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This paper examines the development of indicators measuring attacks on education through a case study of the Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack (GCPEA). As GCPEA and its partners have brought the problem of attacks on education to the attention of global civil society, they have engaged in contestation to define attacks on education and construct indicators to track the relevant violations. These debates are significant in that indicators are a tool of global governance that shape policymaking and resource allocation. The discussion draws on the author's decade of experience working among groups focused on the protection of education, including direct involvement developing indicators on attacks on education, and on three sets of qualitative interviews. It analyses how resource limitations, organisational agendas, challenges of measurement and verification, and global power dynamics exert pressure towards a more narrow understanding of attacks on education. This limits the transformative potential of the protecting education agenda. The discussion illustrates that EiE actors must consider the ways that they measure their work in ongoing conversations about creating a decolonial and more equitable field of practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is three times more common and its manifestations are more severe in African American women compared to women of other races. It is not clear whether this is due to genetic differences or factors related to the physical or social environments, differences in health care, or a combination of these factors. Health disparities in patients with SLE between African American patients and persons of other races have been reported since the 1960s and are correlated with measures of lower socioeconomic status. Risk factors for these disparities have been demonstrated, but whether their mitigation improves outcomes for African American patients has not been tested except in self‐efficacy. In 2002, the first true US population–based study of patients with SLE with death certificate records was conducted, which demonstrated a wide disparity between the number of African American women and White women dying from SLE. Five years ago, another study showed that SLE mortality rates in the United States had improved but that the African American patient mortality disparity persisted. Between 2014 and 2021, one study demonstrated racism's deleterious effects in patients with SLE. Racism may have been the unmeasured confounder, the proverbial "elephant in the room"—unnamed and unstudied. The etymology of "risk factor" has evolved from environmental risk factors to social determinants to now include structural injustice/structural racism. Racism in the United States has a centuries‐long existence and is deeply ingrained in US society, making its detection and resolution difficult. However, racism being man made means Man can choose to change the it. Health disparities in patients with SLE should be addressed by viewing health care as a basic human right. We offer a conceptual framework and goals for both individual and national actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors take the view that the draft constitution prepared by the Fiji Constitution Commission in 2012, but rejected by the government in favour of the government-drafted 2013 document, deserves not to be ignored. They show how it was developed, including how it responded to the issues that mattered to Fijians at the time, and how it dealt with the non-negotiable requirements laid down by the Bainimarama regime. The article also indicates the influences on the draft, including of constitutional experiences in other countries. It is not a comprehensive account of that document, nor is it restricted to the issues that tend to dominate the literature on Fiji, such as ethnicity and land. For example, it discusses the provisions on gender, and human rights, including socio-economic rights. The paper shows how the elements discussed differed from the excellent 1997 Constitution, and how far the 2012 ideas remain visible in the 2013 Constitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, most Latin American countries have had their constitutions substantially amended, and several countries have introduced new constitutions altogether. Ecuador's new constitution came into effect in 2008 and, ever since, the society has shifted its traditional attitudes towards social rights, which had previously been undervalued and dismissed as mere subjective issues. Regarding housing as a basic human right, the promotion of social housing has been constitutionally guaranteed, and public policies have been set forth for that purpose. The present work will analyse: (1) the justice procedures set out in order to enforce habitat and housing rights, as brought to the fore in Ecuador since the advent of the 2008 Constitution; and (2) the public housing policies enforced, emphasising their historical constraints, financial aims, political potentialities, and actual outcomes, which in some cases were the reproduction of inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on empirical research this paper explores how gendered discourses position emotions and emotion practices in social work environments characterised as 'macho'. It highlights the intersection of traditional emotion-reason dualism and gendered constructions of emotions with dominant hegemonic organisational and professional norms. This ethnographic study in an English Children's Service explored how emotions were understood and used in practice. It identified essentialist negative beliefs and a paradoxical positioning of practitioners' emotions alongside their constructive use. Problematic perceptions of professionalism fed into notions of conformity, heroism and transgression, devaluing engagement in agile emotion practices which underpin relationship-based systemic practice. Institutionalised dynamics created scope for differential impacts given practitioners' status and social locations such as, gender, race, age, sexuality or status. These findings contribute new knowledge, relevant to humane social work, professionalism and workforce retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homelessness has shattered democracies worldwide. This study uses a doctrinal approach, employing content analysis, especially relational content analysis, to examine the underlying factors and difficulties associated with homelessness among women. The study notably focuses on the issue of police violence directed at this marginalised population and sheds light on the vulnerable position of homeless women, highlighting the crucial responsibility of governments under Parens Patriae to protect their lives and freedoms. The study argues that homelessness is fundamentally inconsistent with the principles of human dignity. The findings highlight the constitutional violations committed against homeless women in India, contravening the principles enshrined in Articles 14, 19, and 21, as well as the directives specified in Articles 39(1), 42, and 47. The findings indicate that the social welfare efforts implemented by the state are in line with the objectives of SDGs. This highlights the importance of adopting more focused approaches to address the issue of homelessness among women. Moreover, the study examines the legal framework of the United Kingdom, taking into account the influence of India's colonial history, and investigates the current practices of democratic nations and the role of the protagonist played by the Indian Judiciary in addressing homelessness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past three decades, national human rights institutions (NHRIs) have becoming an increasingly common feature of transitional and post-conflict justice processes. As institutions designed to promote and protect human rights, they have been afforded a range of responsibilities, including investigating conflict-related human rights violations, assisting with the establishment and functioning of ad hoc mechanisms like truth and reconciliation commissions, and contributing to accountability. Drawing on evidence from the case of Nepal, however, this article demonstrates that engaging in transitional justice processes places NHRIs at considerable risk. It argues, in particular, that the political nature of transitional justice and compromises it inevitably entails can serve to jeopardise the legitimacy, credibility, and effectiveness of NHRIs. The article thus concludes that far greater consideration of the impact that transitional justice has on NHRIs and development of measures to protect their integrity in highly fraught political contexts is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International human rights institutions and scholars are debating whether established human rights suffice to address challenges raised by neurotechnologies which measure or alter brain activity; UNESCO intends developing a novel standard-setting instrument for neurotechnologies. This paper analyses how core human rights pertain to neurotechnologies and might be interpreted in this context. Contrary to claims about gaps in the law, several rights, especially the underexplored rights to mental integrity and freedom of thought, as well as some features of human dignity provide resources to protect persons against reading their minds or tampering with their brains against their will. Proposals for the construction of these rights are submitted. They specify and actualise the multi-layered protection of the person that core human rights provide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2021, the UN Human Rights Committee (HRC) held Spain responsible for violations of Articles 14(1), 14(5) and 15 (1) of the ICCPR in the Garzón v Spain case. The purposes of this article are three-fold. Firstly, it provides an analysis of the 'Francoism' case and the 'Gürtel' case, the two trials held by the Spanish Supreme Court (SSC) against Judge Garzón, which the HRC declared were 'arbitrary and did not comply with the principles of judicial independence and impartiality', and an assessment of their political and legal aftermaths. Secondly, it assesses the dim prospects for Spain complying with the HRC's views on the Garzón case by providing an updated and comprehensive statistical account of Spain's extremely low record of compliance with previous HRC's decisions. Thirdly, it provides an analysis of the new opportunities for judicial enforceability in cases of non-compliance by Spain with the views of the HRC in the wake of the SSC's landmark judgement on the González Carreño v. Spain case and subsequent case law. The conclusion considers the enhanced potential role of domestic courts in fostering the enforceability of decisions by quasi-adjudicatory human rights bodies both in Spain and in the light of the Spanish experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate litigation against states is increasingly based on international human rights law. As a result, more climate cases are filed at international human rights courts and treaty bodies. Strict standing requirements pose significant hurdles, however, for individuals and communities to access such courts and treaty bodies, especially for those most vulnerable to the effects of climate change. This article argues that an intersectional perspective aids in overcoming procedural hurdles and can help international and regional human rights courts and treaty bodies to provide access to justice in climate cases, thus enforcing international human rights standards. Intersectionality unveils how climate change exacerbates pre-existing injustices and how society's most vulnerable are structurally hit the hardest by climate change. It thus offers courts a more complete view of the impact of the climate crisis on human rights. Moreover, it illuminates how certain individuals are particularly affected by the climate crisis, aiding them in meeting standing requirements such as victim status and individual concern requirements. Examining recent cases brought on by generational groups, the article illustrates how intersectionality uncovers how the intersection of age and climate make certain generations particularly susceptible to climate change-induced human rights violations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of the European Parliament as an international moral tribune for the promotion of human rights through a qualitative case-study design. It focuses on the emblematic Ayotzinapa case, which involved the enforced disappearance of 43 young rural students and the killing of other six civilians in Mexico in September 2014. The paper innovatively analyses the parliamentary diplomacy activity of four Members and their respective political groups: Franziska 'Ska' Keller (Greens/EFA, Germany), Josep-Maria Terricabras i Nogueras (Greens/EFA, Spain), Estefanía Torres Martínez (GUE/NGL, Spain) and Teresa Jiménez-Becerril Barrio (EPP, Spain), during the 8th parliamentary term (2014–2019). It addresses: How does the European Parliament, acting as an international moral tribune, exercise its role in promoting human rights in practice? Importantly, how do individual members and their political groups contribute to fulfilling this role? The research findings reveal that the phenomenon of parliamentary diplomacy on human rights is highly complex, challenging the mainstream notion that the European Parliament is a monolithic player acting as a moral tribune in international relations. Results also provide important insight for understanding the (micro-)processes of parliamentary diplomacy and their relevance for human rights advocacy within the European Union's external relations and its Member States'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The likelihood of success criterion makes armed humanitarian action politically and morally prohibitive. Yet, the just war tradition is designed to confront egregious moral evils. To help reconcile these tensions, this essay questions the applicability of the success principle to armed humanitarian intervention. This questioning provokes reflection on how the just war theory's high threshold for success can rarely be achieved in the direct aftermath of humanitarian interventions. A low likelihood of success post bellum leads to the suggestion that the full demands of just war theory's tranquilitas ordinis definition of peace ought not to be required in the aftermath of armed humanitarian intervention. Guaranteed failure may be a more useful criterion than likelihood of success for interventions aimed at ending acute state-sponsored human rights atrocities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Duterte administration in the Philippines displayed broad hostility towards civil rights. Yet its approach to specific civil rights issues varied significantly. This paper analyses this variation by focusing on two cases: the lowering of the minimum age of criminal responsibility and extra-judicial killings in the war on drugs. In both cases, Duterte and his allies sought to enact and implement policies that infringed civil rights, yet they only succeeded in the latter. The nature and role of mediating coalitions — configurations of actors that opposed, supported, or disengaged from efforts by Duterte and his allies to undermine civil rights — were the key determinants of this variation. The government backed down on lowering the minimum age of criminal responsibility because unified rights groups were supported by sections of the oligarchic elite. But it conducted, incited, and persisted with extra-judicial killings in the war on drugs due to fragmentation among rights groups and an absence of significant support for these groups from oligarchic elites. This variation has significant implications for how scholars understand the politics of civil rights in the Philippines, particularly during the Duterte presidency, as well as strategies to better protect civil rights in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why is there sometimes limited mobilization against autocratization, particularly when it involves major human rights violations? Some scholars emphasize the loss of political space through repression as the major cause while others emphasize strategic considerations such as divisions and abandonment of moderate tactics. A third view stresses popular support for strongman rule. Viewed in this light, the weakness of pushback against Rodrigo Duterte, Philippine president from 2016 to 2022, presents a challenge to existing theories. Despite the bloody "war on drugs" during his presidency, there was no violent government crackdown on peaceful demonstrators, and centrists eventually coalesced with left-wing activists around moderate strategies. But public backing for Duterte does not explain how he was able to defuse popular outrage over drug war killings, particularly after the high-profile police murders of several minors. This paper offers a relational explanation utilizing competing framing analysis. This better elucidates how, with Catholic bishops and community organizations politically weakened and international organizations denounced for interfering in domestic politics, Duterte was able to tactically outmaneuver his opponents and "frame" human rights advocates as coddling criminals while he protected law-abiding Filipinos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social leaders and human rights defenders (SLHRD) in Colombia have been under increasing attack for defending the rights of communities affected by violence. From 2016 to 2022, over 600 SLHRD were assassinated, resulting in a serious violation of both individual and community human rights. The media's portrayal of these attacks can shape public perceptions and influence efforts towards peacebuilding and promoting human rights. This study examines the media's framing of violence against SLHRD in Colombia between 2016 and 2020, a period marked by an escalation of violence after the signing of the 2016 peace accord between the Colombian government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). We analysed 1506 textual publications from seven media outlets using a lexicometric approach and identified two frames of news articles: episodic and thematic. Our findings suggest that the episodic media framing may present a simplistic and non‐political perspective of the issue, which can impede peacebuilding efforts, while the thematic frame can raise awareness of violence against SLHRD and promote human rights defence. Our study highlights the media's significant role in shaping public opinion on violence against SLHRD, offering practical implications for advocacy and activism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores hospitality as a key rhetorical framework for refugee management in Turkey by focusing on how host‐guest relations are mobilized to represent, interpret, and problematize the current state of affairs regarding Syrian refugees, as well as to formulate policies. It analyses the transformation of hospitality rhetoric, the notion of 'compulsory guesthood', and the most recent social cohesion initiatives. I argue that host‐guest metaphors are used to assert power and leverage both domestically and internationally by exerting sovereign control over a post‐imperial nation‐space, performing neo‐imperial guardianship over the downtrodden, and claiming an ethno‐religious, civilizational morality that exceeds the legalistic logic of human rights and entitlements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes of a sample of Hispanics in Puerto Rico (PR) toward the transgender community. Methods: A cross‐sectional study addressing Hispanics, aged 21 years or older who lived in PR, was performed from March to September 2021. Participants were invited through online advertisement shared on social media pages. Data were collected via SurveyMonkey and analyzed with Stata 17. Descriptive statistics were employed to summarize findings. Results: A total of 404 participants were sampled. Most were female, 278 (68.8%), had completed at least a bachelor's degree, 292 (72.2%), and referred exposure to trans‐related topics during education, 237 (58.7%). Most correctly defined the terms sex, 257 (63.6%), sexual orientation, 334 (82.7%) and transgenderism, 297 (73.5%). The majority also agreed that transgender individuals should be able to change their name, 353 (93.6%) and undergo gender‐affirming procedures, 335 (88.9%). Most also believed trans individuals were a valuable part of society, 339 (89.9%) and should be allowed free gender expression, 358 (95.0%). Conclusions: PR is characterized by a patriarchal, religious, and conservative culture which could promote a negative attitude toward transgender people. Our findings challenged such assumption. The level of knowledge and positive attitude toward trans individuals identified in this study could counteract the existing violence and stigma affecting this community in PR. Synopsis: The adequate knowledge and positive attitude toward transgender individuals identified in this study could counteract the existing violence and stigma affecting this community in PR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the process of coming-out of selected Egyptian gay men using an interactionist sexual identity development model that described this process as a way of creating an identity through interactions with others, rather than independently discovering one's essence. Thematic analysis of these individuals' personal accounts of disclosing sexual identity via social media corroborated this sexual identity development model. Moreover, thematic analysis added cultural depth to this model by highlighting the role of collectivistic values, such as conformity to societal expectations and fear of disrupting family harmony, in creating experiences of regret and selectivity after disclosing sexual identity. Clinical recommendations for mental health professionals who help gay clients navigate the process of coming-out in a collectivistic cultural context are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses an essay by M. A. Rodriguez and R. Garcia about the U.S. sexually transmitted disease (STD) experiments in Guatemala. Topics include sample medical record from the U.S. public health service STD experiments in Guatemala, facts that remind us that collective relationships and persistence both matter, and implication of the chapter of research misconduct from Guatemala.

Recently, the media's coverage of trans homicides has increased in the U.S. Studies show that the news media's framing has been largely negative but has improved in recent times. Yet, research has mostly analyzed the news media's framing of victims who were trans women, thus limiting our understanding of this issue across different trans groups. The present study employs a mixed method approach to comparatively analyze articles (N = 124) published in online news media outlets of 15 trans men and 15 trans women murdered between 2016 and 2022. The findings indicate news media outlets used more positive and neutral frames than negative for both groups. However, when compared to trans women, trans men were delegitimized at higher rates. These findings highlight the ways that the police, news media, family, friends, and community members simultaneously contribute to the humanization and delegitimization of trans victims of homicide, demonstrating the importance of ensuring all information released about the victims correctly reflects who they were, or the cycle of delegitimization will continue. By studying how the news media frames trans homicide victims, we can look at how the media shapes cultural beliefs and ideologies about trans people, the role of language in reinforcing stereotypes, and the implications of these framings for trans people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The Child Friendly Cities Initiative (CFCI) is a UNICEF framework based on the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). CFCI was launched globally in 1996 to protect children's rights throughout the world. There are child friendly cities in over 44 countries around the globe, but none presently in the United States. The purpose was to establish a Child Friendly City in the United States. Description: Child friendly cities are a child-rights and equity-based approach designed to ensure all children in a community reach their full potential for optimal health, development, and well-being. The paper discusses the development of the guiding principles of the CFCI-Minneapolis Model as well as a community needs assessment. Assessment: The assessment consisted of a digital survey of 60 questions on the SurveyMonkey platform. The sample included 173 Minneapolis youth 10-18 years of age and 85 parents with children less than five years of age. The participants were drawn from four of the 83 Minneapolis neighborhoods that had the highest concentration of children and youth, communities of color, and immigrant families that have historically been under resourced. Conclusion: The results of the community assessment guided the development of four programmatic initiatives. These included child rights learning & awareness, emergency preparedness & planning, community safety, and youth participation in decision making. The paper concludes with the lesson learned to date in the implementation of the CFCI-Minneapolis Model. These include partnership, dedication, leadership, community engagement, coalition building, and celebrating success. CFCI-Minneapolis received full designation from UNICEF USA as a child friendly city in February 2024. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We explored the experiences of staff working in Norwegian community‐based living facilities, caring for people with intellectual disabilities during the Covid‐19 pandemic, and what self‐regulatory strategies staff used to maintain health and care service delivery and contribute to organisational resilience. Methods: A qualitative design was utilized. Data were collected from September 2021 to April 2022 with individual and focus group interviews. In this study, 25 staff members participated. Thematic analysis was conducted. Findings: Five main themes were identified regarding the experiences of staff during the pandemic: Lockdown of facilities, social isolation of residents, lack of health follow‐up, high sick leave rates and communication challenges. Only some of the strategies to mitigate pandemic‐related challenges were based on current Norwegian infection control guidelines. Some strategies were successful while others were not and some were negligent and challenged the delivery of health and care services for the residents. Conclusions: Our study shows that people with intellectual disabilities living in the community‐based living facilities were subjected to human rights violations and violations of the Norwegian infection control law. This was caused by a lack of several important organisational qualities in the facilities. Accessible summary: In this article, we describe how staff working in five Norwegian community‐based living facilities supported people with intellectual disabilities during the Covid‐19 pandemic. Staff told us that residents felt isolated and that they could not meet friends, work, or attend leisure activities. The residents did not receive proper health care. Many staff got sick, and residents had to meet many new, unfamiliar people. Staff also struggled to communicate with each other about important things that affected the residents. Some of the ways in which staff tried to assist residents were good, some did not work well, and a few were not good. Residents did not get the care and rights they have. We want to make sure that everyone knows what should be done to take better care of people with intellectual disabilities living in community‐based living facilities in future pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgroud: Despite the advancements in the rights of persons with disabilities in Western countries, the motherhood of women with intellectual disabilities remains scarcely visible. The approval of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006) and its subsequent ratification by the Spanish Government (2008) recalls the obligation to fulfil the rights of persons with disabilities to found a family (art. 23) and to choose who they want to live with (art. 19). While the importance of this legislation is undeniable, the personal experiences of women with intellectual disabilities still demand effective changes. Methods: This article reports the results of a study entitled Subjectivities and motherhood in women with intellectual disabilities. Reflections in dialogue through an inclusive research project. In this study, we delved into the stories of 13 women, aged between 24 and 72, to learn about their motherhood experiences (before, during and after making the decision of being mothers) and to identify the barriers and supports encountered. Methods for data collection included individual semi‐structured interviews, discussion groups and other narrative and visual resources (images and biograms). Findings: This study explores in depth the obstacles identified by the participating mothers, which have been organised around six themes: (1) information and guidance on sexuality and family planning, (2) assistance of health services, (3) employment and housing situation, (4) child custody, (5) raising children, and (6) informal support. The participants encountered difficulties in all the above fields related to contextual factors. In other words, these barriers do not derive from individual issues centred on their disability, but from factors that often do not depend on mothers with intellectual disabilities, such as deprivation of socio‐educational opportunities. Conclusions: Our results show the nuanced ways in which these mothers were immersed in a social system that questions them as 'good mothers' and violates their rights. As we discussed, the participants' desires and decisions to engage and/or continue with motherhood constitute an exercise of resistance to this system. Accessible summary: People with intellectual disabilities have the right to start a family and to choose who they want to live with.These rights need the support of society and institutions to be effective.This paper deals with interviews and discussion groups with thirteen women with intellectual disabilities.Women with intellectual disabilities shared their experiences of motherhood.The participating women and academic researchers found some of the barriers mothers with intellectual disabilities encountered.Women with intellectual disabilities defend their desire and ability to become mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Media messaging matters for public opinion and policy, and analyzing patterns of campaign strategy can provide important windows into policy priorities. Methods: The authors used content analysis supplemented with keyword-based text analysis to assess the volume, proportion, and distribution of media attention to race-related issues in comparison to gender-related issues during the general election period of the 2022 midterm campaigns for federal office in the United States. Findings: Race-related mentions in campaign advertising were overwhelmingly focused on crime and law and order, with very little attention to racism, racial injustice, and the structural barriers that lead to widespread inequities. In stark contrast to mentions of gender, racial appeals were less identity focused and were competitively contested between the parties in their messaging, but they were much more likely to be led by Republicans. Conclusions: The results suggest that discussions of race and gender were highly polarized, with consequences for public understanding of and belief in disparities and policies important to population health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how recent curricular reform in Australia has been responsive to a culture of redress. It argues that taken together, the 2008 National Apology to the Stolen Generations and the 2010 national curriculum reform marked a turning point, whereby settler colonial injustices have since been systematically included in the curriculum. This is explored through a case study analysis of the two iterations of the Victorian Curriculum: History post-Apology— 2012 and 2016—the latter of which remains in current use. Using discourse analysis methods, this article argues that the inclusion of colonial injustice in the post-Apology era signals a consensus that has emerged around the significance of representing injustice in history curriculum, and by extension, for shaping future citizens. Through close textual analysis of the curriculum documents, this article finds that representations of historical injustice have been organized by four frames: memorialization, equivalence, personalization, and human rights. It argues that these frames curtail opportunities for the development of an understanding of the structural character and effects of settler colonialism, and limit consideration of the longer history of Indigenous sovereignty and self-determination. These failures raise questions about how impending reforms might respond to the contemporary political context where treaty negotiations and formal truth-telling with First Nations' polities are unfolding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beginning in the 2010s, rivers have captured the legal imagination of judges, legislators and activists alike, as part of a rapidly growing phenomenon described by UN Special Rapporteur on human rights and the environment, David Boyd as 'a legal revolution that could save the world'. Investigating river cases in jurisdictions as diverse as Aotearoa New Zealand, Colombia, India, the United States and Australia, and following Nicole Graham's suggestion that the non‐human world is constantly reconstituted within an all‐encompassing legal cosmology for which any observable 'thing', any 'object', any landscape, is always, inherently, and inevitably a 'lawscape', this paper explores the legal and the ontological nature of 'the river'. By casting traditional riparian doctrines against novel rights of Nature judgments, the paper highlights the interconnected and interdependent legal relationship between artificially construed human and non‐human worlds, and observes a series of perceptible generational shifts in the legal and ontological treatment of rivers, from an abstract near‐neglect, to a rights‐based discourse, and ending (for the moment at least) in a deeply relational re‐conceptualisation. By casting traditional riparian doctrines against novel rights of nature judgments, this paper highlights the interconnected and interdependent legal relationship between artificially construed human and non‐human worlds, and observes a series of perceptible generational shifts in the legal and ontological treatment of rivers, from an abstract near‐neglect, to a rights‐based discourse, and ending (for the moment at least) in a deeply relational re‐conceptualization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how bereaved individuals co-construct social support and social norms in the social interaction of 14 bereavement group meetings in Denmark. To study this, we used a discourse analytical approach focusing on how the participants position their social supporters. The results show that the participants designate, uphold, and presuppose two hierarchical positions to bereaved and non-bereaved supporters with different abilities to understand them. Based on this finding, the concepts of "grief participation rights" and "social support hierarchy" are proposed to supplement existing notions of "rights to grieve" and "grief hierarchy." These concepts suggest that non-bereaved supporters are not accorded the same participatory rights in social support conversations as bereaved individuals who have suffered a similar loss as the speaker. The concepts are discussed in relation to effective social support and in the context of research on social disconnection in grief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ernst Haas was intrigued by the possibility that international governance could promote peace and stability. International human rights regimes are one such system of governance. Haas was the first political scientist to analyse closely, in his 1970 book, an international body for the adjudication of human rights claims. He concluded that the ILO mechanism for hearing claims was ineffective because states largely failed to implement its rulings. Today, three regional human rights courts receive a growing number of petitions and routinely find that states have violated rights contained in the applicable regional and international treaties. Integration in the domain of human rights courts can be tracked along three axes: vertical incorporation of international human rights into national law; horizontal integration as the regional courts pay attention to and cite each other; and effectiveness, evaluated here in terms of state compliance with judgments. The empirical discussion focuses on these dimensions and their development in three functioning regional human rights courts. Linkages across the regional courts have expanded, producing a global human rights commons. But as Haas might have predicted, the degree to which democracy has taken root in a region conditions the effectiveness of its human rights court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to sexual health, sexuality information, sexual expression and sexual pleasure is a human right. Yet, the sexual health and wellness landscape has become a battlefield. Recently large-scale sex-negative campaigns preceded the US Supreme Court overturning Roe v. Wade in 2022. The use of the word ‘gay’ was restricted in public schools along with efforts to ban drag queen story time. Further reports of increased violence against people who identify as transgender have increased. Given social work’s roots as an anti-oppressive, practice-based profession focused on social justice, social workers are ideally positioned to challenge this attack on sexual rights, sexual pleasure, and access to related services. Sexual justice pedagogy is a warranted first step. A review of the literature establishes the rationale behind sexuality being a human right, examining social work’s missed opportunities for sexual justice. Next, the current sexuality assault landscape in the US is reviewed and sexual justice is defined within social justice. Activities are presented providing educators exemplars to introduce sexual justice content in human rights teaching. I conclude with recommendations to create a learning environment that will help facilitate the understanding and integration of sexual justice within the teaching of human rights to social work students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we draw on our joint experiences as social work practitioners and researchers in a rights-restricting practice context, a refugee camp. We reflect on social workers’ roles in navigating the conundrum, that is, advocating against and in some unfortunate instances, perpetuating exclusionary systems. Refugee camps are physical zones designed to disentitle refugees of rights reserved for citizens. Faced with structural restrictions, social workers working with refugees have negotiated for rights with and on behalf of their clients at the center of their practice. We offer accounts of contextual application of anti-oppressive social work approaches for refugee wellbeing and access to rights like shelter, water, food, health, education, livelihoods, nutrition, sanitation, and protection. In the second half of our analysis, we offer a critical analysis of human rights education in Zimbabwean schools of social work given the manifest rights violations in the country’s refugee welfare practice context. We examine the extent to which the pedagogy of human rights and notions of indiscriminate human development, democracy, and justice are infused in curricula to equip aspirant social workers with the requisite skills to transform their practice orientation from social control to the social change function which the practice context demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nursing homes and other long-term care services account for a disparate share of COVID-19 cases and casualties worldwide. During COVID-19 there is a distinct need to preserve a holistic view of the wellbeing of residents of nursing homes, be mindful of their rights as citizens, and to be aware of protecting residents from infection. The delivery of health and social care throughout a pandemic must remain person-centred and adhere to a human rights-based approach. Methods: This study aimed to capture nursing home residents, their families and staff's perspective of the nursing homes residents experience, approaches of staff and the nursing home environment. An online survey was distributed via stakeholder networks and online platforms across Ireland. This study was performed and reported in line with the Consensus-Based Checklist for Reporting of Survey Studies (CROSS). Results: 25 residents, 42 family members and 51 staff completed the survey (n = 118). Across the domains measured all but one aspect scored above 50% (residents get up and go to bed when they want 41.5%) with the highest score of 89.1% scored for the nursing home is comfortable and well-kept. Results highlight evidence of positive experiences and endeavours to preserve social connections, residents were in a safe place cared for by staff who did their best in a difficult position and who went above and beyond their duty of care. However, some families reported poor communication, no internet connections, not enough phones or tablets, and that staff were busy and unable at times to assist residents who needed help using phones/tablets. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of human rights and how they ought to inform and shape the advancement of public health advice and policy documents. Overall, nursing home residents, their families and staff reported favourably on the study measures. However, issues pertaining to communication are essential and there is a need to address issues such as the provision of accurate timely information, communication infrastructure and resources, and inconsistencies in communications. Of note is that while healthcare professionals have a duty to uphold the rights of nursing home residents, they themselves have human rights which must also be protected and supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nursing homes and other long-term care services account for a disparate share of COVID-19 cases and casualties worldwide. During COVID-19 there is a distinct need to preserve a holistic view of the wellbeing of residents of nursing homes, be mindful of their rights as citizens, and to be aware of protecting residents from infection. The delivery of health and social care throughout a pandemic must remain person-centred and adhere to a human rights-based approach. Methods: This study aimed to capture nursing home residents, their families and staff's perspective of the nursing homes residents experience, approaches of staff and the nursing home environment. An online survey was distributed via stakeholder networks and online platforms across Ireland. This study was performed and reported in line with the Consensus-Based Checklist for Reporting of Survey Studies (CROSS). Results: 25 residents, 42 family members and 51 staff completed the survey (n = 118). Across the domains measured all but one aspect scored above 50% (residents get up and go to bed when they want 41.5%) with the highest score of 89.1% scored for the nursing home is comfortable and well-kept. Results highlight evidence of positive experiences and endeavours to preserve social connections, residents were in a safe place cared for by staff who did their best in a difficult position and who went above and beyond their duty of care. However, some families reported poor communication, no internet connections, not enough phones or tablets, and that staff were busy and unable at times to assist residents who needed help using phones/tablets. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of human rights and how they ought to inform and shape the advancement of public health advice and policy documents. Overall, nursing home residents, their families and staff reported favourably on the study measures. However, issues pertaining to communication are essential and there is a need to address issues such as the provision of accurate timely information, communication infrastructure and resources, and inconsistencies in communications. Of note is that while healthcare professionals have a duty to uphold the rights of nursing home residents, they themselves have human rights which must also be protected and supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article develops a critical spatial analysis of contemporary proposals to regulate transnational corporations (TNCs). Following an analysis of the existing topology of international regulatory space, the article develops a model of alternative spatial orders which would enable TNC regulation and uses this model to critically assess the different spatial orders implicit in the major proposals being tabled by two civil society groupings in the current treaty negotiations at the UN Human Rights Council. It shows that the proposals of the Human Rights NGOs would elaborate an ‘imperial sovereignty’, with the horizontal extension of the sovereignty of Northern states into the territory of Southern states, while the proposals of the Global Campaign would elaborate a ‘global sovereignty’ through the vertical dispersal of sovereignty, both upwards and downwards, to elaborate a more emancipatory universal spatial order. Understanding these implicit spatialities enables a deeper assessment of the implications of the different proposals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Group and collective rights are human rights, but such rights emerge when the members of a group are discriminated against in order to protect the group temporarily or in perpetuity, depending on how long the discrimination lasts. Studies investigating urban issues from the lens of a group right or collective right are almost non-existent. Using Kymlicka’s rights framework and relying on empirical work in the French-speaking Quebec province in Canada, the research concludes that Québec municipalities are fraught with tensions between individual and group rights and collective rights, resulting in issues related to places of worship, land development and commercial signage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The main objective of this study is to analyse tax policies from a human rights perspective.Motivation: This study is inspired by the observation of crises that appeal to us, revive existing challenges, and lead us to re-evaluate public services. In connection with the causes and consequences of these contexts, this study formulates a new approach to taxation practices, connecting the design of tax policies with their capacity to contribute to the realisation of economic, social, and cultural human rights.Design/Methodology/Approach: The research was carried out following a methodology that includes a review of the relevant literature, the analysis of the work of international institutions in the field, and the examination of international and regional legal frameworks for the protection of human rights, in connection with states’ obligations to provide adequate services.Main findings: Tax justice stands as a pillar to ensure that states, through the management of public resources, can fulfil their obligations in the mitigation of economic and social inequalities and in the funding of rights and public services.Practical implications/Managerial impact: The changes resulting from globalisation, transnational trade, offshoring of production and, among others, advances in digitalisation, make it necessary to analyse the validity of the foundations of our tax systems towards achieving the long-awaited tax justice. This study aims to contribute to the consolidation of the basis for this necessary connection between tax policies and human rights.Novelty/Contribution: This study argues that only those tax policies that integrate a human rights perspective can be considered optimal for achieving tax justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Providing formal care and support in the home has many benefits. Applying a human rights-based approach places the person and their human rights at the centre of all that a health and social care service does. There is a paucity of evidence on how to apply a human rights-based approach in practice when providing homecare. Increasing knowledge and understanding of human rights will empower health and social care practitioners to protect and promote human rights in formal homecare. The aim of this narrative review was to identify and describe human rights-based approaches in homecare, in order to promote awareness and understanding of a human rights-based approach. Five bibliographic databases were searched. Primary research studies pertaining to the delivery of formal homecare that included a human rights-based approach were eligible for inclusion. Sixteen articles were identified for inclusion. Quality appraisal and data extraction were conducted on included studies. A deductive framework analysis was used and concepts of a human rights-based approach that emerged from the literature as relevant to homecare were as follows: dignity and respect, autonomy, equality, participation, and communication. We found that homecare planning and delivery requires the integration of human rights, using approaches, such as person-centred care, partnerships in decision-making, supporting independence, and acknowledging a person's beliefs and cultures, in everyday practice. Findings from this review can support and enable service providers to apply human rights in everyday practice, ultimately for the benefit of people using homecare services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In advance of the 26th Conference of the Parties (COP26) summit in Glasgow in 2021, Police Scotland insisted that human rights and facilitation would be central to their operation. When the event passed off peacefully, without any of the mass arrests and disorder seen at previous iterations of COP, the Police declared it a huge success. We draw on research with activists and officers to scrutinize this claim and analyse the policing of COP26. Literature on protest policing suggests that global summits are distinctive, because the interplay between the security of Heads of state and other dignitaries, the local community and protestors is heavily biased in favour of security at such events. We suggest that this remains the case, despite the police emphasis on facilitation. We conclude that the ‘human-rights-based approach’ to policing is poorly defined and unevenly implemented and means different things to police and protestors. A fundamental rethinking of existing approaches and priorities is required for it to be meaningful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual orientation and gender identity are fundamental aspects of every individual's life, protected within the framework of human rights. Unfortunately, both categories persist as recurring grounds for discrimination, violence, and oppression, at times perpetuated even by normative regulations. In this context, education plays a crucial role in emphasizing values such as coexistence, diversity, cooperative learning, and empathy to prevent heterosexism. Educators, therefore, must have training that ensures the creation of safe, reliable, and protective learning environments for all students. It is imperative that every student has the right to develop and socialize without fear of exclusion. The focus of this study is to analyze the consensus and acceptance among experts regarding the factors influencing gender identity in the educational context, using the neutrosophic statistical method. As a result, it was concluded that a reform of current regulations is necessary, coupled with the implementation of human rights training programs, to eradicate deeply rooted prejudices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploration of religious beliefs within the confines of Chinese prisons presents a nuanced inquiry into the intersection of faith, correctional policies, and human rights. This study delves into the underexplored domain of how religious practices and beliefs are navigated within the Chinese penal system. Despite constitutional assurances for religious freedom, practical applications within prison walls reveal a nuanced tapestry of control, accommodation, and, at times, suppression. This paper aims to shed light on these complexities through interviews with prison officers, offering a rare glimpse into the 'hidden corners' of religious observance in Chinese prisons. It critically examines the balance between state control, the rehabilitation agenda, and the individual's right to spiritual belief and practice, proposing a more inclusive approach to fostering religious diversity and freedom within the correctional environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article draws on ethnographic observations from a Black trail ride event in Houston to examine how African Americans negotiate identities and spaces through embodied memories and mobility. Movement and mobility have always influenced racialised belonging through the geopolitics of borders and boundaries, which are inextricably tied to collective meanings of "blackness." Everyday negotiations of blackness require Black Americans to reckon with the historical and contemporary implications of limited mobility and their place in U.S. society. Engaging with Lefebvre's notion of "the right to the city," this article reflects on how Black trail riders challenge dominant constructions of space and belonging through collective movement and memory. By analysing a specific ethnographic moment during the trail ride, when Black participants moved from a place bounded by property lines to the space of city streets, the article explores the intersections of race, geography, and mobility. It considers how embodied memories and public reclamations of the past by Black communities pose a threat to established spatial and racial hierarchies. The article contributes to theoretical discourses on geopolitics, borders, and boundaries by centering the experiences and agency of Black trail riders in reimagining and navigating racialised landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autism is a spectrum disorder (abbreviated ASD – autism spectrum disorder), which encompasses a variety of developmental challenges in communication, thinking, cognitive skills, interests, and forms of activity, as well as motor skills. Ensuring that people with autism spectrum disorder realise their right to work seems to be a problem in Poland, contributing to their discrimination. The aim of the paper is to present the issue of employment of adults on the autism spectrum in Poland as a member state of the European Union in the light of the international standard. The article discusses the objective and subjective approach to adults with ASD in Poland, the legal conditions of their employment (including international law), as well as the results of empirical research and conclusions in this respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 'Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities' ('CBDRC') is a traditional yet rather controversial principle of International Law. It stems from the need to establish an equitable approach to global concerns through non-reciprocal obligations. Despite the quasi-universal acceptance of the principle since its first appearance in the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, certain legal challenges persist regarding its formal status, the rationale for the differentiation of legal obligations, and its implementation. The CBDRCs principle continues to play a crucial role in the ongoing post-pandemic negotiations aimed at reshaping the international health legal architecture. This article argues that translating the principle of CBDRCs into operational tools for a comprehensive system of pandemic prevention, preparedness and response, could address inequalities between the Global North and the Global South, thus changing the narrative on fairness in international health law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PEN International's 1948 charter and its accession to NGO status made it one of the most globally recognisable institutions promoting and securing freedom of expression for writers and artists as a fundamental human right. PEN's transition from dinner club to NGO involved a post-war reckoning with how to respond to institutional abuses of power and how to secure rights for those who had lost the traditional protections of the state. George Orwell and Stefan Themerson, writing on the 1944 PEN conference, offer insight into the political challenges PEN faced after the Second World War regarding state power and the rights of refugees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to international law, the sovereignty of nation-states and the rights of individuals constitute two equally important principles. However, in instances when a state massively violates human rights, then priority is given to the protection of individuals over the self-determination of the state, thereby justifying humanitarian military intervention. This paper presents findings from a survey across 26 countries, analyzing citizen support for such intervention. We find that the majority of respondents supports military intervention to protect human rights. To explain the differences in support, we draw on world society theory and modernization theory. At first sight, world society theory offers a better framework for understanding citizens' attitudes towards military intervention. However, charcateristics derived from modernization theory are affected by a "suppression effect:" individuals living in more modernized countries and holding postmaterialist values endorse enforcing human rights but concurrently reject the use of military force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humanitarian thought has sought to study the possibilities of establishing a balance between rights and duties at both individual and collective levels within countries, as well as at regional and international levels. This article addresses the issue of building humanitarian security from the perspective of achieving a balance between measures related to combating terrorism and manifestations of Islamophobia, and respecting human rights, particularly the rights of immigrants and asylum seekers in European countries. This balance, if achieved, would contribute to building humanitarian security between the Mediterranean countries. However, the reality of policies and cooperation among these countries highlights the dominance of security approaches at the expense of rights-based approaches in their conception of ways to build and enhance security in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Negative attitudes towards people living with mental illness (PLWMI), defined here as mentalism, are a major contribution to health care inequity, which may extend into end‐of‐life care. There is a clear need for investigation of the attitudes of doctors towards PLWMI at the end of life as doctors may lead processes of care that contribute to this inequity. Aims: The aim of this pilot study is to examine the perspectives of hospital‐based doctors regarding end‐of‐life care and medical decision‐making in PLWMI. Methods: A survey was created to explore whether mentalism is present in the perspectives of hospital doctors regarding end‐of‐life care for PLWMI. The survey included demographic characteristics of participants and questions comprising statements and vignettes that required agree/disagree responses. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise responses, and chi‐square tests examined associations with demographic variables. Results: The survey was commenced by 48 hospital‐based doctors and completed by 45. Descriptive statistics indicated that mentalism is present in the attitudes of hospital doctors regarding end‐of‐life care of PWLMI, with 47 of 48 participants (98%) endorsing at least one mentalist response. One significant association found that psychiatrists and psychiatry trainees were less likely to endorse a stereotype response in one vignette. Conclusions: This preliminary study addresses a gap within the literature on the potential contribution of mentalist attitudes in doctors to the poorer end‐of‐life care outcomes for PLWMI. The findings highlight the need for further study of this topic and suggest a role for targeted medical education in the pursuit of health care equality for PLWMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite insufficient attention, children have the right to a quality educational environment that respects their need for privacy and is designed with their participation. The study aims to seek how to design better private space in kindergarten with the help of the children's perspective. Spatial typologies created by scrutinizing kindergarten environments have been submitted to children's evaluation. In the participatory study conducted in one private kindergarten in Turkey, 20 children aged 5 to 6 have conveyed their thoughts through drawings, group and individual interviews. Data analysis shows that private spaces that have escape holes, allow personal choices, formable, relate its form to confidence and imagination, and provide comfort, support children's privacy needs. Design proposals for spatial typologies have been developed to contribute to academic and practical fields by discussing the impact of this issue on child development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sign language is significant in its linguistic complexity and sociocultural values to its users. The linguistic situation of sign languages in the Middle East is controversial. For Arab deaf communities, each country has a rich and complex national sign language without the need for a superior, more standard unifying Arabic sign language (ArSL). There have been attempts to unify sign languages by creating ArSL. This initiative has been mostly taken by nondeaf persons and has been met with opposition and resistance. This paper investigates sign languages in Kuwait and the attitudes towards both Kuwaiti Sign Language (KSL) and ArSL from both deaf individuals and sign language translators/teachers using surveys, informal interviews, and fieldwork visits. The research question is: What sign language would the deaf community and sign language interpreters/teachers in Kuwait choose (KSL, ArSL, or both) to better serve the deaf community. This paper is designed to uncover the impact of language policies on communities' representations of self and explore the richness and complexity of national sign languages that can be underestimated by language policymakers. The findings of this study indicate a preference for KSL or the use of both KSL and ArSL, but not ArSL alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]