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Intramuscular fat (IMF) or marbling is commonly used for carcass quality. High IMF was already innate in Hanwoo cattle and was increased with the help of vitamin restriction or administration. Throughout the years, research focused on preadipocyte hyperplasia which helped in the proliferation of intramuscular adipocytes and genes that were responsible for preadipocyte proliferation were enhanced with the administration of vitamin A. Its supplementation in its early stages and restriction in the late stages increased the efficiency of IMF proliferation. When it comes to the supplementation of Vitamin C, the potential it has in improving the fatty acid profile of Hanwoo steers through different modes of administration. On the other hand, varying results regarding the administration of vitamin D suggested that more studies should be conducted before full implementation. Climate, age, dosage, risks, mode of administration, stage of life, efficacy when administered, and fusion with newer technologies should be considered when conducting further studies of these vitamins. Personal preferences, customs, tampering, and purchasing powers were some of the challenges that the Hanwoo cattle producers and consumers should surpass with the help of the improvement in marbling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review shows and compares the nutritional composition and bioactive compounds of edible insects by different processing technologies. Edible insects have proteins and bioactive compounds that have different functionalities. Insects can be good sources of sustainable raw materials for alternative food and feed. Processing facilities and storage are intended to ensure food/feed safety, quality and extend the shelf life of edible insect products. In addition, issues related to entomophagy and possible risks that must be taken into account when consuming edible insects are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the experiment was to investigate the effects of supplementing laying hens with purified amino acids (PAA) derived from the blood of animal slaughter house on their egg production, egg quality, and immune response. The experiment was based on completely randomized design. A total of 144 Isa Brown laying hens (56-weeks old) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments with 4 pen replications (control, T1: 0.05%, T2: 0.1%, and T3: 0.5% PAA). Each pen housed nine laying hens. The laying hens were reared under a deep litter system. Once a week, a total of 12 eggs of each treatment were collected for egg quality analysis. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis and cytokines profiles using ELISA kit assays. Hen day egg production and hen house egg production increased significantly (P<0.05) along with the increase in PAA supplementation. The average egg weight increased significantly (P<0.05) with PAA supplementation. Significant differences (P<0.05) were also found in egg shell strength, shell thickness, and albumen ratio. Blood biochemical variables, such as glucose, total cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total bilirubin, and glutamate oxalate transaminase (GOT) were within the normal range. However, the glucose was highest in the control group. Whereas, the total cholesterol and total bilirubin were highest in T2 as compared to control group. Plasma immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-2 (IL-2) concentrations were not affected by PAA supplementation. Plasma interferon gamma (IFNγ) of PAA supplemented treatment groups was significantly (P<0.05) lower than the control group. However, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T2. On the basis of these results, we conclude that PAA supplementation improved the production performance of laying hens without affecting their health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tumor suppressor gene p16[sup INK4A] is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) and an important cell cycle regulator. We have previously constructed a recombinant adenovirus which expresses p16 (Adp16) and shown that infection in a variety of human tumor cell lines with this recombinant virus results in high levels of p16[sup INK4A] protein expression resulting in cell cycle arrest and loss of cyclin-cdk activity. Furthermore, adenoviral-mediated overexpression of wild-type p16[sup INK4A] is more toxic in cancer cells which express mutant forms of p16[sup INK4A] compared to cancer cell lines containing endogenous wild-type p16. TUNEL assay and DAPI staining following infection of MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cells with Adp16 indicate that p16[sup INK4A]-mediated cytotoxicity was associated with apoptosis. This is supported by studies demonstrating a decrease in cpp32 and cyclinB1 protein levels and induction of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage following infection of MDA-MB-231 cells with Adp16. These results suggest that gene therapy using Adp16 may be a promising treatment option for human cancers containing alterations in p16 expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]