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Condominium housing is a critical housing option, but its affordability measures continue to be debatable. This study examined the mutual effect of housing & transportation monthly expenses on housing location affordability and accessibility, considering three comparable locations- inner-city, intermediate, and outer-city condominium locations in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 1152 condominium residents were surveyed to assess urban housing location affordability using the combined H+T affordability index, GIS, one-way ANOVA, and Logit model. Housing affordability is diversified in the city, distance to CBD & transport are significant factor. Outer-city and intermediate neighbourhoods are unaffordable & inaccessible, with 55% and 48% index, respectively. Outer-city residents and lower-incomers face higher financial burdens. Nevertheless, inner-city is affordable & accessible, and residents enjoy better proximity to services. It contributes insights to enhance literature and debates on the model. H+T index provides up-to-date understanding and informs policymaking for innovative, smart, and sustainable, location-sensitive, integrated, and pro-poor policies.

This study examines the relationship between Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and smart governance in smart cities, emphasising the importance of participation and responsiveness for effective governance. Focused on India, it evaluates global smart city governance models, comparing them with the Indian system. The study analyses the current governance structure and the potential of ICT to enhance participatory governance in smart cities. Despite challenges, including limited participation and responsiveness, ICT holds promise for improving governance. The study proposes a governance framework based on pluralist democracy, with ICT playing a central role in fostering collaboration among stakeholders. Despite obstacles like the digital divide, this model prioritises people and ICT within India’s governance, offering insights relevant globally to democratic nations. It presents a new conceptualisation for smart city governance, applicable not only to India but also to democracies worldwide.

This paper assesses young adults’ quality-of-life in the context of urban segregation by using the Capability Approach as an informative framework to analyse people’s well-being. The study employs an open list of 15 urban capabilities to assess how young adults experience life in contexts when patterns of residential segregation are at play. Results show that quality-of-life outcomes diverge considerably between urban areas characterised by higher and lower degrees of social mix as young adults progress differently in the achievement of capabilities. The findings reveal that in mixed communities, while peer influence and social networks have a limited effect on young adults’ opportunities, there is a benefit derived from increased access to job opportunities and urban resources through interactions with better-off dwellers. Conversely, in areas with lower levels of social mixing, role models and social networks primarily operate within same-class boundaries, potentially restricting young adults’ life perspectives and hinder social mobility.

This paper investigates the potential for creating walkable communities in Riyadh using a qualitative research methodology. This approach encompassed: (1) systematic selection of international case studies renowned for their walkability strategies, (2) critical comparative analysis of these case studies, and (3) extraction of a Walkability model to derive strategic guidelines and recommendations tailored to Riyadh’s context. Through literature review, four international case studies emblematic of effective walkability practices were examined. Key themes and strategies that emerged from these analyses included integrated public transit, compact urban design, pedestrian infrastructure, community engagement, cultural considerations, and context-sensitive innovation. Based on these themes we threaded a comprehensive model for sustainable walkability in Riyadh. To assess such model, we extracted conceptual framework and suggested future hypotheses for future studies. By synthesising these findings, the research proposed a walkability model to advance Riyadh’s transformation into a walkable city.

Debates on urban infrastructures in the global South have suggested that heterogeneous infrastructures may help improve urban electricity access yet also raise equality concerns. However, neither the urban inequalities associated with such electricity access nor how those inequalities play out in different urban neighbourhoods has been systematically studied. To better understand how electricity access develops in the context of heterogeneity, we examine five urban neighbourhood types in Mozambique’s Greater Maputo region, where heterogeneous electricity constellations provide some access to critical services yet have been unable to advance equal access to electricity. Connectivity is increasing at city level, but affordability and reliability are compromised in some neighbourhoods, and negative health, safety, and environmental impacts are observed in others. To accelerate equal electricity access throughout the city more attention must be paid to reducing trade-offs between different access dimensions that affect specific user groups in different settlements.

Cities today face the dual challenge of increasing vulnerability to disruptions and a growing demand for improved quality of life. By prioritising happiness and resilience, cities can create sustainable environments that promote health, social cohesion, and adaptability to various stresses and withstand economic, social, and environmental shocks while fostering the well-being, inclusivity, and quality of life of all residents. This study aims to understand what indicators most impact urban resilience and happiness through a systematic literature review. Our analysis uncovered that factors with a dual impact on improving urban resilience and happiness fit into the following categories: individual, social, socio-economic, environmental, infrastructural, technological, resource-based, place-based, urban planning, and housing-related. This study provided a comprehensive understanding of how urban design and policies can enhance both resilience and happiness in cities. Policymakers and planners can adapt and use the identified indicators and strategies to enhance citizens’ happiness and create a resilient community in various contexts and under diverse stressors.

This scoping review examines governance models in sustainable urban mobility schemes, focusing on citizen participation. Analysing 15 papers from 2010 to March 2023, it differentiates between Democracy-Driven Governance (DDG) and Governance-Driven Democratisation (GDD). Key considerations are stakeholder composition, scheme design, and collaboration motives. Findings indicate that GDD approaches are prevalent, impacting stakeholder integration and exposing participation limitations. The latter accentuates the significance of Collaborative Forms of Governance (CFoG) in fostering substantive citizen participation, thereby contributing to the attainment of SDG 16.7 and SDG 11.2. Consequently, this review elucidates CFoG dynamics, providing critical insights into sustainable urban mobility decision-making practices.

This paper explores a new perspective on trade fairs, examining their expected impact on the sustainable development of the host city. To study this impact, the paper examines the annual fair of Thessaloniki, Greece, which has a long history and strong connection with the city. Methodologically, mix research method is used, combining quantitative and qualitative methods. The findings challenge the focus of trade fairs’ benefits in terms of sustainability on the economic aspect. Thessaloniki citizens believe that the fair contributes positively to sustainable urban development, possibly due to their emotional attachment with it and its crucial economic benefits. Stakeholder interviews, however, reveal concerns. Some attribute limitations to outdated fair infrastructure, claiming that a planned redevelopment could address sustainability issues. Others, more critical of the fair, argue that achieving truly balanced development is difficult within the existing mode of socio-economic organisation.

Assessing residents’ perceptions of urban ecosystem services (UESs) is crucial for incorporating it into environmental management. However, evaluations seldom consider variations in perceptions at sub-city scale. Our study demonstrates how UES perceptions varies at sub-city level through a case study in Beijing, China. We interviewed 550 residents of Beijing’s oldest and newest urban zones to obtain their perceptions of 10 UES types. We analysed participants’ responses using importance-performance analysis, optimal scale regression, and textual analysis. Results showed that residents confirmed the value of UES in both zones. However, differences existed in their perceptions of several UESs, reflecting different environmental problems between two zones. Additionally, education, gender, and age significantly affected residents’ perceptions. Residents in both zones prioritised greenery-expanding activities for improving UES performance. Based on these findings, we recommend that variances in UES perception be considered when managing urban ecosystems to improve its supply and contribute to human well-being.

The cities are rapidly sprawling in South Africa, despite the city authorities’ attempts at containing the sprawl. This has signalled the need for strong urban densification policy which – if properly designed and implemented – promises to yield several benefits such as smart, inclusive, equitable and sustainable cities. Densification policy can also facilitate access to adequate housing which remains a challenge in South Africa where millions of people are inadequately housed, if not homeless. Using a qualitative investigation and literature review to analyse the relevant policies and case law, this article investigates whether a legally sound argument can be developed for compulsory acquisition of property to be deployed as a mechanism to facilitate enhanced access to housing for the poor and marginalised. Put differently, the article asks whether compulsory acquisition could be an ideal method of facilitating densification to ramp up housing provision across the country. The findings suggest that urban densification policy is a necessary intervention in that regard. Compulsory acquisition of property is advanced as an optimal method to achieve this endeavour.

This study focuses on urban farming practices in Bandung, West Java, known as Buruan SAE, a programme initiated by the Department of Food Security and Agriculture, Bandung. The objectives of this study are to analyse the effects of urbanisation on urban farming and to explore the potential of urban farming in supporting food security. This study uses a qualitative approach. The results of the study show 3 important issues: the diverse production of urban farming is able to meet the food needs of community members and some have already become independent farmers; there has been a change in the attitude of the people of Bandung city, through urban farming they have become ‘farmers’ a completely new activity for them; urban farming provides a source of income for the urban community. These findings suggest that urban farming can enhance the sustainability of the Buruan SAE community.

Given the urgency of global energy transition, small- and medium-sized cities often undergo rapid changes. What is often missing, however, is a better understanding of how residents of those places perceive, and relate to the various aspects of local energy transition process and spatial outcomes. This study focuses on the Hoogkerk district of Groningen in the Northern Netherlands, where we used Q-Methodology to identify shared viewpoints. Our findings reveal three main viewpoints: a) the importance of protecting local spatial and environmental values, b) prioritising energy-saving approaches notably for the vulnerable segments of the society, and finally c) the need for comprehensive district-level planning led by the municipality. These findings underscore the importance of integrated approaches that address both spatial and process aspects of local energy transition. We argue that these insights can support policymakers and the local citizen initiative towards the development of an integrated local energy vision.

Accessibility is critical in achieving sustainable and equitable transport systems. This study investigates the accessibility of older adults, a group that has received little attention in the accessibility literature yet faces significant mobility barriers. Following qualitative approaches, including interviews and open-ended questionnaires, and employing the Accessibility as a Capability framework (AaaC) and Transport-Related Social Exclusion (TRSE) dimensions, the study analyses the opportunities and barriers older adults face in accessing transport systems in six wards of South Manchester. Results reveal the crucial role of individual abilities and perceptions in converting resources into access. Analysis of travel experiences showed that even when accessibility appears high, older adults may still expend a significant amount of effort to gain accessibility, particularly through emotional ‘work’ caused by transport-related fear and stress. The findings suggest a focus on the subjective aspects of travel to remove barriers to accessibility and improve access to valued capabilities while creating more equitable and sustainable transport systems.

Partnerships are crucial for municipal sustainable development, leveraging diverse expertise and resources. Collaborations between local governments, businesses, NGOs, and community groups drive innovation and shared goals, ensuring more comprehensive and resilient solutions. This study aims to characterise and understand the role of municipal partnerships as a vital tool for driving sustainable progress. A mixed-methods methodology was applied by collecting 874 projects from 308 municipalities in Portugal. The findings identify 506 partnerships and reveal significant asymmetries in the distribution of municipal sustainable development projects. The results also identify 9 motivational factors for the emergence of these initiatives, with the economic and community dimensions standing out. Additionally, 11 actors involved in these initiatives and 4 clusters of collaboration between these entities are mapped. Finally, this study is particularly relevant for establishing public policies that can reduce geographical asymmetries and maximise the impact and resilience of these municipal sustainable development projects.

The urbanisation growth causes problems related to the provision and consumption of resources, ecology, and social living conditions in cities. The purpose of the article is to study the dependence of metabolic factors and the level of urban conveniences on the urbanisation level and to justify the need to monitor these processes and improve the management of urban systems with the purpose to achieve sustainable development objectives. Three aspects of the problem of urban metabolism and sustainable development of cities are considered in the article. They are energy consumption by megacities, social aspects of metabolism and growth of megacities, problems of urban improvement. The increasing risks of negative impact of urban growth on the environment and living conditions has been proven. It is shown that the resettlement flow of village residents to cities, especially large ones, remains high despite the deterioration of the environmental situation in large cities and the lag in the urban infrastructure development from the population growth rate. The expediency to expand the context of the urban metabolism problem was noted, including the exchange of resources between urban and rural to reduce spatial inequality, and to increase the sustainability of urban and rural settlements.

Participatory Budget, as a process for democratic decision-making in allocating public funds, has gained traction globally since the initial experiences in Porto Alegre, Brazil in the 1980s. This article analyses the 2022 and 2023 experiences of participatory budget (PB) in the city of Monterrey, Mexico. Based on a comparative analysis of secondary data of Monterrey’s two-year programme, the study illustrates the obstacles and potentialities of implementing PB. Some of the limitations revolve around intergovernmental coordination, spatial limitations and limited impact on changing power relations concerning urban interventions. In assessing the programme’s implementation, we seek to highlight that while participation indeed increased from 2022 to 2023, the conceptualisation of the programme differs from the original one in Porto Alegre, and distribution of projects and resources remains uneven. By critically evaluating Monterrey’s PB initiatives, the article aims to contribute to the broader discourse on the complexities and challenges of participatory budget implementation.

The study advocates for a qualitative research design to address knowledge gaps regarding Collective Energy Initiatives (CEIs), utilising evidence-based research and a maximum variation principle. Focused on EU countries, the study employs desk research and surveys to identify stages of CEI development and explore impactful practices. It examines initiatives aligned with EU Directives and broader energy transition efforts, categorising them by complexity. Through surveys, the study identifies drivers and barriers to coalition phenomena, aiming to enhance understanding of energy policies’ impact. This approach responds to the need for comprehensive investigations into energy initiatives’ impediments and facilitators, aligning with recent calls for research in this area.

In the face of the climate crisis, cities have committed to ambitious sustainability targets. The UN Agenda 2030 and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provide a globally shared language for decision-makers and policymakers regarding their sustainability objectives. Espoo, Finland’s second-largest city, has become a pioneer in implementing the Agenda, not least due to its recent nomination as ‘Europe’s most sustainable city’. This article investigates the use of the Agenda in strategic governance in Espoo with the aim to identify challenges and opportunities of SDG localisation. Although the Agenda has affected many aspects of policymaking in Espoo and ambitions have been high to shine as an SDG pioneer, a systematic integration of sustainability concerns into policymaking is not yet achieved. Moreover, there is a need to question the reliance of the Agenda framework on the ecological modernisation paradigm, which does not see economic growth and ecological sustainability at odds.

The prevailing norm in Ghana’s rental housing market involves a mandatory and recurrent advance rent payment of two years or more by renters to their landlords. This paper employs sociological institutionalism, coupled with mixed-methods research design, to investigate the challenges renters face in adhering to the norm and its associated implications. Based on a survey of 362 renters across Ghana and an in-depth literature review, our findings demonstrate that extended advance rent periods, employment-related reasons, and limited savings are the primary factors contributing to the challenges renters face regarding the norm. Adhering to this norm often transforms renters into perpetual borrowers, limits personal development, and alters savings behaviour. The norm’s deep entrenchment can be attributed to Ghana’s political economy, market operations, and institutional deficiencies, perpetuating its prevalence. This research has implications for proposed interventions in the rental housing sector and advances our theoretical understanding of the emergence of distinct norms.

Cities are described as urban heat islands (UHI) due to the intensity of the heat generated by urban activities. Buildings, for example, absorb and emit heat, which contributes to urban heat. Cities contribute to global warming, which, over time, influences climate change. Cities contend with these challenges concurrently through mitigation and adaptation strategies. Through their unintended conflicts and trade-offs, the strategies may impact each other adversely. What are typologies of these trade-offs and conflicts, and how do they influence the effectiveness of UHI management by governments? To answer this research question, this paper used the desktop, case-study and evidence-based research techniques. The paper found and discussed specific conflicts and trade-offs between UHI mitigation and adaptation strategies, as well as effective integration, innovation and evaluation management mechanisms. The findings should provide actionable insights for urban policymakers and planners, on UHI management and long-term climate resilience in cities.

The purpose study was to examine the process, results, factors affecting the development process of the Hat Yai urban agricultural network for food security, Hat Yai District, Songkhla Province, Thailand, using qualitative research. Participant observation, in-depth interviews, group discussions, and inductive data analysis were conducted. Data were collected from thirty-one participants. The study found that the process of agricultural network development consists of three stages: network formation, seeking cooperation, learning and integration. The results are reflected at the individual, group, and network levels, linking them to the sustainable development dimension. The positive factors affecting the development process are the urban context, common goals, organisational culture, management, and building trust. The negative factors include the nature of Hat Yai urban residents in the context of developing countries, resource inadequacy, and public policy. The recommendations involve having holistic and targeted local public policy regarding urban agriculture to establish sustainable urban food security.

The present paper discusses the case of the Madrid Nuevo Norte Project (MNNP) aiming to examine how MNNP is aligned with the principles of sustainability and the creation of a sustainable image for Madrid. For this reason, the study used empirical data derived via e-questionnaire distributed to 122 executives (urban planners, developers and sustainability experts) located in Madrid. The study highlighted the vital importance of MNNP to meet sustainability criteria for contributing substantially in the improvement of the quality life of final users and for the community in general. In this context, local authorities should give particular emphasis in complying with the principles of sustainability for improving the overall performance of MNNP, ensuring social justice and prosperity for the people of Madrid.

This study addresses the challenges of adaptive reuse in heritage buildings in Jordan. Despite the importance of preserving heritage buildings, particularly given their cultural and historical significance, there is a lack of scholarly investigation into the specific challenges faced in their adaptive reuse in Jordan. This research aims to identify and analyse these challenges to provide insights for policymakers, preservationists, and urban planners. Using they Fuzzy Delphi Method, 10 conservationists specialising in heritage buildings in Jordan were consulted to identify six critical obstacles: scarcity of skilled contractors, financial burdens, lack of awareness among building owners, investment risks, legal constraints, and management challenges. Recognising and ameliorating these identified barriers emerge as imperative prerequisites for fostering the sustainable development of Jordan’s architectural heritage and catalysing the proliferation of adaptive reuse practices within the regional milieu.

The valorisation of urban biowaste can contribute to a circular and sustainable resource management. However, biowaste valorisation is not inherently sustainable. This study employs the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to investigate the sustainability implications of biowaste valorisation. A narrative literature review provided an overview of the current scientific knowledge on interactions between biowaste valorisation and selected SDG targets. Then stakeholder interviews yielded insights into such interactions in a national context. Our findings show the potential for 19 synergies and 11 trade-offs between biowaste valorisation and 20 selected SDG targets that are addressed in detail. Although the synergies outnumber the trade-offs, different context-dependencies influence the nature and strength of the interactions. We highlight three types of context-dependencies relating to governance. This study informs the scientific community and decision-makers on planning for sustainable biowaste valorisation that addresses context-dependencies. The insights can guide countries and cities at early transition stages towards biowaste valorisation.

Over the past several years, the constant flooding events and their lethal consequences have reignited the debate on the need for vulnerability assessment of flood-prone communities in urban areas as a flood risk mitigation and adaptation measure. This article focuses on Ghana and uses remotely sensed high-resolution data, and community mapping to assess the flood vulnerability of 442 urban communities of the Greater Kumasi Metropolitan Area (GKMA). The Compound Topographic Index and the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission were used systematically. The results showed that 43% of communities were found in low-risk areas, 30% were in medium-risk areas, and 27% were in high-risk areas. Flood intensity and frequencies were found to be dependent on location relative to slopes and undulating terrain. We argue that the identified flood hazard communities should guide policymakers in proffering specific and targeted interventions toward flood risk reduction and community resilience strategies

In cities, a mosaic of different types of urban agriculture can be found. However, knowledge about advantages and disadvantages of the different types is still fragmented. This paper introduces an integrative evaluation framework for assessing the environmental, social, and economic sustainability of urban agriculture by applying a multi-criteria analysis based on an Analytic Hierarchy Process and a participatory approach. Based on a German case study and on the examples of vertical farming and community-supported agriculture, the results suggest that sustainable urban agriculture is a multi-dimensional approach informed by strong sustainability that places nature in the focus. Thus, the environmental dimension received the highest weight, followed by the social and, lastly, the economic dimension. Regarding the sub-criteria, species diversity achieved the highest total weight and food quality and safety the lowest. Conceptually, this paper provides scientific fundamentals for a systematic comparative evaluation of different types of agriculture for sustainable urban development.

Urban land use plans (ULUPs) contribute to the efficient use of resources for sustainable urban development. However, the metered contribution of Bahir Dar’s ULUPs to the efficient use of resources has not yet been known. Bahir Dar is the capital of the Amhara Region and a scenic city on the southern shore of Lake Tana, Ethiopia’s largest lake and the source of the Blue Nile. It attracts many visitors from inside and outside the country. This study evaluates the effectiveness of ULUPs in Bahir Dar to achieve efficient use of resources such as water, energy, and food. Thus, the study developed criteria to assess the effectiveness of ULUPs based on the global indicator framework for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The results show that its ULUPs were not resource efficient in terms of food production, water quality and yield, and transport energy usage.

Gender disparity (GD) significantly impacts housing development, especially in developing countries like Nigeria, where socioeconomic and cultural barriers constrain equitable housing access. This study investigates the features and effects of GD on housing development in Iwo Central Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria. Using a mixed-method approach, data were collected from 328 respondents through questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including indices and ANOVA. Key findings highlight societal mindsets as the most influential feature of GD, followed by lack of bodily autonomy and employment equality, with respective relative significance indices (RSIs) of 4.23, 4.06, and 4.00. Denied access to housing and homelessness emerged as the most critical effects of GD, with effects indices (EGDIs) of 4.36 and 4.31. Regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between GD characteristics and housing development (F = 99.964, p = 0.04), emphasizing the pervasive impact of GD on housing equity. The study concludes that GD restricts women's access to adequate housing, perpetuating socioeconomic inequalities. Recommendations include promoting gender-responsive housing policies, enhancing women's access to affordable housing finance, and integrating gender equity into urban planning and housing design. Addressing GD is crucial for fostering inclusive, equitable, and sustainable housing development in Nigeria.

In Nigeria, over 56,000 projects have been abandoned, leading to negative societal and urban impacts, including wasted investment, job losses, increased crime rates, visual pollution, and disruption of urban planning. These abandoned projects, which include residential, commercial, and industrial buildings, have significant multiplier effects on the construction industry. As the housing sector plays a vital role in a country's economy, the issue of abandoned urban housing projects, particularly in Ibadan, Nigeria’s third-largest city, poses serious challenges. These challenges affect the city’s economic growth, social cohesion, and environmental quality, yet there is limited research addressing the problem. This paper investigated the causes of abandoned housing projects in Ibadan, aiming to find ways to revive them and prevent future abandonment. A structured questionnaire (n=45) was administered to consultants and professionals in the built environment (architects, engineers, quantity surveyors, and builders). Key causes of abandonment were identified, along with impacts such as building dilapidation, environmental decline, and urban visual displeasure. The paper recommended the establishment of regulatory frameworks for periodic inspections of ongoing projects and requiring developers to have exit strategies for financial setbacks. It also emphasized policies that promote repurposing abandoned buildings for public services, such as affordable housing or community centers. The conclusion stressed that without addressing the root causes, urban aesthetics and adequate housing provision will continue to suffer.

As urbanization accelerates globally, creating inclusive public spaces that accommodate women's rights and freedoms becomes increasingly vital. This study critically assesses the impact of urban environments on women in public spaces within the Indian context, focusing on Marine Drive in Kochi, Kerala. Employing field investigations, mapping, and both qualitative and quantitative analyses—including surveys of 100 women—the research explores elements affecting women's quality of life in urban settings. Key factors identified include safety concerns, inadequate accessibility, and insufficient infrastructure that hinder women's equitable participation in public spaces. Literature reviews and case studies highlighted parameters influencing women's experiences, such as land use, mobility, visibility, and safety. A theoretical framework addressing design, physical, environmental, cultural, and economic aspects was developed to create gender-sensitive urban spaces. Applying this framework to the design element of land led to specific guidelines enhancing accessibility, mobility, and permeability, which are crucial for women's comfort and security. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of women's interactions with urban environments and provide a foundation for urban planners and policymakers to develop women-friendly public spaces, thereby promoting inclusivity and enhancing the overall urban experience.

Nowadays, a significant aspect of citizens' environmental conduct is intertwined with their connection and emotional bond to the city. This attachment to the urban environment is regarded as a critical element in fostering environmentally conscientious citizens. The present research adopts a descriptive-quantitative approach. A total of 402 questionnaires were completed by residents of Rasht city to collect data, aimed at assessing the influence of city attachment levels and personal characteristics on the manifestation of environmentally supportive behaviors among citizens. The data gathered from the questionnaires were then quantitatively inputted into SPSS software for modeling and analysis, subsequently employing Smart PLS3 software. The research findings, contrary to initial expectations, indicate a lack of significant correlation between indicators such as individual place attachment, city of birth, duration of residence, and educational level, and the environmentally supportive behaviors exhibited by citizens. However, the modeling results reveal that, initially, the environmentally supportive behaviors of citizens are most closely linked to and impacted by their social attachment to the city or place of residence. Subsequently, certain personal characteristics of citizens, including age and marital status, were found to directly influence these environmentally supportive behaviors, indicating a significant relationship between them.Keywords: Attachment to Place, Pro-environmental Behaviors, Social Attachment to Place, Rasht. IntroductionThe concept of place attachment, denoting the emotional bond individuals develop with a specific location, encompasses positive emotional sentiments, cognitive thoughts, and behavioral inclinations that evolve over time, reflecting individuals' interactions with their social-physical surroundings, from birth throughout their lives (Bischoff, 2022: 7). Place attachment can manifest across various environmental scales, including the home, neighborhood, urban area, or city (Belanche et al., 2016: 77). While some scholars emphasize place attachment as a significant and influential factor in shaping environmental behaviors, contradictory findings in several studies suggest an uncertain relationship between place attachment and pro-environmental behaviors. It is noted that different dimensions of place attachment may exert varying levels of influence (Junot et al., 2018: 49).From a scholarly perspective, this research contributes to advancing knowledge in environmental psychology by examining the factors that impact pro-environmental behaviors. In practical terms, the study offers valuable insights for urban and environmental managers and planners concerning the needs, expectations, and behaviors of Rasht citizens regarding various urban and environmental spaces. This information can aid in devising and implementing appropriate programs and policies aimed at preserving and enhancing the urban environment while also enhancing citizens' satisfaction with their preferred locales. Literature ReviewThe results of numerous empirical studies consistently indicate the significance of place attachment and community attachment in shaping concerns and pro-environmental behaviors (Buta et al., 2014: 3). For instance, Halpenny (2010) investigated the influence of place attachment on pro-environmental behaviors through structural modeling, affirming the substantial impact of place attachment on intentions for environmental actions.Ramkissoon and colleagues (2013) argued that place dependence and place identity possess distinct psychological characteristics, leading to differing effects on well-being and overall environmental behaviors, sometimes even contradicting each other. Hence, researchers must consider the multifaceted dimensions of place attachment and their implications for pro-environmental behaviors, as place attachment encompasses social and cultural attachments beyond identity and dependence alone (Junot et al., 2018: 51). In a similar vein, Song and Supramaniam (2019) explored the specific aspects of place attachment that play a more significant role in promoting various pro-environmental behaviors. Their findings highlighted the greater influence of social attachment over individual attachment on pro-environmental behaviors.In another study, Soleimani and colleagues (2020) investigated the impact of different components of place attachment on social participation in environmental conservation in Tehran. Their research revealed that 36 percent of the positive changes in citizens' environmental engagement could be attributed to components related to identity and dependence in place attachment, with the identity component exerting a more substantial influence than the dependence component. MethodologyThe current study adopts a descriptive-quantitative approach to address research issues, with an applied objective. Data collection involved surveys and document analysis. The questionnaire comprised four sections: personal characteristics, individual place attachment, social place attachment, and pro-environmental behaviors of citizens, each containing relevant indicators. A total of 402 online questionnaires were distributed to citizens and residents of Rasht. The data from these surveys were quantitatively inputted into SPSS software. Initial validation of the questionnaire was conducted through examination of the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, indicating strong internal reliability and trustworthiness with a value of 0.92. Subsequent modeling and analysis of the findings were performed using Smart PLS3 software. Reliability methods (including composite reliability, Cronbach's alpha, and average variance extracted) and validity methods (such as confirmatory factor analysis, and convergent and discriminant validity) were employed to assess the collected data. ResultsBased on the results gleaned from the questionnaires, the "individual place attachment" index exhibited the highest average score of 4.01, ranking first. It was followed by the indices of "citizens' pro-environmental behaviors" and "social place attachment" with averages of 3.48 and 3.25, respectively. Notably, the statement "I often participate in local projects and activities" received the lowest average score of 2.23, while "interest in the traditional native culture of this city" received the highest average score of 4.17 among the statements.Furthermore, examining the factors of individual place attachment revealed that the factor "I consider Rasht a part of my being" had the highest coefficient of overlap at 0.912, indicating strong attachment. Conversely, "living in Rasht defines various aspects of my personality and identity" showed the least overlap with a coefficient of 0.764. Regarding social place attachment, the factor "I love the native culture and tradition of this city" exhibited the highest overlap coefficient at 0.817, highlighting the significant role of culture in fostering attachment. Conversely, "I participate in the city's social programs" had the least overlap with a coefficient of 0.644. Among citizens' pro-environmental behaviors, "I often talk about environmental issues with my friends" showed the highest overlap with a coefficient of 0.798, while "attention to vehicle pollution standards and fuel consumption when buying" had the least overlap at 0.676.Moreover, analyzing individual characteristics indicated that age had the highest coefficient of overlap at 0.949, followed by marital status at 0.830.In terms of the structural equation model employed in the research, the independent indices were able to predict 36.8 percent of the variance changes in the dependent index. Notably, the index of social place attachment exhibited the most significant impact on the dependent index with a coefficient of 0.575, followed by the index of personal characteristics with a coefficient of 0.193. Conversely, the index of individual place attachment, despite its inverse relationship, had an insignificant and negligible impact on citizens' pro-environmental behaviors, indicated by a coefficient of -0.013. ConclusionThe findings of this study underscore the influence of various individual characteristics, such as age and marital status, on citizens' pro-environmental behaviors, indicating a direct correlation between these factors. Notably, married individuals demonstrate a greater concern for the environment compared to their single counterparts. Similarly, the research reveals that as individuals age, they tend to exhibit more environmentally supportive behaviors, underscoring heightened environmental awareness and action among middle-aged and older demographics compared to younger age groups.Furthermore, the research highlights a noticeable lack of social interactions among citizens, particularly a deficiency in civic participation within the city. This lack of social engagement stands as a primary impediment to fostering stronger social attachments among citizens. Addressing this challenge necessitates a focused approach aimed at enhancing citizens' social attachment to their environment. This can be achieved by creating conducive urban spaces designed to facilitate greater interpersonal interaction. Additionally, leveraging citizen input and perspectives to bolster their involvement and collaboration with urban management can significantly contribute to shifting attitudes and fostering a heightened sense of responsibility toward the urban and surrounding environment.Moreover, providing financial support and resources to non-governmental organizations operating in the environmental sector can serve as a pivotal and impactful measure in driving positive changes in citizens' attitudes and behaviors, ultimately leading to a more environmentally conscious and engaged populace.

In recent decades, the popularity of establishing and utilizing bicycles has spread across numerous cities worldwide, yet its adoption remains limited in Iranian urban centers. The aim of this study is to investigate the public acceptability of bicycle usage in the small town of Aq Qala. The research adopts a quantitative approach combined with deductive reasoning and employs a survey methodology. Data collection utilized a researcher-developed questionnaire, targeting a sample size of 400 individuals. The findings reveal a low level of public acceptance towards bicycle usage, highlighting significant deficiencies in the social dimensions of bicycle utilization within Aq Qala. Moreover, the study observes a lack of significant correlation coefficients among variables such as "attitudes," "Injunctive norms," and even "perceived usefulness" with behavioral variables. This context suggests a prevalent disbelief in bicycles as a viable mode of transportation, with a stronger inclination towards associating bicycles with recreational activities. Additionally, results from the multiple linear regression test underscore the significance of the overall model, highlighting a relationship among socio-psychological variables within the research framework. Notably, the three influencing variables identified are awareness (+0.292), descriptive norms (+0.243), and individual affectivity (-0.312), contributing to a 23% change in the transformability of the dependent variable, as indicated by the adjusted coefficient of determination. Conclusively, the study's statistical findings have been meticulously reviewed and interpreted, shedding light on the complex dynamics surrounding public acceptability of bicycle usage in Aq Qala.Keywords: Bicycle, Public Acceptance, Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) Model, Theory of Planned Behavior, Aq Qala. IntroductionTransportation has emerged as a fundamental and pivotal component in the structure and governance of contemporary cities, with its significance transcending mere population size. The design and interplay of transportation components within a city carry profound implications for urban sustainability. Among sustainable and physically based transportation modes, the bicycle stands out as a vehicle mobility option. However, empirical research indicates that its impact extends beyond infrastructural aspects like dedicated cycling lanes and routes; cultural, social, and behavioral dimensions also play pivotal roles.The primary focus of this research is to delve into the behavioral dimensions of bicycle usage within the framework of a comprehensive index of public acceptability. This index serves as a measurement tool to gauge the level of public acceptance and identify the influential variables affecting bicycle usage as a mode of travel.The research questions guiding this investigation are as follows:How can we develop a composite and responsive model for bicycle usage, utilizing existing models for measuring public acceptability?What is the level and scale of public acceptability regarding bicycle usage in the small town of Aq Qala, assessed through social-behavioral analysis indicators?Literature ReviewCompared to motorized transportation modes, bicycles possess a higher relative advantage across various urban mobility indicators, including speed, agility, flexibility, and the public health benefits they confer upon cities. This recognition has led to the development of a range of new supporting theories within this scientific domain. These theories, from "new urbanism" to "15-minute cities," underscore the significance and integral role of bicycles within the urban transportation system.MethodologyThe methodology employed in this research adopts a quantitative approach coupled with the logic of deductive reasoning, rooted in survey research. Data collection utilized a researcher-developed questionnaire comprising a set of main variables along with auxiliary variables, totaling sixteen variables and 89 items. A sample size of 400 individuals was selected using a simple random sampling method. The study utilized a hybrid model derived from two well-known and widely used models: the "UTAUT" model and the "Theory of Planned Behavior." This hybrid model served as the framework for measuring the public acceptability index. The approach to measuring public acceptability in this research entails a sociological perspective, observing the potential practical utilization of bicycles in the city of Aq Qala as a case study.ResultsAccording to fundamental transportation variables and statistical data, it is observed that 50% of the population of Aq Qala owns a car, with 86% having access to one. In contrast, the ownership rate of bicycles stands at 35%, with a corresponding access rate of 53%. Regarding practical cycling behavior, the average cycling behavior among residents of Aq Qala city is estimated at 2.45 out of 5 points on the Likert scale, with 70% of the city's populace abstaining from using bicycles for travel. The inferential findings of this research unveil low acceptability and notable deficiencies in the social dimensions of bicycle usage within Aq Qala city. Moreover, there is a lack of significant confirmation regarding correlation coefficients among variables such as "attitude," "emphasized norms," and even "perceived usefulness" with the behavior variable. This context underscores a prevalent skepticism towards bicycles as a viable mode of travel, while a more pronounced inclination towards associating bicycles with sporting activities is observed. Further analysis through the multiple linear regression test reveals the overall significance of the model, establishing a relationship among socio-psychological variables within the research framework. Specifically, the three influencing variables "awareness" (+0.292), "descriptive norms" (+0.243), and "individual susceptibility" (-0.312) are found to be significant, contributing to a 23% change in the transformability of the dependent variable as indicated by the adjusted coefficient of determination.DiscussionGenerally, there has been limited research concerning bicycle usage in small cities, with the majority of studies predominantly centered on large cities. Consequently, directing attention towards small cities enables enhanced comparability of findings within this specific context.ConclusionIn the city of Aq Qala, bicycle usage remains low due to a combination of subjective beliefs and objective conditions that do not favor cycling as a primary mode of urban transportation, despite its potential as a modern and efficient vehicle. The prevalent preference for private cars is conspicuous, particularly given the absence of a well-developed urban public transportation system and the prevailing cultural preference for private car usage in this small city. To address this issue, future-oriented targeted strategies are imperative to foster a cultural shift and promote the operational use of bicycles in this small northern city. This research has identified and introduced significant variables that influence bicycle usage, offering valuable insights for the development and practical implementation of bicycle initiatives not only in Aq Qala but also in other small and large cities throughout the country.

The challenge of determining the most appropriate method for spatial analysis has long captivated the attention of researchers. Many spatial studies rely solely on either quantitative or qualitative research methods and techniques, yielding insights that only scratch the surface of spatial characteristics. This research aims to conduct a comparative analysis of two spatial arrangement methods: one focusing on spatial structure and the other utilizing the "Project for Public Spaces" (PPS) approach, which emphasizes environmental quality through defined indicators such as sociability, accessibility, uses and activities, comfort, and image. Additionally, this study explores the feasibility of concurrently utilizing these methods to comprehensively assess the quality of the studied location. The rationale for selecting these methods includes their efficiency, widespread usage, and ability to accommodate both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The historical market of Tabriz city serves as the focal point for measuring spatial quality, serving as an architectural and urban design indicator. Quantitative values derived from the spatial arrangement method encompass coherence, connection, and comprehensibility. The findings of this study revealed discrepancies between the outcomes of these two methods. While PPS evaluated environmental factors in the market based on user feedback regarding socio-cultural impacts, the space arrangement analysis aligned with assumptions about individual behavior in relation to the market's physical structure. Compared to the spatial layout, which primarily assesses mobility and user movement through morphological indicators, PPS, by considering human factors, more accurately reflects the livability of market spaces. In conclusion, the integration of these two methods presents a novel alternative approach for obtaining comprehensive and reliable results in measuring space quality.Keywords: Spatial Arrangement, PPS Matrix, Spatial Quality, Space Syntax, Tabriz Bazaar. IntroductionDetermining the most suitable method for spatial analysis has long captivated researchers' attention. Traditionally, spatial analysis has been conducted using either quantitative or qualitative research methods, each offering insights into specific aspects of spatial characteristics. One method that has gained prominence for investigating spatial qualities is the spatial arrangement method, first introduced in 1980 and further developed to explore the correlation between pedestrian movement and spatial configuration. Researchers employing this method utilize numerical data to elucidate the factors contributing to the success of spaces recognized for their high quality. Subsequently, since 1980, the PPS matrix has been utilized in a qualitative approach to evaluate public spaces, enhancing their livability by assessing the quality of successful spaces. This matrix serves as a foundational tool for studies on the success of places in numerous projects. However, each of these methods illuminates only certain qualitative aspects of space, necessitating a comprehensive investigation. Hence, this study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of these two methods within the Tabriz market setting. Specifically, utilizing the same study sample, the research will objectively and exemplarily explore the similarities and differences between these methods, their approaches to analyzing results, and the potential for their integration.Literature ReviewThere have been extensive studies conducted on the Tabriz market, encompassing both quantitative and qualitative approaches. These studies have delved into various aspects, including the exploration of ancient structures, the evolutionary trajectory of architecture within the Tabriz market with an emphasis on contextualism, physical examinations of market spaces including intricate architectural motifs, and an analysis of economic functions and their impact, often employing a qualitative lens.Additionally, a subset of studies has focused on evaluating the behavior of space users through quantitative methodologies and modeling techniques. For instance, Najari Nabi's research delves into the role of physical and functional factors in enhancing sociability within traditional Iranian markets, utilizing the space arrangement technique (Najari Nabi and Mahdinejad, 2019). Other studies, such as those by Abdullahi (2019) and Sajjadzadeh and Najari Nabi (2019), have explored spatial structures and behavioral patterns, while Hosseini Kia et al. (2002) have conducted a comparative analysis of spatial indicators for successful places, showcasing instances where quantitative and qualitative processes have been employed separately or in conjunction.In contrast to previous studies, this research stands out due to its comparative examination of two distinct quantitative and qualitative methodologies within the Tabriz market setting. This innovative approach allows for a more comprehensive analysis of various dimensions, providing a nuanced perspective that integrates the outcomes of both quantitative and qualitative methods.MethodologyIn this study, two distinct methods were employed: 1) surveying using a field data collection tool, and 2) analyzing axial line maps. The survey outcomes were utilized to decipher the qualitative parameters of PPS, bolstered by observational data. This research encompasses a comparative evaluation and examination of the methods utilized to gauge the quality of spaces within the Tabriz market, employing the aforementioned two approaches in conjunction. The researcher engaged in interviews with users of the bazaar and business spaces to gather information on four separate occasions, totaling 4 days of data collection. The interviews were conducted for approximately 4 to 7 hours each day, spanning various times of the day until sunset.ConclusionThe overarching outcome of the comparative analysis indicates that neither of these methods in isolation offers a comprehensive depiction of the spatial quality within the market. However, the amalgamation of insights derived from these two methods results in enhanced accuracy when assessing spatial qualities. Key findings from this analysis include:The space layout method facilitates the identification of fixed market conditions, whereas the PPS approach enables exploration of variable situations encompassing uses, events, and all market activities.Data obtained from the space arrangement method is contingent upon the market's scale and spatial structure, whereas results from the PPS approach are relatively independent of market scale.PPS assesses environmental factors within the market alongside people's feedback regarding socio-cultural impacts, while the space layout method primarily analyzes individual behavior assumptions based on the market's physical structure.Spatial quality evaluations indicate an average or higher-than-average rating based on PPS indicators, contrasting with lower-than-average ratings derived from spatial arrangement data.Space syntax calculations involve numerical measurements of market axis lines within the northern markets and public spaces, whereas the PPS approach offers observational insights into how space practically influences user behavior, emotions, and perceptions.Although there is partial overlap between space syntax and PPS evaluations, their advantages, such as rapid data acquisition and numerical measurement, render the space layout method suitable as an initial data collection tool preceding a space experiment.

Living spaces in each region are shaped by the cultural, environmental, social, historical, and political influences of that region. The city of Paveh, located in the north of Kermanshah province, is home to valuable historical houses, primarily built in a stepped arrangement that conforms to the topography and slope of the land. This research aimed to understand the physical and spatial elements in the traditional houses of Paveh. By examining these elements, the study identified the factors influencing the form and physical and spatial characteristics of these traditional houses. The research employed a descriptive-analytical method, incorporating the study of existing conditions, interviews, document reviews, observation, and mapping. The target population was selected purposefully using a snowball sampling method. The results indicate that the interior spaces of Paveh's traditional houses serve multiple purposes, including hallways, kitchens, storage rooms, rooms, and staircases, arranged on one or two floors. The factors influencing the design of these houses include cultural, social, religious, and economic characteristics. Notable features include the use of natural materials, spatial hierarchy, appropriate separation of spaces, construction of houses atop or adjacent to each other, and attention to climatic considerations such as proper orientation, "Chinese chairs," and appropriately sized openings. These elements are the most important factors in shaping the physical form and spatial organization of houses in Paveh.Keywords: Physical Elements, Spatial Elements, Historical Houses, Staircase Houses, Paveh, Kermanshah. IntroductionIn its profound sense, home represents a sense of attachment to a specific environment, overshadowing other concepts related to that place. The home is the starting point for one’s journey to engage with the world (Kezan Mohammadi et al., 2009, p. 53). Traditionally, the physical structure of homes has been intelligently designed to serve both human and environmental interests. The builders of these indigenous structures have endeavored to foster a harmonious relationship between the environment, culture, and the architectural form of living spaces, ultimately promoting humanization (Basiagu1, 1999, p. 146). Vernacular architecture, a branch of architecture based on regional needs and building materials, reflects regional traditions. The city of Paveh, located in the northwest of Kermanshah province, boasts many valuable buildings over three thousand years old. These structures are primarily built in a stepped fashion, adhering to the topography of the land.Research Question(s) Literature ReviewWhat distinguishes the current research from previous studies is the focus on the city of Paveh, known as the "City of a Thousand Masolehs" in the West, for its unique stepped architectural form and its impending designation as a national heritage site. Despite this recognition, no comprehensive study has been conducted on the influential components in the formation of the physical and spatial characteristics of the traditional houses in Paveh. The review goes under these subheadings.2.1. This Is Level 2To examine the influence of culture and livelihood on the development of the physical and biological aspects of traditional houses in Paveh.2.1.1. This is level 3Exploring and identifying the significant cultural and livelihood factors contributing to the development of the physical and biological aspects of traditional houses in Paveh City. MethodologyThe present study constitutes an applied research endeavor, employing a descriptive-analytical methodology with a focus on logical reasoning. The theoretical segment adopts a qualitative approach, drawing from existing theoretical literature within the domain of traditional housing typology and the influential criteria for assessing components that impact the physical and biological spatial configuration of traditional houses. This theoretical framework underwent content analysis and investigation.In this research, in-depth interviews were conducted with individuals including residents, officials, and institutions associated with historical and traditional houses. Additionally, document reviews, observations, photography, and spatial assessments of samples were performed. The participants were selected through targeted sampling, specifically among officials and residents of Paveh city, employing the snowball method. Finally, utilizing logical reasoning methods, interviews with key individuals responsible for historical houses and cultural heritage management, coupled with field mapping of historical terraced houses in Paveh, were conducted to explore and analyze the influential components affecting the physical and biological spatial formation of traditional houses in Paveh city. ConclusionThrough analysis and investigation, this research reveals that the livelihood, culture of the local settlement, and climatic and environmental factors constitute the most significant elements influencing the physical and spatial organization of houses in Paveh. Notably, the impactful cultural-religious aspects of form encompass the utilization of entrance porches for visual activities or everyday excursions, the creation of pre-entrance areas to ensure privacy, and variations in open and closed volumes. Climatic features, on the other hand, stem from the reciprocal interaction between buildings and the natural environment, termed climatic adaptation, which involves considerations such as humidity (manifested in stair and seating arrangements tailored to different house dimensions), precipitation, light radiation (reflected in varying window sizes), wind (incorporated into pre-entrance construction to mitigate its effects), climatic orientation, and land shape impacting architectural form and orientation. Moreover, economic factors significantly influence form, with small-scale houses exhibiting simpler details compared to larger-scale houses, which often feature multiple yards and porches, enhanced detailing, and superior location considerations.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of urban third places in the environmental quality of Ahvaz City. This study was conducted with a quantitative approach, employing a survey method and relying on library-documentary studies in 2023 in Ahvaz City. The statistical population consists of all the citizens of Ahvaz (885,000 people) in 2015. Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 390 people was determined and selected randomly through a researcher-made questionnaire. ANOVA tests, regression analysis, one-sample t-tests, path analysis, and other statistical methods were utilized to analyze the data. The findings indicate that all ten investigated indicators exceeded the base average (3). Furthermore, the regression model revealed that the predictor variables explain (R²=0.741) the variance of the criterion variable (environmental quality). Region 6 (average 4.08) demonstrated superior environmental quality compared to the other eight regions of Ahvaz. The results showed that the quality of the environment and the level of satisfaction of the citizens of Ahvaz with the third places in the city, in accordance with the local culture of the residents, have a close relationship with the state of these third places (with a factor load of 0.722). Keywords: Environmental Quality, Third Place, Social Base, Areas of Ahvaz City. Introduction The quality of urban spaces significantly impacts the daily lives of residents (Naya et al., 2023, p. 478). Urban planners and designers argue that interactions in urban spaces result from relationships between physical, cultural, social, and aesthetic components (Bagherian et al., 2023, p. 131). Spaces lacking social-physical quality and urban services tend to lead to social avoidance (Viinikka, 2023, p. 56). Considering the need for appropriate background and infrastructure for social activities, it is essential to enhance the quality of the environment (Kashanijo, 2023, p. 69). Creating suitable and desirable spaces for all societal segments is a crucial aspect of urban planning and management (Rajabi Amirabad and Rahmani, 2019, p. 321). Third urban places belong to the public domain and reflect the dynamism and vitality of cities (Hanks, 2020, p. 3). These spaces, characterized by their functional similarities to expected goals and the interactions of social groups within the overall urban structure (Viinikka et al., 2023, p. 57), serve as centers of communication and transformation (Nahiduzzaman et al., 2020, p. 3). As dynamic and lively urban spaces active at various times throughout the day and night, third urban places cater to diverse societal groups (Lee, 2022, p. 1). Therefore, ensuring equal, safe, comfortable, and quality access to these spaces for all city residents is imperative (Mahvari et al., 2020, p. 47). These places constitute the main foundation for social interactions and public life, distinct from the first place (home) and the second place (workplace) (Nasehi et al., 2023, p. 218). Literature Review In 2018, Siavashpour et al., in their article entitled "Approaches of Public Spaces of Urban Sociability Derived from the Characteristics of the Third Place," employed a qualitative method and library study by collecting documents. They described the concept of sociable public space and subsequently examined third places and their characteristics as sociable public spaces. In 2019, Peter John Sandiford reviewed the concept of third places in an article entitled "Third Places as an Evolving Concept for Hospitality Researchers and Managers" and re-evaluated it by integrating hospitality and social concepts. The results indicated that conceptualizing the third place requires the expansion of venues where people can engage in more social interactions, distinct from the first (home) and second (work) places, without ideological constraints. A general review of the research background highlighted the significant role of third places in fostering social interactions and enhancing the quality of the urban environment. The obtained results underscore the importance of third places in influencing social interactions and improving the quality of urban spaces. Methodology This research is based on an applied goal and employs a descriptive-analytical research method grounded in field studies. SPSS software was utilized to analyze the results of the research questionnaire, compare the state of environmental quality in different areas of Ahvaz City using one-way variance analysis, and calculate the prioritization of environmental quality indicators and third urban locations through Friedman's test. Smart PLS software was also used for the Structural Equation Model, which establishes a specific causal structure among a set of unobservable constructs, to identify the factors influencing the role of third urban places on environmental quality, and to assess the degree of influence and importance of these components. The extracted data were instrumental in compiling the final research model. Results The value of R² calculated for the third location factor (0.459) and for the environmental quality factor (0.755) is at a suitable level. In analyzing the coefficient of determination of the third place on environmental quality in Ahvaz City, the following can be acknowledged: The third place (independent variable or predictor) accounts for 45.9% of the variance in the environmental quality variable (dependent variable or criterion), indicating a good level of influence. The tested model in the standard mode or PLS algorithm, along with the regression coefficients, is illustrated in Figure 2. The numbers marked on the paths represent the standardized beta coefficients in the regression, indicating the correlation between two indicators and the sample. These coefficients are examined and analyzed to determine the direct effect of one variable on another. The significant difference of these coefficients from zero is crucial, and the significance check of the coefficients (regression coefficient and coefficient of determination) is calculated through self-management (Bootstrapping command). Figure 2. Analyzing Regression Coefficients, Determination Coefficients, and Path Coefficients across Factors, Variables, and Research Subjects. According to the p-value (0.001) for the independent or predictor variable (third place) on the dependent variable or criterion (environmental quality), with 95% confidence, it can be stated that the regression coefficient and the determination coefficient are not equal to zero in the statistical population. Therefore, the difference of 0.722 from zero is significant, indicating that the effect of the third place on the quality of the environment in the statistical sample is substantial. Thus, we expect a similarly strong and positive effect in the broader statistical population. The results of the difference in the value of the coefficient in the statistical population, with confidence intervals in the corrected skew state, indicate that with a 95% confidence interval, the coefficient for the third place factor (predictor variable) is between 0.623 and 0.986. There is only a 5% probability that the coefficient is smaller than 0.623 or greater than 0.986. In general, due to the significance of the regression coefficients and the coefficient of determination, we can conclude that six dimensions (morphology, function, perceptual, social, visual, time) influence the third places of Ahvaz City. Conclusion According to the results of the analyses and statistical investigations conducted in this research, it can be acknowledged that the quality of the environment and the level of satisfaction of the citizens of Ahvaz with the city's third places have a close relationship with the condition of these third places, as influenced by the local culture (with a factor load of 0.722). The decline in environmental quality due to various factors can significantly impact these third places, which serve as milestones of human societies, centers for gathering people and cultures, and hubs of social relations and interactions.

Leisure and recreation are an integral part of the daily life. Governments should provide a healthy environment to meet this need by creating recreational and cultural centers. This research tries to identify the possible effects of the construction of the city theater [before the action] by looking into the future. Therefore, this research seeks to answer the question, what effects will the construction of Karaj city theater have and how can we reduce possible negative effects and increase its positive effects? Is. The methodological approach of this research is a combination, and quantitative and qualitative methods were used to collect data and information. In line with the objectives of the research, the effects identified in 5 social, cultural, environmental-physical, economic and psychological dimensions have been categorized and the importance of each variable has been determined by using the opinions of experts (Delphi method). Cultural tension, the prolongation of the construction process, the presence of prostitutes, beggars and child labor, the change of design and the predominance of commercial use, the opposition of some institutions and organizations, the increase in the cost of construction and maintenance, robbery and theft, the increase in housing rent, air pollution and noise, gathering of criminals and mobs, monopolization of space for the benefit of a certain group and reduction of security, increase in hawking, quarrels and conflicts, and decrease in the sense of social belonging and depopulation of the neighborhood and decrease in citizen satisfaction has been identified as the risks of this project.

Barriers to rental housing (RH) pose significant challenges to urban development in India. This study examines critical success barriers (CSBs) to implementing RH policies, offering novel insights into this underexplored area. Despite rising demand for RH, significant obstacles hinder effective policy execution. Through expert surveys with 36 respondents and RIDIT analysis, the research identifies and prioritizes 16 CSBs, categorized into Regulatory and Institutional, Economic and Market, and Infrastructure and Development groups. Key findings reveal that the most critical barriers are inflexible rental agreements, negative social attitudes, and the absence of government incentives. These interdependent barriers impact the feasibility, attractiveness, and sustainability of RH projects. Inflexible agreements limit participation, negative social attitudes hinder inclusive development, and lack of incentives reduces private investment. The study recommends revising rental agreements, providing substantial incentives to private investors, and promoting high-density development through modified zoning regulations. Emphasizing multi-level governance, stakeholder engagement, and regular policy evaluations is crucial for effective implementation. Addressing these barriers can enhance the RH sector's sustainability and scalability. This research contributes to the existing literature by providing a quantitative framework for identifying and prioritizing CSBs in the RH, offering valuable insights for policymakers, developers, and stakeholders in urban housing.

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) principles offer a promising framework for integrating metro stations with their surrounding urban fabric, promoting sustainable urbanization and efficient transportation systems. Dhaka, one of the fastest-growing cities globally, faces significant challenges in traffic congestion, air pollution, and urban sprawl. Introducing metro systems offers a promising solution to alleviate these issues and enhance urban mobility. This study presents a case study of Agargaon Metro Station in Dhaka City, examining its integration with the adjacent urban fabric using TOD principles. Through a combination of field observations, spatial analysis, and stakeholder interviews, the study evaluates the current state of Agargaon Metro Station. On-site assessments examined the station's physical infrastructure, accessibility, and connectivity with nearby areas, while Geographic Information Systems (GIS) analyzed spatial data, including land use patterns and transportation networks. Semi-structured interviews with urban planners, government officials, and community members provided insights into the challenges and opportunities for implementing TOD at Agargaon. The findings reveal that the station is underutilized as a TOD hub, with inadequate pedestrian infrastructure and mixed-use developments, leading to poor connectivity and accessibility. The study highlights the necessity of improved land use planning, policy support, and community engagement to enhance the station's role in fostering TOD. These recommendations, if implemented, could alleviate traffic congestion, improve air quality, and create more livable urban spaces, thereby enhancing Dhaka's overall quality of life. Additionally, the research contributes to the social and economic dimensions of urbanization by offering a framework that can be adapted to similar metro stations in Dhaka and other rapidly urbanizing cities.

This study investigates the factors affecting urban housing development in Lusaka, Zambia, a city facing significant challenges due to rapid urbanization and a high prevalence of inadequate housing. Utilizing the Delphi method, data was collected through two iterative rounds from a panel of 10 experts to identify and evaluate 15 factors contributing to poor housing outcomes. The findings reveal that political influence, poor linkage between infrastructure investment and service delivery, lack of access to affordable housing finance, weak urban governance, and high mortgage interest rates are the key factors impeding urban housing development in Lusaka. The study recommends developing an integrated housing planning framework, tailored housing finance products for low-income earners, and promoting governance principles to enhance transparency and accountability in housing development. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders in Sub-Saharan Africa, highlighting socio-economic areas requiring intervention to achieve sustainable urban housing development.

The Economically Weaker Section (EWS) is constrained to live in slums and unauthorized colonies due to the lack of suitable housing options and affordability issues. Various factors such as building characteristics, financial constraints, and social considerations influence individuals' decisions regarding accommodation. A neighborhood in Delhi was chosen for a study to assess the importance of these factors for the EWS in rental housing. A total of 383 sample surveys were carried out to examine the socioeconomic variables and key factors influencing their choice of location, supplemented by 10 in-depth interviews to uncover hidden factors not typically found in existing literature. Principal Component Analysis was employed to identify the most crucial factors influencing accommodation choices. The study findings indicate that while the physical, locational, and economic aspects of rental housing are crucial, social factors also play a significant role. This research will offer invaluable insights to urban planners and policymakers to facilitate the provision of rental housing based on individual preferences in formulating housing policies.

This study offers a comprehensive evaluation of urban renewal efforts in Shandong Province, China, by employing the entropy method combined with the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). An evaluation index system was constructed to assess the weights of key factors influencing urban renewal, including the renovation of old residential areas, improvement in sewage treatment quality, development of sponge cities, adoption of clean heating, and enhancement of air quality. Analysis of 16 prefecture-level cities in 2019 reveals significant disparities in performance, with Jinan achieving the highest ranking due to notable improvements in infrastructure and environmental management. Meanwhile, other cities displayed varying levels of success, reflecting different developmental stages and capacities. The findings underscore the necessity for tailored strategies to optimize urban renewal outcomes, focusing on high-weight factors such as sewage treatment, clean heating, and residential renovation. This study provides actionable insights for policymakers, advocating adaptive renewal strategies that align with local contexts and encourage continuous innovation. The results highlight the importance of targeted policy interventions to enhance urban renewal quality across Shandong Province, promoting sustainable urban development and better living standards.

Bahrain, a longstanding tourist destination in the Gulf region, has seen its economy benefit significantly from tourism. However, the improper development of tourism has led to negative impacts on urban tourism in historic areas, risking the loss of authenticity. This study aims to explore factors influencing the development of tourism strategies in Muharraq city, focusing on residents' perceptions. A qualitative approach was used, including a comprehensive literature review, interviews with residents to capture their views on tourism-related issues, and a self-administered questionnaire with key officials and stakeholders. The study identifies critical factors affecting tourism development and offers recommendations for enhancing cultural tourism in Muharraq. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers to create sustainable strategies that balance economic growth with cultural preservation, ensuring that Muharraq remains a culturally vibrant city while promoting sustainable urban tourism. This research contributes to the broader field of urban tourism studies by highlighting the importance of local perceptions and participatory approaches in shaping effective tourism policies. By addressing key elements that influence tourism development, the study supports the creation of strategies that safeguard heritage while fostering sustainable growth in one of Bahrain's most culturally significant cities.

Restructuring routes are significant urban elements that lead to physical changes in cities to meet modern needs, often resulting in traumatic transformations. This study investigates the morphological impact of the palimpsest phenomenon on Istanbul's Atatürk Boulevard, an exemplar of restructuring routes. The Boulevard's construction disrupted the organic urban fabric, creating a new structure and altering the area's identity. By employing a typomorphological analysis based on Conzen’s Town Plan Analysis, this research examines changes in the street, building, and subdivision systems. The study utilizes historical and contemporary maps to reveal the effects of Atatürk Boulevard on urban morphology, demonstrating both positive and negative consequences of restructuring routes. Findings indicate that the boulevard increased the economic value of the area but also led to the fragmentation and loss of historical urban elements, contributing to a complex urban palimpsest. The study highlights the need for sensitive urban planning to preserve the city's historical identity while accommodating modern developments. The insights gained are crucial for architects and urban planners in managing urban landscapes, ensuring sustainability, and respecting historical contexts in future developments

In many cities, coastal land reclamation (CLR) is viewed as essential due to the impacts of urbanisation and to address the challenges of land scarcity. However, these approaches often involve complex environmental concerns, technological challenges, and community conflict. This study aims to explore socio-spatial conflicts that occur across different levels of cities in Indonesia, considering their unique characteristics and differences in geography, population (homogeneous, mesogeneous, and heterogeneous), and city status (megapolitan and metropolitan). This research focuses on three cities in Indonesia that have proposed CLR solutions to urbanisation: Jakarta, Makassar, and Denpasar. Data were gathered through observations and a desktop literature review. These data were then qualitatively analyzed using the directed content analysis method with ATLAS.Ti software. The study underscores that political interests significantly influence discussions on land reclamation in heterogeneous cities. In contrast, mesogeneous cities are driven by economic and legal factors, while traditional customs and practices dominate homogeneous areas. Comprehending the issues surrounding reclamation will inform the priorities of government policies based on the area's context.

Urban redundancy, often observed in the core areas of cities, poses significant challenges to sustainable development and urban vitality. This study addresses urban redundancy by proposing a quantitative framework to both identify and mitigate its effects, using Ashram Road in Ahmedabad, India, as a case study. The research employs a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Analysis (MCDMA) based on data collected through physical surveys and literature reviews. This analysis integrates approaches such as redevelopment, adaptive reuse, policy interventions, and economic strategies to counter redundancy effectively. The findings highlight that Ashram Road's core area, despite its historical and cultural significance, faces challenges like poor maintenance, high vacancy rates, and inadequate utilization of the available floor space index (FSI). The proposed framework aims to develop context-sensitive strategies that uphold the intrinsic value of core urban areas while promoting sustainable regeneration. The study demonstrates the need for a balanced approach that combines modern development with preservation, providing insights for urban policy-making that enhances the resilience and longevity of city cores.

The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect is a critical environmental challenge in the 21st century, intensified by rapid urbanization and industrialization. This study focuses on Rajshahi, a rapidly urbanizing city in Bangladesh, where the UHI effect has already begun to manifest significantly. Utilizing ENVI-met software, a comprehensive analysis was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of urban vegetation strategies, such as green roofs and street planting, in mitigating local temperatures and improving outdoor thermal comfort in Rajshahi's Central Business District. The findings reveal that these mitigation strategies can reduce air temperatures by up to 10 Kelvin, providing substantial cooling benefits. This research highlights the importance of integrating green infrastructure into urban planning to combat the UHI effect, enhance sustainability, and improve the overall livability of urban environments. The study offers valuable insights and practical recommendations for urban planners and policymakers, aiming to foster resilient and sustainable urban development in rapidly growing cities like Rajshahi.

This study investigates the socio-economic and cultural characteristics of residents in selected public housing estates in Ibadan, focusing on the privacy regulatory mechanisms they adopt. By employing a mixed-methods approach, the research involved administering questionnaires to 565 household heads and conducting in-depth interviews with eight key informants from neighbourhood associations. The findings indicate a significant majority (92.00%) of respondents have adopted privacy regulating mechanisms, with personal space and territorial behaviour being the most common. ANOVA results reveal a significant relationship between these mechanisms and the residents' socio-economic and cultural characteristics. Qualitative insights from key informants' interviews provided a nuanced understanding of residents' privacy needs, highlighting emotional and behavioural cues, as well as verbal and non-verbal data. The study concludes that privacy regulation in public housing varies across different estates and is influenced by nine socio-economic and cultural factors, offering guidance for sustainable housing design that considers contemporary urbanization's socio-economic impacts. These findings can inform architects and policymakers in creating housing designs that respect privacy and enhance the quality of life for residents.

Bangladesh has been experiencing rapid urbanization and economic growth, motivating people to move towards the cities. Consequently, commercial areas of the cities are becoming highly occupied. The issue of overpopulation leads to congestion and shortage of open spaces, both reserved and publicly accessible, in such areas of the cities, affecting the physical and mental health of the users of these areas. To understand this situation, Chattogram in particular, the Chaktai commercial area is identified as the case study area for further investigation and research. This study will examine the present scenario of this densely built commercial area through an empirical analysis and field survey, focusing on collecting data related to major land-use types, street characteristics, major activities, traffic analysis, and environmental conditions. Additionally, an observational approach will be employed, along with one-to-one interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGD), to gather user feedback on the space. By examining urban regeneration strategies for Asadganj, this study offers guidelines to improve conditions for its users including residents, business holders, and workers, to enhance the area's quality of life.

Mass Rapid Transport (MRT) has become pivotal in sustainable urban transportation, especially in densely populated cities like Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. Dhaka is implementing its first MRT system, which includes 17 stations, with three located in Mirpur. Mirpur, a significant area due to its diverse economic activity and population, is an important case study for understanding the effects of the MRT system. The study area spans 58.66 square kilometers and has a population of 632,664, representing a zone with unplanned mixed uses and a spontaneously developed favorable job-housing ratio conducive to transit-oriented development (TOD). Challenges such as last-mile connectivity and capacity limitations could impede the MRT's socio-economic potential. Moreover, the current land use and urban planning framework are not adequately prepared to support future TOD. This research highlights the necessity of proactive legislative changes and infrastructural improvements to optimize the success of Mirpur's MRT stations. Despite being in service for only a year and facing a lack of real-life data, this study focuses on Mirpur MRT stations to explore the socio-economic impacts of MRT systems, aiming to enhance knowledge in urban transportation and development.