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The article explores the nature and development ofmilitary research in South Africa since 1994. Military research always unfolds within the idea and the broader context of security. Similar to the end of the First and Second World Wars, the end of the Cold War introduced a period of relative peace that translated into a liberal outlook on peace and security in the 1990s. Internationally, the so-called Copenhagen school of security studies suggests a deepening and broadening of the debate on security. Increasingly, strategic studies were replaced by security studies; with the debate on security in the 1990s becoming progressively normative and utopian in nature. By the end of the 1990s, especially after the 9/11 attacks, it was quite clear, however, that security still requires a careful attention of conflict, violence, and war; and that the state and the security institutions remain at the core of the idea of security. At the same time, defining security too widely, and including potentially everything that might negatively affect human affairs, the idea of security runs the risk of being too broad to be of any practical value. By the early 2000s, on an international scale, the focus on military force returned to its rightful place in International Relations (IR) as an area of research and study. South Africa in the 1990s embraced the idea of the deepening and broadening of the debate on security; and the notion of human security, in particular. As was the case under the apartheid regime before 1994, the 1996 White Paper on Defence was used to translate the idea of human security into policy. Unlike the era before 1994, however, the policy directive on human security was never really operationalised by means of an explicit national security strategy document. At face value, there was a declaratory focus by government on human security; in reality, however, thefocus shifted to an emphasis on African security under President Thabo Mbeki, regime security under the Jacob Zuma Administration, and the reality of national security under President Cyril Ramaphosa respectively. In the scholarly domain, however, the focus in research and teaching remained almost exclusively on the non-military and non-state dimensions of the idea of human security. Given this state of affairs, questions ought to be asked about the alignment between research on security in South Africa and the realities of insecurity facing the society at large; as well as to what extent the academic fraternity in South Africa is addressing the nuances of the security realities facing society in their research. As far as military research is concerned, the period after 1994 can be viewed as a period of growth and development for the Faculty of Military Science of the University of Stellenbosch at the Military Academy, Saldanha Bay. Whereas prior to 1994 the Faculty was primarily responsible for the undergraduate teaching of military officers, the focus of the institution shifted towards post-graduate teaching and research in the post-1994 era. This was predominantly due to the process of democratisation and developments in the sphere of global communications. It allowed the Faculty of Military Science to escape from its geographical and institutional isolation and to become integrated into the broader academic fraternity both in South Africa and abroad. The Faculty's research unfolded predominantly in the domain of the art of war rather than military science; with an emphasis on military history, strategic studies and international relations (IR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much existing research on climate, conflict, and security asks a relatively narrow question: how does climate change trigger or exacerbate violent conflict in ways that threaten stability within the current international system? Far less attention has been paid to how the properties of that system contribute to climate-related risks of violence, conflict, and instability. In this article, we identify three aspects of the structure and workings of what we refer to as the "international security order" that, in our view, must be brought much more centrally into future research: the multi-dimensional role of war and war preparation as drivers of the climate problem; the widespread use of violence to suppress climate activism; and the failure of climate-policy mechanisms to account for the conflict risk they may create or exacerbate (an effect sometimes referred to as "backdraft"). We argue that these three are not simply contextual factors for climate-related violence. Rather, they work through the climate variable to shape conflict risk. Models and conceptual frameworks that do not explore these and other such connections may be missing important causes and mechanisms of climate-linked insecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed a security guard robot that is specifically designed to manage queues of people and conducted a field trial at an actual public event to assess its effectiveness. However, the acceptance of robot instructions or admonishments poses challenges in real-world applications. Our primary objective was to achieve an effective and socially acceptable queue-management solution. To accomplish this, we took inspiration from human security guards whose role has already been well received in society. Our robot, whose design embodied the image of a professional security guard, focused on three key aspects: duties, professional behavior, and appearance. To ensure its competence, we interviewed professional security guards to deepen our understanding of the responsibilities associated with queue management. Based on their insights, we incorporated features of ushering, admonishing, announcing, and question answering into the robot's functionality. We also prioritized the modeling of professional ushering behavior. During a 10-day field trial at a children's amusement event, we interviewed both the visitors who interacted with the robot and the event staff. The results revealed that visitors generally complied with its ushering and admonishments, indicating a positive reception. Both visitors and event staff expressed an overall favorable impression of the robot and its queue-management services. These findings suggest that our proposed security guard robot shows great promise as a solution for effective crowd handling in public spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The way terrorism is conceptualized today inadvertently reinforces political ideas about terrorism. This paper focuses on the interrelationship of terrorism with human security law. In addition, it discusses terrorism in the context of international criminal law, human rights, and counterterrorism, such as the right of people to self-determination. It finds that the conflict between the rights of states and the rights of oppressed peoples is the core of the debate. While governments have the exclusive right to use legitimate force in their territories, this right is not without limits, especially when it violates the basic rights of individuals and communities. The Charter of the United Nations and various other international legal texts, which strongly affirm the principle of self-determination, provide a moral and legal basis for just resistance against oppressive governments. The distinction between the right of peoples to resist terrorism and the right to self-determination underscores the importance of a thorough understanding of the dynamics of conflict, as well as a commitment to dialogue, peace-building, and amicable resolution of disputes. Over the long term, achieving a more just and balanced global order can only be achieved through collective efforts to challenge systemic injustice and give a voice to the marginalized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate instability and devastation pose global threats to human security. Place-based approaches to psychology offer useful orientations towards situating people in time and place, and for advancing research into climate disruptions. Informed by assembling thinking, this article explores the emplaced experiences and emergent agentive responses to climate change among farmers in four sites in the Mekong Delta Region of Vietnam. In August 2023, 20 farmers (5 each from 4 communal sub-regions) took part in interviews where they emplaced their experiences of climate disruptions by drawing their farms, what had changed, and how they were responding. With government and cooperative support, farmers report building water levees, regenerating soil compositions, seeding alternative crops, and changing cultivation practices. These efforts are restrained by the share scale of changes, increased debt burdens, and resource limits. Findings foreground the importance of culture, interconnected identities and emergent agency in the assemblaging of, and changes within local farmscapes and continuing familial legacy place attachments in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world has arguably identified both output and population growth over time. Thus, the demand for agricultural commodities such as biofuels and the prominent challenges associated with sustainable land use, water, and food development all play a significant role in the development process, as all countries strive to achieve the use of different approaches, such as convergence in output per capita, energy use, water availability, and food production, more safely and ecologically. Therefore, this study is led by Access and Neo-Malthusian theories to investigate the effects of food, energy, and water security sustainability for achieving sustainable development goals using annual data covering 1980 to 2020 to estimate the asymmetric autoregressive distributive lag approach. Accordingly, the results revealed that the effects of positive changes in food, energy, and water security on sustainable development differ significantly from those of negative changes. A 1% change in food production, water supply development, or industrial value addition has a significant positive impact on sustainable development; however, a 1% change in energy use and carbon emission, population growth, or depletion of natural resources has substantial adverse effects on sustainable economic development in both the short run and the long run in Nigeria. The findings also revealed that restoring equilibrium convergence to achieve 2030 SDGs requires 16.2% each year. The study recommends adopting innovative systems that control and help manage available human and natural resources in productive sectors and increase value-added and renewable energy production in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With high incidences of poverty and a depressed economy as well as limited political will, it will be difficult to guarantee the socio-economic rights of children in Zimbabwe. Children struggle to get access to basic services such as health care, basic education, clean water and proper sanitation. This study critically reviews the implementation or lack thereof, of the key socio-economic rights as enunciated in the constitution and child-sensitive policies in Zimbabwe. Through document analysis, the study offers a nuanced examination of social policy implementation in the country. This paper advances the argument that poverty and inequality in Zimbabwe have worsened the lives of children who are subjected to inadequate food, lack access to proper heath facilities and proper shelter among other social amenities. Using a human security framework, the paper foregrounds the need for deliberate policies which respond to the needs of the underprivileged children. The paper concludes that a multifaceted and multi-stakeholder approach will ensure that no child is left behind as envisioned by the agenda of the sustainable development goals. It recommends that the government should implement various policies which guarantee the protection of children in need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific article explored various aspects of limitations on human rights and freedoms, including their classification, mechanisms, and application features. The article highlighted the distinction between direct restrictions on rights and limitations on their implementation, as well as voluntary and compulsory limitations. The main principle of the study was to ensure a balance between the protection of individual rights and the state’s need to ensure security and order. Various types of limitations that may arise in times of war or emergency were analyzed in detail, taking into account their legality, proportionality, and justification. Restrictions on human rights are only temporary in nature. Human rights can be limited only if this is directly provided for by the Constitution of Ukraine and does not contradict the norms of international law. Only in this case, restrictions can be considered legitimate and legal. It is also necessary to say that from the point of view of practical application, the problem of the relationship between private rights and state activity is particularly important for constitutional law: on the one hand, the state, and on the other, a person. We mean that the state is created by people for themselves, in order to protect their rights, but again, the state arises as a response to the inability of human society to live without it, without its power and limitations, the state becomes, as it were, the highest manifestation of social organization and order, the only guarantor of security, stability and development. To date, the issue of restrictions on human and citizen rights in the rule of law by state authorities has become the most urgent. The main facts of violation of human and citizen rights are violations by the state, as well as violations by individuals. The legislation of Ukraine stipulates that the rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen can be limited only to the extent that it is necessary for the security of the state, the population and the defense of the country. Therefore, the establishment of certain prohibitions caused by the specified legal regime should be of an exclusively temporary nature. The article also discussed the classification of human rights based on their content and the possibility of limitation, providing a basis for further research in this area. Thus, important aspects of restricting human and citizen rights were revealed, contributing to an understanding of their essence and scope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines China's national security through the human security framework, using the government's response to COVID-19 in both the initial phase and Omicron phase as case studies. It aims to bridge the conceptual divide between China's and Western views on human security. The analysis reveals a shift in China's policies, from an economic-focused to a health-centered approach, involving a prioritization of public security over individual security and a community-focused people-centered strategy. These findings highlight China's emphasis on collective wellbeing, providing insights into the distinctive features of its governance during the pandemic and how national security is intertwined with human security in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Privacy and security is very critical for mobile users and in-depth research into the area highlights a need for more scientific literature on the perception and challenges of end users to better align the design of privacy and security controls with user expectations. In this paper, we have explored the perceptions of the usability of privacy and security settings in mobile applications from mobile users in Saudi Arabia. The findings highlight that gender, age, and education level of users do not have any positive correlation with the privacy and security usability perceptions of mobile users. On the other hand, user concerns about privacy and security and the trustworthiness levels of end users regarding mobile phone privacy and security have a positive impact on end users' perception of privacy and security usability. Furthermore, privacy usability perception has a positive impact on users' feelings about their control over the privacy and security of their mobile phones. Based on the results of this empirical study, we propose that user-centric design of privacy and security controls, transparent data handling policies, periodic data management status preview and validation by end users, user education guidelines, strict governmental policies, and automated security settings recommendations can enhance the usability of the privacy and security of mobile phone applications. Our study did not take the geographical location of respondents into account, nor were the respondents balanced based on age and gender. In future work, these weaknesses need to be taken into account, and more qualitative studies can help to extract design guidelines for usable and secure mobile applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Modern Science is the property of Alcide De Gasperi University of Euroregional Economy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Alternative Politics / Alternatif Politika is the property of Alternatif Politika and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose – Typhoons, storm surges and sea-level rise pose major risks to life and livelihoods in Southeast Asia and demand state-level action. However, the prominence and frequency of these symptomatic disasters often divert attention from underlying systemic and situational issues. The purpose of this paper is a normative and conceptual one. It makes the case for a grounded and disaggregated human security approach for decoding complex relationships of risk, power, politics, inequality and mistrust that underpin problems we seek to address. Design/methodology/approach – This paper’s approach situates the emergence of the human security paradigm and its connections to human development, sustainable economic growth and rights-based protections in historical context. It then draws on observations across the region over a number of years combined with a review of relevant research to detail how the vulnerability and exposure to disaster of at-risk communities extend beyond random or natural events. Having established that a focus on the immediate characteristics of disaster limits our frames of reference and the utility of subsequent responses, it proceeds to analyse the political, environmental and economic drivers amplifying exposure to disaster in Southeast Asia. Findings – The findings reveal that the vulnerability and insecurity experienced by at-risk communities are not wholly random or exclusively the result of natural, unavoidable events. Exposure to disasters is also shaped by various situational factors, including habitat loss, dispossession, displacement, marginalisation and limited opportunities. Incorporating a more holistic human security perspective can bring into focus the less visible forces and interests that amplify vulnerability to hazard risk for affected individuals and communities in the region. Originality/value – This is an original paper that underscores the conceptual and methodological importance of a grounded and disaggregated human security approach to grasp the disaster-prone territories of risk in contemporary Southeast Asia and for advancing appropriate responses.

At the beginning of the 2000s, the increased salience of the concept of human security was a welcome development both in academic and policy circles. Problematizing the state's central role as the principal object of security allowed human beings' security needs and concerns to be put in front and center, at least in theory, if not necessarily in practice. The increasing traction the concept got also allowed several non-traditional security threats, such as environment, health and migration, to be approached through security lenses and put on security agendas. Despite the burgeoning literature and the notable frequency at which the concept of human security got incorporated into policy discussions, it has lost, at least partially, its analytical traction and policy saliency. The lack of a clear definition as well as vague and tactical use of the concept by policymakers have raised concerns about the human security concept turning into an empty signifier. While the human security concept was welcome by some feminist approaches, it is also criticized by others. This article aims to discuss the human security concept through different feminist perspectives and understand its adaptability in the field based on a comparative interpretive analysis of feminist foreign policy initiatives by Sweden, Canada, Mexico, France, Germany, Spain, Chile and Luxembourg. To realize this aim, we analyze the conceptualization and implementation of feminist foreign policies and how they put the human security approach into practice. We seek to problematize how feminist foreign policies tackle the ambiguities and limitations within the human security framework, and to what degree these policies confront or maintain current power dynamics and state-centered security models. We argue that feminist foreign policies do highlight the problems related to gender equality and contribute to their solutions, but do not challenge patriarchy and the power relations behind it. As such, while they contribute to better implementation of human security as a guiding principle for foreign policy, conventional foreign policy concerns limit the change they can create on the ground.

When discussing Human Security and Democracy, especially from a Brazilian perspective but also with global implications, it becomes essential to consider the impact and influence of what is commonly called cyber activism, which has started influencing public opinion and altered the approach to electoral outcomes. Thus, in contemporary societies, analyzing the exercise of democracy necessitates considering social control and efforts to combat intentional disinformation.

What follows are notes attempting to place into context the current discussion on Human (In)Security with special attention to the case of Brazil. In this article, we will observe that insecurity has been the norm since pre-historic times. We will also observe that the uncertainties associated with this insecurity have been the engine for the development of social institutions, of technologies, and of sets of beliefs of human societies. It will also explore how this creative process engendered new sources of uncertainty and insecurity in such a way that the world, as if playing a multistage game, never ceases to encounter new challenges, eventually reaching the current situation where we face a complex of crises, some of them threatening our very existence as a species. After this exposé of human security in general, we turn our attention to peripheral countries. Inequalities among nations have prevented peripheral countries from developing civilizational tools of the same quality as those of core countries. Peripheral countries are still confronting ancient challenges such as food insecurity and vulnerability to natural disasters. To the extent that their institutions and technologies are insufficient to meet them, they face the mistrust of populations in peripheral countries. The concluding remarks present the case of Brazil as an example of this situation.

In this short article, the author will present his vision and concerns about some mega-processes that are already beginning to impact Latin America (and the World), which he believes will radically change the frame of reference for policies and development strategies in the region.

In a world grappling with escalating conflicts and deep-rooted hostilities, the concept of a Peace Offensive emerges as a timely and innovative strategy for fostering global peace and security. Grounded in the principles of mutual concessions and strategic initiatives, the Peace Offensive advocates for phased, publicized actions aimed at reducing distrust, promoting cooperation, and paving the way for sustainable peace negotiations. By drawing from historical successes and strategic frameworks such as Graduated Reciprocation in Tension Reduction (GRIT), the article explores how unilateral concessions can serve as catalysts for meaningful dialogue and peace-building efforts. Through examples spanning from the Middle East to Europe, the importance of strategic unilateral actions, building trust, and breaking the cycle of violence is highlighted. A coordinated global Peace Offensive offers a transformative approach to conflict resolution, emphasizing the significance of creating opportunities for enduring peace through innovative and inclusive efforts.

The article discusses the crucial concept of human security in the context of global challenges and multilateral efforts. It highlights the interconnectedness of sustainable development, security, and human rights, emphasizing the imperative for collaborative international actions. The evolution of human security from its origins in the 1994 UNDP Development Report to its current relevance, including the incorporation of technological security, is explored. The importance and impact of human security frameworks in addressing present threats and fostering public support for the Sustainable Development Goals are underlined, emphasizing the pivotal role of human security in shaping a more secure and sustainable future.

Contrary to the contested use of depleted uranium (DU) weapons following the Iraq war in 2003, which led some nations to seek a ban on DU use and even eliminate their existing arsenals, there is now a growing tendency both toward the use and production of DU weapons, rendering such weapons as "normal" and "acceptable." There is a risk of a DU renaissance as a consequence of the war in Ukraine. We argue that more attention is needed to the strategies to deal with the DU renaissance, including further research on the health and environmental effects and the associated clean-up efforts, particularly concerning chemical toxicity and exposure to DU-linked radiation, to the alternative military strategies, as well as alternative munitions, such as tungsten. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring sustainability in poultry production is complex and requires a multifaceted approach that considers human health and food security, bird health, the environment, and society. Consumers are critical stakeholders, yet their growing disconnection from agriculture production practices complicates efforts to achieve more sustainable systems. This study aims to gain insights into consumers' attitudes toward poultry and perceptions of contemporary productionmethods. Exploration of consumer perspectives would offer valuable insights that could educate producers on the priorities of the target market and make informed decisions about embracing practices to increase the sustainability of their operations. In this context, eight focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with 54multicultural participants who consume chicken and reside in Minnesota, USA. The major themes that emerged from the FGDs include (1) purchasing and consumption habits, (2) concerns regarding production methods, (3) the impact of social, religious, and cultural factors, (4) familiarity with poultry production practices, and (5) the importance of educating consumers. The study revealed that convenience, affordability, and health benefits are positive drivers of poultry consumption. While participants exhibited a greater preference for the flavor of dark (leg and thigh) meat, they often chose breast meat for its ease of preparation and perceived health benefits. Concern for human health tended to take precedence over ethical claims associated with animal welfare. Furthermore, misconceptions emerging from skepticism and unfamiliarity with regulations and the labeling of poultry productsmay deter the acceptability of higher costs. Many participants identified knowledge gaps and sought science-based information from reliable sources. They conveyed the necessity of outreach and education for consumers in more engaging and accessible forms of communication. The well-established reputation of poultry as a healthy, convenient, and affordable source of protein is the main driver for its consumption. Learning the attributes they believe are significant and underlying motivations or obstacles to consumption can be beneficial in developing effective strategies to promote the adoption of sustainable practices. Enhancing consumer understanding of sustainable poultry production could influence their acceptance and readiness to absorb the additional costs associated with it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the historical context and current dynamics of the transboundary water issues between India and China. Both countries share multiple transboundary river basins, with the Brahmaputra River being one of the most significant. The importance of the Brahmaputra River to both nations goes beyond just providing resources. It has implications for national security, regional stability, and human livelihoods. However, China's upstream control over the river and its extensive dam-building projects have raised concerns in downstream India and Bangladesh about potential impacts on water availability, agriculture, and livelihoods. The river system is critical for the socioeconomic well-being of millions of people, yet the competing demands for water resources have led to geopolitical tensions. The paper highlights China's strategic use of water resources, including plans for large-scale dams, which India views as a potential threat to its water security. It also underscores the importance of a nuanced understanding of hydropolitics, emphasizing the need for human security, particularly water security, in addressing these challenges. It argues that while "water wars" are unlikely, "water tensions" are significant and must be addressed through comprehensive bilateral agreements and collaborative efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a list of contributors to the journal International Affairs, who are experts in the fields of international relations and political science. Their research interests cover a wide range of topics, including civil-military relations, global governance, security studies, populism, and foreign policy. [Extracted from the article]

The Bay of Bengal (BoB) region is becoming increasingly important in international politics due to its strategic location as a transit route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The BoB is bordered by India, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Thailand, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka, with a combined population of 1.7 billion and a GDP of $1.7 trillion. The region is a critical chokepoint for maritime shipping, with approximately 90,000 ships passing through the Malacca Strait each year. The BoB is also experiencing growth in the blue economy, with a focus on sectors such as fishing, offshore energy, shipping, and coastal tourism. However, the region faces challenges such as security issues, environmental vulnerabilities, political instability, and non-traditional maritime crimes. Piracy and armed robbery are prevalent in the BoB, and the region is a transit point for illicit trade, including narcotics and contraband. Irregular maritime migration is also a significant issue, driven by economic insecurity, conflict, and climate vulnerability. The BoB is highly susceptible to natural disasters and climate change, which affect ocean productivity, habitats, and biological processes. The region is marked by communal and ethnic conflicts, and there is a growing power rivalry between China and India. Regional organizations such as BIMSTEC have been established to address these issues, but their effectiveness has been limited. This special issue aims to explore the contestation for control in the BoB region, the role of regional organizations, and the [Extracted from the article]

This article examines the problem of human security as a factor in sustainable security in post-war Armenia. In post-war Armenia, the scope of global responsibility of small states is expanding, and sustainable security and sustainable development are becoming the basis of the discourse on the problems of the future of the South Caucasus and the object of political aspirations to strengthen peace on the part of the UN, the EU, the NATO, the Council of Europe, the OSCE and Western countries. The article comparatively analyzes approaches to the study of human security and sustainable security in post-war Armenia, the position on the relationship between development and security in its modern broad interpretation, characteristic of contemporary political science discussions. Authors pay main attention to the analysis of the role of sustainable security in the evolution of the idea of sustainable development of small states of the South Caucasus to the modern approach of the link between security, resilience and development. Authors identified and substantiated the characteristic features of human security and sustainable security in post-war Armenia, which hinder the improvement of the quality of life and the formation of human capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political spending—funds that elite actors use to buy and sell political power—is the lifeblood of Nigerian politics. It fuels backroom deals, forges political coalitions, and is the means to incite or end violence. To date, political spending in Nigeria has largely been financed by its immense oil revenues flowing through the government. It is natural to assume that political budgets should rise and fall with oil's boom-and-bust cycles, but the reality is not so straightforward. Based on an analysis of the 2020 oil crash in Nigeria, this paper examines how traumatic decarbonization—the sudden, unplanned loss of oil revenues—did not lead to a reduction in political budgets but did force a change in how they were funded and channeled. Despite the loss in oil revenues, patronage and the "contractocracy," government contracts used to funnel rents to the elite, were protected and expanded massively in 2021 with funding from domestic and international loans. The 2020 oil crash demonstrated the resilience and rising cost of transactional politics in Nigeria, even when it came at the expense of the Nigerian people. Through this analysis, the paper further examines systemically corrupt political systems and how political actors adapt to changes in available political finance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nachhaltigkeitsrecht is the property of Verlag Oesterreich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The boundaries of partnership between states and civil society organisations (CSOs), as well as who is counted and who gets to set them, have been the subject of ongoing debate. This discussion has gained particular significance in light of the growing securitisation and tactical engagement of CSOs in conflict, violence, and security. The discussion has led to the development of a theoretical framework known as "strategic exclusion, co-option, and containment" (SECC). Nevertheless, it is worth noting that, the importance of normative inquiries notwithstanding, there exists a dearth of contextual and empirical understanding regarding the dynamics of state-CSO interactions. To address this gap, this study examines the interactions between states and Muslim community-based CSOs in the implementation of preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE). The research draws from an ethnographic study involving various actors, including policymakers, security agents, non-state P/CVE practitioners, civil society group members, P/CVE donor-agency programme managers, and P/CVE coalition networks and steering committee members. The study argues that in the context of P/CVE, where a "whole-of-society" approach is promoted, the state utilises Muslim community-based CSOs primarily as intelligence producers to advance its interests, thereby undermining their agency in P/CVE practices. Despite its framing as a human security perspective on violent extremism, the whole-of-society approach in P/CVE remains deeply rooted in state-security logic and the continuation of the Global War on Terror (GWOT) practices. This ultimately constricts the spaces of engagement between the state and civil society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increasing consensus that climate change undermines human security by exacerbating existing challenges, acting as a "threat multiplier". Bangladesh is a climate hot spot due to its geographical location, dense population and vulnerable socio-economic infrastructure. Although there is an increasing number of studies on the impacts of climate change in Bangladesh, aggregated research that combines this evidence and provides a comprehensive overview is lacking. The aim of this research is to thoroughly investigate the characteristics of the academic literature on the complex pathways through which climate variability affects different components of human security in Bangladesh, allowing for determination of the trends and research gaps, as well as whether they lead to conflict or cooperation. We used a systematic mapping methodology to search and screen 1839 publications in Web of Science, including 320 publications for the final synthesis. We found a predominant research focus on rural areas, especially in the southwestern region, with declining crop yield, economic loss, migration, water shortage, food scarcity and health hazards being the highlighted impacts of climate change for Bangladesh. The impacts on food, economic, environmental, health and water security have been well studied, but we found significant research gaps in some human security components, especially energy security. Women and the economically disadvantaged are disproportionately affected, and the causal pathways between conflict or cooperation and the ever-changing climate lack research efforts, implying a dire need to focus on under-researched areas before they become more complex and difficult to address. Policies and interventions should prioritise climate-resilient agricultural practices and infrastructure in high-risk areas, building local capacities and integrating climate risk assessments into urban planning, considering the high influx of environmental migrants. This systematic map provides a foundation for future longitudinal studies, establishes a baseline for this era for future comparisons and serves as a reliable database for relevant stakeholders and policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Marmara University Journal of Political Science / Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Marmara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article introduces a holistic definition for cybersecurity; enabling our organizational end-users to safely, securely, and efficiently engage our organizational technology. We formed this definition through critical deconstructive analysis of roles within the various countermeasure component level securities, then organizing them in a way designed to assist the lay people with identifying the key differences between technology security versus cybersecurity roles. We aim to link commonly recognized security practitioner classifications, like the information security color wheel, into academically taught concepts to train the base of required technicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) missions are deployed in complex operational environments, where a plethora of national, regional and international actors are present. These present circumstances enable the existence of an - either direct or indirect - but inexorable engagement between all stakeholders involved in similar activities. While the vast majority of current debates and research focus solely on the cooperative dimension of the CSDP in the framework of multilateralism and regionalism, the topic of the EU's engagement with local stakeholders is scarcely explored. Therefore, drawing on the multistakeholder initiative approach (MSI) in economic theory, this paper assesses the engagement of CSDP missions with civil societies and private sector entities in theatres of operations. Employing a single case study approach of inquiry, consisting of the EUCAP Somalia mission this paper aims at answering the research questions: how does EUCAP Somalia engage with local non-state actors, what are the opportunities associated with this engagement and to what extent can a MSI approach be implemented by EUCAP Somalia-By deploying a qualitative research design, this paper uses document analysis within a single case study approach of inquiry. The results of this approach show two distinct tendencies. While EUCAP Somalia informally engages with local non-state actors, this engagement is rather insufficient. Results of this research further show that CSDP missions represent an important tool of EU diplomacy and their engagement with local non-state actors positively impacts the implementation of two of their core principles: local ownership and human security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This project was the product of innovative research, motivated by interdisciplinary discourses and personal reflections growing up in rural Ghana. With ethnographic evidence from the field, this study united strands of several disciplinary inquiries that are linked to current trends of globalization, democratization and feminist discourses. It assesses the intersectionality between tradition and modernity by placing women traditional leaders known as queen mothers, clan heads and cult leaders as active agents in the UNDP’s human security. I explored in this learning paper that the approaches I applied provide knowledge production while synthesizing ideas that broaden the understanding of women leaders and human security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of China combined with a growing "America First" approach to US foreign policy has generated a debate in Australia about the status of the alliance with the United States. This article contributes to this debate by exploring what a Plan B, for Australian security outside the alliance, might look like. It assesses existing scholarship on the subject, highlighting how recent arguments that Australia can "go it alone" are fundamentally flawed as they fail to address requirements to protect the economic and human security of Australians. The article goes on to examine why it is still necessary to consider a Plan B, and what Australia's core national interests are. It emphasises the importance of protecting the lives and livelihoods of Australians, as opposed to the pure focus on the territorial defence of Australia that has marked out much of the existing literature. This leads the article to conclude that, outside the US alliance, Australia would need to rely on a more holistic concept of security, and less on a military approach. It concludes by putting forward suggestions for how Australia could provide itself with security outside the US alliance, primarily through building resilience and adopting a form of neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indo-Pacific Region, a hotbed for geographical and hydro-climate disasters such as cyclones, tsunamis, floods, and typhoons, presents both direct and indirect threats to human and national security. This research seeks to bolster both forms of security by enhancing the management of these natural disasters within the region. Employing a qualitative research method, this case study is both explanatory and analytical. Data, collected through primary and secondary resources, is presented in both quantitative and qualitative forms. The research is framed from the perspective of the human security approach. The Sri Lanka Navy and Coast Guard, as the agencies responsible, strive to mitigate the effects of these disasters and provide humanitarian assistance within their jurisdictions. Their participation in humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) exercises with regional and international actors underscores their commitment to human and national security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite low productivity in Lebanon's agricultural economy, neglected for finance and service sectors, land and labor potential are very high. Literature on agrarian and food crises in Lebanon remains sparse in agrarian studies journals and retains a neoliberal developmentalist emphasis on food security rather than food sovereignty. Using the framework of food regime analysis, we analyze the historical developmental trajectory of the West-Beqaa village of Machgara, and how Lebanese family farmers are impacted by adverse incorporation into global capitalism. Placing farmer testimonies in the context of greater macro-historical chronologies, we see how reflections highlight patterns of commodification of land, labor and food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of job fraud victims through online recruitment or online scams has become widespread in the Southeast Asia region. The high flow of mobilization between countries and the ease of visa-free facilities increase the risk of human security threats, including the crime of trafficking in persons (TIP). This paper aims to explain Indonesia's efforts to protect Indonesian citizens/Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) victims of TIP, particularly in the Philippines. The concept of personal security helps identify new security threats that directly impact individuals or citizens. Considering the ease of mobilization and technology, it is possible that future cases caused by online scams will increase. This paper aims to highlight issues that have been overlooked in current discussions. The study adopts a qualitative- descriptive methods, including desk and library research data collection techniques, as well as direct observation. The analysis reveals that successful efforts to protect Indonesian migrant workers in the Philippines contribute to the realization of a key human security concept: freedom from fear. However, there has been no cooperation between Indonesia and the Philippines to prevent similar cases from occurring in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy has historically enticed significant interest from foreign investors. Simultaneously, it has perpetually held a pivotal position in any nation's framework. Consequently, governments have long regarded energy security as a paramount concern, crucial for ensuring national stability. Energy security, simply put, is defined as "the availability of sufficient supplies at affordable prices." However, a more contemporary perspective also emphasizes the necessity for long-term sustainability in the supply. This perspective adds a new foundational element—sustainability—to the concept of energy security. Stemming from this premise, two phenomena in the energy sector emerge that could impact international foreign direct investment (FDI) flows. Firstly, the transition from hydrocarbons to renewable sources necessitates substantial investment, wherein foreign investments could play a pivotal role. Secondly, there is an increasing trend of States utilizing FDI for strategic objectives. The acquisition of strategic energy infrastructure by foreign entities is now perceived as a risk to the energy supply security of nations. Consequently, several States have bolstered their FDI screening mechanisms to assess potential impacts on supply security, infrastructure operation, and national security in general. These two aforementioned phenomena may sometimes conflict. This article aims to analyze the intricate relationship between energy security, energy transition, and foreign investments. The author posits that an overly broad interpretation of national security and the misuse of screening mechanisms could serve as instruments for shielding the domestic economy, potentially undermining the foreign investment legal framework. Such an approach in the energy sector could have a "chilling effect," leading to a reduction in FDI and impeding the energy transition or the attainment of other energy-related objectives. At the same time, a deep reform of the international investment regime is required, which should go through a modification of International Investment Agreements (IIAs) clauses but also through a more environmentally friendly approach by investment arbitral tribunals. It appears extremely difficult to find a balance between international investment law and environmental/climate change law. In this context, the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT), which has recently undergone a "modernization process," is assumed to be a test bench. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to changes that have occurred in ecological conditions, the requirement to use wastewater has been considered more seriously in the agricultural sector, because agriculture is the source of human nutrition, health and security. Based on this, the purpose of this research was to systematically analysis the components affecting sustainable management of wastewater use (SMWWU) in the viewpoint of critical theory paradigm. Inductive qualitative content analysis (IQCA) was used for systematic analysis. In this regard, the software used was MAXQDA. The statistical population included valid scientific articles and knowledgeable experts in wastewater management in the agricultural sector in Tehran province, Iran. The sampling method for articles was by searching based on keywords and for experts by purposeful method until theoretical saturation was reached. The results of IQCA in the form of a model showed that the six main components "economic," "environmental," "contextual," "individual," "management and planning" and "education and extension" affect SMWWU. Each of these components also includes several factors and variables that can strengthen SMWWU and reduce the water crisis by paying attention to them. The obtained model can be used by policy makers and interested parties in making decisions and planning water protection measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What follows are notes attempting to place into context the current discussion on Human (In)Security with special attention to the case of Brazil. In this article, we will observe that insecurity has been the norm since pre-historic times. We will also observe that the uncertainties associated with this insecurity have been the engine for the development of social institutions, of technologies, and of sets of beliefs of human societies. It will also explore how this creative process engendered new sources of uncertainty and insecurity in such a way that the world, as if playing a multistage game, never ceases to encounter new challenges, eventually reaching the current situation where we face a complex of crises, some of them threatening our very existence as a species. After this exposé of human security in general, we turn our attention to peripheral countries. Inequalities among nations have prevented peripheral countries from developing civilizational tools of the same quality as those of core countries. Peripheral countries are still confronting ancient challenges such as food insecurity and vulnerability to natural disasters. To the extent that their institutions and technologies are insufficient to meet them, they face the mistrust of populations in peripheral countries. The concluding remarks present the case of Brazil as an example of this situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environment is not an entity external to socioeconomic activities; but it directly interacts with and suffers from their effects. Sustainable development policies are a hard task for every country and power externalities may arise at any time. The spillover effects of power externalities additionally show us society’s responsibility towards economic choices of consumption and production. The spillover effects can clarify the channels through which the power externalities affect the environment and society as well. The spillover effects of positive power externalities can introduce the economics of a new paradigm that can be seen as strategic tracks to ensure food safety and human security in terms of sustainable economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the crucial concept of human security in the context of global challenges and multilateral efforts. It highlights the interconnectedness of sustainable development, security, and human rights, emphasizing the imperative for collaborative international actions. The evolution of human security from its origins in the 1994 UNDP Development Report to its current relevance, including the incorporation of technological security, is explored. The importance and impact of human security frameworks in addressing present threats and fostering public support for the Sustainable Development Goals are underlined, emphasizing the pivotal role of human security in shaping a more secure and sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When discussing Human Security and Democracy, especially from a Brazilian perspective but also with global implications, it becomes essential to consider the impact and influence of what is commonly called cyber activism, which has started influencing public opinion and altered the approach to electoral outcomes. Thus, in contemporary societies, analyzing the exercise of democracy necessitates considering social control and efforts to combat intentional disinformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]