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There are various uncommon gastrointestinal complications, as liver transplantation becomes increasingly popular as the only curative method for patients with end-stage liver diseases. It is important for radiologists evaluating postoperative liver transplantation recipients to have a perspective on the possible gastrointestinal complications after liver transplantation and their radiologic features for early detection and early treatment. This article illustrates radiologic findings and clinical features of various uncommon gastrointestinal complications after liver transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the degree and pattern of ascending colonic rotation as patients moved from supine to prone positions during CTC.Methods: A search of our CTC and colonoscopy database found 37 patients (43 eligible lesions) who fulfilled the following criteria: colonoscopy-proven sessile polyps ≥ 6 mm in the straight mid-ascending colon, lesion visualisation in both supine and prone CTC, and optimal colonic distension. A coordinate system was developed to designate the polyp radial location (°) along the luminal circumference, unaffected by rotation of the torso. The degree/direction of polyp radial location change (i.e. ascending colonic rotation) between supine and prone positions correlated with anthropometric measurements.Results: Movement from supine to prone positions resulted in a change in the radial polyp location of between -23° and 79° (median, 21°), demonstrating external rotation of the ascending colon in almost all cases (2° to 79° in 36/37 patients and 42/43 lesions). The degree/direction of rotation mildly correlated with the degree of abdominal compression in the anterior-posterior direction in prone position (r = 0.427 [P = 0.004] and r = 0.404 [P = 0.007]).Conclusion: The ascending colon was usually found to rotate externally as patients moved from supine to prone positions, partly dependent on the degree of abdominal compression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to develop a panoramic endoluminal display technique, the band view, which causes minimal image distortion, and to determine its feasibility as a time-efficient primary three-dimensional review method of CT colonography (CTC). Image distortion was compared between the band view and four other three-dimensional review modes using ten 10-mm and ten 20-mm electronically generated polyps. Diagnostic performance and interpretation time were compared between the band view and the conventional endoluminal view by two independent readers in 52 patients who underwent CTC and colonoscopy on the same day. Mean image distortion index values, in which 1 indicates no distortion and the larger value represents greater distortion, were significantly smaller with the band view (1.03 and 1.01 for 10-mm and 20-mm polyps, respectively) than with the filet view (1.65 and 1.55) or the virtual colon dissection (3.27 and 3.85) (P < or = 0.004). The sensitivity and specificity for detecting adenomatous polyps > or = 6 mm did not differ, but the mean interpretation time was significantly shorter with the band view than with the conventional endoluminal view by 1.8 and 4.5 minutes in readers 1 and 2, respectively (P < 0.0001). The band view can be a time-efficient alternative for primary three-dimensional review of CTC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For four decades, cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) has invaded salt marshes in the Yellow Sea, altering physical, biogeochemical, and biological processes. Here, we investigated the ecological effects of S. alterniflora invasion on benthic environments compared to native halophytes. S. alterniflora contributed to higher carbon accumulation rates compared with bare tidal flat in sediments (3.4 times), through greater primary production and root biomass, compared to Suaeda japonica (2.5 times) and Phragmites australis (2.4 times) over the given period. The results showed that S. alterniflora eradication treatments inhibited its growth but did not significantly affect the benthic communities. Compared to P. australis and bare tidal flats, S. alterniflora invasion resulted in lower greenhouse gas emission and higher contributions to macrobenthos nutrition, and increased sediment stability and carbon burial. Overall, these multiple lines of evidence provide new insights on S. alterniflora invasion, suggesting that the current eradication policy would be carefully reviewed., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Background: Renal function deterioration during systemic therapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) is a long-term concern in treatment planning. Although hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are the most common factors that affect chronic kidney disease (CKD) development and progression, their impact on renal function during targeted therapy is unclear. This study investigated whether DM and HTN were associated with a decline in renal function during first-line targeted therapy for mRCC., Methods: This retrospective multicenter study analyzed patients receiving first-line targeted therapy for mRCC. They were classified as follows: group 1: HTN-, DM-; group 2: HTN+, DM-; group 3: HTN-, DM+; and group 4: HTN+, DM+. Changes in renal function and factors affecting progression to stage 4 CKD after targeted therapy were analyzed., Results: Among the 424 enrolled patients, 303 (71.5%) and 121 (28.5%) were treated with sunitinib and pazopanib, respectively [median duration: 10.3 months, interquartile range (IQR), 3.1-37.0 months]. Although all groups showed a decreased mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) after treatment (P<0.001 for group 1, group 2, and group 4, P=0.02 for group 3, respectively), there were no significant differences in changes in eGFR (∆eGFR) between groups (P=0.10). However, actual renal function change calculated using percent ∆eGFR (%∆eGFR) showed differences between groups (P=0.02); the %∆eGFR of group 4 was significantly lower compared with group 1 (P=0.008). The mean progression time to stage 4 CKD in group 4 (38.6 months) was significantly shorter compared to the other groups (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis identified increased age (P=0.008), increased number of metastatic sites (P=0.047), and DM and HTN coexistence (P<0.001) as predictors of progression to stage 4 CKD., Conclusions: Patients with DM and HTN experienced further decline in renal function and had a higher risk of progression to stage 4 CKD after targeted therapy compared to patients without these risk factors. Recognition and proactive management of DM and HTN are necessary to facilitate the proper administration of life-prolonging oncological treatments., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://tau.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/tau-24-231/coif). C.H.L. reports the funding from the 2023 Inje University research grant. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (2024 AME Publishing Company. All rights reserved.)

Angiotensin II (AngII) induces the contraction and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). AngII activates phospholipase C-β (PLC-β), thereby inducing Ca 2+ mobilization as well as the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Since contraction is a unique property of contractile VSMCs, signaling cascades related to the proliferation of VSMCs may differ. However, the specific molecular mechanism that controls the contraction or proliferation of VSMCs remains unclear. AngII-induced ROS production, migration, and proliferation were suppressed by inhibiting PLC-β3, inositol trisphosphate (IP 3 ) receptor, and NOX or by silencing PLC-β3 or NOX1 but not by NOX4. However, pharmacological inhibition or silencing of PLC-β3 or NOX did not affect AngII-induced VSMC contraction. Furthermore, the AngII-dependent constriction of mesenteric arteries isolated from PLC-β3 ∆SMC , NOX1 -/- , NOX4 -/- and normal control mice was similar. AngII-induced VSMC contraction and mesenteric artery constriction were blocked by inhibiting the L-type calcium channel Rho-associated kinase 2 (ROCK2) or myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). The activation of ROCK2 and MLCK was significantly induced in PLC-β3 ∆SMC mice, whereas the depletion of Ca 2+ in the extracellular medium suppressed the AngII-induced activation of ROCK2, MLCK, and vasoconstriction. AngII-induced hypertension was significantly induced in NOX1 -/- and PLC-β3 ∆SMC mice, whereas LCCA ligation-induced neointima formation was significantly suppressed in NOX1 -/- and PLC-β3 ∆SMC mice. These results suggest that PLC-β3 is essential for vascular hyperplasia through NOX1-mediated ROS production but is nonessential for vascular constriction or blood pressure regulation., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the short-term outcomes and safety profiles of androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT)+abiraterone/prednisone with those of ADT+docetaxel in patients with de novo metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC)., Materials and Methods: A web-based database system was established to collect prospective cohort data for patients with mHSPC in Korea. From May 2019 to November 2022, 928 patients with mHSPC from 15 institutions were enrolled. Among these patients, data from 122 patients who received ADT+abiraterone/prednisone or ADT+docetaxel as the primary systemic treatment for mHSPC were collected. The patients were divided into two groups: ADT+abiraterone/prednisone group (n=102) and ADT+docetaxel group (n=20). We compared the demographic characteristics, medical histories, baseline cancer status, initial laboratory tests, metastatic burden, oncological outcomes for mHSPC, progression after mHSPC treatment, adverse effects, follow-up, and survival data between the two groups., Results: No significant differences in the demographic characteristics, medical histories, metastatic burden, and baseline cancer status were observed between the two groups. The ADT+abiraterone/prednisone group had a lower prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression rate (7.8% vs. 30.0%; p=0.011) and lower systemic treatment discontinuation rate (22.5% vs. 45.0%; p=0.037). No significant differences in adverse effects, oncological outcomes, and total follow-up period were observed between the two groups., Conclusions: ADT+abiraterone/prednisone had lower PSA progression and systemic treatment discontinuation rates than ADT+docetaxel. In conclusion, further studies involving larger, double-blinded randomized trials with extended follow-up periods are necessary., Competing Interests: The authors have nothing to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 Korean Society for Sexual Medicine and Andrology.)

The coexistence of carbon neutrality and capitalism can be realized if environmentally friendly management is proven to enhance profitability. The focus of green logistics practices (GLPs) is on maximizing energy efficiency in logistics services, potentially leading to cost reductions for companies. Such practices can be supported through public reports, such as Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reports, and government policies, including government certification. The primary objective of this study is to investigate whether the financial efficiency of logistics companies can be improved through the implementation of GLPs and a relevant government policy. To achieve this objective, a two-stage analysis was conducted using Data Envelopment Analysis - Slack-Based Measure (DEA-SBM) and Tobit regression analysis. The DEA-SBM was employed to assess whether the financial efficiency of logistics companies adopting GLPs and a relevant government policy was superior to that of companies not adopting such practices. Additionally, Tobit regression analysis was employed to analyze the effects of GLPs, ESG reports, and a government policy on the financial efficiency of logistics companies. The findings of the study indicate the necessity for collaboration between the private and public sectors to implement GLPs in a financially positive manner. In conclusion, the research demonstrated that the implementation of GLPs, coupled with public disclosure through ESG reports or equivalents and a government policy, had a positive impact on the financial efficiency of logistics companies., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) Ab-based therapies have demonstrated potential for treating metastatic urothelial cancer with high PD-L1 expression. Urinary exosomes are promising biomarkers for liquid biopsy, but urine's high variability requires normalization for accurate analysis. This study proposes using the PD-L1/Alix ratio to normalize exosomal PD-L1 signal intensity with Alix, an internal exosomal protein less susceptible to heterogeneity concerns than surface protein markers. Extracellular vesicles were isolated using ExoDisc and characterized using various methods, including ExoView to analyze tetraspanins, PD-L1, and Alix on individual exosomes. On-disc ELISA was used to evaluate PD-L1 and Alix-normalized PD-L1 in 15 urothelial cancer patients during the initial treatment cycle with Tecentriq. Results showed that Alix signal range was relatively uniform, whereas tetraspanin marker intensity varied for individual exosome particles. On-disc ELISA was more reliable for detecting exosomal PD-L1 expression than standard plate ELISA-based measurement. Using exosomal Alix expression for normalization is a more reliable approach than conventional methods for monitoring patient status. Overall, the study provides a practical and reliable method for detecting exosomal PD-L1 in urine samples from patients with urothelial cancer., (© 2024 The Authors. Cancer Science published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Japanese Cancer Association.)

Background: In the United States, the rate of benign histology among resected renal tumors suspected to be malignant is increasing. We evaluated the rates in the Republic of Korea and assessed the racial effect using recent multi-institutional Korean-United States data., Methods: We conducted a multi-institutional retrospective study of 11,529 patients (8,812 from The Republic of Korea and 2,717 from the United States) and compared the rates of benign histology between the two countries. To evaluate the racial effect, we divided the patients into Korean, Asian in the US, and Non-Asian in the US., Results: The rates of benign histology and small renal masses in Korean patients were significantly lower than that in United States patients (6.3% vs. 14.3%, p < 0.001) and (≤ 4 cm, 7.6% vs. 19.5%, p < 0.001), respectively. Women, incidentaloma, partial nephrectomy, minimally invasive surgery, and recent surgery were associated with a higher rate of benign histology than others., Conclusions: In Korea, the rate of benign histology among resected renal tumors was significantly lower than that in the United States. This disparity could be caused by environmental or cultural differences rather than racial differences. Our findings suggest that re-evaluating current context-specific standards of care is necessary to avoid overtreatment., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: We compare the diversity and niche specificity of the microbiome in the trachea-oropharynx microbiome of malignant breast neoplasm with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) via NGS analysis., Methods: We prospectively collected a total of 40 endotracheal tubes intubated from subjects, of whom 20 with NAC treated breast cancer (NAC group) and 20 with breast cancer without NAC (Non-NAC group). We generated 16S rRNA-based microbial profiles in IlluminaTM platform and alpha diversity indices were compared between groups. For the comparison of taxa abundance, linear discriminant analysis effect size method with Kruskal-Wallis test was used. The distribution of variables between the two groups was compared using the Mann-Whitney test. For beta diversity analysis, PERMANOVA was used., Results: Among the diversity indices, the NAC group showed significantly lower Chao1, Inverse Simpson, and Shannon indices than the Non-NAC group. The three most frequent taxa of all two groups were Streptococcus (20.4%), followed by Veillonella (11.9%), and Prevorella (10.4%). This order was the same in NAC and non-NAC groups., Conclusion: Here, we provide the first comparison data of the respiratory tract microbiome of breast cancer patients with or without NAC via NGS analysis. This study ultimately seeks to contribute to future studies on the lower respiratory tract in cancer patients with cytotoxic chemotherapy by establishing reliable control data., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2023 Kim et al.)

Peanut sprouts are known to increase their resveratrol content during germination, leading to cultivation in smart farms. Recently, peanut sprout oil extraction and sales have gained traction; however, processed foods utilizing peanut sprout oil have yet to be developed. In this study, water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion gels were structured with water, peanut sprout oil (PSO), sorbitan monostearate (SMS), and candelilla wax (CW) in different ratios, and their potential as shortening substitutes in muffins was evaluated on physicochemical and sensory properties. PSO comprised 67% unsaturated fatty acids and had higher phospholipid (17.97%) and resveratrol (15.95 µg/L) contents and antioxidant activity (71.52%) compared to peanut oil. The PSO emulsion gels were physically structured without changing their chemical compositions. The SMS and CW ratios were found to have a significant influence on the textural properties, solid fat content, rheology, and crystallization of the emulsion gels. The viscoelastic properties of the emulsion gels showed a higher storage modulus than loss modulus and increased with increasing gelator content. Muffins prepared with emulsion gels were characterized by a harder texture and larger pore size, while in the case of muffins mixed with a ratio of 25% SMS and 75% CW, there was no significant difference in overall preference of sensory evaluation compared to shortening muffins. Thus, these findings reveal the potential utility of PSO as a fat substitute and indicate that W/O emulsion gels are suitable for producing muffins without a loss of quality.

Background: The immune landscape of breast cancer (BC) in patients from Sub Saharan Africa is understudied. Our aims were to describe the distribution of Tumour Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) within the intratumoural stroma (sTILs) and the leading/invasive edge stroma (LE-TILs), and to evaluate TILs across BC subtypes with established risk factors and clinical characteristics in Kenyan women., Methods: Visual quantification of sTILs and LE-TILs were performed on Haematoxylin and eosin -stained pathologically confirmed BC cases based on the International TIL working group guidelines. Tissue Microarrays were constructed and stained with immunohistochemistry (IHC) for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD68, CD20, and FOXP3. Linear and logistic regression models were used to assess associations between risk factors and tumour features with IHC markers and total TILs, after adjusting for other covariates., Results: A total of 226 invasive BC cases were included. Overall, LE-TIL (mean = 27.9, SD = 24.5) proportions were significantly higher than sTIL (mean = 13.5, SD = 15.8). Both sTILs and LE- TILs were predominantly composed of CD3, CD8, and CD68. We found higher TILs to be associated with high KI67/high grade and aggressive tumour subtypes, although these associations varied by TIL locations. Older age at menarche (≥ 15 vs. < 15 years) was associated with higher CD3 (OR: 2.06, 95%CI:1.26-3.37), but only for the intra-tumour stroma., Conclusion: The TIL enrichment in more aggressive BCs is similar to previously published data in other populations. The distinct associations of sTIL/LE-TIL measures with most examined factors highlight the importance of spatial TIL evaluations in future studies., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Bladder cancer ranks as the 10th most common cancer type globally, and muscle-invasive disease accounts for approximately 25% of newly diagnosed bladder cancers. Despite definitive treatment, 50% of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) develop metastasis within 2 years, leading to death. Perioperative systemic therapy is generally recommended to control local relapse or distant metastasis after surgical resection for patients with MIBC. Cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical cystectomy is the current standard treatment to improve oncologic control and survival outcomes. Adjuvant chemotherapy is recommended for patients with pathological T3-4 or positive lymph nodes after radical cystectomy if no neoadjuvant chemotherapy was given. Nonetheless, perioperative systemic therapy is not applied widely because of its toxicity, and less than 25% of patients receive cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Therefore, the development of predictive biomarkers for neoadjuvant chemotherapy efficacy and alternative effective regimens for cisplatin-ineligible patients are important. Furthermore, recently, novel anticancer agents such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and antibody-drug conjugates have proven survival benefits in the metastatic setting, thereby expanding their therapeutic applications to the perioperative setting for non-metastatic MIBC. Herein, we discuss the current status and future perspectives of perioperative systemic strategies for MIBC., Competing Interests: The authors have nothing to disclose., (© The Korean Urological Association.)

Although omega-3 fatty acids including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) contain various health-promoting effects, their poor aqueous solubility and stability make them difficult to be induced in dairy foods. The aims of this research were to manufacture casein derivative-based delivery system using acid-induced gelation method with glucono-σ-lactone and to investigate the effects of production variables, such as pH and charged amount of linoleic acid, on the physicochemical properties of delivery systems and oxidative stability of DHA during storage in model milk. Covalent modification with linoleic acid resulted in the production of casein derivatives with varying degrees of modification. As pH was reduced from 5.0 to 4.8 and the charged amount of linoleic acid was increased from 0% to 30%, an increase in particle size of casein derivative-based delivery systems was observed. The encapsulation efficiency of DHA was increased with decreased pH and increased charged amount of linoleic acid. The use of delivery system for DHA resulted in a decrease in the development of primary and secondary oxidation products. An increase in the degree of modification of casein derivatives with linoleic acid resulted in a decrease in the formation of primary and secondary oxidation products than of free DHA indicating that delivery systems could enhance the oxidative stability of DHA during storage in model milk. In conclusions, casein derivatives can be an effective delivery system for DHA and charged amount of linoleic acid played a key role determining the physicochemical characteristics of delivery system and oxidative stability of DHA., Competing Interests: The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest., (© Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources.)

Background: Early intervention to reduce the impact of adverse events (AEs) may improve patients' quality of life and enable optimal treatment duration., Methods: This nationwide, multicenter, prospective, longitudinal, 1-year observational study investigated patients' self-management of AEs associated with targeted therapy for advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and explored corresponding outcomes, including treatment duration and patient-reported outcomes (PROs)., Results: We enrolled 77 advanced RCC patients (mean age 62 years) treated with a first targeted therapy. 210 cases of seven AEs of interest (fatigue, hand-foot syndrome, oral mucosal inflammation, diarrhea, gastrointestinal symptoms, hypertension, and anorexia) were observed. Most AEs were mild to moderate. Overall, 63.4% of patients were identified as managing their AEs well, reporting numerically longer treatment duration and significantly higher PRO scores than patients identified as poor managers., Conclusions: Longer treatment duration and improved PROs were observed when advanced RCC patients managed targeted therapy-associated AEs well. Repeated education for consolidating AE self-management could be considered to enhance overall treatment outcomes., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Purpose: The relationship with endothelial activation and stress index (EASIX), which represents the degree of endothelial dysfunction, is unwell known in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). The present study aims to assess the prognostic value of the EASIX for recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with UTUC who underwent radical nephroureterectomy (RNU)., Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of 627 patients with UTUC who underwent RNU without neoadjuvant chemotherapy at three hospitals between 2002 and 2019. EASIX scores were calculated using the formula "serum lactate dehydrogenase (U/L)×creatinine (mg/dL)/platelet count (10 9 /L)" and evaluated based on log 2 -transformed values. We divided the patients according to the EASIX score (>1.27 vs. ≤1.27)., Results: Among 627 patients, 380 were finally analyzed. Using maximally selected log-rank statistics, the optimal EASIX cutoff value was 1.27 on the log 2 scale. The baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups except for age. The high EASIX score group had worse RFS and OS than the low EASIX score group (log-rank p=0.001 and p=0.006, respectively). At 5 years, the mean RFS and OS difference between the low and high EASIX score groups was 11.1 and 7.35 months, respectively. High EASIX score remained a key prognosticator of RFS and OS after RNU in multivariable analysis., Conclusions: EASIX score may represent endothelial dysfunction in patients with UTUC and may serve as a readily available prognostic factor for oncologic outcomes., Competing Interests: The authors have nothing to disclose., (© The Korean Urological Association.)

Purpose: To establish the standard of procedure in preparing benign and cancerous prostate tissues and evaluate the quality of proteomics and phosphoproteomics during transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR-P) with different surgical conditions., Materials and Methods: TUR-P tissue samples from three patients, two diagnosed with prostate cancer and one with benign prostatic hyperplasia, were each analyzed under three different conditions, based on differences in energy values, tissue locations, and surgical techniques. Global- and phosphorylated proteomic profiles of prostate tissues were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry., Results: A total of 6,019 global proteins and 4,280 phosphorylated peptides were identified in the nine tissues. The quantitative distributions of proteins and phosphorylation in tissues from the same patient were not affected by changes in the surgical conditions, but indirect relative comparisons differed among patients. Phosphorylation levels, especially of proteins involved in the androgen receptor pathway, important in prostate cancer, were preserved in each patient., Conclusions: Proteomic profiles of prostate tissue collected by TUR-P were not significantly affected by energy levels, tissue location, or surgical technique. In addition, since protein denaturation of samples through TUR-P is rarely confirmed in this study, we think that it will be an important guide for tissue samples in castration resistant prostate cancer patients, where it is difficult to obtain tissue. This result is the first report about proteomic and phosphoproteomic results with TUR-P samples in prostate cancer and will be theoretical basis in protein analysis research with prostate cancer tissues., Competing Interests: The authors have nothing to disclose., (Copyright © 2022 Korean Society for Sexual Medicine and Andrology.)

Retinal angiogenesis was delayed in VSMC-specific Akt1-deficient mice (Akt1 ∆SMC ) but not in Akt2 ∆SMC mice. The proliferation of ECs, recruitment of pericytes, and coverage of VSMCs to the endothelium were defective in Akt1 ∆SMC . The silencing of Akt1 in VSMCs led to the downregulation of angiopoietin 1 (Ang1) and the upregulation of Ang2. The activation of Notch3 in VSMCs was significantly reduced in the retinas of Akt1 ∆SMC mice. Silencing Akt1 suppressed the activation of Notch3. Moreover, the silencing of Notch3 downregulated Ang1, whereas the overexpression of Notch3 intracellular domain (NICD3) enhanced Ang1 expression. The nuclear localization and transcriptional activity of yes-associated protein (YAP) were affected by the expression level of Akt1. Silencing YAP downregulated Ang2 expression, whereas overexpression of YAP showed the opposite results. Ang1 antibody and Ang2 suppressed endothelial sprouting of wild-type aortic tissues, whereas the Ang2 antibody and Ang1 facilitated the endothelial sprouting of aortic tissues from Akt1 ∆SMC mice. Finally, severe hemorrhage was observed in Akt1 ∆SMC mice, which was further facilitated under streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic conditions. Therefore, the Akt1-Notch3/YAP-Ang1/2 signaling cascade in VSMCs might play an essential role in the paracrine regulation of endothelial function., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Dysregulation of adipose tissue plasmalogen metabolism is associated with obesity-related metabolic diseases. We report that feeding mice a high-fat diet reduces adipose tissue lysoplasmalogen levels and increases transmembrane protein 86 A (TMEM86A), a putative lysoplasmalogenase. Untargeted lipidomic analysis demonstrates that adipocyte-specific TMEM86A-knockout (AKO) increases lysoplasmalogen content in adipose tissue, including plasmenyl lysophosphatidylethanolamine 18:0 (LPE P-18:0). Surprisingly, TMEM86A AKO increases protein kinase A signalling pathways owing to inhibition of phosphodiesterase 3B and elevation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate. TMEM86A AKO upregulates mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, elevates energy expenditure, and protects mice from metabolic dysfunction induced by high-fat feeding. Importantly, the effects of TMEM86A AKO are largely reproduced in vitro and in vivo by LPE P-18:0 supplementation. LPE P-18:0 levels are significantly lower in adipose tissue of human patients with obesity, suggesting that TMEM86A inhibition or lysoplasmalogen supplementation might be therapeutic approaches for preventing or treating obesity-related metabolic diseases., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Electrochemical biosensors have shown great potential for simple, fast, and cost-effective point-of-care diagnostic tools. However, direct analysis of complex biological fluids such as plasma has been limited by the loss of sensitivity caused by biofouling. By increasing the surface area, the nanostructured electrode can improve detection sensitivity. However, like a double-edged sword, a large surface area increases the nonspecific adsorption of contaminating proteins. The use of nanoporous structures may prevent fouling proteins. However, there is no straightforward approach for creating nanostructured and nanoporous surfaces compatible with microfabricated thin-film electrodes. Herein, the preferential etching of chloride and surfactant-assisted anisotropic gold reduction to create homogeneous, nanostructured, and nanoporous gold electrodes is demonstrated, yielding a 190 ± 20 times larger surface area within a minute without using templates. This process, "surfactant-based electrochemical etch-deposit interplay for nanostructure/nanopore growth" (SEEDING), on electrodes enhances the sensitivity and antibiofouling capabilities of amperometric biosensors, enabling direct analysis of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (tEVs) in complex biofluids with a limit of detection of 300 tEVs µL -1  from undiluted plasma and good discrimination between patients with prostate cancer from healthy ones with an area under the curve of 0.91 in urine and 0.90 in plasma samples., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Background/aims: Despite significant advances in diagnostic and operative techniques, lung cancer remains one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide. Since prostaglandins such as prostaglandin D 2 (PGD 2 ) is involved in various pathophysiological process, including inflammation and tumorigenesis, this study aims to investigate the role of PGD 2 during the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in A549 cells., Methods: A549 cells were stimulated with PGD 2 and expression of EMT markers was analyzed by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. EMT-related gene, Slug expression was evaluated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Migration and invasion abilities of A549 cells were determined in chemotaxis and Matrigel invasion assays, respectively. We also inhibited the TGF/Smad signaling pathway using a receptor inhibitor or silencing of TGF-β1 and TGFβ type I receptor (TGFβRI), and protein expression was assessed by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence., Results: Here, we found that stimulation of A549 cells with PGD 2 resulted in morphological changes into a mesenchymal-like phenotype under low serum conditions. Stimulation of A549 cells with PGD 2 resulted in a significant reduction in proliferation, whereas invasion and migration were enhanced. The expression of E-cadherin was markedly downregulated, while Vimentin expression was upregulated after treatment of A549 cells with PGD 2 . Slug expression was markedly upregulated by stimulating A549 cells with PGD 2 , and stimulation of A549 cells with PGD 2 significantly enhanced TGF-β1 expression, and silencing of TGF-β1 significantly blocked PGD 2 -induced EMT and Smad2 phosphorylation. In addition, PGD 2 -induced Smad2 phosphorylation and EMT were significantly abrogated by either pharmacological inhibition or silencing of TGFβRI. PGD 2 -induced expression of Slug and EMT were significantly augmented in low nutrient and low serum conditions. Finally, the subsequent culture of mesenchymal type of A549 cells under normal culture conditions reverted the cell's phenotype to an epithelial type., Conclusion: Given these results, we suggest that tumor microenvironmental factors such as PGD 2 , nutrition, and growth factors could be possible therapeutic targets for treating metastatic cancers., Competing Interests: The authors declare that no conflicts of interests exist., (© Copyright by the Author(s). Published by Cell Physiol Biochem Press.)

Recent rapid thinning of West Antarctic ice shelves are believed to be caused by intrusions of warm deep water that induce basal melting and seaward meltwater export. This study uses data from three bottom-mounted mooring arrays to show seasonal variability and local forcing for the currents moving into and out of the Dotson ice shelf cavity. A southward flow of warm, salty water had maximum current velocities along the eastern channel slope, while northward outflows of freshened ice shelf meltwater spread at intermediate depth above the western slope. The inflow correlated with the local ocean surface stress curl. At the western slope, meltwater outflows followed the warm influx along the eastern slope with a ~2-3 month delay. Ocean circulation near Dotson Ice Shelf, affected by sea ice distribution and wind, appears to significantly control the inflow of warm water and subsequent ice shelf melting on seasonal time-scales., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

The significance of long-term teleconnections derived from the anomalous climatic conditions of El Niño has been a highly debated topic, where the remote response of coastal hydrodynamics and marine ecosystems to El Niño conditions is not completely understood. The 14-year long data from a ship-borne acoustic Doppler current profiler was used to examine the El Niño's impact, in particular, 2009 and 2015 El Niño events, on oceanic and biological processes in coastal regions across the Korea/Tsushima Strait. Here, it was revealed that the summer volume transport could be decreased by 8.7% (from 2.46 ± 0.39 to 2.24 ± 0.26 Sv) due to the anomalous northerly winds in the developing year of El Niño. Furthermore, the fall mean volume backscattering strength could be decreased by 1.8% (from - 97.09 ± 2.14 to - 98.84 ± 2.10 dB) due to the decreased surface solar radiation after the El Niño events. Overall, 2009 and 2015 El Niño events remotely affected volume transport and zooplankton abundance across the Korea/Tsushima Strait through climatic teleconnections., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Pervaporation, mainly utilized to separate azeotropic mixtures, has been paid much attention for desalination in recent years due to its numerous advantages. The membranes based on thin-film composite structure have gained great interest in pervaporation due to their thin thickness, controllable hydrophilicity, and crosslinking density which affects the permeation flux and selectivity of the membranes. In this study, a polyamide thin-film composite (PA-TFC) membrane was fabricated through interfacial polymerization between amine monomers and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) on a polysulfone porous substrate (PSf). Four different diamine monomers, including ethylenediamine (EDA), triethylenetetramine (TETA), m -phenylenediamine (MPD), and piperazine (PIP) were used to investigate the effect of the monomers on the pervaporation performance of the resulting membrane for separation of sodium chloride (NaCl) and arsenate (As(v)) aqueous solution. The physicochemical properties of the membrane were characterized using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and pure water contact angle measurement. Furthermore, the performance of the fabricated membranes was studied by pervaporation separation of 0.15 mg L -1 As(v) and 5 g L -1 NaCl aqueous solution at 40 °C, respectively. The results show that the rejections of the membrane are insignificantly affected by the chemical structures of the amines, and both the As(v) rejection and NaCl rejection are higher than 99.9%. However, the permeation flux decreases in the order of PIP-TMC membrane > TETA-TMC membrane ∼ EDA-TMC membrane > MPD-TMC membrane. Furthermore, the operating conditions are found to affect the separation performance of the PIP-TMC membrane significantly. In particular, the elevating operation temperature profoundly increases the permeation flux, while the increase in high salt concentration leads to a slight decrease in rejection but a significant decline in permeation flux. The derived membrane shows a reasonable permeation flux of 16.1 kg m -2 h -1 and ca. 99.9% rejection for 1.5 mg L -1 As(v) removal, as well as 13 kg m -2 h -1 and 99.3% rejection for 30 g L -1 NaCl separation at 60 °C. The sufficient permeation flux and good rejection of As(v) and NaCl of the membrane suggested the promising application of PA-TFC membrane for pervaporation removal of toxic arsenic from water and desalination of seawater., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing for financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

In situ moorings were conducted at salt marsh and bare flat to reveal the environmental disturbance of sedimentary processes in the intertidal flat. Spartina alterniflora (Spartina), an invasive species, grew up to 156 cm in the Ganghwa tidal flat from June to November 2019. This rapid growth has resulted in the dense salt marsh, which complicated hydrodynamics and associated sediment processes. Stems and leaves could effectively trap fine-grained sediments (17.24-20.42 μm) at the bed, increasing the differences in bed elevation between the two sites to up to 5.11 cm. The cohesive sediments accumulated in Spartina communities were resuspended differently by stem-scale turbulence generated from the disturbance of stems and leaves, depending on wind forcing and vegetation conditions. The vegetated sediments, under low wind speeds (<4 m s -1 ), were hardly resuspended in the water column, compared to those in the bare flat, resulting in sedimentation. Under high wind speeds (>6 m s -1 ), stem-scale turbulence was sufficiently strengthened to surpass the sedimentation of suspended sediments; thus, it resuspended additional bed sediments without a loss of the trapped sediment, unlike in the bare flat. The flocculation of suspended sediments in Spartina communities was mainly controlled by stem-scale turbulence. The flocs were confined to a size of 40 μm (settling velocity: 0.17 mm s -1 ) and developed an approaching spherical shape. After the cut-off of Spartina, a favorable condition for the flocs to grow by 57 μm (settling velocity: 0.23 mm s -1 ) was established with decrease in stem-scale turbulence. These larger flocs were able to develop into a ramified spherical structure. Despite diminishment of stem-scale turbulence, the disturbed sediments were outflowed, resulting in an abrupt decrease in bed elevation (0.12 cm day -1 ). The results suggest that the sediment accumulated in Spartina communities remained erodible due to frequent disturbances without sufficient consolidation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The physical functions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), viz., by-product of microphytobenthos (MPB), in tidal flat system are well documented, but some ecological aspects remain unknown. We investigated MPB biomass (Chl-a), EPS, diatom assemblage, and erodibility in two contrasting tidal flat environments (megatidal vs. macrotidal flat) in the Yellow Sea. Thick biofilms were observed when MPB bloomed, with high Chl-a and increased EPS concentrations. Among diatom genera, Navicula was the most dominant taxa found over the year (mean 41%) in both areas. Compared with non-bloom periods, the erodibility decreased by 54-73% as biofilm thickened during the blooms. It was attributed to the elevated abundance of large-sized (>40 μm) Navicula, which was expected to secrete large amounts of EPS. Overall, we successfully demonstrated spatiotemporal differences of sediment stabilization that significantly related to ecological variations of MPB, and identified the key diatom genus as a "sediment stabilizer" in the typical tidal flats of the Yellow Sea., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Prostate cancer (PCa), bladder cancer (BCa), and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are the most prevalent cancer among urological cancers. However, there are no cancer-specific symptoms that can differentiate them as well as early clinical signs of urological malignancy. Furthermore, many metabolic studies have been conducted to discover their biomarkers, but the metabolic profiling study to discriminate between these cancers have not yet been described. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the urinary metabolic differences in male patients with PCa ( n = 24), BCa ( n = 29), and RCC ( n = 12) to find the prominent combination of metabolites between cancers. Based on 1 H NMR analysis, orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis was applied to find distinct metabolites among cancers. Moreover, the ranked analysis of covariance by adjusting a potential confounding as age revealed that 4-hydroxybenzoate, N -methylhydantoin, creatinine, glutamine, and acetate had significantly different metabolite levels among groups. The receiver operating characteristic analysis created by prominent five metabolites showed the great discriminatory accuracy with area under the curve (AUC) > 0.7 for BCa vs. RCC, PCa vs. BCa, and RCC vs. PCa. This preliminary study compares the metabolic profiles of BCa, PCa, and RCC, and reinforces the exploratory role of metabolomics in the investigation of human urine.

The aims of this study were to develop a milk protein-based probiotic delivery system using a modified rennet-induced gelation method and to determine how the skim milk powder concentration level and pH, which can affect the rennet-induced intra- and inter-molecular association of milk proteins, affect the physicochemical properties of the probiotic delivery systems, such as the particle size, size distribution, encapsulation efficiency, and viability of probiotics in simulated gastrointestinal tract. To prepare a milk protein-based delivery system, skim milk powder was used as a source of milk proteins with various concentration levels from 3 to 10% (w/w) and rennet was added to skim milk solutions followed by adjustment of pH from 5.4 or 6.2. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG was used as a probiotic culture. In confocal laser scanning microscopic images, globular particles with a size ranging from 10 μm to 20 μm were observed, indicating that milk protein-based probiotic delivery systems were successfully created. When the skim milk powder concentration was increased from 3 to 10% (w/w), the size of the delivery system was significantly ( p < 0.05) increased from 27.5 to 44.4 μm, while a significant ( p < 0.05) increase in size from 26.3 to 34.5 μm was observed as the pH was increased from 5.4 to 6.4. An increase in skim milk powder concentration level and a decrease in pH led to a significant ( p < 0.05) increase in the encapsulation efficiency of probiotics. The viability of probiotics in a simulated stomach condition was increased when probiotics were encapsulated in milk protein-based delivery systems. An increase in the skim milk powder concentration and a decrease in pH resulted in an increase in the viability of probiotics in simulated stomach conditions. It was concluded that the protein content by modulating skim milk powder concentration level and pH were the key manufacturing variables affecting the physicochemical properties of milk protein-based probiotic delivery systems., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported., (© Copyright 2021 Korean Society of Animal Science and Technology.)

Microencapsulation is a protective process for materials that are sensitive to harsh conditions encounted during food manufacture and storage. The objectives of this research were to manufacture a milk protein-based delivery system (MPDS) containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) using skim milk powder and to investigate the effects of manufacturing variables, such as reaction temerpature and holding time, on the physiccohemical properties of MPDS and viability of LGG under dairy food processing and storage conditions. MPDS was prepared using chymosin at varing reaction temperatures from 25°C to 40°C for 10 min and holding times from 5 to 30 min at 25°C. The morphological and physicochemical properties of MPDS were evaluated using a confocal laser scanning microscope and a particle size analyzer, respectively. The number of viable cells were determined using the standard plate method. Spherical-shaped MPDS particles were successfully manufactured. The particle size of MPDS was increased with a decrease in reaction temperature and an increase in holding time. As reaction temperature and holding time were increased, the encapsulation efficiency of LGG in MPDS was increased. During pasteurization, the use of MPDS resulted in an increase in the LGG viability. The encapsulation of LGG in MPDS led to an increase in the viability of LGG in simulated gastric fluid. In addition, the LGG viability was enhanced with an increase in reaction temperature and holding time. In conclusions, the encapsulation of LGG in MPDS could be an effective way of improving the viability of LGG during pasturization process in various foods., Competing Interests: The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest., (© Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources.)

A new disposable amperometric biosensor for sarcosine (Sar, a biomarker for prostate cancer) was designed based on screen-printed carbon electrodes, Prussian blue, polymer dispersed reduced graphene oxide (P-rGO) nanosheets, and sarcosine oxidase (SOx). Poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate-r-LAHEMA) denoted as PSSL was newly synthesized as dispersant for rGO. The P-rGO was utilized for SOx immobilization, the sulfonate and disulfide functionalities in PSSL enable physical adsorption of SOx and its bioactivity and stability properties were improved. The biosensor was optimized by various enzyme concentration, applied potential, and operating pH. Under the optimized conditions, the biosensor exhibited maximum current responses within 5 s at an applied potential of -0.1 V vs. integrated Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The biosensor had a dynamic linear range of 10-400 μM, with a sensitivity of 9.04 μA mM -1  cm -2 and a low detection limit of 0.66 μM (S/N = 3). Additionally, the biosensor possesses strong anti-interference capability, high reproducibility, and storage stability over 3 weeks. Furthermore, its clinical applicability was tested in urine samples from both prostate cancer patients and healthy control, and the analytical recoveries were satisfactory. Therefore, this biosensor has significant potential in the rapid and non-invasive point-of-care testing for prostate cancer diagnosis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Seung-Cheol Chang reports financial support was provided by National Research Foundation of Korea. Suhkmann Kim reports financial support was provided by Korea Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries. Hyun-jong Paik reports financial support was provided by National Research Foundation of Korea., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Targeted therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) treatment requires the identification of clinically important factors that can predict the therapeutic effect. We retrospectively investigated the prognostic roles of pre-treatment sarcopenia and relative dose intensity during the initial two cycles (2c-RDI) of sunitinib treatment in patients with mRCC. In total, 41 (52.6%) patients were classified as having sarcopenia and 16 (20.5%) patients were classified with low 2c-RDI at <75%. The mean dose reduction during sunitinib treatment was higher for sarcopenic than for non-sarcopenic patients. The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were significantly shorter in sarcopenic patients with low 2c-RDI (n = 14, 17.9%) than in non-sarcopenic patients with high 2c-RDI (n = 35, 44.9%). Multivariate analysis identified sarcopenia and low 2c-RDI as poor prognostic factors for PFS and OS. Our findings provide new insights into the prognostic role of sarcopenia and 2c-RDI for targeted therapy in mRCC.

In-situ erodibility experiments were conducted to reveal the effects of vegetation on sediment stability in an intertidal flat. Spartina alterniflora (Spartina), one of the most widespread types of vegetation, led to complexity in sediment erodibility. The long stems and leaves of Spartina, which grew to approximately 156 cm from May to November 2019, were effective in trapping suspended sediments in the water columns, eventually promoting the deposition of approximately 2.3 cm within its communities. Sediments eroded by increasing bed shear stress (τ b ) mainly originated from sediments that were adhered to the stems and leaves of Spartina (May: 76%; November: 54%). They protected subsequent bed erosion against τ b . However, this was only an apparent effect because the Spartina caused the erosion rate (E) to stagnate by suppressing the outflow of eroded mass from the bed. As the protective effect of the stems was removed, the uppermost sediment layers in the Spartina communities became more vulnerable to erosion by τ b , with the initial erosion thresholds lowered to 0.1 Pa (May) and 0.05 Pa (November). Despite continuous sedimentation by sediment trapping, the sediment bed in Spartina communities had not been consolidated under repeated tidal inundation, showing no distinct development of the critical shear stress for erosion. Thus, the differences in E between cases with or without Spartina's stems reached approximately 1.22 × 10 -6 (May) and 1.83 × 10 -6  kg m -2  s -1 (November) at τ b  = 0.6 Pa. Results suggest that the increase in thickness of erodible layers mainly contributed more than sediment volume fraction to the enhancement of erosion potential with τ b . This study highlights the necessity to assess both positive and negative effects of Spartina on the stability of sediment beds in intertidal flats., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The quasi-Monte Carlo (QMC) method was enhanced to solve the population balance model (PBM) including aggregation and fragmentation processes for simulating the temporal evolutions of characteristic sizes and floc size distributions (FSDs) of cohesive sediments. Ideal cases with analytical solutions were firstly adopted to validate this QMC model to illustrate selected pure aggregation, pure fragmentation, and combined aggregation and fragmentation systems. Two available laboratory data sets, one with suspended kaolinite and the other with a mixture of kaolinite and montmorillonite, were further used to monitor the FSDs of cohesive sediments in controlled shear conditions. The model results show reasonable agreements with both analytical solutions and laboratory experiments. Moreover, different QMC schemes were tested and compared with the standard Monte Carlo scheme and a Latin Hypercube Sampling scheme to optimize the model performance. It shows that all QMC schemes perform better in both accuracy and time consumption than standard Monte Carlo scheme. In particular, compared with other schemes, the QMC scheme using Halton sequence requires the least particle numbers in the simulated system to reach reasonable accuracy. In the sensitivity tests, we also show that the fractal dimension and the fragmentation distribution function have large impacts on the predicted FSDs. This study indicates a great advance in employing QMC schemes to solve PBM for simulating the flocculation of cohesive sediments., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To investigate the clinicopathological features and outcomes of targeted therapy in patients with recurrence of renal cell carcinoma in <5 years or ≥5 years after the surgical treatment for renal cell carcinoma., Methods: Patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with targeted therapy in a multicenter database were retrospectively characterized according to time from surgery to recurrence. Early recurrence was defined as recurrence within 5 years after surgery, and late recurrence was defined as occurring ≥5 years after surgery. The propensity scores for recurrence status were calculated, and patients with late recurrence were matched to patients with early recurrence at a 1:3 ratio. The oncological outcomes of targeted therapy in both groups were compared., Results: Among 716 patients, 512 (71.5%) experienced early recurrence and 204 (28.5%) experienced late recurrence. The patients with late recurrence presented with younger age at surgery, lower tumor stages and Fuhrman grade, and fewer sarcomatoid features and lymphovascular invasion (all P < 0.005). All differences in clinicopathological characteristics before targeted therapy disappeared after matching. Patients with late recurrence had significantly longer median overall survival (56 months vs 36 months; P < 0.0001) and median first-line progression-free survival (12 months vs 8 months; P = 0.031). The early recurrence status was a significantly worse predictor for overall survival and first-line progression-free survival (hazard ratio 1.30, P = 0.007; and hazard ratio 1.76, P < 0.001, respectively)., Conclusions: Late recurrence might have prognostic value in terms of oncological outcomes in metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with targeted therapy., (© 2021 The Japanese Urological Association.)

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of high mobility group AT-hook 1 (HMGA1) on the phenotyptic change of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs)., Methods: Gene silencing and overexpression of HMGA1 were introduced to evaluate the effect of HMGA1 expression on the phenotypic change of VSMCs. Marker gene expression of VSMCs was measured by promoter assay, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and western blot analysis. Common left carotid artery ligation model was used to establish in vivo neointima formation., Results: HMGA1 was expressed strongly in the synthetic type of VSMCs and significantly downregulated during the differentiation of VSMCs. Silencing of HMGA1 in the synthetic type of VSMCs enhanced the expression of contractile marker genes thereby enhanced angiotensin II (Ang II)-dependent contraction, however, significantly suppressed proliferation and migration. Stimulation of contractile VSMCs with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) enhanced HMGA1 expression concomitant with the downregulation of marker gene expression which was blocked significantly by the silencing of HMGA1. Silencing of HMGA1 retained the Ang II-dependent contractile function, which was curtailed by PDGF stimulation, however, overexpression of HMGA1 in the contractile type of VSMCs suppressed marker gene expression. Proliferation and migration were enhanced significantly by the overexpression of HMGA1. Furthermore, the Ang II-dependent contraction was reduced significantly by the overexpression of HMGA1. Finally, the expression of HMGA1 was enhanced significantly in the ligated artery, especially in the neointima area., Conclusion: HMGA1 plays an essential role in the phenotypic modulation of VSMCs. Therefore, paracrine factors such as PDGF may affect vascular remodeling through the regulation of HMGA1., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2021 The Korean Society of Lipid and Atherosclerosis.)

Purpose: Renal artery pseudoaneurysms (RAPs) and arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are rare but potentially life-threatening complications after partial nephrectomy (PN). Selective arterial embolization (SAE) is an effective method for controlling RAPs/AVFs. We assessed the clinical factors affecting the occurrence of RAPs/AVFs after PN and the effects of SAE on postsurgical renal function., Materials and Methods: Four hundred ninety-three patients who underwent PN were retrospectively reviewed. They were placed in either the SAE or the non-SAE group. The effects of clinical factors, including R.E.N.A.L. scores, on the occurrence of RAPs/AVFs were analyzed. The influence of SAE on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) during the first postoperative year was evaluated., Results: Thirty-three (6.7%) patients experienced RAPs/AVFs within 8 days of the median interval between PN and SAE. The SAE group had significantly higher R.E.N.A.L. scores, higher N component scores, and higher L component scores (all, p <0.05). In the multivariate analysis, higher N component scores were associated with the occurrence of RAPs/AVFs (Odds ratio: 1.96, p=0.039). In the SAE group, the mean 3-day postembolization eGFR was significantly lower than the mean 3-day postoperative eGFR (p <0.01). This difference in the eGFRs was still present 1 year later., Conclusions: Renal tumors located near the renal sinus and collecting system were associated with a higher risk for RAPs/AVFs after PN. Although SAE was an effective method for controlling symptomatic RAPs/AVFs after PN, a procedure-related impairment of renal function after SAE could occur and still be present at the end of the first postoperative year., Competing Interests: None declared., (Copyright® by the International Brazilian Journal of Urology.)

Purpose: To investigate programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression status and the clinical and pathological factors related to its expression in urothelial carcinoma (UC) patients. Materials and Methods: Data from 761 UC patients who underwent testing for PD-L1 expression using the VENTANA (SP-142 immunohistochemistry assay) for measuring PD-L1 expression according to the manufacturer's protocol between February 2016 and July 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were categorized into three groups based on the percentage of tumor area covered by PD-L1-expressing tumor-infiltrating immune cells (ICs) as follows: IC0 (<1%), IC1 (≥1% and <5%), and IC2/3 (≥5%). Positive PD-L1 expression was defined as IC2/3 (≥5%). The factors related to positive PD-L1 expression were assessed by using unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression analyses. Results: In the entire cohort, 213 (28%) patients showed positive PD-L1 expression. Final adjusted regression analyses for positive PD-L1 expression revealed that several factors, including intravesical BCG prior to PD-L1 testing (odds ratio [OR] 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.37-0.96), advanced tumor stage (stage III/IV) (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.41-2.93), and high tumor grade (OR 5.31, 95% CI 2.38-11.83) were significantly associated with positive PD-L1 expression. Conclusions: This study showed that the PD-L1 expression is associated with several clinical and pathological factors for the first time in a real-world setting. Further follow-up clinical trials should consider adjusting these factors, including intravesical BCG treatment, tumor stage and grade to clarify the utility of PD-L1 as a biomarker., (Copyright © 2020 Kim, Jang, Ham, Jung, Lee, Ku, Ha, Ku, Choi, Chang, Choi, Song, Jeon, Jeong, Kim and Seo.)

Background: The Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) is a newly developed system of bladder cancer staging with multiparametric MRI (mpMRI), which can be used to predict the presence of muscle invasion for bladder cancer., Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of three mpMRI series (T 2 WI, diffusion-weighted imaging [DWI], and dynamic contrast-enhanced image [DCEI]) and VI-RADS for diagnosing the muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC)., Study Type: Retrospective., Population: In all, 66 pathologically proven bladder cancers in 32 patients., Field Strength/sequence: Before the diagnostic MRI with an intramuscular antispasmodic agent, optimal bladder distension was confirmed. 3.0T MRI with T 2 WI, DWI, and DCEI., Assessment: Three reviewers independently assessed and scored the bladder cancers in T 2 WI, DWI, and DCEI using a five-point score system. Based on the scores in the three sequences, reviewers scored each bladder cancer with reference to VI-RADS categories. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of each of three mpMRI sequences and the final VI-RADS categorization for diagnosing MIBC., Statistical Tests: Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and the area under the curve (AUC) of each of three sequences separately and VI-RADS categorization for diagnosing the MIBC., Results: The diagnostic performances of each of the three mpMRI series and VI-RADS for diagnosing MIBC were excellent. Especially using the optimal cutoff score >3 for predicting MIBC on DWI, DCEI, and VI-RADS, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and AUC values were 90% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.56, 1.00), 100% (95% CI: 0.94, 1.00), 100% (95% CI: 0.66. 1.00), 98.3% (95% CI: 0.91, 1.00), and 0.95, respectively. DATA CONCLUSION: mpMRI based on VI-RADS can stratify patients with bladder cancer according to the presence of muscle invasion., Level of Evidence: 3., Technical Efficacy Stage: 2. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:1249-1256., (© 2020 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.)

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as a sudden event of kidney failure or kidney damage within a short period. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a critical factor associated with severe AKI and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). However, the biological mechanisms underlying ischemia and reperfusion are incompletely understood, owing to the complexity of these pathophysiological processes. We aimed to investigate the key biological pathways individually affected by ischemia and reperfusion at the transcriptome level., Results: We analyzed the steady-state gene expression pattern of human kidney tissues from normal (pre-ischemia), ischemia, and reperfusion conditions using RNA-sequencing. Conventional differential expression and self-organizing map (SOM) clustering analyses followed by pathway analysis were performed. Differential expression analysis revealed the metabolic pathways dysregulated in ischemia. Cellular assembly, development and migration, and immune response-related pathways were dysregulated in reperfusion. SOM clustering analysis highlighted the ischemia-mediated significant dysregulation in metabolism, apoptosis, and fibrosis-related pathways, while cell growth, migration, and immune response-related pathways were highly dysregulated by reperfusion after ischemia. The expression of pro-apoptotic genes and death receptors was downregulated during ischemia, indicating the existence of a protective mechanism against ischemic injury. Reperfusion induced alterations in the expression of the genes associated with immune response such as inflammasome and antigen representing genes. Further, the genes related to cell growth and migration, such as AKT, KRAS, and those related to Rho signaling, were downregulated, suggestive of injury responses during reperfusion. Semaphorin 4D and plexin B1 levels were also downregulated., Conclusions: We show that specific biological pathways were distinctively involved in ischemia and reperfusion during IRI, indicating that condition-specific therapeutic strategies may be imperative to prevent severe kidney damage after IRI in the clinical setting.