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To achieve zero carbon emissions, increasing the scale of renewable energy implementation is imperative. Hydrogen is considered the prospective solution for sustainable energy due to its dual nature as a carbon-neutral fuel and an efficient storage medium for renewable energy sources. So, in this work, a standalone new hybrid energy system powered by solar energy for yearly power and freshwater production for building demand in New Borg El-Arab, Egypt. The system comprises photovoltaic (PV) panels, a water electrolyzer, multi-effect mechanical vapor compression desalination (MED-MVC), and fuel cells with hydrogen storage. A complete mathematical system model is built and solved by MATLAB/Simulink to study the daily, monthly, and yearly performance and sizing of the different system components based on the location climate conditions. The results indicate that PV panels of an area of 1824 m2, in conjunction with an electrolyzer, 863 fuel cells, and a storage tank capacity of 3013.4 m3can satisfy the annual building requirements of 255.17 MWh electricity, 766.5 m3 hot water and 876 m3 cold water. The maximum hydrogen storage lies between September and October, with maximum consumption between February and March. The average annual efficiency of PV, electrolyzer, fuel cell, electrolyzer output, fuel cell output, and overall hybrid system is 20.7%, 68.2%, 34.6%, 13.4%, 4.4%, and 16.5%, respectively, and the performance ratio (PR) of MED-MVC is 2.61. The system proves its capability to supply the building with electrical and water requirements with a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) equal to 0.712 $/kWh. Additionally, This system shows the potential to include other activities in remote areas or islands besides its contribution to achieving SDGs 6, 7, and 13. • A Standalone solar system with hydrogen storage for power and water building demand is studied. • The system proved its capability to meet the building's electrical and water demands with LCOE of 0.712 $/kWh. • The average annual PV, electrolyzer, and fuel cell efficiency are 20.7%, 68.2%, and 34.6%, respectively. • The performance ratio of MED-MVC is 2.61, and overall system efficiency is 16.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation proposes an innovative hybrid energy system based on solar energy equipped with a parabolic trough collector, a supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle (SCBC), a recuperative organic Rankine cycle (RORC), a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer (PEME), and a two-tank direct thermal energy storage system. To ensure the stable operation of the system despite fluctuations in the amount of sunlight received during the day, the mass flow rate (MFR) of the heat transfer fluid in the solar collector is regulated to maintain a consistent inlet temperature for the SCBC and RORC. Additionally, the MFR of the HTF from the hot tank to the bottoming cycles also remains constant. This approach allows the entire system to operate around the clock and under stable conditions. The energy and exergy performance of the entire system is evaluated under varying solar irradiance and ambient temperature over a 24-h period. The results revealed that the system could generate 1.5 MW of net power, 4.47 kg of hydrogen per day, and 18.48 kg/s of hot water with a total energy efficiency of 51.30% and exergy efficiency of 55.7%. The solar collector possessed the lowest exergy efficiency of 33.89% due to a high exergy destruction rate. The PEME possessed maximum energy efficiency of 58.85%, followed by RORC and SCBC with 26.38% and 14.84%, respectively. It is concluded the proposed system can provide a reliable and sustainable supply of electricity, hydrogen, and hot water, demonstrating a promising and viable poly-generation technology for both grid-connected and off-grid applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germany is undergoing an energy transition. By 2045, fossil fuels will be gradually replaced by clean energy. An alternative option is to use geothermal, solar and wind energy to generate heat or electricity. Currently, an economic model that considers these three energy sources and incorporates the design and installation of the energy system as well as operational costing focusing on the local market is lacking. In this study, we present a concept for a hybrid energy system combining solar, wind and geothermal energy for small, detached houses. We also develop a simplified economic model for the German market and local energy subsidy policies. The model was applied to two different cities in northern Germany, calculating the installation and long-term operating costs of different energy systems and combinations over a period of 100 years, including the consideration of the lifespan of variable equipment. The calculations show that for this small hybrid energy system the initial installation costs can vary from EUR 20,344 to EUR 70,186 depending on different portfolios. Long-term operating costs come mainly from electricity purchased from the grid to compensate for periods of low solar or wind production. In addition, the study included a calculation of the payback period for retrofitting a natural gas heating system. Results show that combining a photovoltaic system with a ground source heat pump, especially in the form of a near-surface heat exchanger, yields a shorter payback period (5 to 10 years). However, the incorporation of on-roof wind turbines into the hybrid energy system may significantly prolong the payback period and is therefore not recommended for use in low wind speed areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the sizing problem of hybrid diesel–photovoltaic–battery systems was determined using a particle swarm optimization approach. The goal was to optimize the number of solar panels and batteries that could be installed to reduce the overall cost of an isolated grid system, originally powered by diesel generators, located on Isabela Island in the Galapagos, Ecuador. In this study, real solar radiation and temperature profiles were used, as well as the load demand and electrical distribution system relative to this island. The results reveal that the total cost for the proposed approach is lower as it reaches the global optimal solution. It also highlights the advantage of a hybrid diesel–photovoltaic–battery (DG-PV-BAT) system compared to conventional systems operated exclusively by diesel generators (DGs) and systems made up of DGs and PV panels; compared to them, a reduction in diesel consumption and total cost (71% and 56%, respectively) is achieved. The DG-PV-BAT system also considerably improves environmental factors and the quality of the power line. This study demonstrates the advantages of hybridizing systems isolated from the network through the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative energy sources are needed for a sustainable world due to rapidly increasing energy consumption, fossil fuels, and greenhouse gases worldwide. A hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) must be optimally dimensioned to be responsive to sudden load changes and cost-effective. In this study, the aim is to reduce the carbon emissions of a university campus by generating electricity from a hybrid energy production system with solar panels, wind turbine, a diesel generator, and battery components. On the university campus where the hybrid energy system will be installed, the ambient temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, and load demands have been recorded in our database. Optimization algorithms were used to select the power values of the system components to be installed using these data in an efficient and inexpensive manner according to the ambient conditions. For optimal sizing of HRES components, gray wolf optimizer combined with cuckoo search (GWOCS) technique was investigated using MATLAB/Simulink. In this way, it has been tried to increase their efficiency by combining current optimization techniques. The cornerstone of our optimization efforts for both on-grid and off-grid models pivots on a constellation of critical decision variables: the power harvested from wind turbines, the productivity of solar panels, the capacity of battery storage, and the power contribution of diesel generators. In our pursuit of minimizing the annual cost metric, we employ a tailor-made function, meticulously upholding an array of constraints, such as the quotient of renewable energy and the potential risk of power disruption. A robust energy management system is integral to our design, orchestrating the delicate power flow balance among micro-grid components—vital for satisfying energy demand. Upon analyzing the outcomes of the study, it is apparent that the proposed Scenario 1 HRES effectively utilizes solar and battery components within the off-grid model, surpassing the efficiency of four other hybrid scenarios under consideration. Regarding optimization processes, the off-grid model exhibits superior results with the implementation of the GWOCS algorithm, delivering faster and more reliable solutions relative to other methodologies. Conversely, the optimization of the on-grid model reaches its optimal performance with the application of the cuckoo search algorithm. A comprehensive comparison from both technical and economic view points suggests the on-grid model as the most feasible and suitable choice. Upon completion of the optimization process, the load demand is catered to by a combination of a 2963.827-kW solar panel, a 201.8896-kW battery, and an additional purchase of 821.9 MWh from the grid. Additionally, an energy surplus sale of 1379.8 MWh to the grid culminates in an annual cost of system (ACS) of 475782.8240 USD, a total net present cost of 4815520.2794 USD, and a levelized cost of energy of 0.12754 USD/kWh. Solar panels cover the entire system, and the renewable energy fraction is 100%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the pressing issue of quality electricity access in remote regions, with a specific focus on Tumbatu Island in Tanzania. Most studies on quality improvement concentrate on low‐voltage distribution lines and leave high‐voltage (HV) transmission lines behind. It is essential to address quality issues in HV lines due to their critical role in electricity transmission and distribution infrastructure. The objective of the study is to improve the voltage profile on the island's HV transmission line by identifying the optimal hybrid energy system comprising solar PV, wind turbine, and battery technologies. The study begins by presenting the total power demand and consumption on Tumbatu Island, which are important factors in designing an efficient energy system. The findings reveal a power demand of 7173 kW and a consumption of 28540 kWh/day, with an average scaled value of 1507.9 and 6000 kWh/day. To achieve the desired voltage profile improvement, the research incorporates HOMER Pro software for simulating and analyzing various hybrid system configurations. Essential input parameters, such as costs, resources, technology components, and load, are considered in the simulation process. The software generates a ranked list of options based on the system's net present cost (NPC). The simulation results demonstrate that the integration of solar PV, wind turbine, and HV lines provides a substantial improvement in the voltage profile, increasing it from 29.6 to 31.23 kV during peak demand periods. This solution proves to be the most economically viable, with the lowest NPC of $4,003,851 and a relatively short payback period of 3.79 years. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is performed to identify the most influential parameter in the system's performance. Wind speed is found to have the greatest impact, emphasizing its significance in the design and operation of the hybrid energy system. The implementation of this optimal hybrid renewable energy system on Tumbatu Island will not only improve the voltage profile and meet the island's energy needs but also shall contribute to global efforts in reducing pollution and the cost of electricity to the Tumbatu Island population. Moreover, it addresses the current and future demands for clean energy, underlining its importance in achieving sustainable and accessible electricity in sub‐Saharan Africa and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The journal Applied Sciences has recently updated its sections and subject areas to ensure ongoing relevance and currency. The changes include updates to the "Nanotechnology and Applied Nanosciences" section, the addition of new subject areas in various sections such as "Earth Sciences" and "Energy Science and Technology," and the renaming of the "Applied Physics" section to "Applied Physics General." Other sections, such as "Civil Engineering" and "Transportation and Future Mobility," have also been modified to reflect current research trends. The journal encourages researchers to consider submitting their work to the newly updated sections and subject areas. [Extracted from the article]

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The object of research is heat transfer in a hybrid thermal photovoltaic solar collector. International agreements and strategies aimed at combating climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions strongly call for the active implementation of renewable energy sources on a global scale. A special emphasis is placed on the development of solar energy, which has significant growth potential due to the constant improvement of technologies and cost reduction of production. With this in mind, the authors focused on the development and analysis of a computer model of an innovative hybrid system that effectively combines a solar collector for the simultaneous production of both thermal and electrical energy. The research included a detailed study of the temperature changes of the heat carrier in the hybrid photovoltaic solar collector and thermal accumulator during the period of solar irradiation. Thanks to careful monitoring, the main patterns of gradual temperature increase in both key components of the hybrid system were established. In addition, an assessment of the dynamics of changes in the instantaneous thermal power of the solar collector under the influence of various factors, such as the intensity of solar radiation, the angle of inclination of the collector, wind speed, etc., was carried out. The results of computer modeling showed the average indicator of the efficiency of the entire hybrid system, as well as its variations during a certain time of operation. In addition, the change in the instantaneous specific heat capacity and the overall efficiency of heat energy generation by the hybrid photovoltaic solar collector were analyzed. Special attention was paid to the study of the dynamics of changes in the thermal efficiency of the entire system, as well as its ability to efficiently store thermal energy in a specialized battery. The comprehensive analysis made it possible to obtain the key thermophysical parameters of the developed hybrid system with a photovoltaic solar collector. This data is extremely important, as it will allow engineers and scientists to accurately calculate the potential performance and efficiency of such a system when it is put into practical use in the future. In general, the results of the study emphasize the promising development of hybrid solar collectors as one of the leading technologies in the field of renewable energy in the context of global challenges of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allowing deeper penetration of renewable energy technologies through the adaptation of hybrid systems is unanimously considered critical for decarbonizing the building sector. The objective of this research is to analyze and contrast different renewable energy systems utilizing PV panels, an electrolyzer, and a fuel cell (FC) in a single-house and a midrise apartment located in North America. The study uses HOMER software to simulate and optimize three types of systems: PV/battery bank, PV/hydrogen, and PV/battery bank/hydrogen. The findings indicate that larger batteries can be utilized in place of the electrolyzer and fuel cell, but they incur a higher net present cost (NPC) due to their expensive initial investment. Therefore, a combination of PV arrays, hydrogen, and smaller battery banks can significantly reduce the net present cost of the system while also achieving efficient performance. After conducting an economic analysis of various setups for a single house, the research indicates that a configuration of 522 kW photovoltaic (PV) panels, 150 kW electrolyzer, 20 kW fuel cell, 200 kg hydrogen tank, 18.6 kW converter, and 159 batteries offers the most favorable results in Toronto, Canada. This configuration achieves lower NPC and levelized cost of energy (COE) than the PV/hydrogen system. In addition, according to the optimum design of the hydrogen system for the midrise apartment, the PV/battery bank/hydrogen configuration has a lower NPC and COE than the PV/hydrogen system, which shows that adding the battery to the system lowers the cost and offer short and long-term energy storage. The optimum design was then verified by implementing a sensitivity analysis to evaluate different solar radiation, electric load, derating factor and tilt angle of the PV array. • Hybrid renewable energy-based systems incorporating PV, fuel cell, and hydrogen are studied. • PV/battery bank, PV/hydrogen, and PV/battery-bank/hydrogen are compared. • Optimized among different configurations are done using the software HOMER. • The impact of climate on system is assessed for major North American cities. • A sensitivity analysis assesses the impact of electric load, inflation rate, and capital cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of active and efficient catalysts for solar fuel generation is nowadays of high relevance for the scientific community, but at the same time poses great challenges. Critical requirements are mainly associated with the kinetic barriers due to the multi-proton and multi-electron nature of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) as well as to selectivity issues. In this regard, natural enzymes can be a source of inspiration for the design of effective and selective catalysts to target such fundamental reactions. In this Feature Article we review some recent works on molecular catalysts for both the HER and the CO2RR performed in our labs and other research teams which mainly address (i) the role of redox non-innocent ligands, to lower the overpotential for catalysis and control the selectivity, and (ii) the role of internal relays, to assist formation of catalytic intermediates via intramolecular routes. The selected exemplars have been chosen to emphasize that, although the molecular structures and the synthetic motifs are different from those of the active sites of natural enzymes, many affinities in terms of catalytic mechanism and functionality are instead present, which account for the observed remarkable performances under operative conditions. The data discussed herein thus demonstrate the great potential and the privileged role of molecular catalysts towards the design and construction of hybrid photochemical systems for solar energy conversion into fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid renewable energy system-based reverse osmosis desalination has been identified as a reliable and sustainable solution for supplying potable water to the off-grid communities. In this respect, this study proposes a stand-alone hybrid energy system comprising solar PV, wind turbine, diesel generator, and a battery bank to power a reverse osmosis desalination plant. The proposed hybrid system is optimised using a novel metaheuristic optimisation technique named salp swarm algorithm (SSA) to minimise the three objective functions: levelised cost of energy (LCOE, $/kWh), life cycle emissions (LCE, CO2 kg-eq/yr.), and the excess energy (EE, kWh/yr.). Moreover, the performance of the novel algorithm is scrutinised using the benchmark solutions achieved from the widely utilised non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) and particle swarm optimisation (PSO) techniques. In addition, the study also investigates the effects of water demand and the loss of power supply probability on the techno-economic performance. The results reveal that SSA outperforms NSGA-II and PSO algorithms towards achieving Pareto optimality hence provides financially rewarding solutions. The LCOE for the optimal HES is 0.179 $/kWh, and the LCE is 5921 CO2 kg-eq/yr. with an EE of 402 kWh/yr., whereas the cost of water for this system is 1.37 $/m3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The opaque photovoltaic thermal (PVT) produces both thermal and electrical energy. In order to increase thermal energy, we have considered flexible (Al-based) photovoltaic (PV) module for the present study. Further, we have considered thermo-electric cooler (TEC) integrated with flexible PV module to enhance electrical power. As a result, an overall power can be increased in flexible PVT-TEC collector. A concept of series and parallel combination of flexible PVT-TEC collectors is proposed to optimize series (n) and parallel (m) combinations for a given number of N (=n × m) collectors for maximum overall exergy depending on thermal and electrical energies which have not been considered yet so far. Further, a new expression has also been developed for the heat removal factor and instantaneous thermal efficiency of the nth flexible PVT-TEC collector to investigate its effect on the nth flexible PVT-TEC collector performance. Numerical computations have been carried out for a given coldest climatic condition of Srinagar, India, and design parameters of Al-based PVT-TEC collectors using matlab R2021b. Based on numerical computations, the following conclusions have been drawn: (i) For case (a) (all flexible PVT-TEC collectors are connected in parallel), the daily overall exergy is 2.7 kW, which is 21.3% more than case (d). (All flexible PVT-TEC collectors are connected in series.) (ii) There is a drop of 20% in the mass flowrate factor due to the correction factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power quality improvement is inevitable due to the presence of power converters and non-linear loads in grid connected renewable based hybrid energy system (HES). The harmonics introduced by the distributed energy systems may lead to output voltage distortion and equipment failure which may lead to system losses. It may also cause for direct and indirect economic impacts. Development of active filter, passive filter and hybrid filter for harmonics mitigation would be an expensive solutions. Therefore, various DC/AC converter switching schemes are proposed for power quality improvements in grid connected Solar Photovoltaic (PV) and fuel cell based HES. Initially, Solar PV and Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel cell (PEMFC) are modeled using MATLAB/Simulink. Further the harmonic behavior with Proportional plus Integral (PI), Proportional plus Integral plus Derivative (PID) and Fuzzy gain scheduled PID controllers are demonstrated using Pulse Width Modulator (PWM). Converter output voltage waveform, frequency spectrum and total harmonics distortion (THD) values at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) have witnessed that the fuzzy gain scheduled PID controller suppresses the voltage distortions completely. It also yields 4 percentage THD value which satisfies the harmonic level recommended by IEEE 519 standard. Comparative analysis shows that the fuzzy gain scheduled PID control scheme exhibits superior performance than the traditional PI and PID controllers. Therefore, it is identified as an effective control scheme for power quality improvement in hybrid renewable energy system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid renewable hydrogen energy systems could play a key role in delivering sustainable solutions for enabling the Net Zero ambition; however, the lack of exact computational modelling tools for sizing the integrated system components and simulating their real-world dynamic behaviour remains a key technical challenge against their widespread adoption. This paper addresses this challenge by developing a precise dynamic model that allows sizing the rated capacity of the hybrid system components and accurately simulating their real-world dynamic behaviour while considering effective energy management between the grid-integrated system components to ensure that the maximum possible proportion of energy demand is supplied from clean sources rather than the grid. The proposed hybrid system components involve a solar PV system, electrolyser, pressurised hydrogen storage tank and fuel cell. The developed hybrid system model incorporates a set of mathematical models for the individual system components. The developed precise dynamic model allows identifying the electrolyser's real-world hydrogen production levels in response to the input intermittent solar energy production while also simulating the electrochemical behaviour of the fuel cell and precisely quantifying its real-world output power and hydrogen consumption in response to load demand variations. Using a university campus case study building in Scotland, the effectiveness of the developed model has been assessed by benchmarking comparison between its results versus those obtained from a generic model in which the electrochemical characteristics of the electrolyser and fuel cell systems were not taken into consideration. Results from this comparison have demonstrated the potential of the developed model in simulating the real-world dynamic operation of hybrid solar hydrogen energy systems for grid-connected buildings while sizing the exact capacity of system components, avoiding oversizing associated with underutilisation costs and inaccurate simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic-thermal beam-splitting hybrid system utilizes solar energy with a high efficiency in a wider spectrum than photovoltaics. However, few studies explain the selection of solar cells or consider perovskite solar cells for the hybrid system. In this work, we studied the effects of beam splitting on the photovoltaic properties of monocrystalline silicon, multicrystalline silicon, GaAs, and perovskite solar cells with beam splitters to determine their applicability to beam-splitting hybrid systems. Transmission wavelengths of the beam splitters are 400–714 nm, 410–802 nm, 420–840 nm, and 430–1100 nm, respectively. Open-circuit voltage, fill factor, short-circuit current density, maximum power, and power conversion efficiency of solar cells with and without beam splitters were compared. Additionally, external quantum efficiency curves of the solar cells were presented to explain the trends of and to compare the preceding parameters. Results show that the Si solar cells is ineffective for the beam-splitting hybrid utilization with general beam splitters for their wide spectral response range, and the GaAs solar cell is better for its short spectral response range, and beam splitting can improve its power conversion efficiency. Meanwhile, the perovskite solar cell shows a great potential for hybrid utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of fuzzy hybrid methods has significantly increased in recent years across various sectors. However, the application of fuzzy hybrid methods for modeling systems or processes, such as fuzzy machine learning, fuzzy simulation, and fuzzy decision-making, has been relatively limited in the energy sector. Moreover, compared to standard methods, the benefits of fuzzy-hybrid methods for capturing complex problems are not adequately explored for the solar energy sector, which is one of the most important renewable energy sources in electric grids. This paper investigates the application of fuzzy hybrid systems in the solar energy sector compared to other sectors through a systematic review of journal articles published from 2012 to 2022. Selection criteria for choosing an appropriate method in each investigated fuzzy hybrid method are also presented and discussed. This study contributes to the existing literature in the solar energy domain by providing a state-of-the-art review of existing fuzzy hybrid techniques to (1) demonstrate their capability for capturing complex problems while overcoming limitations inherent in standard modeling methods, (2) recommend criteria for selecting an appropriate fuzzy hybrid technique for applications in solar energy research, and (3) assess the applicability of fuzzy hybrid techniques for solving practical problems in the solar energy sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main contribution of this paper is to formulate the problem of optimal design of renewable wind/solar/biomass hybrid system for grid-independent applications in a region of Iran and to compare the genetic algorithm (GA) and performance of particle swarm optimization (PSO) on this optimization problem. There are many types of research on solar and wind hybrid energy systems, but research on solar/wind/biomass hybrid energy systems is rare. The biomass energy system can be used as a support and complementary system along with wind and solar energy systems. This paper studies the optimum design of a biomass/PV/wind energy system for independent applications. The objective of the optimum design problem is to minimize the total net present cost (TNPC) of the PV/wind/biomass system during its lifetime subject to some constraints by adjusting three decision variables, namely the swept area of wind turbines, the area of PV panels and the capacity of biogas generators. For this aim, two efficient metaheuristic techniques of GA and PSO are used to solve the optimization problem. Simulation results show that PV/biomass system is the most cost-effective one for supplying the demanded load. Moreover, PSO leads to better results than GA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid power systems (HPS) based on photovoltaic (PV), diesel generators (DG), and energy storage systems (ESS) are widely used solutions for the energy supply of off-grid or isolated areas. The main hybridizing challenges are reliability, investment and operating costs, and carbon emissions problems. Since HPS are usually sized to provide energy continuously, it is essential to use the solar energy potential close to full capacity, especially on cloudy days. One of the prominent solutions to overcome these challenges is integrating solar tracking systems (STS). This article focuses on the optimal sizing of HPS based on PV-DG-ESS utilizing STS by analyzing technical, economic, and environmental aspects. Optimization is performed with the MILP solved via Gurobi, considering the net present cost (NPC) and loss of power supply probability (LPSP) objectives. The results indicate that horizontal and dual solar trackers can provide up to 50% better energy harvest performance and reduce NPC by up to 7%. It is also found that there is no significant difference in cost reduction between both systems. Moreover, STS is feasible if the cost is less than 375 USD and 250 USD for Sudan and South Sudan, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electricity grid is faced with the problems of insufficient investments, old infrastructure, line losses, low efficiency and energy quality. For this reason, many developed countries have begun to transition to micro and smart grid structures in which generation, consumption and storage are concentrated within a region. In this process, integrating local power generation resources into micro-smart grids will help energy supply. Among renewable energy sources, wind and solar energy are common and have a high application potential. In terms of local application, vertical wind turbines do not require towers, have low maintenance costs, and do not require a rudder system. These advantages increase when it becomes a hybrid system with solar energy. Especially in buildings where consumption is continuous, it is thought that these systems will contribute to the diversity in energy generation, even at a certain rate in the future. In this study, building integrated vertical wind turbine-solar hybrid energy systems (VWTS-HES) were examined, technical and economic analysis of the data was made with the HOMER PRO program in order to determine the most suitable renewable energy hybrid system to meet the electrical load, and suggestions were made in this direction. According to these results, it was concluded that Aktürk VWTSHES installation is the VWTS-HES with the lowest cost and the shortest depreciation period for 7 kW power, which is the monthly average electricity consumption of a family of 4, among the three VWTSHESs examined. In today's conditions, it has been seen that consumers can come together and turn to building-integrated VWTS-HESs so that consumers can contribute to the power system as producing consumers and micro-intelligent grid structures can develop, and VWTS-HES structures can contribute to the diversity of electrical energy generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EVs) are gradually becoming an integral part of the drive to accomplish sustainable energy standards. Due to their limited onboard battery capacity, EVs' expanding popularity creates a need for widespread charging stations. However, fast charging stations, particularly Extreme Fast Charging (EFC), may impose a hassle on the electrical system due to overload during peak hours, frequent power gaps, and voltage sag. To flatten the power supply, the photovoltaic (PV) Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESS) and the uncertain and variable nature of PV systems always include solar and hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) such as batteries and supercapacitors. This research suggests a multi-port DC-DC converter (MPC) with a bidirectional DC-DC converter for battery ESS-integrated PV systems. The MPC can regulate the majority of active power through PV to a battery, PV to an EV charging station, HESS to an EV charging station, and PV to AC grid. Additionally, a PI controller is used for the MPC, taking both the PV and battery voltage variations into account. Therefore, the presented configuration can achieve the key benefits of greater integration, more efficiency, and reduced cost. Simulation results show the advantages of this multiport EV charging circuit with PV-HESS and design in different modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert solar energy into electrical energy and the efficiency possesses a negative coefficient of 0.2–0.5%/°C beyond Standard Test Conditions (STC) of 25°C. PV cells also called solar cells could attain an increase in 50–60°C above STC, thereby reducing its efficiency. This research addresses the issue by utilizing the energy resulting from overheating of panels for the generation of hot water. This research deals with the simulation, modeling, and experimentation of hybrid photovoltaic-thermal (PV-T) system for the generation of electrical energy and hot water. The objective is uniform cooling of the panel, thereby resulting in enhancement of power along with the generation of hot water at 60°C. The design was accommodated in a single integrated unit without any application of pumping devices. Hot water at 60°C was obtained experimenting with two different heat transfer mediums. Acetone and mobiltherm were tested as the medium of heat transfer in this research. The simulation was carried out for the hybrid PV-T system to study the various parameters affecting the system along with an estimation of the discharge capacity of the system in real-time conditions. The discharge of water using acetone as heat transfer medium was 18.2 l and using mobiltherm was 23.4 l. The average electrical and thermal efficiency attained using acetone as heat transfer medium was 8.46% and 35.05%, whereas the average electrical and thermal efficiency using mobiltherm as heat transfer medium was 9.62% and 45.48%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the optimal sizing design of a stand-alone solar hydrogen hybrid energy system for a house in Afyon, Turkey. The house is not connected to the grid, and the proposed hybrid system meets all its energy demands; therefore, it is considered a zero-energy building. The designed system guarantees uninterrupted and reliable power throughout the year. Since the reliability of the power supply is crucial for the house, optimal sizing of the components, photovoltaic (PV) panels, electrolyzer, storage tank, and fuel cell stack is critical. Determining the sufficient number of PV panels, suitable electrolyzer model and size, number of fuel cell stacks, and the minimum storage tank volume to use in the proposed system can guarantee an uninterrupted energy supply to the house. In this study, a stand-alone hybrid energy system is proposed. The system consists of PV panels, a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer, a storage tank, and a PEM fuel cell stack. It can meet the continuous energy demand of the house is sized by using 10 min of averaged solar irradiation and temperature data of the site and consumption data of the house. Present results show that the size of each component in a solar hydrogen hybrid energy system in terms of power depends on the size of each other components to meet the efficiency requirement of the whole system. Choosing the nominal electrolyzer power is critical in such energy systems. • A stand-alone hybrid solar-hydrogen energy system is designed and investigated. • The system is proposed for a zero-energy building with no connection to the grid. • The hybrid system has PV panels, electrolyzer, and fuel cell. • The selection of the components is dictated by the actual solar and weather data at the site. • The consumption profile at the house is based on actual data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic (PV) panel has received attention due to its environmental advantages; however, It has yet to achieve the desired efficiency and economic maturity. In this regard, PV tracking techniques play a pivotal role in maximizing the performance of the PV system. The main objective of this paper is to determine the optimal scenario for obtaining the highest efficiency and profitability for a rural household in Africa. The tracking options include fixed-tilt (FT), horizontal axis (HM), vertical axis (HV), and dual-axis tracker (DA) using to discover the lowest cost between LF and CC dispatch strategies. The optimal solution according to the lowest net present cost (NPC) as an optimization indicator is identified, and then sensitivity analysis is conducted to generalize the results for other technical, economic, and climate conditions. The FT-based solution indicates the profitable option with NPC, levelized energy cost (LCOE), and CO2 emissions of $13.7k, $0.258/kWh, and 281.11 kg/year, respectively. The increase in SOCmin values would escalate reliance on the DG to meet the required load, resulting in higher NPC and CO2 emissions. The highest and lowest increase of NPC by raising fuel price is found under DA and FT trackers, respectively. PV production and the renewable fraction of FT-based and HM-based hybrid systems are more sensitive to changing albedo. Comparison with the previous paper also shows that the optimal HES has $58k and $0.005/kWh lower values of NPC and LCOE, respectively, to satisfy the same load demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an environment with unstable power supply, incessant load shedding and inconsistent energy availability remains a major challenge. Hence, there is a need for an urgent alternative source of energy to mitigate this challenge. Over the years, fossil fuel-based energy sources have been considered as an effective solution, however the greenhouse gases emissions from these sources contribute largely to the rise in the depletion of the ozone layer which eventually leads to pollution and global warming. This work contributes to efforts in curbing this menace by reducing the use of diesel generators and focus more on a hybrid renewable energy system. This study, used selected residential buildings as a case study. A photovoltaic system and a diesel generator were incorporated as hybrid energy system, and the data gathered was processed using the HOMER software. The output of the simulation provided two optimal systems (PVDiesel Generator, Battery coupled with the complete Hybrid system) and (PV-Diesel generator). The optimal and costeffective system from the analysis is the PV-diesel hybrid system. This consists of a 10kW solar PV, 45kW Diesel generator, a 10kW converter and six 6FM200D batteries. This study provides a synergy of individual subsystems as analyzed in the result to enhanced the reliability of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

10.3390/en13143519 15 Yang R., Yuan Y., Ying R., Shen B., Long T. A novel energy management strategy for a ship's hybrid solar energy generation system using a particle swarm optimization algorithm. Unfortunately, the paper does not take into account the fragility of the European Energy System with respect to the Energy suppliers. Moreover, the Energy Plant is strongly constrained by the primary energy providers and the energy distribution system must provide the difficult tasks related to implement dispatching and energy saving systems. 10.3390/en13040894 10 Nikolaou T., Stavrakakis G.S., Tsamoudalis K. Modeling and optimal dimensioning of a pumped hydro energy storage system for the exploitation of the rejected wind energy in the non-interconnected electrical power system of the Crete island, Greece. [Extracted from the article]

Ensuring adequate implementation of solar energy for providing environment-friendly energy to the household sector, which can considerably abate pollutants in the environment and make power industry structure sustainable, is necessary for developing countries. Comparison in terms of environmental and cost impacts of renewable energy (hybrid solar system) with non-renewable energy sources, water and planning development authority (WAPDA), and diesel generators (DGs) has been examined in the household sector of Pakistan. Primary data of hybrid solar systems have been obtained from 10 different households segregated them into two categories according to their income as medium-income households (MIHs) and lower income households (LIHs) containing 5 kW and 3 kW of hybrid solar energy systems, respectively. While operating with a hybrid solar energy system instead of a non-renewable energy system, in terms of average generated power and average running load, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions can be reduced up to 8,446.6 kg CO2 and 6,131.725 kg CO2, respectively, in the next 25 years. Comparison of costs indicated that renewable energy has a comparatively low cost per electric unit. It can pay back its total installation cost in just 8 years and can save a sum of $4,936.4375, along with many more ecological, economic, and societal benefits. Pakistan can efficiently utilize solar energy to relegate CO2 emissions and general costs as it has distinct geographical features to access sunlight in most days of the year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep borehole heat exchanger (DBHE) is a closed loop system without the problem of fluid losses, scale formation and corrosion; however, low rock thermal conductivity limits its performance. Enlightened by drilling mud loss in oil and gas industry, here an enhanced DBHE (EDBHE) is proposed by filling materials with much higher thermal conductivity into leakage formation or depleted gas and oil reservoir to enhance the thermal conductivity performance of rock. Solar thermal energy is stored into EDBHE during the non-heating season to replenish the loss of heat energy extracted during the heating season. The results show that average heat mining rate for 20 years operations is, respectively, 3686.5 and 26,384.4 kW for EDBHE filled by ordinary drilling mud and by composite materials with high thermal conductivity. The percentage reduction of heat mining rate for 20 years operations for EDBHE and the hybrid system of geothermal and solar energy are, respectively, 16.1 and 5.8%, indicating that the hybrid system can make the heat mining rate more stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EVs) have revolutionized the transportation sector as an alternative to conventional fossil fuel-based transportation. It becomes more effective when the charging energy comes from green, renewable, cost-effective, eco-friendly resources. The present work discusses modelling a hybrid renewable energy system for EV charging stations in Malaysia. This work presents techno-economic investigation for different hybrid energy system arrangements of solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), natural gas generator (GS) and battery energy storage (BES) for EV charging station. The EV load demand is calculated based on the transportation fleet of an institution considered for five different climatic locations in Malaysia using HOMER-Pro software. Considering the technical sizing of the hybrid system, the minimization of the energy system and net present cost are discussed for each locations. The optimization study of hybrid energy systems is further examined for social benefits and environmental analysis by including the human development and employment creation index. The comparative analysis of hybrid energy storage systems is performed separately. This study uses sensitivity analysis to elaborate on the cost-effectiveness and technical feasibility of the hybrid system, considering the cost of system components, macroeconomics parameters, and load variation. The finalized results indicate that the solar PV-BES-GS12 hybrid energy system is the most suitable combination for the integrated grid-independent EV charging station operation at each locations. • Modelling of hybrid renewable energy system for EV charging stations. • It identifies opportunities and challenges to overcome barriers in accomplishing renewable resources for EV charging.. • The EV load demand is calculated based on the institution's transportation fleet. • It presents the composite analysis for social benefits and environmental research in multiple aspects. • The analysis is considered for five different climatic locations in Malaysia using HOMER-Pro software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Mathematical modeling of membrane distillation considering concentration polarization. • Integration of membrane distillation into a liquid desiccant air conditioning system. • The hybrid system driven by solar energy with a batch-wise operation. • Feasibility analysis of the hybrid system in a hot and humid climate area. • System performance evaluation in terms of air dehumidification and water production. Membrane distillation (MD) is a promising method for liquid desiccant (LD) regeneration as it can mitigate LD carryover and produce freshwater as a by-product. Previous research on MD regeneration was mainly focused on performance evaluation and optimization of the regenerator itself. This paper proposed a hybrid solar-driven direct contact MD (DCMD) regeneration-assisted liquid desiccant air conditioning (LDAC) system for air dehumidification, cooling, and freshwater production. A mathematical model for the DCMD regenerator was first developed by considering both temperature and concentration polarizations. This model was validated against the experimental data in terms of the outlet channel temperature and LD solution concentration in the feed tank with relative deviations of ± 9.8 % and ± 0.5 %, respectively. The DCMD model was further integrated into an LDAC system with a batch-wise operation. To investigate the technical feasibility of the proposed system, a one-week simulation was conducted in a residential house during summer in a tropical climate area of Australia. The results showed that the latent heat load was effectively removed from the process air and the regenerated liquid desiccant solution can meet the dehumidification requirement with a concentration over 30.0 wt%. The dehumidification rate and regeneration rate were at 0.49–1.25 kg/h and 0.95–4.25 kg/h, respectively. Solar energy contributed to 52 %-78 % of the total system thermal energy consumption. Furthermore, this system can produce 11.0–12.8 kg of water daily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy is considered to be one of the most potential alternative energy resources because of its free, pollution-free and abundant reserves. However, fluctuating and intermittent of solar energy make the popularization and commercialization of large-scale solar power generation difficult to achieve, limiting the development of solar power technologies. The developments of energy storage and multi-energy complementary technologies can solve this problem of solar energy to a certain degree. The multi-energy hybrid power systems using solar energy can be generally grouped in three categories, which are solar-fossil, solar-renewable and solar-nuclear energy hybrid systems. For different kinds of multi-energy hybrid power systems using solar energy, varying research and development degrees have been achieved. To provide a useful reference for further studies of solar hybrid power systems, a comprehensive review of multi-energy hybrid power systems based on solar energy is presented in this work. Relevant issues of seven different kinds of solar hybrid power systems are introduced and discussed, including the research and development progresses, typical configurations, advantages, disadvantages, challenges and research directions. • A review of multi-energy hybrid power systems based on solar energy is conducted. • Typical R&D works on solar-based multi-energy hybrid systems are introduced. • Summary and prospects of R&D works on solar-based hybrid systems are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid green energy system, consisting of photovoltaic (PV), fuel cell and battery, receives wide attention because of its autonomy, flexibility and promising potential in accelerating the development of carbon neutrality in the field of power generation. However, the efficient power dispatching of the hybrid energy system is challenging due to the inevitable uncertainties of the solar energy. To this end, stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) is used in this paper to find the optimal solution to minimize the total fuel consumption during a 72-hour operating cycle, with constraints on the magnitude and rate of the fuel cell and battery operation, in which the stochastic characteristics of the solar power are described by Markov chain. The influence of sampling time and number of states on the solar prediction accuracy is discussed. For comparison, the traditional rule-based algorithm and dynamic programming (DP) algorithms are also utilized to describe and solve the power distribution problem, corresponding to different decision results in terms of how to distribute the energy flow for each time period. Numerical optimization results within the 72-hour period demonstrate that, the SDP has a 20.61% economy and 66.34% battery SOC improvement than that of rule-based algorithm, and in most uncertain cases, the SDP produces superior economic performance than those of both the rule-based algorithm and DP, benefited from the inclusion of the solar power probabilities into the optimization framework. The results of this paper lay a solid foundation for the efficient energy management of the hydrogen and solar hybrid energy system. The stochastic dynamic programming is used in this paper to deal with the uncertainties in solar energy and find the optimal energy scheduling of a hybrid fuel cell/PV/battery system. Numerical optimization results demonstrate that, in most uncertain cases, stochastic dynamic programming produces superior economic performance than those of both the rule-based and dynamic programming algorithm. The results lay a solid foundation for the efficient energy management of the hydrogen and solar hybrid energy system. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on cascade utilization of full-spectrum solar energy, a novel solar concentrating photovoltaic and near-field thermophotovoltaic hybrid system (CPV-NFTPVS) is proposed to achieve efficient solar power generation. The full-spectrum solar energy is split into two parts by spectrum splitter: The high-frequency part is provided to concentrating photovoltaic module while the rest to near-field thermophotovoltaic module. The effect of operating parameters such as concentration ratio, split wavelength, applied voltage, and vacuum gap on the energy conversion performance of the hybrid system is investigated. Starting with a concentration ratio of only 210, the efficiency of the hybrid system exceeds the maximum efficiency of near-field solar thermophotovoltaic system (NF-STPVS) with a concentration ratio of 2000. Considering the technical difficulties of the ultrahigh concentration ratio and ultrahigh cooling rate, a concentration ratio of 1000 is a practical choice for the hybrid system and its efficiency reaches 56.20%, which is about 1.12 times higher than the maximum efficiency of NF-STPVS. The law of the optimal value of the operating parameters is further explored and it's found that the optimal gap distance is always 10 nm and the optimal split wavelength needs to be adjusted according to the concentration ratio. The significant value of CPV-NFTPVS based on cascade utilization in solar power generation is indicated and practical application of the near-field thermophotovoltaic is guided. • A concentrating photovoltaic-near field thermophotovoltaic system is proposed. • The novel hybrid system achieves solar energy cascade conversion efficiently. • Performance of hybrid system is optimized based on different parameters. • Efficiency of hybrid system is up to 1.12 times higher than that of single system. • Reference is provided for the design and application of the hybrid system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, higher penetrations of renewable energy generations helped persuade sustainable energy and environmental targets, although their intermittent and fluctuated nature raised technical challenges. However, hybrid power system can minimize these technical issues by integrating flexible generation capable renewable energy sources like biomass. This study deals with optimizing grid-integrated and stand-alone biomass-based hybrid power system for the energy demand of a rural region containing poultry farms. Besides solar and wind energy, energy storage integration is evaluated regarding overall technical-environmental-economic performance, considering the actual manure potential using HOMER Pro. In addition, sensitivity analyses are performed, considering the estimated load and inflations using an artificial neural network method. Using biomass and solar hybrid options offers more autonomous, environmentally friendly, and economic advantages. Biomass-based hybrid power system with solar energy reduced net present cost by around 12% and increased renewable fraction by 7%, and grid-connected options can provide 88.9% renewable fraction. In addition, the energy storage integration increased renewable fraction by around 10% and reduced excess energy by 16%. The proposed biomass-based hybrid power system achieves cost-effective sizing of solar or wind-based hybrid systems, empowers the reliability of renewable energy and presents good consistency of decarbonization targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a nonlinear decentralized double‐integral sliding mode controller (DI‐SMC) is designed along with an energy management system (EMS) for the DC microgrid (DCMG). This DCMG includes having a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) that incorporates a battery energy storage system (BESS) and supercapacitor energy storage system (SCESS) while the load demand is met through the power generated from solar photovoltaic (SPV) units. First, dynamical models of each subsystem of DCMGs such as the SPV system, BESS, and SCESS are developed to capture highly nonlinear behaviors of DCMGs under various operating conditions. The proposed nonlinear DI‐SMC is then designed for each power unit in DCMGs to ensure the desired voltage level at the common DC‐bus and appropriate power dispatch of different components to fulfill the load requirement of the DCMG. On the other hand, an energy management system (EMS) is designed to determine the set point for the controller with an aim of ensuring the power balance within DCMGs under various operating conditions where the overall stability is assessed using the Lyapunov theory. Simulation studies along with the processor‐in‐loop validation, including a comparative study with a proportional‐integral (PI) controller, verify the applicability and effectiveness of the EMS‐based DI‐SMC under different operating conditions of the DCMG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The functioning of a solar hybrid power system is investigated in this research using a unique fuzzy control method. Turbines, solar photovoltaics, diesel engines, fuel cells, aqua-electrolyzes, and other autonomous generation products are used in the hybrid renewable energy system. Further energy storage components of the system include the batteries, turbine, and ultracapacitor. This research incorporates a supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system (HESS) into a solar hybrid power generating system, allowing the consumption and energy storage space and power output to be significantly increased. This study's approach incorporates a decentralized power generation system with a HESS while increasing electrical output in phases utilizing a dynamic reactive power compensation scheme and a conductance-fuzzy dual-mode control strategy. Due to a nonlinear behavior of photovoltaic (PV) devices' power output, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods must be used to create the greatest power. Infrequently developing atmospheric circumstances, traditional MPPT algorithms do not work adequately. Modeling is used to determine the microgrid's power output to the photovoltaic hybrid power generating organization, as well as the optimization method for each device in the network. The dynamic power factor correction scheme and also the conductance-fuzzy dual-mode control approach are primarily used in this study to optimize the solar hybrid renewable energy system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy is one of the most useful types of renewable energy. Solar cells are being used to convert solar energy into electricity. By focusing the radiation on the cells, more energy is radiated in a smaller area of the cell which is called concentrated photovoltaic (CPV). Due to the concentration of radiation, the temperature of the cell rises which can be converted into electricity through thermoelectric generators (TEG). The present study is a hybrid system of solar cell, thermoelectric generator, and heat exchanger (CPV-TEG). By this survey being created, it was revealed that the combined power produced by the CPV-TEG reaches its maximum value at concentration ratio of 40. This increase continues with the increase in fluid flow rate. however, according to the power consumption of the pump, it was observed that in all types of heat exchangers, an increase in flow rate of more than 8 liters per hour reduces the output power of the system. The replacement of the secondary heat exchanger with the primary one illustrated that the increase of the channels in the exchanger, despite the increase in the power consumption of the pump, causes a very small increase in the output power and efficiency of the system. Moreover, replacing the tertiary heat exchanger instead of the secondary exchanger showed that changing the direction of fluid output increases the power consumption of the pump in high flow rates. • The effect of the thermoelectric generator on the optimal use of excess heat to regenerate electricity. • The effect of various concentration ratio on changes in system power and efficiency. • The effect of changing the volumetric flow rate of the heat exchanger fluid in the thermal management of the system and increasing the power and efficiency of the system. • The effect of the water pressure drop inside the heat exchanger on increasing the power consumption of the pump and reducing the output power of the system. • The effect of changing the size and number of heat exchanger channels on increasing pump power consumption and reducing system output power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, Hybrid Wind-Solar Energy Systems (HWSES) comprised of Photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbines have been utilized to reduce the intermittent issue of renewable energy generation units. The proposed research work provides optimized modeling and control strategies for a grid-connected HWSES. To enhance the efficiency of the maximum power tracking of a grid-connected wind-driven Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) integrated with solar Photovoltaic (PV) system, connected to the DC link of the back-to-back converters of the Hybrid Wind-Solar Energy System (HWSES). Stator Flux-Oriented control is utilized to regulate the Grid Side Converter and Rotor Side Converter. The main objective of this paper is to apply the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) strategy to wind and solar PV systems to maximize the power extraction and to provide better integration of the hybrid systems into the electrical grids. Perturb and Observe (P&O) and Incremental Conductance (IC) MPPT algorithms are implemented to the solar PV system with varying solar insolation and their performances and efficiencies are compared. For varying wind speeds, Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) and Optimal Torque (OT) MPPT algorithms are implemented and their performances and efficiencies are compared for the hybrid system considering and integrating solar PV system. The optimal torque MPPT algorithm shows better responses when compared to the TSR method. A 2MW simulation model of the HWSES is developed and its performance is analyzed using MATLAB/Simulink environment. The implemented schemes have the advantage of tracking the optimal power output of the HWSES rapidly and precisely. Additionally, the provided schemes effectively control the power flowing through the HWSES and the utility grid, resulting in a quick transient response and enhanced stability performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing number of industrialized and developing countries are concentrating their efforts in order to achieve net zero carbon emissions by generating electricity from renewable energy sources in the current environmental conditions. The Photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy systems have been modelled and their performance under a variety of operating situations has been investigated in this study work. Based on investigation the renewable energy sources are generate the nonlinear power under various weather conditions. Also, that the maximum power point tracking algorithm MPPT (P&O) play a major role for generate maximum power under the same conditions. The primary goal of this research project is to develop hybrid renewable energy system and integrated to microgrid power system and improve the power quality. To archive the primary goal to construct an advanced cascade feedforward deep neural network (CFNN) for the integration of hybrid solar and wind energy systems into the micro grid. The proposed controller will operate the grid integrated voltage source inverter for ensure real and reactive power flow through voltage source converter controller (Phase lock loop, Voltage regulator and current regulator). The proposed CFNN controller modelled for current regulator for improve the power quality and control real and reactive power flow. The proposed model has been created using the Math Works simulation environment as a starting point. The secondary goal of this project work is to develop battery management system for support excess power demand for consumer and store the power for future demand. and the simulated results are analyzed under a variety of operating scenarios, and the power quality results (THD for Voltage and Current) are evaluated and compared to industry standards, such as IEEE 519 standards. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed system will be demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographic isolation limits energy access in remote Philippine islands. Among the few islands electrified, most are powered by diesel, a costly and unsustainable electricity source. Efforts on energy access should therefore consider affordable and sustainable renewable energy (RE) technologies. In this study, we simulated solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind power integration in 147 diesel-powered Philippine off-grid areas. Different configurations of solar PV, wind turbines, lithium-ion batteries, and diesel generators were evaluated based on levelized electricity costs and RE shares. The simulations show that solar PV should be utilized in all areas considered and wind power in 132 areas to guarantee reliable and continuous energy access with minimal costs. The hybrid energy systems have an average electricity cost of USD 0.227/kWh, an average RE share of 58.58 %, and a total annual savings of 108 million USD. The sensitivity analysis also shows that dependence on solar and wind power in Philippine off-grid islands is robust against uncertainties in component costs and electricity demand. With the promising off-grid solar PV and wind power potential in the country, policies that support RE-based hybrid grids should be implemented to address the trilemma of energy security, equity, and sustainability. • Solar power is feasible in 147 grids studied and wind power feasible in 132 grids. • Up to USD 108.02 M/y is saved when solar and wind power with storage are used. • Wind generates 43 % of the energy, allowing for a 59 % renewable energy share. • Even if a component cost is tripled, hybrid energy is less-costly than diesel. • Hybrid energy allows increased demands while keeping costs low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hybrid control system is presented for the improvement of power quality in grid‐integrated hybrid renewable energy sources (HRES) like hybrid photovoltaic‐wind solar energy system using STATCOM. The proposed hybrid control system is the hybrid wrapper of both the extreme gradient boosting (XGBOOST) and Manta Ray Foraging Optimization (MRFO) and hence it is said to be as XGBOOST‐MRFO control scheme. The innovation of the proposed hybrid system is the improved predictability through the participation of MRFO, reliability, adaptation for the entire parameter variations, and shorter implementation time. Depending on the minimal error objective function, MRFO improves the XGBOOST learning process. The proposed approach relies on XGBOOST‐MRFO which is serving control algorithm to generate STATCOM reference signals. Here, the XGBOOST system is qualified with inputs like instantaneous previous power of the obtainable sources and the current time necessary load demand and the equivalent target reference power of the sources. Depending on the load variation, the XGBOOST‐MRFO control scheme makes the gain parameters of the PI controller give the optimal control signal for the STATCOM and to direct the power of the HRES. The prediction process of the proposed system assumes the entire kinds of differences on system parameters such as DC voltage, real and reactive power. Therefore, the proposed XGBOOST‐MRFO strategy gives that optimal control of STATCOM that attempts to recover the damping of the power system and direct line voltage by giving reactive power compensation. The proposed system is executed on the MATLAB platform and performance is evaluated. The performance of the proposed system is compared with existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

this study, performance of an off-grid roof-mounted Photovoltaic (PV)-micro wind-battery hybrid system is experimentally investigated for the first time, under real varying outdoor climatic conditions for 1.5 years in the Indian Western Himalayan region. With good solar access but low to medium wind resources. The performance of the system during different seasons and weather types (cloudy, partially cloudy, and sunny) shows the maximum monthly generation of 91% by PV with 09% wind system share. The follow-up research areas are also identified for sustainable utilization of available resources, which can contribute significantly to achieve the sustainability goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy storage systems in recent days are witnessing an increased trajectory of hybridization to decrease the burden on the single energy storage systems in renewable energy sources. The hybridization of energy storage imposes the need for an efficient power-sharing strategy. This article proposes the interval type2 fuzzy logic controller-based power-sharing strategy to utilize hybrid energy storages in the solar-powered charging station effectively. Under this study, the hybrid energy storage system consists of a battery and supercapacitor with solar power generation as a primary source. The battery supports the slow varying power and the supercapacitor supports the fast-varying power. Electric vehicles are connected as load and a multi-step constant current charging technique is proposed to charge its battery. In order to inject/absorb the power, the hybrid energy storage utilizes bidirectional DC-DC converters. The perturb and observe algorithm is used to track the maximum power from the solar panel. The proposed system is designed in MATLAB/Simulink platform and the real-time validation has been carried out through the dSPACE (DS1202) real-time processor. An obtained result demonstrates the performance of the interval type2 fuzzy logic controller-based power-sharing strategy under variable generation and load scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to sustainable energy source is crucial for healthcare facilities to deliver their services. Hybrid solar energy systems (HSES) are seen as a strong solution given the proximity of the Philippines to the equator. This study addresses the knowledge gap in the estimated energy consumption profile of Philippine rural health units (RHU) using easily replicable questionnaire and work sampling technique. The estimated energy consumption profile was used to determine the optimal HSES design and benefits. The RHU of Los Baños, Laguna was considered, and simulation of different energy system configurations was performed in the HOMER Pro software. Two scenarios were considered: a grid-connected and an off-grid RHU. The estimated average scaled load of the facility is ∼92 kWh per day. Estimates were validated against actual consumption, with 15–21% error. Results of the simulations show that a solar photovoltaic panel-grid system is optimal for the grid-connected scenario and can reduce cost of electricity by ∼35%. Meanwhile, a solar photovoltaic panel-generator-battery system is optimal for the off-grid scenario and can reduce cost of electricity by ∼61%. In both scenarios, the solar component is estimated to contribute ∼71–85% of the total annual energy production and can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. • Estimation of energy consumption profile using principles of work sampling method. • HOMER was used to determine optimal energy system for a rural healthcare facility. • Solar energy plus grid system is optimal for a grid-connected facility. • Solar energy, battery, and generator system is optimal for an off-grid facility. • Sensitivity analyses show minimal impacts of prices, solar resource, and parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many countries, including South Africa, have introduced policies and incentives to increase their renewable energy capacities in order to address environmental concerns and reduce pollutant emissions into the atmosphere. In addition, consumers in South Africa have faced the ever-increasing price of electricity and unreliability of the grid since 2007 due to the lack of sufficient electricity production. As a result, employing hybrid renewable energy systems (HRESs) have gained popularity. This research focuses on grid-connected HRESs based on solar photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbines as a potential way of reducing the dependency of residential sector consumers on the grid. It aims to identify the optimal sizing of renewable energy sources to be cost-effective for consumers over a certain period of time, using Durban as a case study. Two artificial intelligence methods have been used to obtain the optimal sizing for the available PV panels, wind turbines and inverters. The results shown that the combination of PV panels and battery storage can be a profitable option. A system using higher rated power PV panels can start to become profitable in a shorter lifetime, but employing batteries can only be cost-effective if a long enough lifetime is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stand-alone hybrid energy systems based on solar and energy storage are an effective option for rural areas to meet the load demand. The objective of the current work is to the optimal configuration of a stand-alone hybrid photovoltaic/battery energy storage system with the help of an efficient metaheuristic algorithm, improved harmony search, to supply electrical of a residential load in Iran. The objective function is a minimization of total life cycle cost (TLCC) subject to the reliability index (loss of load probability). The optimal configurations of hybrid systems are compared in respect of different losses of load probability (0 to 20%). Sensitivity analysis and effects of economic parameters based on photovoltaic and battery prices are carried out to study the possibility of the suggested scheme. The results show that, by increasing the reliability index from 0 to 20%, the optimal number of panels and batteries decreases by 52 and 1202. Also, it is found that the TLCC of the system and cost of system components are increased by decreasing of the reliability index value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an application of fractional control scheme named Tilt Integral Derivative (TID) to control a stand-alone hybrid energy system composed of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system and a battery bank (BB). A three-level NPC inverter is inserted in order to increase the efficiency of the energy injected into the AC load. Variation in solar radiation or AC load may cause power imbalance, which leads to variation in DC link voltage. As a solution, a buck-boost converter is connected between the DC link and the battery bank to ensures the transfer of energy in both directions. The parameters of TID controller were tuned using a powerful optimization technique known a Genetic Algorithm (GA) by minimizing the Mean Square Error (MSE) used as a performance index. The effectiveness of the proposed TID controller is demonstrated through a comparison with a conventional Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller, whose parameters are computed by the pidtool function of the Matlab/Simulink tool where the DC link voltage behavior is previously modeled by a capacitor transfer function. The obtained results show that the proposed TID controller provides a stable DC bus with low chattering, regardless of the rapid irradiation and load changes, when compared to a conventional PID controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]