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This document serves as an index for volume 37 of the International Journal of Intelligence & Counterintelligence. It provides a list of articles, perspectives, essays, and book reviews that cover various topics related to intelligence and counterintelligence. The topics discussed include training intelligence officers, deception and manipulation in intelligence relationships, intelligence services in different countries, and the role of intelligence in national security. This index offers a comprehensive overview of the resources available in this volume for library patrons conducting research on intelligence topics. Additionally, it includes a list of books that have been reviewed in a publication, covering subjects such as intelligence, espionage, and national security. The reviews offer insights and analysis of the books' content and relevance. [Extracted from the article]

During the Cold War, the German Democratic Republic (GDR)'s foreign intelligence agencies collected much defense intelligence from human sources in West Germany. By the mid-1960s, the two services had created agent networks in their principal targets in West Germany's government, armed forces, industry and universities. For the next 25 years, these agent networks supplied a wealth of varied and valuable military intelligence and scientific and technological intelligence. At their heart was a small number of outstanding human sources. The GDR's intelligence agencies significantly strengthened the Soviet Bloc's intelligence collection. The intelligence they obtained was more valuable to the Warsaw Pact than the GDR's armed forces and would have been of great benefit to the Pact if war had broken out. Their success ran counter to the trend of military intelligence collection at that time, which was to rely increasingly heavily on technical collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several U.S. government investigations have examined the 6 January 2021 attack on the US Capitol, and all assign at least some blame to intelligence failure. Their reports tended to focus on poor dissemination of intelligence and inadequacies in social media analysis as main defects. What the reports oddly ignore is how inadequate human intelligence (HUMINT) collection may have contributed to that failure. Would better HUMINT collection have made a different in helping prevent the attack? This article evaluates the key findings of January 6 as an alleged intelligence failure event, how HUMINT has been collected in the U.S. on extremist groups, and the feasibility of using such collection for preventive strategies. ‘January 6’ offers a unique case study on the inherent obstacles to domestic intelligence collection, especially in a polarized political environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grey literature encompasses documentary material that is not commercially produced and includes a large and heterogeneous body of sources such as technical reports, working papers, business documents, and conference proceedings. Intelligence organisations worldwide have long incorporated grey literature in their collection and analysis activities as a cost-effective and indispensable source of valuable information that provides strategic insights and helps to form operational decisions. Despite advancements in electronic collection methods, the sourcing of grey literature in many instances still requires the physical presence of a collector, especially in countries and regions with low informational availability, limited digital infrastructure, and those ruled by authoritarian regimes. The classification of grey literature within other 'INTs' in general and open source intelligence (OSINT) in particular poses a challenge as it blurs the boundaries between human intelligence (HUMINT) and OSINT. Outsourcing OSINT collection, analysis, and dissemination to private vendors has been gaining speed and volume over the last decade. The article identifies three categories of private vendors active in collecting and analysing grey literature for the intelligence community while seeking to draw renewed attention to the importance of this source of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Douglas London's book, "The Recruiter: Spying and the Lost Art of American Intelligence," provides a detailed account of recruitment operations in the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and offers commentary on the agency's contemporary mission. The book emphasizes the importance of building relationships with agents and understanding their motivations for spying. London compares case officers to chameleons, highlighting their ability to adapt and connect with diverse targets. The author also criticizes the CIA's shift towards covert action after 9/11 and discusses issues of diversity and accountability within the agency. Overall, the book provides valuable insights into the world of espionage and the challenges faced by CIA case officers. [Extracted from the article]

The NATO HUMINT Centre of Excellence (HCOE) in Oradea, Romania, plays a pivotal role in developing and implementing advanced training programs, ensuring the continuous improvement and alignment of HUMINT formation with NATO standards. Through innovative methods and rigorous quality assurance, the Centre enhances the Alliance’s HUMINT capabilities, addressing both current operational needs and future challenges. This paper presents the major landmarks of the NATO HUMINT Centre of Excellence’s activity in education and training, marking its achievements as HUMINT Department Head and NATO-accredited education and training facility [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to explore a rather hypothetical assumption about Japan's intelligence capabilities and the perspective of the emergence of case officers capable to run human intelligence (HUMINT) operations abroad. To examine this notion, the article first draws on the concept of intelligence culture and defines and analyzes the key attributes of an outstanding case officer as seen by top-tier intelligence agencies. Then, the study provides a brief overview of the historical development of the Japanese experience with HUMINT from the beginning of the twentieth century until the present. The final section dwells in bigger detail on the current state of affairs of Japan's Intelligence Community and concludes that much importance should be paid to spotting and training the nation's case officers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NATO Centres of Excellence are essential organizations for supporting the Alliance's adaptation to current and future operational environments. The NATO HUMINT Centre of Excellence (COE), part of a larger network of NATO-accredited COEs, is engaged in enhancing NATO's HUMINT capability by synchronizing its functions with societal developments and conflict dynamics. In this effort, collaboration with academia and industry (stimulating the development of new concepts and adapting technology to HUMINT procedures), and leveraging observations and best practices from operational theatres, training frameworks, and academic knowledge ensure the necessary input to foster continuous improvement in standardization efficiency and education quality. Since its inception, the NATO HUMINT COE has demonstrated exceptional responsiveness to the Alliance's requests for support, playing a decisive role in the development of the HUMINT community within NATO. Its comprehensive HUMINT development program positively influences the establishment and implementation of HUMINT standards, significantly contributing to the Alliance's interoperability and operational efficiency. The Centre's high-quality contributions to the Intelligence transformation process and the visibility of its projects within NATO's command and force structures underline its crucial role in enhancing NATO's capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the intersection of transdisciplinary subjects within NATO and their reflection within the discipline of HUMINT (Human Intelligence). Focusing on the themes of human security, gender considerations, and the strengthening of integrity, it delves into the evolving landscape of security studies within the alliance. Drawing from diverse academic disciplines and practical insights, the discussion sheds light on the complex challenges facing modern security paradigms. It examines how NATO, as a multifaceted security organization, incorporates transdisciplinary approaches to address contemporary security threats and vulnerabilities. Through the lens of HUMINT, the article examines the integration of human-centric perspectives, gender analysis, and the promotion of integrity within NATO’s strategic frameworks. By emphasizing the importance of holistic and inclusive security perspectives, it advocates for a comprehensive understanding of security that accounts for the diverse dimensions of human experience and vulnerability. Ultimately, this article underscores the significance of transdisciplinary dialogue and collaboration in shaping NATO’s responses to emerging security challenges in the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We examined the possibility of using shared experiences to recruit human intelligence (HUMINT) sources. The research was based on two hypotheses. (a) Shared experiences amplify interpersonal affiliation, which increases the extent to which sources will commit to an intelligence arrangement. (b) The social connection opportunity shared experiences afford is what increases such commitment. Methods: Participants assumed the role of a source meeting a potential handler, a police officer, to discuss an arrangement whereby they might supply intelligence. We manipulated shared experience via the meeting's setting. Half of the participants underwent a shared experience to facilitate interpersonal affiliation with the handler, and the other half did not undergo such an experience. The handler used one of two approaches to propose the arrangement. One approach afforded a social connection opportunity, and the other constrained the possibility of a social connection in the arrangement. Results: The findings indicated that shared experiences can have interpersonal influence. The shared experience operationalization positively influenced felt closeness and social connection affordance. However, there was little indication that handlers could capitalize on shared experience to bolster commitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The value of intelligence gathered from cell approaches in police custody suites remains largely unexplored, presenting a crucial area for research. This study explores the collection of Human Intelligence (HUMINT) and the generation of Source (Covert Human Intelligence Source, CHIS) referrals during cell approaches. Data was collected from 102 cell approaches by which 54 were undertaken by dedicated intelligence officers and 48 by detectives in a police custody suite in England over a 3-month period. Results revealed that detectives, when tasked, were significantly more successful than dedicated intelligence officers in securing intelligence during cell approaches and to make source (CHIS) referrals. A detainee's willingness to engage was associated with intelligence provision, with revenge and lifestyle as key motivating factors. Detainees were significantly more likely to provide intelligence post-charge rather than pre-charge, though the time of day and detainee age showed no significant correlations with intelligence gathering. This study discussed the importance of optimizing intelligence collection and source referrals during cell approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the role and perspectives of Human Intelligence in the digital era. It explores technological advancements that can be harnessed by Intelligence and Security practitioners in the fields of HUMINT and its associated support activities. The paper considers various technologies, including tools for decision support, deception and information detection, and strategies for mitigating cognitive biases and other limiting factors. The analysis concerns technologies, tools and techniques used in all phases of the Intelligence Cycle, evaluating their utility considering the current challenges posed by them for Intelligence Communities and Law Enforcement Agencies. Recent developments in technologies which support other Intelligence disciplines such as SIGINT, IMINT and OSINT have potentially diminished the standing and priority of HUMINT within the Intelligence Cycle. Moreover, psychology has a crucial role in comprehending HUMINT, as human minds have their imperfections, and psychological processes like cognitive biases can result in unanticipated mistakes and unintentional outcomes within the field of Intelligence. Still, HUMINT sources continue to play a fundamental role in Intelligence Collection, analysis, and interpretation, due to their ability to recall, recognise, contextualise, and establish connections between different information. HUMINT continues to be a vital element, providing a human touch and insights that can be difficult to reproduce solely through technological methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acquisition of clandestine human sources – or agents – inside Russia and China likely remains the key priority for Western HUMINT agencies, and yet their ability to do this safely is quickly waning. This paper considers the utility of cyberspace for espionage recruitment in these two hard target states, and assesses its value as a potential solution to emerging surveillance threats. With the aid of history, this paper proposes that hard target espionage is fundamentally afflicted by a tradecraft paradox, one that will severely curtail the utility of cyberspace to agent recruitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computer vision has gained significant attention in the field of information technology due to its widespread application that addresses real-world challenges, surpassing human intelligence in tasks such as image recognition, classification, natural language processing, and even game playing. Sudoku, a challenging puzzle that has captivated many people, exhibits a complexity that has attracted researchers to leverage deep learning techniques for its solution. However, the reliance on black-box neural networks has raised concerns about transparency and explainability. In response to this challenge, we present the Rule-based Explaining Module (REM), which is designed to provide explanations of the decision-making processes using Recurrent Relational Networks (RRN). Our proposed methodology is to bridge the gap between complex RRN models and human understanding by unveiling the specific rules applied by the model at each stage of the Sudoku puzzle solving process. Evaluating REM on the Minimum Sudoku dataset, we achieved an accuracy of over 98.00%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In human intelligence, a verbal statement from a source is seldom 100% true or false, and not very often is the source a total liar or a truth teller. From this standing point, a simple dichotomy of a liar or a truth teller might not offer an adequate diagnostic value for the purposes of human intelligence. A more diagnostic approach would be to assess which parts of the predominantly truthful verbal statement are likely to be true and which parts are assessed to be doubtful. In addition, the use of two parallel methods to detect deceit should improve the diagnostic value of the results. A pilot study in laboratory conditions (n = 8, yielding 190 assessment points) utilising an applied mock crime scenario was conducted. Correlation calculations showed that a dual-method approach slightly improved the within-statement truth accuracy, and it was achieved mainly by decreasing the number of false positives. As the truth accuracy was increased, the lie accuracy within the test group slightly decreased. The results confirmed that by applying parallel orienting response (EDA) and cognitive load (speech-related indices)-based assessment methods, it is possible to detect embedded lies successfully in an information-gathering interview setup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Comunicar (English Edition) is the property of Oxbridge Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Like any military power, violent non-state actors operate intelligence, including human intelligence (HUMINT), to suit their needs. The article aims to explore the primary methods used by Hezbollah and Hamas in recruiting and handling human sources since the mid-2000s, illustrating each method with several case studies. An examination of these methods may shed light on a significant aspect of the intelligence war waged by Hezbollah and Hamas against Israel. In addition, analysis of these organizations' HUMINT activity demonstrates how violent non-state actors, which are inherently the weaker side in their asymmetric warfare against advanced state entities, can compensate for their disadvantages and conduct effective intelligence activity. The article reveals how the clever and creative use of HUMINT maximizes its benefits for violent non-state actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past few years, knowledge graphs (KGs), as a form of structured human intelligence, have attracted considerable research attention from academia and industry. In this very active field of study, a widely explored problem is that of link prediction, the task of predicting whether two nodes should be connected, based on node attributes and local or global graph connectivity properties. The state of the art in this area is represented by techniques based on graph embeddings. However, KGs, especially those acquired using automated or partly automated techniques, are often riddled with noise, e.g., wrong relationships, which makes the problem of link deletion as important as that of link prediction. In this paper, we address three main research questions. The first is about the true effectiveness of different knowledge graph embedding models under the presence of an increasing number of wrong links. The second is to asses if methods that can predict unknown relationships effectively, work equally well in recognizing incorrect relations. The third is to verify if there are systems robust enough to maintain primacy in all experimental conditions. To answer these research questions, we performed a systematic benchmark study in which the experimental setting includes ten state-of-the-art models, three common KG datasets with different structural properties and three downstream tasks: the widely explored tasks of link prediction and triple classification, and the less popular task of link deletion. Comparative studies often yield contradictory results, where the same systems score better or worse depending on the experimental context. In our work, in order to facilitate the discovery of clear performance patterns and their interpretation, we select and/or aggregate performance data to highlight each specific comparison dimension: dataset complexity, type of task, category of models, and robustness against noise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-cutting topics encompass a range of subjects that can impact a military mission yet lie beyond the core responsibilities of military formation. Various capabilities, educational disciplines, headquarters' branches and the chain of command, or operational processes and functions, must consider these cross-cutting topics during the planning, preparation, execution, and evaluation of a mission. Some of these topics carry significant importance due to their specific sensitivity, potentially influencing the mission's outcome. It is a relevant theme for an effects-based approach to operations, where commanders must harmonize kinetic and non-kinetic actions to achieve a pursued objective in conditions of legality. From the perspective of NATO Civil-Military Cooperation (CIMIC) policy, several topics -- the extensive civilian protection; the condition of children in crises and military conflicts; gender considerations - women, peace, and security; the protection of the cultural property; and building integrity (practically, the components of the human security concept recently promoted in NATO) -- are approached as cross-cutting aspects in operations, analysis factors in the military decision-making process. The paper considers the integration of a human security model in military planning and advocates education and training on the larger concept of human security for specific military branches, particularly those interacting with civilians, with emphasis on Human Intelligence (HUMINT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay contends that the ethics around the use of spy technology to gather intelligence (TECHINT) during espionage and counterintelligence operations is ambiguous. To build this argument, the essay critically scrutinizes Cécile Fabre's recent and excellent book Spying through a Glass Darkly, which argues that there are no ethical differences between the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) obtained from or by human assets and TECHINT in these operations. As the essay explains, Fabre arrives at this position by treating TECHINT as a like-for-like replacement for HUMINT. The essay argues instead that TECHINT is unlikely to act as a like-for-like replacement for HUMINT. As such, TECHINT might transform existing practices of espionage and counterintelligence, giving rise to new ethical challenges not captured in Fabre's analysis. To illustrate the point, the essay builds an analogy between TECHINT and recent armed conflicts in which precision weapons have been deployed. Although precision weapons seem ethically desirable, their availability has created new practices of waging war that are ethically problematic. By analogy, TECHINT, though not intrinsically undesirable, has the capacity to generate new practices of intelligence gathering that are ethically problematic—potentially more than HUMINT. Ultimately, recent negative experiences with the use of precision weaponry should caution against an overly positive assessment of TECHINT's ethical desirability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing interest in developing artificial intelligence (AI) weapon guidance systems in the military domain. Current guidance systems employ various methods to guide a weapon to its target. This target accuracy is a critical factor for its effectiveness. Artificial intelligence capabilities could enable these systems to perform tasks that usually require human intelligence, such as identifying potential threats or targets on the battlefield while continually improving the system's performance at its assigned task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that both Russia and China will re-invigorate and expand their international espionage activities. Russia's renewed vigour in engaging in aggressive espionage campaigns is due to the current setbacks that it is facing as a result of its ill-fated invasion of Ukraine. The sanction-induced prohibitions that limit access to state-of-the-art technologies will unleash renewed enthusiasm to obtain these latest technologies by covert means, be it HUMINT and/or cyberespionage. The future robustness of China's aggressive espionage activities is projected to be fuelled by its systematic 'decoupling' from those nations leading in science, engineering and technology, such as the United States, as well as the growing opposition to the use of developmental institutions such as the Confucius Institute and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) as intelligence collection platforms. This article predicts that as Russia and China become 'outsiders', they will becoming increasingly aggressive in their espionage campaigns as pragmatic states acting in survival and developmental mindsets, and it elaborates on some of the more relevant forms of espionage employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychological manipulation is a type of social influence that naturally occurs as a part of social interactions. While commonly regarded as immoral and harmful, manipulation is influence that is different from coercion and rational persuasion. Acts of manipulation can sometimes be beneficial and lead to positive outcomes, which renders the concept ethically ambiguous, especially when viewed in relation to fields like human intelligence (HUMINT). This essay will focus on manipulative influence in the HUMINT context, flesh out its characteristics and relate it to ethical principles in order to explore the difference between legitimate (harmless) and illegitimate (harmful) forms of manipulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented, discussing the interplay between intellect, character, and discipleship, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach that recognizes the distinct yet interconnected roles of intelligence and character in the pursuit of Christian education and discipleship. The author reflects on the implications of human intelligence, the distinction between intellect and intelligence,.

This paper explores the history of artificial intelligence (AI) and the pioneers who laid the groundwork for its development. Accordingly, it explores the current state of art of the AI and the potential for machines to surpass human intelligence. That’s what makes us humankind work harder every day to make things easier and easier, but where does it stop and will it bring us to our extinction? The study highlights various powerful and intelligent AI systems, including Google's AlphaGo OpenAI's Chatgpt and DALLE 2. It recounts a story of a Google engineer who claimed that an experimental AI chatbot had become sentient, sparking a media storm and raising questions about the possibility of machines developing consciousness. The impact of artificial intelligence on society and the future of intelligent machines is also explored. Likewise, the paper explores the concept of sentience and singularity, their meaning and consequences. In general, this research aims to answer an important question considered nowadays, is AI becoming sentient? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an attempt to respond to the secularization of intelligence by paying a close attention to the radical reappraisal of religion, inaugurated by William James, the "Father of American psychology," at the turn of the 20th century. Centering around his classic The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902), the paper shows how James manages to sustain a trinity of intelligence, spirituality, and religion in the age of science. Three themes are identified from James's oeuvre and analyzed in the text: the first is James's scientific study of religion; the second his distillation of spirituality from religion; and the last his identification of religious patterns in world religions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hermenéutica is the property of Hermeneutic - Revista Digital de Arte, Critica y Filosofia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Female intelligence refers to a gender-sensitive perspective in collection planning that not only recognizes women as targets of collection but also considers females as operatives. These considerations become especially relevant in paternalistic cultural contexts, such as Afghanistan. Potential obstacles (e.g., myths) for female intelligence as well as past attempts at implementation (e.g., female engagement teams) are reviewed, before four areas of concern are identified that must be addressed in the future. The analysis is expanded by presenting survey and interview data from a sample of Bundeswehr operatives with human intelligence experience in paternalistic countries. We suggest how to address existing concerns and increase the actionability of field human intelligence units by incorporating females as valuable assets on both sides of the military intelligence collection process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) models in Human Resource Management (HRM). AI and ML have revolutionized the various HR functions. Leveraging AI and human intelligence can consideration of the applications, trends, and challenges involved. The study discusses the use of AI and ML in recruitment and selection, performance management, training and development, and employee engagement. The study suggests that AI and ML have the potential to transform HRM and improve the overall performance of organizations. However, it is important to consider ethical issues and ensure that these technologies are used in a fair and unbiased manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enactment of the Covert Human Intelligence Sources (Criminal Conduct) Act 2021 pre‐empted the outcome of the appeal against the decision of the Investigatory Powers Tribunal in the so‐called 'third direction' case. This legislation article considers the background to the statute in the form both of the (absence of a) legal regime governing informant participation in criminality as revealed by reviews of events within the Northern Irish Troubles and the recent litigation. It analyses the key legal issues raised by the Act and locates it within the modern project of rationalising the law related to national security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the hypothesis that artificial intelligence would not represent the end of human supremacy, since, in essence, AI would only simulate and increase aspects of human intelligence in non-biological artifacts, this paper questions the real risk to be faced. Beyond the clash between technophobes and technophiles, what is argued, then, is that the possible malfunctions of an artificial intelligence – resulting from information overload, from a wrong programming or from a randomness of the system - could signal the real existential risks, especially when we consider that the biological brain, in the wake of the automation bias, tends to assume uncritically what is set by systems anchored in artificial intelligence. Moreover, the argument defended here is that failures undetectable by the probable limitation of human control regarding the increased complexity of the functioning of AI systems represent the main real existential risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Law enforcement agencies in the UK are embracing evidence-based policing and recognise the importance of human source intelligence (HUMINT) in the decision-making process. A review of the literature identified six categories likely to impact the handling of a covert human intelligence source (CHIS) or an informant: (a) handler personality traits; (b) informant motivation; (c) rapport; (d) gaining cooperation; (e) obtaining information, and (f) detecting deception. This study sought to identify which of these categories current HUMINT practitioners considered the most when planning and conducting a meeting with an informant. A bespoke online survey was designed and disseminated to 34 practitioners using purposive and snowball sampling. Directed content analysis and thematic content analysis were conducted. Results indicate that practitioners appear most concerned with gaining co-operation (d) and detecting deception (f). Results also found an inter-connectivity between the six categories, with informant handlers often having to balance competing requirements. Implications for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the time of the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948, many Polish Jews emigrated there, seeking shelter in the aftermath of the Holocaust and the circumstances of growing anti-Semitic attitudes. Lucjan Levy/Levi was one such emigrant who left Poland and settled in Israel. He soon joined the Shin Bet counterintelligence service, even as he remained an asset for Polish intelligence, providing Warsaw (and the intelligence services elsewhere in Eastern Europe) with valuable information on Israeli counterintelligence activity. Now, drawing on recently declassified documents, the author reconstructs Levy's intelligence performance while also examining his espionage career within the broader framework of human intelligence operations conducted by Poland's Tel Aviv Station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HUMINT is a niche discipline, with a limited number of stakeholders and practitioners. The management of the HUMINT personnel is a complex enterprise that should properly address aspects of career development projection and planning, starting from the selection process, professional development, performance assessments/ evaluation, and ending with welfare aspects that can affect individual and group performances. Developing a well-trained and skilled HUMINT operator means that an applicant will be able to manage long life educational process in many different areas (military, economics, psychology, culture, public affairs, human geography, etc.), with ability to deal with permanent physical and mental stress, while preserving its capacity to fulfil all tasks and missions assigned. This is the basis for further professional progress, to senior/ leadership positions, or possible shifts to other disciplines. In this respect, as the HUMINT community within the Military is limited in number, the individual quality of the personnel matters, and each vacant position has to be occupied precisely by the right skilled applicant. The paper further describes the NATO HUMINT COE approach to the selection process and professional development in HUMINT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2020, Germany's Federal Constitutional Court made a groundbreaking decision on foreign surveillance by the Federal Intelligence Service, the Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND). The Court's first central finding was that the protection of fundamental rights is not limited to German territory. In addition, the ruling declared unconstitutional the regulations governing the transfer of information to foreign intelligence services. The ruling will therefore also have consequences for the cooperation of intelligence services, making it relevant abroad as well. In the ruling, the Court focused primarily on the role of human rights and ruled that the BND must check whether its cooperation partners respect human rights. The German parliament was given the task of implementing the Court's demands. The law adopted in response to the Court's demands came into force at the start of 2022. This article analyzes the ruling and the new law, and addresses the question what concrete requirements must be placed on the BND's cooperation with foreign intelligence services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]