of Life (PEDQOL) questionnaire were filled for 50 PI patients and 100 healthy children. The mean age in PI patients was 12.62+/- 3.65 (range from 8 to 18) years and in the control group was 11.04+/- 3.3 years. In PI patients 68% were male and 32% female .Most patients with PI disease had a diagnosis of common variable immunodeficiency (54%) or X-linked agammaglobulinemia (24%). Patients with PI disease had great limitations in physical functioning and psychological well-being (p0.001 and p0.001 respectively) compared with children without a chronic health condition. Patients had lower PEDQOL scores in all age groups compared with normal sample (p0.001). Long duration of disease significantly correlated with low psychological score. (r =-3.23. P= 0.03) Children with PI disease experience poorer health related quality of life than healthy children, indicating more attention should be paid to early diagnosis and treatment of PI disease, as well as more attention to their social limitation. PI patients may need psychological consultation for better coping with their illness.

The primary immunodeficiency (PI) disorders are abnormalities in development and maturation of the immune system. Individuals with PI disease may experience frequent infections, which limit their abilities to exhibit physical and psychological well-being secondary to their illness. In this survey we compared health-related quality of life of primary immune deficient patients with healthy children. The case-control study was designed for patients with PI disease who were referred to Children Medical Center in 2004-2005. Demographic information was taken and Pediatric Quality Of Life (PEDQOL) questionnaire were filled for 50 PI patients and 100 healthy children. The mean age in PI patients was 12.62± 3.65 (range from 8 to 18) years and in the control group was 11.04± 3.3 years. In PI patients 68% were male and 32% female .Most patients with PI disease had a diagnosis of common variable immunodeficiency (54%) or X-linked agammaglobulinemia (24%). Patients with PI disease had great limitations in physical functioning and psychological well-being (p