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In the fight for legitimacy, understanding the rules of status games is critical. This idea holds true in the wedding marketplace. However, when legalization of marriage for same-sex couples disrupted the binary wedding script, the rules of the game became less clear to consumers. Couples sometimes found their gendered bodies, roles, and expressions were out of sync with the evolving script of a destabilized wedding field, thus raising legitimacy questions. This situation is defined as hysteresis—meaning delays in the realignment between habitus and the field. Hysteresis results in consumers' disorientation about what forms of capital are valued as well as perceived absences of materials or recognition from the market. This study investigates consumers' attempts to mobilize gendered capital to resolve hysteresis through realignment of habitus and the script. Grounded in a Bourdieuian field-level analysis of depth interviews with 30 same-sex couples and ethnographic observation in the wedding field, four consumption alignment strategies are identified that consumers leverage to address hysteresis: confronting, masking, collaborating, and experimenting. Consumers' variations in gendered capital explain which consumption alignment strategies they use, with different possibilities for updating habitus and expanding the script. Throughout this process, consumers' moral judgments hinder this pursuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cosmopolitanism is often cast as an elite cultural orientation and as a privileged disposition to an increasingly globalized marketplace, instigated by, and lived through, mobility. But how does cosmopolitanism evolve among consumers at intersectional subordinate positions of power? This article analyzes the emergence of cosmopolitanism through a 9 year longitudinal extended case study of female migrants with low levels of resources. Through the deployment of a Bourdieusian framework, cosmopolitanism is theorized to evolve through processes set in motion by the experience of mismatch and subsequent alignment between new social contexts and existing socialized dispositions (hysteresis). The experience of hysteresis caused by mobility can lead to a habitus with traits of cosmopolitanism. The emergence of a cosmopolitan habitus can result in a sense of emancipation, but it also engenders new subordinate positions within intersectional systems of power. The outcome of this process is labeled dominated cosmopolitanism, representing a more nuanced version of cosmopolitanism that incorporates various systems of power. The analysis has implications for acculturation studies in consumption contexts characterized by low-resource endowments and provides new insights into the processual nature of the constitution of social systems of power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to determine the impact of remittances and nonlabor income on the duration of unemployment, and therefore on the hysteresis phenomenon in Colombia for the period between January 2010 and January 2021. The long-term unemployment rate in Colombia (LAPU) is calculated, and a vector autoregressive (VAR) model is subsequently estimated to evaluate the impact of remittances and nonlabor income on the LAPU. The results suggest that the increase in nonlabor income significantly affected LAPU in Colombia in the period analyzed. The growth of remittances instead turned out to positively and significantly impact LAPU only during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. This suggests that remittances have become a fundamental income in times of crisis that allow for financing the search for work for a longer period of time, thus increasing the duration of unemployment and generating a hysteresis effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We embed skill obsolescence and endogenous growth into a New Keynesian model with search‐and‐matching frictions. The model accounts for key features of the Great Recession: the "productivity puzzle" and the "missing disinflation puzzle." Lower aggregate demand raises long‐term unemployment and the training costs associated with skill obsolescence. Lower aggregate employment hinders learning‐by‐doing, which slows down human capital accumulation, feeding back into even fewer vacancies than justified by the demand shock alone. These feedback channels mitigate the disinflationary effect of the demand shock while amplifying its contractionary effect on output. The temporary growth slowdown translates into output hysteresis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Will arbitrage capital flow into markets experiencing shocks, mitigating adverse effects on price efficiency? Not necessarily. In a dynamic model with privately informed capital-constrained arbitrageurs, price efficiency plays a dual role, determining both the profitability of new arbitrage and the ability to close existing positions profitably. An adverse shock to efficiency lengthens arbitrage duration, effectively reducing the amount of arbitrage capital available for new positions. If this falls below a critical mass, arbitrage capital flows out, amplifying the impact on price efficiency. This creates endogenous regimes: temporary shocks can trigger "hysteresis," a persistent shift in price efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large fall in global output and massive job losses during the current pandemic is creating a socio-economic upheaval that is likely to persist over time. From previous crises, we know that some of their effects are likely to leave permanent scars through what is known as hysteresis. This article discusses how the concept of scarring or hysteresis is relevant for the current pandemic-induced economic crisis. We discuss channels through which these effects can become persistent and how fiscal and monetary policies can minimize their consequences and work to create a global economy that is more resilient, more equal and greener.t [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the strain (S) with low hysteresis can be achieved in [Bi0.5(Na0.72K0.18Li0.10)0.5]0.995Sr0.005(Ti0.995Ta0.005)O3-BaZrO3-NaNbO3 ceramics by an electrostrictive effect, and an excellent electrostrictive coefficient (Q33) of ∼0.037 m4/C2 can be obtained under an electric field of 60 kV/cm. The enhancement of the degree of diffuseness regulated by phase compositions can effectively promote the electrostrictive response and increase the Q33 value. A higher ratio of P4bm and a larger Ps in P4bm guarantee the good linear relationship between S and P2 (P represents polarization), where a larger Ps (P4bm) can effectively restrict the expression of ferroelectric state with the increase of electric fields (E). Consequently, high Q33 values (0.033–0.037 m4/C2) are nearly independent of the applied electric fields. Although the strain from the electrostrictive effect is not tremendous, the good linear relationship between S and P2 is meaningful to the accurate displacement control in displacement actuators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mid-career men and women professionals describe their pervasive sense of 'lateness' retraining in law. Against industry patterns of lawyers wishing to leave the profession, these individuals had chosen to assert or reassert a desire to become lawyers partway through existing careers. What cultural narratives mediate the process of making this professional career shifts? In contrast to younger students, these 'later' career changers differed in career experiences and expected career trajectories. They all spoke about their personal sense of career lateness relative to time-flow norms, but only some reflected on the subsequent implications of their career shift. Interviewees worked in Victoria, Australia and in New Zealand. This article applies Bourdieu's concept of hysteresis to career lateness along with other career transition concepts to explore career changers' internal disquiet about their 'off time' career transitions. Perceptions of career lateness – hysteresis in Bourdieu's terms – arise from changing fields, losing/re-positioning occupational capital or stretching between old and new habitus in their post-transition career as lawyers or work using their new law degrees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I develop a version of the New Keynesian model with insider–outsider labor markets and hysteresis that can account for the high persistence of European unemployment. I study the implications of that environment for the design of monetary policy. The optimal policy calls for strong emphasis on (un)employment stabilization which a standard interest rate rule fails to deliver, with the gap between the two increasing in the degree of hysteresis. Two simple targeting rules are shown to approximate well the optimal policy. The properties of the model and effects of different policies are analyzed through the lens of the labor wedge and its components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Here, we present x-ray resonant magnetic dichroism and x-ray resonant magnetic scattering measurements of the temperature dependence of magnetism in Pr-doped La-Ca-Mn-O films grown on (110) NdGaO3 substrates. We observed thermal hysteresis of the ferromagnetism in one film that also showed large thermal hysteresis of ~18K in transport measurements. While in a second film of a different nominal chemistry, which showed very small thermal hysteresis ~3K in transport measurements, no thermal hysteresis of the ferromagnetism was observed. These macroscopic properties are correlated with evolution of surface magnetization across metal insulator transition for these films as observed by soft x-ray resonant magnetic scattering measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the many discourses about markers for the Anthropocene, those peripheral to one's academic niche might elicit indifference or even dismissal. Conversely, a shallow pluralism can take root in which any Anthropocene demarcation matters equally as others. I propose a more diplomatic coexistence of ideas regarding the Anthropocene boundary issue. In this perspective, the choice of when to delineate the Anthropocene's start and how to signify its presence is analogous to a modifiable areal unit problem. Boundaries can be drawn from a range of anthropogenic phenomena. Geographic subdisciplines have acquired distinctive ways of sublimating socioecological patterns and processes into a timestamp. Less attention, however, is given to how their respective temporal modes and ensuing markers of anthropogenic change overlap and relate to one another. I show how topology, as invoked in the biophysical sciences and social theory, integrates these temporalities of the Anthropocene. The Anthropocene can be framed as a cusp catastrophe, a folded surface in which different modes of change emerge from and coexist with each other. These trajectories of change, the gradual, the threshold driven, and those exhibiting hysteresis, encapsulate the interdependencies among past, present, and future invoked across different delineations of the Anthropocene. The Anthropocene might be less a fixed point in time as it is a moving window where human and natural processes are folded into one another. An Anthropocene represented as a folded surface rather than a timeline incorporates the importance of unpredictably productive responses to the present Anthropocene moment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article estimates long-term effects of job loss on employment and of the rate of job loss to infer the extent of aggregate hysteresis effects in the Great Recession and the COVID-19 pandemic. Topics include predictions for permanent reduction in the employment-to-population ratio due to job loss; concern about hysteresis in the aftermath of persistent increases in unemployment rates; and degree of potential persistence of employment rates using evidence from displaced workers.

We report on the electrical properties of organic field-effect transistors (OFET) based on a new class of organic semiconductors. The molecules consist of the same thieno[2,3-b][1]benzothiophene building blocks, connected by different p-bridge spacers (ethylene, phenylene, and fluorophenylene). Molecular orbitals and highest occupied molecular orbital/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies were calculated and compared with results from cyclic voltammetric and UV-vis absorption measurements. In order to study the influence of the πbridge groups on the molecular arrangement and surface interaction, the transistor performance on a wide range of dielectrics has been investigated in detail. These include as grown SiO2 and Al2O3 and also treated with octadecyltrichrolosilane and octadecylphosphonic acid, as well as Cytop and Parylene C. An extended study of the multitude of combinations of these materials revealed mobilities up to ~ 1cm² /Vs, measured for devices made of the phenylene-bridged compound. Surprisingly, the mobility was quite independent of the supporting gate dielectric. Stability over time has been observed with no degradation after 5 months. By eliminating the hysteresis using Cytop, we were able to show that some of the molecules form films without long-term charge carrier trapping. These are interesting features for practical industrial processing of organic electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A special case of dollarization is analyzed: quotation of prices in dollars. The proposed explanation is price stickiness: when price adjustment is costly, firms prefer to fix their prices in a stable foreign currency in order to avoid frequent price changes. The proposed model demonstrates that there are often two Nash equilibria in an economy populated by symmetric firms: an equilibrium with uniform domestic currency pricing and one with uniform dollar pricing. Hence, foreign currency pricing may exhibit hysteresis. The model also demonstrates that the degree of competition in the economyis important in determining the pricing currency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An intuitively appealing decision rule is to allocate a company's scarce marketing resources to where they have the greatest long-term benefit. This principle, however, is easier to accept than it is to execute, because long-run effects of marketing spending are difficult to estimate. The authors address this problem by examining the behavior of market response and marketing spending over time and identify four common strategic scenarios: business as usual, hysteresis in response, escalation, and evolving business practice. The authors explain and illustrate why each scenario can occur in practice and describe its positive and negative consequences for long-term profitability. The authors propose to use multivariate persistence measures to identify which of the four strategic scenarios is taking place and illustrate this approach in the pharmaceutical and packaged-food industries. The results substantiate the authors' proposition that the strategic scenario is a major determinant of marketing effectiveness and long-term profitability. This conclusion sets up a substantial agenda for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimal dynamic capital structure choice is fundamentally a problem of commitment. In a standard trade‐off setting with shareholder‐debtholder agency conflicts, full commitment counterfactually predicts the firm would rely almost exclusively on debt financing. Conversely, absent commitment a Modigliani‐Miller‐like value irrelevance and policy indeterminacy result holds. Thus, the content of dynamic trade‐off theory must depend on the commitment technology. In this context, collateral is valuable as a low‐cost commitment device. Because ex ante optimal commitments are likely to be suboptimal ex post, observed capital structure dynamics will exhibit hysteresis and depart significantly from standard predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I enter a debate about state-socialism elite's reproduction and higher education to propose an implementation of Bourdieu's hysteresis effect. I argue that the intelligentsia and the interwar university shaped biographical paths of academics stronger than the political factors, which are usually brought to the forefront by contemporary researchers. I analyse academic biographies shaped by the socialist university and reconstruct a model academic biography in the post-WWII period, in particular, in Poland. I compare it with biographies of professors from working-class and peasant backgrounds, and arrive at the conclusion that the differences are minor. Those who formed a seemingly perfect new intelligentsia were socialized by the traditional academic habitus. A few who entered the new academic world from working class or peasant backgrounds had to embrace the interwar university ethos in order to justify their own merits in belonging. I propose a model of opposite hysteresis vectors to explain tensions between academia and political field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most econometric analyses of persistence focus on the existence of non-stationary unemployment but not the origin of this. The present research contains a multivariate econometric framework for identifying and comparing different sources of unemployment persistence (e.g., slow adjustment versus a slowly moving equilibrium rate). The framework contains readily applicable formulas for testing different hypotheses of persistence and is used to identify the causes of this in the UK macroeconomy. The evidence suggests that persistence has been due to a slowly moving equilibrium, driven by the price of crude oil, and not to slow adjustment, for example as related to the process of wage formation, as has often been emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition from one economic equilibrium to another as a consequence of shocks is often associated with sunk adjustment costs. Firm-specific sunk market entry investments (or sunk market exit costs) in case of a reaction to price shocks are an example. These adjustment costs lead to a dynamic supply pattern similar to hysteresis. In analogy to "hysteresis losses" in ferromagnetism, the authors explicitly model dynamic adjustment losses in the course of market entry and exit cycles. They start from the micro level of a single firm and use explicit aggregation tools from hysteresis theory in mathematics and physics to calculate dynamic losses. The authors show that strong market fluctuations generate disproportionately large hysteresis losses for producers. This could give a reason for the implementation of stabilizing measures and policies to prevent strong (price) variations or, alternatively, to reduce the sunk entry and exit costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a general equilibrium rational expectations model with search and multiple equilibria where aggregate shocks have a permanent effect on the unemployment rate. If agents' wealth decreases, for either fundamental (productivity) or non‐fundamental (sunspot) reasons, the unemployment rate can increase for a potentially indefinite period. This makes the unemployment rate dynamics path dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on a study that showed that voltage shifts in the hysteresis response of SrBi[sub2]Ta[sub2]O[sub9] thin-film capacitors can be induced using both thermal and optical methods. Experimental procedure; Results and discussion on the study; Conclusions.

The article presents an analysis into the real exchange rate reversal experienced by the U.S. dollar in the 1980s and its interpretation through models of exchange rate overshooting in monetary policy. Modeling suggestions regarding a hysteresis effect in which permanent change is derived from transient shocks, such as depreciation induced after a large appreciation event, are analyzed. A review of previous models addressing this phenomena is given and a synthesis of their primary computations is offered, focusing on the principle of elasticity dynamics eliciting persistent effects after immediate ones.

Structural hysteresis provides a conceptual framework in which to consider relationships between organization size and structure during periods of decline. The use of this framework, as an extension of current theory, Indicates that relationships between size and structure in declining organizations do not parallel those found in growing organizations. Participation problems, commitment, and coalition politics may explain the occurrence of structural hysteresis. Implications for theory and research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given that the biaxial hysteretic model of shear-critical reinforced concrete columns is usually developed by incorporating with the single-degree-of-freedom system to write its expression in differential equation of motion control, it is unfeasible to match with the experimental data of the biaxial quasi-static testing in terms of force-displacement relationship. Therefore, a simple and effective biaxial hysteretic model is proposed in this study based on the Bouc–Wen–Baber–Noori model for characterizing the biaxial quasi-static testing of shear-critical reinforced concrete columns. An incremental numerical algorithm is then proposed to solve the pair of coupled differential equations based on the backward Euler discretization method and Newton–Raphson iteration scheme. Moreover, the influence of critical model parameters affecting the typical hysteretic characteristics of shear-critical reinforced concrete columns, such as strength deterioration, stiffness degradation, pinching phenomena, and biaxial coupling effect, is investigated, respectively, to demonstrate the capability of the biaxial hysteretic model developed. Finally, a parameter calibration procedure using the differential evolution algorithm is introduced to calibrate the magnitude of involved model parameters by comparing with the experimental data of the biaxial quasi-static testing. According to the investigation, it is found that the developed biaxial hysteretic model can reasonably describe the typical hysteretic characteristics of shear-critical reinforced concrete columns under biaxial quasi-static excitation. Following the proposed parameter calibration procedure, the biaxial hysteretic model developed produces the biaxial hysteretic loops of shear-critical reinforced concrete columns, which is in good agreement with the experimental data once the magnitude of involved model parameters is calibrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we have examined the unemployment rate series in Turkey by using long memory models and in particular employing fractionally integrated techniques. Our results suggest that unemployment in Turkey is highly persistent, with orders of integration equal to or higher than 1 in the majority of the cases. This implies lack of mean reversion and persistence of the shocks. We found evidence in favor of mean reversion in the case of female unemployment and this happens for all the groups of non-agricultural, rural, urban, and youth unemployment series. The possibility of nonlinearities are observed only in the case of female unemployment and the degree of persistence is higher in the cases of female and youth unemployment series. Important policy implications emerge from our empirical results. Thus, for example, positive shocks reducing unemployment will have permanent effects being good for the economy, but negative shocks increasing unemployment will also have permanent effects and strong measures should then be adopted to reduce it. Labor and macroeconomic policies will most likely have long-lasting effects on the unemployment rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strength of mutually reinforcing links between the demand and supply sides of the macroeconomy is an important issue for policymakers which has emerged from the financial crisis. The prevailing view that only cyclical policies influence the demand side, and structural policies affect the supply side has been challenged in two dimensions. Firstly, long periods of weak demand have the potential to lead to rising structural unemployment and a permanently lower capital stock – inducing hysteresis effects. Secondly, if one believes in the relevance of hysteresis in the form propagated by [Blanchard, Olivier J., and Lawrence H. Summers. 1986. "Hysteresis and the European Unemployment Problem." In NBER Macroeconomics Annual, edited by Fischer, S., Vol. 1, 15–78. Cambridge: MIT Press], stronger demand fueled, for instance, by monetary policy may, as a corollary, be able to reverse such effects. This paper argues that the Blanchard and Summers type of hysteresis should, however, not be taken literally and not taken as the basis of one-to-one into recommendations for monetary policy and/or the monetary policy strategy. We show that bluntly pointing to the hard form of "reverse hysteresis" and implementing bold counter-cyclical monetary (and fiscal) policies to cope with hysteretic unemployment is neither necessary nor sufficient. Instead, we argue that it is necessary to refer to subtler forms of hysteresis, which are more compatible with the data. These subtler forms still leave some room for monetary policy to maneuver, but in a much more complex way. If long-term unemployment is stagnating even during an upturn, they may even serve as a basis to recommend a contractionary monetary policy stance. At the same time, however, inequality which is causing persistent or even permanent demand deficiencies becomes relevant as hurdle for lower unemployment in the hysteresis context. Seen on the whole, thus, a second wave of hysteresis-based research on monetary policy options following the first wave in the 1980s should clearly be on the agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how the legacies of the past in peripheral post-industrial places serve to shape current and future entrepreneurial activity, and with it local economic resilience. Drawing on in-depth qualitative interviews with key regional stakeholders, the article reveals how peripheral post-industrial places are constrained by their histories. This is found to be manifest in different ways, such as low aspirations, generational unemployment and a loss of identity which are in turn compounded by negative perceptions of place and opportunity. These issues culminate in institutional hysteresis at the local level and constrain entrepreneurial ambition. The article argues that the rigidity and reproduction of informal institutions continues to stymie economic resilience and growth. We conclude by reflecting on the implications for entrepreneurship in peripheral post-industrial places as well as with recommendations for policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first analytical stochastic and dynamic model for optimizing transit service switching is proposed for “smart transit” applications and for operating shared autonomous transit fleets. The model assumes a region that requires many-to-one last mile transit service either with fixed-route buses or flexible-route, on-demand buses. The demand density evolves continuously over time as an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. The optimal policy is determined by solving the switching problem as a market entry and exit real options model. Analysis using the model on a benchmark computational example illustrates the presence of a hysteresis effect, an indifference band that is sensitive to transportation system state and demand parameters, as well as the presence of switching thresholds that exhibit asymmetric sensitivities to transportation system conditions. The proposed policy is computationally compared in a 24-hour simulation to a “perfect information” set of decisions and a myopic policy that has been dominant in the flexible transit literature, with results that suggest the proposed policy can reduce by up to 72% of the excess cost in the myopic policy. Computational experiments of the “modular vehicle” policy demonstrate the existence of an option premium for having flexibility to switch between two vehicle sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of asymmetry and breaks in the dollarization-exchange rate nexus. The paper considers how countries respond differently to changes in macroeconomic fundamentals (exchange rate dynamics), which is contrary to theoretical argument. The study’s estimation is based on both symmetric (linear) ARDL and asymmetric (nonlinear) NARDL models. We also account for multiple structural breaks, which are determined endogenously and also included in the (N)ARDL models. Indeed, we found that there is a short-run asymmetric effect of dollarization in Sierra Leone, South Africa, and Burundi. In the case of Ghana, we found a symmetric effect. However, when breaks are accounted for, asymmetry became evident in both the short- and long-run. These results are sensitive to changes in data frequency and the inclusion of various control variables. Policy implications are considered based on the obtained results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the wavelet unit root procedures to explore the validity of the hysteresis hypothesis in unemployment for 28 African countries covering the period 1991 through 2017. In particular, the study applied the wavelet-based unit root tests proposed by Fan and Gencay. The frequency domain procedures of DWT and MODWT involve the decomposition of the variance of the time series stochastic process into the variance in its high and lowfrequency series. As a benchmark, the study implemented time domain unit root tests including DF-GLS, Phillips-Perron and KPSS. The standard unit root tests produced mixed results relative to the validity of the hysteresis hypothesis for the sample countries. However, the wavelet-based unit root tests provided more consistent results as the hysteresis hypothesis was rejected in all of the sample countries, save Rwanda. Policy implications are derived from the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We apply a series of bounded unit root tests to revisit the unemployment persistence in eight European Union (EU) countries. We find strong evidence in favour of the hysteresis hypothesis in all the cases. This result can be explained by a reduced labour mobility, a decreasing wage inflation and a high uncertainty regarding the future level of unemployment in the EU countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid droplet placed on a deformable / soft substrate causes the substrate to deform. Combined action of capillary pressure and surface forces, which act in the vicinity of the apparent three-phase contact line and substrate's elasticity determine both the liquid shape and the substrate deformation. A theory of contact angle hysteresis of sessile liquid droplets on deformable/soft substrate is developed in terms of disjoining pressure isotherm, Π h , which accounts for the action of surface forces in the vicinity of the contact line. Minimum of excess free energy of the droplet on deformable substrate results in two interconnected equations for droplet and deformed substrate shapes in terms of disjoining pressure isotherm. A simplified s-shaped disjoining pressure isotherm, which allows direct calculations of static advancing/receding contact angles on deformable substrates, is adopted. Elasticity of the substrate is assumed to obey a simple Winkler's model for elastic surfaces. The obtained results are in agreement with the contact angle hysteresis theory developed earlier for non-deformable substrates. Calculated values of both advancing and receding contact angles for droplets on deformable substrate depend on droplet volume (which has a direct experimental confirmation). Advancing and receding contact angles of droplets on deformable substrates are lower as compared with those on a non-deformable substrate. The results of the derived model on hysteresis of contact angle on deformable substrates qualitatively agree with known experimental observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stiffness measuring method for bicycle frames is not standardized, leading to a wide variety of test setups; they differ in many aspects such as applied load, support constraints and frame deflection measurement. The aim of this paper is to draw attention to this problem and to quantify the perturbing, unwanted side effects that influence the stiffness measurement of the bicycle frame. This is illustrated by developing a multi-purpose rating test method for bicycle frame stiffness. The proposed test rig design considers different aspects which should be taken into account when measuring the bicycle frame stiffness. In the experimental setup, it is observed that the contribution of the test bench compliance led to 21% difference in the frame stiffness results; the influence due to the head, the tube-bearing type the corresponding preload resulted in up to 19% difference in the stiffness results between the lowest and highest stiffness values measured; hysteresis effects caused by pulleys are estimated to introduce errors up to 11%; and the influence due to the operator variability and sensor accuracy is estimated to be less than 3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An adaptive finite-time tracking control issue for a class of nonlinear systems with unknown hysteresis is considered in this manuscript. We construct a fuzzy adaptive controller on foundation of a backstepping method. We prove that all the signals in the system are semi-global uniformly finite-time bounded under the designed controller, even though unknown hysteresis in the actuator is considered. At last, the validity of the proposed control scheme is demonstrated by an example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]