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This study reviewed educational, aesthetic, entertainment and deviant experiences which are elements of the metaverse experience set them as research variables and presented the results of the study through a survey. First, it was found that the educational experience was statistically significant for safety education satisfaction and had a positive effect. In order to provide practical education, educational experiences must feel like reality and fun content must be easily delivered. Second, it was found that deviant experiences were statistically significant for safety education satisfaction and had a positive effect. This can be said to increase the prevention of safety accidents only when the deviant experience service feels like reality and interesting contents related to safety education are easily delivered. Third, it was found that the aesthetic experience was statistically significant for safety education satisfaction and had a positive effect. This can be said to increase the prevention of safety accidents only when aesthetic experiences and services feel like reality and interesting contents related to safety education are easily delivered. Fourth, it was found that the recreational experience was statistically significant for safety education satisfaction and had a positive effect. This can be said to increase the prevention of safety accidents only when entertainment and deviant experience services feel like reality and interesting contents related to safety education are easily delivered.

This study aims to use evacuation direction and time as primary data for a situation where one needs to evacuate from a crowd-density place on a ramp by comparing and analyzing the relationship between the evacuation direction and evacuation time with respect to the crowd density on a ramp. The results showed that it took longer to exit the ramp when more than five pedestrians per area passed on the ramp. In addition, reducing the width of the ramp with a faux wall also increased the duration required for pedestrians to evacuate safely. Furthermore, it was found that less time was required to exit the ramp when the pedestrians evacuated in one direction, reducing the risk of accidents. Therefore, this study concludes that when there is a ramped passage at a place with a high crowd density, pedestrians should move in one direction during the evacuation process.

Safety education aims to promote safe habits through experience-oriented education that combines knowledge, skills and attitudes. However, in situations where experience-oriented safety education is challenging, realistic content created through technological advancements can indirectly function as an excellent safety education tool that allows for individual safety experiences. This study conducted a safety education program for 34 elementary school students using the most commonly used realistic safety education content in Korea, the 'simulator fire extinguisher,' four times. Safety knowledge tests and safety problem-solving ability tests were used as measuring tools and statistical significance was verified through paired sample t-tests. This study demonstrated that the safety education program using the 'simulator fire extinguisher' was effective in improving safety knowledge and problem-solving abilities . The average score of elementary school students increased from 8.47 to 9.23 in safety knowledge tests and from 4.26 to 4.64 in safety problem-solving ability tests. These results were statistically significant (p < 0.001).

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether workers were aware of fire alarms when sirens and bullhorn loudspeakers sound at construction sites that have many internal partitions. The experimental results revealed that when a fire alarm was activated at a construction site, workers in close proximity to the source of sound heard the alarm, whereas those far away did not. Workers at construction site may be prevented from hearing a fire alarm because of the noise generated by both, the workers and construction work. In addition, it is inferred that construction sites have many obstacles that hinder the transmission of soundwaves because they tend to have internal structure that include many partitions. Thus, it was found that complete evacuation from a construction site in the event of a fire was difficult because the sound of the fire alarm was not adequately transmitted to the entire site.

This study aims to measure the changes in evacuation time, with respect to the arrangement of a neonatal unit in a postnatal care center, by using an evacuation simulation program for analysis. Currently, the “Mother And Child Health Care Act, 2022” prohibits the installation of postpartum care centers above the second floor, but more than 80% of existing centers are located on the third floor or higher, producing problems with vertical evacuation. There are also no regulations for the placement of the neonatal unit when only one neonatal unit is in operation. Therefore, in the event of a fire, crowding and confusion would produce problems when mothers are evacuating with their babies. Since there are no regulations regarding the distribution of neonatal rooms, postpartum nursing homes are operating only one neonatal room in order to cut costs. Therefore, in such a concentrated arrangement, in the event of a fire, crowding and confusion would produce problems when mothers are evacuating with their babies. Considering these issues, evacuation times were compared and analyzed by changing the layout of a postnatal care center. This included where there was only one neonatal unit, where the neonatal and postpartum units were distributed on the same floor, and where these units were distributed on separate floors. The results showed a significant difference in evacuation times for the proposed arrangements, ranging from 584.3s to 456.0s. Considering the safety of vulnerable newborns and mothers, regulations for low-floor layouts of postnatal care centers are necessary to ensure quick evacuation.

This study aimed to calculate the habitable time using a fire and evacuation simulation program for an in-operation nursing hospital, compare and analyze it with the required evacuation time, and suggest a plan to enhance evacuation safety. The habitable time was calculated through fire simulations by assuming that a fire was caused by the careless handling of heating appliances in a doctor’s office. The evacuation time required for the occupants of the nursing hospital, including those who could not evacuate themselves, was compared and analyzed with the habitable time through the evacuation simulation. In the simulation, nursing hospitals of two stories or higher were not mandated to install ramps or elevators, per the current standards. The evacuation time of the nursing hospital subjected to this experiment exceeded the habitable time; hence, evacuation safety was not ensured. Through evacuation time analysis, we sequentially compared and analyzed the cases where those who were unable to evacuate on their own would evacuate using only the ramp, or only the elevator, or both, the ramp and the elevator. Additionally, the cases in which additional evacuation spaces were installed were also analyzed for the three situations. The evacuation simulation results demonstrated that the evacuation time significantly increased in other instances compared with the cases where ramps, elevators, and evacuation spaces were all installed. The results indicate that all nursing hospitals that are two stories or higher should be required to install all ramps, elevators, and evacuation spaces by amending related laws.

This study aims to measure changes in the evacuation time with respect to the desk spacing used by internet computer gaming facility providers using an evacuation simulation program and to analyze the results. Currently, the “Special Act on the Safety Management of Multi-Use Businesses” only regulates the width of the internal evacuation passage. There is no regulation on the width of the evacuation space as determined by the arrangement of furniture in internet computer gaming facilities. Considering this, the evacuation times for evacuation passage widths of 190, 210, 230, and 260 cm were compared and analyzed considering various variables of the facility space. The results show that there is a large difference in the evacuation time, ranging from 166.0 s to 154.0 s, as the passage width increases from the minimum to the maximum. With the increasing popularity of internet gaming facilities and considering the safety of the evacuees, it is necessary to draft regulations on the width of new evacuation spaces during the deployment of internet computer gaming facilities.

This study allows comparative analysis of the evacuation time required for nursing hospitals using an evacuation simulation program and proposes an optimized procedure to enhance safety. Considering the current laws and regulations that nursing hospitals may be exempted from using ramps or elevators, this study analyzed the evacuation time of all occupants, including patients who cannot evacuate by themselves. The following three cases were analyzed in order: elevators were exempt but ramps were installed, ramps were exempt but elevators that can move a bed were installed, and both elevators and ramps were installed. Last, the study comparatively analyzed the evacuation time for the above-mentioned cases when an additional evacuation space was installed. The results of the evacuation simulation showed that the required evacuation time was the shortest when a ramp, an elevator, and an evacuation space were all installed. Although there are provisions exempting ramps or elevators in nursing hospitals, the law should be revised to require the installation of both of them in nursing hospitals of two floors or higher. It is also an appropriate time to discuss the retroactive enforcement of evacuation space—which replaces the vertical evacuation of those vulnerable during evacuation—currently required for newly built or change-of-use nursing hospitals.

The rigorous fabrication of electrode materials using upper-ranked porous precursor especially metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are challenging but appealing task to procure electrochemical energy storage and conversion system with altitudinous performance. Herein, we replenish the rational construction of atypical electrode of hollow Zn-Ni-Co-oxide (ZNCO) nanosheet arrays onto rGO garnished Ni foam (rGO/NF) via two step solution based method. Firstly, 2D Zn-Co-MOFs derived nanoleave arrays are prepared by co-precipitation method. Next, hollow and porous ZNCO nanostructure from 2D solid nanoleave arrays are achieved by ion-exchange and etching process conjoined with post annealing treatment. The as-fabricated hierarchical ZNCO nanosheet arrays offer large numbers of electroactive sites with short ion-diffusion pathways, reflecting the outstanding electrochemical performance in-terms of excellent specific capacity (267 mAh g-1) ultra-high rate capability (83.82% at 50 A/g) and long-term cycling life (~90.16%) in three electrode configuration for supercapacitor (SCs). Moreover, the hollow and porous ZNCO nanostructure responds as immensely active and substantial electrocatalyst for methanol oxidation with lowest onset potential of 0.27 V. To demonstrate the practicability, hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) device is constructed using ZNCO@rGO-NF nanostructure as positive and rGO decorated MOF derived porous carbon (rGO-MDPC) as negative electrode. The as-assembled ZNCO//rGO-MDPC ASC device delivers higher energy density of 61.25 Wh kg-1 at the power density of 750 W kg-1 with long-term cyclic stability (

This study estimated the appropriate number of employees that are able to evacuate all occupants during the day time and nighttime through an evacuation simulation. During the daytime, 200 patients and 44 workers evacuated after 416 se This result showed that the number of workers was greater than the standard number of daytime worker placements because this record was faster than the Korean Fire Department’s average arrival time of 430 seconds. Therefore, the appropriate number of workers during the daytime for all occupants to escape within the Korean Fire Department’s average arrival time of 430 seconds is 30 persons, 25 persons for the standard evacuation time of 480 seconds, and 20 persons for the average time of flashover of 540 seconds. During the nighttime, a total of 205 people, including 200 patients and 5 workers, needed 1,475 seconds to evacuate. As this time exceeds the average time of flashover, it was shown that the number of workers was fewer than the standard number of nighttime worker placements. Therefore, the appropriate number of workers at nighttime is 35 persons for 430 seconds, 30 persons for 480 seconds, and 25 persons for 540 seconds

This study calculated the appropriate area of university laboratories which shall allow 40 students to evacuate in the shortest time frame when they evacuate at the walking speed per extinction coefficient of smoke to be created upon outbreak of fire.In the case where the floor area was 600㎡, the required safe egress time (RSET) for the total 40 students was 48.3 seconds when extinction coefficient was 0.3m⁻¹, 52.6 sec when extinction coefficient was 0.5m⁻¹, and 54.3 sec when extinction coefficient was 1.0m⁻¹. In the case where the floor area was reduced to 300㎡, half of the first case, the RSET for the total 40 students was 50.0 sec when extinction coefficient was 0.3m⁻¹, 56.4 sec when extinction coefficient was 0.5m⁻¹, and 54.1 sec when extinction coefficient was 1.0m⁻¹, showing the result that RSET of all the students was rather elongated when extinction coefficient was 0.3m⁻¹ and 0.5m⁻¹ respectively due to bottleneck caused by increase in population density even though the exit distance was shortened. In the case where the floor area was increased to 1200㎡, twice of the first case, RSET of all the levels of extinction coefficient was elongated due to increase in exit distance. As result of the experiments with different size of floor areas, the shortest RSET of all the students was found with 540㎡ of floor area. In conclusion, it was found that the RSET for all the people in the lab shall be shortest when the floor area was appropriate.

This study used the Pathfinder program to evaluate evacuation safety by assuming evacuation training in high school buildings and changing classroom layout. Analysis of the final evacuation requirements for Scenario 2, which currently has a concentration of classrooms on the third floor of the building, showed that Scenario 2 reduced 29.6 seconds to 173.9 seconds compared to Scenario 1's 203.5 seconds. However, the analysis of Scenario 3, in which 10 classrooms and personnel of three grades were placed equally on the left and right sides of the building, showed that the final evacuation requirements were reduced 3.9 seconds to 170.0 seconds compared to Scenario 2, but there was no significant difference. Scenario 3, which has more the efficiency of school year operation by placing classroom layout on the same floor by grade level than Scenario 2, in which more classrooms and students were placed downstairs. In each scenario, an analysis of the final evacuation requirements showed that the evacuation exit T1 on the left side of the building was 28 seconds or more shorter than T3 on the right side of the building. Therefore, it was analyzed that proper classroom layout and ramp facilities in high school buildings ensure evacuation safety

In this study, scenarios were developed to evaluate evacuation safety in the event of a fire in a shopping center with a connected passageway and to reduce Required Safe Egress Time (RSET). The RSET for all occupants by scenario is as follows: The first scenario which used the general evacuation route took 20 minutes and 7 seconds. The second scenario which used the third floor’s connected passageway for third and fourth floor, and using first floor entrance for first and second floor to evacuate took 14 minutes and 11 seconds. The evacuation time was 36 minutes and 52 seconds for scenario 3, which only used the fire escape stairs. The fourth scenario took 4 minutes and 19 seconds and used a connected passageway on every floor. Overall, this study shows that RSET for all occupants is reduced when a connected passageway is installed on every floor in shopping centers. Henceforth, more research is needed to determine whether connected passageway is a single firefighting object or a separate structure.

This study focuses on job stress, which may be the cause of the high turnover rate of fire protection system management workers, to demonstrate the influence of job stress on turnover intention. This research was conducted to confirm this correlation and utilize the obtained data for continuous employment. In this study, 354 fire protection system management workers were surveyed and factor analysis, correlation analysis, one-way ANOVA, and regression analysis were conducted using SPSS WIN 25. The analysis results are as follows: first, job stress did not differ with respect to age, education level, or monthly salary among sociological background causes. However, there were significant differences in position, total career, certificate difference, and tasks. Second, as job stress increased, the turnover intention was positively affected. In particular, the analysis showed that increased stress on “Organizational Systems” and a “Lack of Reward” led to high turnover intention. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce a reasonable management system, provide smooth organizational support, establish a channel for rational communication, prepare measures to induce internal motivation, develop technology, support self-development, and apply reasonable monetary compensation standards and applications to minimize these rates.

This study analyzes the issue of the supply of force of fire in the high-rise buildings, and proposes an efficient method to do so. The results are as follows. First, in terms of Detect fire, it is necessary to shorten force of fire supply time by diversifying fire alarms such as alarms, vibrations, and voices from outside, clarification of fire occurrence points, and marking of fire. Second, with regard to communication signals, strengthening the installation target of wireless communication auxiliary facilities, supplementing the installation of repeaters, and constructing a multicommunications network were proposed. Third, in terms of Decide action, it is necessary to supply firefighter and firefighting equipment with the method of crossing of a river in adjacent buildings. Fourth, in terms of Respond to site, helicopters and emergency elevators are used to assist in the supply of firefighting equipment using drones. Easy-to-break glass windows and identification marks are required in every floor. Finally, in terms of applying fire suppressants, water can be supplied by means of a helicopter adjacent to the structure.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of apartment residents’ safety education satisfaction and the application of fire protection plans on fire safety awareness. The analysis results are as follows. First, the low levels of satisfaction with safety education content had a negative effect on anxiety about fire safety. This means that apartment residents’ low levels of interest or participation in education affected their safety awareness, which prevented them from securing safety from fire. It is necessary for control staff to have a positive impact on their educational satisfaction via the learning support information system, among others, in order to create a satisfying education and safety culture. Second, competence in the execution of firefighting plans had a positive effect on fire safety awareness. These results indicate that apartment residents do not have the opportunity to access the education and training necessary for safety, nor the legal responsibility to complete mandatory safety education, which leads to their lack of safety awareness. Therefore, the control staff need to raise awareness of fire safety and the importance of participating in safety education among apartment residents by strengthening and activating the execution of firefighting plans in order to ensure safe living. Third, the competency of the firefighting plans moderated the effects of apartment residents' educational satisfaction on their awareness of fire safety.

Controlled process conditions enabled the fabrication of well-defined, high quality, and reproducible waveguides. Multifactor lithographic process conditions have been achieved in order to fabricate 3D single mode waveguide. Preheating and post-baking processes are the most important factors. Sol gel materials form an intermediate bridge between glasses and polymers which allow doping of many metal ions or functional materials to the system to extend its capabilities in high performance and active devices, such as modulation, lasing (amplifying), beam splitters, couplers, deflectors, wavelength filters and switches. It was found that the single mode or multimode waveguide can be fabricated with single step spin coating.

The purpose of this study is to provide water smoothly from a fire door frame to a fire door by offering a hinge that makes water supply passage in such a way to provide water that is being stored to the inside fire door frame. Thus, it would be expected to shut off flame and heat, even put out flame in the event of a fire outbreak. The authors provide a deep analysis of relevant literature on the stated topic, emphasizing its importance and urgency. The structure of a newly invented fire door hinge is presented in detail, as well as operating mechanism of a hinge for a fire door is fully described.