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Here we report the associated and semi-articulated partial wing of a mid-sized pterosaur from an exposure of the Pierre Shale, in east central Wyoming. All elements suffer from compaction but are identified as those of a pteranodontid based on the warped deltopectoral crest. Most probably, the wing is that of Pteranodon longiceps , although the length of the ulna and of the metacarpal IV relative to that of the humerus slightly exceeds that reported from any previously documented Pteranodon specimen. The surfaces of all wing elements are littered with circular indentations, ranging from 1.1 to 6.8 mm in diameter. These indentations formed postmortem and appear to be borings left by invertebrate scavengers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemotactic chemokines can be released from lung fibroblasts in response to interleukin (IL)-1[beta] and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-[alpha]. An imbalance between proteases and anti-proteases has been observed at inflammatory sites, and, therefore, protease inhibitors might modulate fibroblast release of chemotactic cytokines. To test this hypothesis, serine protease inhibitors (FK-706, [[alpha].sub.1]-antitrypsin, or N[alpha]-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone) were evaluated for their capacity to attenuate the release of neutrophil chemotactic activity (NCA) or monocyte chemotactic activity (MCA) from human fetal lung fibroblasts (HFL-1). Similarly, the release of the chemoattractants IL-8, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, from HFL-1, were evaluated in response to IL-1[beta] and TNF-[alpha]. NCA, MCA, and chemotactic cytokines were attenuated by FK-706. However, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors were without effect, and cysteine protease inhibitors only slightly attenuated chemotactic or cytokine release. These data suggest that IL-1[beta] and TNF-[alpha] may stimulate lung fibroblasts to release NCA and MCA by a proteasedependent mechanism and that serine protease inhibitors may attenuate the release. neutrophil; monocyte; interleukin-8; monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor

Summary Objectives This study correlates the Singing Voice Handicap Index (SVHI) scores with videostrobolaryngoscopy in healthy professional singers as a measure of self-perceived vocal health versus actual pathology seen on examination. The objective was to measure the strength of self-assessment among professional singers and determine if there is a benefit of combining SVHI and videostrobolaryngoscopy for routine assessment of singers without an obvious singing voice problem. Study Design Prospective cross-sectional study. Methods Forty-seven singers were included in the study. Singers produced spoken and sung pitches during videostrobolaryngoscopy. Examinations were blindly rated by two independent fellowship-trained laryngologists who assessed vocal fold appearance and function. The correlation between SVHI scores and total pathologic findings seen on videostrobolaryngoscopy was analyzed using linear regression and serial t tests. Results SVHI scores (mean of 22.45/144) were as expected for healthy singers. However, although all singers self-identified as healthy, laryngeal abnormalities were relatively common. The interrater reliability of total pathologic findings between two laryngologists was 71% ( P = 0.006). Linear regression found no significant correlation ( P = 0.9602) between SVHI scores and videostrobolaryngoscopy findings. Conclusion Greater than expected laryngeal pathology was seen in these professional singers, who identified themselves as healthy, which possibly indicates a minimal impact on their singing voice and/or perception of vocal health. These findings demonstrate that laryngeal appearance alone does not dictate nor fully explain the sound or apparent health of a professional singer. Sustaining good vocal health is complex, and even experienced singers may not reliably assess the presence of pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]