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Background: Bala is an important Ayurvedic drug used for the treatment of many diseases. Sida cordifolia (L.), Malvaceae family, is the genuine source drug of Bala as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India. The other species of Sida like Sida acuta, Sida rhombifolia, Sida alnifolia and Sida cordata are also used as adulterants or substitutes of Bala. The objective of the present study is to identify a scientifically validated substitute for Bala (Sida cordifolia) by detailed phytochemical evaluation of its allied species. Results: Preliminary analysis showed that all the selected species contain similar class of compounds like alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, etc. Quantitative estimation of major class of compounds such as total alkaloids, total phenolics and total flavonoids was done by spectrophotometric methods. Polyphenolic contents of selected species are almost comparable. In the case of alkaloids, variations have been observed among the species. Chemical profiles of selected species were compared by HPTLC and HPLC analysis. Major chemical constituents are found to be common for the selected species. HPLC profiles also showed similarity in their peak pattern. Conclusion: Based on the phytochemical studies, the species like S. alnifolia, S. acuta and S. rhombifolia contain almost similar types of phytochemicals. However, the chemical constituents of Sida cordata are found to be different from other allied species. Further studies including pharmacological evaluation are required to ensure the therapeutic properties of allied species to confirm the substitute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thevetia thevetioides is a species within the Apocynaceae family known for containing cardenolide-glycosides, commonly referred to as cardiac glycosides, which are characteristic of this genus. The seeds of the Thevetia species are frequently used as a model source for studying cardiac steroids, as these glycosides can be more readily extracted from the oil-rich seeds than from the plant's green tissues. In this work, the cardenolide profile of ripe and immature seeds was determined and compared to establish the main differences. Ripe seeds contain six related cardenolides and triosides, with thevetin B being the predominant component. In contrast, immature seeds exhibit a total of thirteen cardiac glycosides, including monoglycosides such as neriifolin and peruvosides A, B, and C, as well as diglycosides like thevebiosides A, B, and C. Some of these compounds have previously been identified as degradation products of more complex cardiac glycosides; however, their presence in immature seeds, as described in this study, suggests that they may serve as biosynthetic precursors to the triosides observed in mature seeds. The glycoside patterns observed via HPTLC are associated with specific chemical structures characteristic of this genus, typically featuring thevetose or acetyl-thevetose at the first position, followed by glucose or gentibiose in di- or trisaccharides, independent of the trioside aglycones identified: digitoxigenin, cannogenin, or yccotligenin. Ripe seeds predominantly contain triosides, including thevetin B, C, and A, the latter of which has not been previously reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPrecise, accurate, and sensitive high performance thin layer chromatographic method has been developed and validated for simultaneous determination of efonidipine hydrochloride (EFD) and telmisartan (TEL) in a tablet dosage form which is used in treatment of hypertension. The proposed method used aluminum plates pre-coated with silica gel 60 F254 as a stationary phase and n-butanol: toluene: acetic acid (3:7:0.2, v/v/v) as a mobile phase for separation purpose. Compact spots of TEL and EFD were obtained at Rf 0.73 and 0.37, respectively. Densitometric detection was carried out at 299 nm in UV. Linear responses were shown by the detector over the range of 200–1200 ng/band for both drugs. The proposed method was validated as per ICH guidelines. The method was successfully applied for estimation of both drugs in tablet formulations. Forced degradation study was carried and efonidipine was found to be susceptible to base hydrolysis and oxidative stress degradation while TEL was stable in acid-base hydrolysis, oxidative stress, dry heat and photo stability testing conditions. The developed method can be used for the analysis of stability samples. Greenness assessment of developed method was performed using AGREE software. The method was found to be greener having greenness score of 0.69. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Delamanid is an active drug substance used in efficient treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB). A straightforward, accurate, and precise HPTLC technique has been developed and validated for the study of the delamanid. Methods: The samples were placed as bands on an aluminium TLC plate covered with silica gel. Delamanid was completely separated using ethyl acetate and n-hexane as the mobile phase; the RF value was 0.51 0.098. At 330 nm, densitometric detection was performed in the absorbance mode. This method led to the discovery of sharp, symmetrical, and well-defined peaks. Results: A linear correlation was obtained for the concentration range of 200–1200 ng/spot, with a determination coefficient of 0.992. According to the requirements set out by the International Conference on Harmonisation, the method’s accuracy, recovery, repeatability, and robustness were all validated. The limit of quantitation was determined to be 349.11 ng/spot, whereas the lowest detectable level was found to be 115.2 ng/spot. This approach permitted the analysis of delamanid in the presence of their degradation products created under various stress conditions, according to the findings of the validation research. delamanid degraded by 20.54% and 35.72% under alkaline and photodegradation conditions, respectively. Conclusion: The established method might be used to evaluate the stability of delamanid in a commercial pharmaceutical dose form. Regarding HPTLC-induced degradation of delamanid, no prior technique has been documented. This technique was successfully used to quantify the amount of delamanid in its commercially available formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to check the impact of the addition of selected flavoring herbs on the organoleptic and antioxidant properties of homemade tofu, as well as the possibility of its storage extension by freezing. The optimization of homemade tofu production based on organic soy and the enrichment (2% w/w) of obtained tofu with dried plant additives (wild garlic, basil, Herbes de Provence, black cumin seeds, and dried cranberries) was performed. The manufactured tofu was compared to commercial tofu (control) in terms of antioxidant activity, total polyphenol content, and polyphenol profile using thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Moreover, the texture profile and organoleptic assessment of the compared products were performed. The antioxidant and texture parameters were also controlled in tofu fixed by different methods: cold herbal infusion and prolonged freezing of vacuum-packed products. It was shown that homemade tofu was characterized by better sensory and texture properties than commercial product. Moreover, the introduction of plant additives to tofu increased the antioxidant activity and the content of polyphenols in the final product; the greater the activity of the herbs used, the higher the degree of tofu enrichment was achieved. In terms of all analyzed parameters, cranberries and Herbes de Provence additives to tofu were found to be the first choice. It was found that the addition of herbs to tofu allowed us to create new sensory features, enhanced the pro-healthy value, and extended the storage time. Due to no significant changes in texture and antioxidant properties of frozen tofu, as well as its acceptable microbial quality, freezing vacuum-packed tofu can be recommended as a beneficial way to extend the storage time at home condition. The addition of herbs allows for the design of new versions of tofu in accordance with consumer preferences, and the proposed packaging method can be applied on an industrial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combination treatment enhances efficacy, minimizes side effects, and improves convenience for patients with diverse treatment schedules. This compilation focuses on the simultaneous estimation of Miconazole nitrate (MNE), Mupirocin (MRN), and Mometasone furoate (MMT) using HPLC and HPTLC in an ointment which is wisely used combination for treatment of skin disorders. The optimized isocratic HPLC method consists of a C18 column, 0.02% triethylamine: methanol (15:85; % v/v), at a flow rate of 0.9 mL/min. The retention times were found to be 4.716 ± 0.082 min for MNE, 13.716 ± 0.188 min for MRN, and 2.241 ± 0.034 min for MMT using the developed method. The method was validated indetail and the quantification range found 20–180 µg/mL for both MNE and MRN and 1–9 µg/mL for MMT. In an alternative HPTLC method, toluene, ethyl acetate, and ethanol (10:3:2; v/v/v) were used as mobile phase on silica gel 60F254-coated aluminum sheets, with scanning at 240 nm. The MNE, MRN and MMT drugs spot eluted at Rf values of 0.65, 0.36, and 0.80, respectively. In-depth validation was performed and assessed statistically, including, specificity, precision, accuracy, reproducibility, and accuracy. The HPTLC method found linear in ranges of 1200–5200 ng/band for MNE and MRN, and 60–260 ng/band for MMT. Consequently, these developed chromatographic methods assessed according to green analytical principle and found sustainable. The developed methods can be effectively applied for the quantitative analysis of commercially available dosage forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study has been planned to evaluate the impact of seasonal variation in labdane-type diterpenoids namely isoforskolin, forskolin, 1,9-dideoxyforskolin and 1-deoxyforskolin in Coleus forskholii (roots). The plant samples were harvested in different seasons from our experimental field located at CSIR-NBRI garden, Lucknow (India) and metabolite contents were estimated through validated high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method. The HPTLC plate was developed in tertiary mobile phase of toluene-ethyl acetate-methanol (8.5-1-0.05 v/v) for separation of all the four metabolites. The metabolite content viz. isoforskolin, forskolin, 1,9-dideoxyforskolin and 1-deoxyforskolin varies from 0.0247% to 0.198%, 0.238 to 0.730%, 0.056 to 0.161% and 0.0401 to 0.332% on dry weight basis respectively. The maximum content of metabolites was recorded in winter season and was found optimum for harvesting of C. forskholii roots. Optimization of harvesting season for this industrially valuable medicinal plant will lead to sustainable sources of good quality raw material to herbal drug industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galanthamine is an immensely valuable alkaloid exhibiting anti-cancer and antiviral activity. The cultivation of plant tissues in in vitro conditions is a good source for the synthesis and enrichment of secondary metabolites of commercial interest. In this study, the Amaryllidaceae alkaloid galanthamine was quantified in three Zephyranthes species, such as Zephyranthes candida, Zephyranthes grandiflora, and Zephyranthes citrina, and the impact of the methyl jasmonate (MJ) signaling molecule on galanthamine accumulation was monitored in in vitro-derived plant tissues. This is the first ever study of the MJ-regulated accumulation of galanthamine in in vitro-grown Zephyranthes tissues. Shoot regeneration was obtained in all three Zephyranthes species on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 2.0 mgL−1 benzylaminopurine (BAP) + 0.5 mgL−1 naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The regenerated shoots were rooted on a medium containing 2.0 mgL−1 indole butyric acid (IBA). A GC-MS study of Zephyranthes extracts revealed the presence of 34 phyto-compounds of varied levels with therapeutic activities against diseases. The galanthamine content was quantified in plant parts of the three Zephyranthes species using high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC); the maximum was found in Z. candida bulb (2.41 µg g−1 dry wt.), followed by Z. grandiflora (2.13 µg g−1 dry wt.), and then Z. citrina (2.02 µg g−1 dry wt.). The galanthamine content showed bulb > leaf > root source order. The in vitro-generated plantlets were treated with different MJ concentrations, and the galanthamine yield was measured in bulb, leaf, and root tissues. The highest galanthamine content was recorded in bulbs of Z. candida (3.97 µg g−1 dry wt.) treated with 150 µM MJ, showing an increase of 64.73% compared to the control. This accumulation may be attributed to MJ-induced stress, highlighting the potential commercial synthesis of galanthamine in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of propolis samples from various regions across Western Australia and identifies some phenolic constituents using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined using a modified Folin–Ciocalteu assay, and antioxidant activity was investigated with the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay and also visualised and semi-quantified by HPTLC-DPPH analysis. TPC values ranged from 9.26 to 59.3 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of raw propolis and FRAP assay data from 4.34 to 53.8 mmol Fe2+ mmol/kg of raw propolis, although some of these variations might be related to differences in extraction yields obtained with 70% ethanol. The presence of luteolin, taxifolin, naringenin, and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid was confirmed based on a comprehensive, validated matching approach against an HPTLC-derived database. The findings of the study highlight the importance of future research on the chemical composition and bioactivity of Western Australian propolis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medicated oils and Clarified butter are often utilized in the Traditional System of Indian Medicine for internal and external use. To improve the durability and efficacy of therapeutic oil unique processing is advocated known as Murchhana. Specific ingredients are mentioned for each oil. The current work seeks to conduct a comparative analytical evaluation of processed and unprocessed castor oil. Materials and Methods: Both the oils were analyzed for rancidity, specific gravity at 25°C, refractive index, iodine value, saponification value, acid value, peroxide value, free fatty acids, and HPTLC. Results: There was a significant difference between unprocessed and processed castor oil. Physicochemical and HPTLC analysis revealed significant differences in all samples, indicating that extra active chemicals were obtained in the processed oil. Saponification Value was increased in processed oil, however, iodine value, and acid value were found to decrease indicating the enhancement of the shelf life. Thus, utilizing adopting processing techniques the shelf life of the oil can be improved. Conclusion: Based on the results of analytical criteria, it implies the significance of processing the castor oil as mentioned in the Ayurvedic texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Bala is an important Ayurvedic drug used for the treatment of many diseases. Sida cordifolia (L.), Malvaceae family, is the genuine source drug of Bala as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India. The other species of Sida like Sida acuta, Sida rhombifolia, Sida alnifolia and Sida cordata are also used as adulterants or substitutes of Bala. The objective of the present study is to identify a scientifically validated substitute for Bala (Sida cordifolia) by detailed phytochemical evaluation of its allied species. Results Preliminary analysis showed that all the selected species contain similar class of compounds like alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, etc. Quantitative estimation of major class of compounds such as total alkaloids, total phenolics and total flavonoids was done by spectrophotometric methods. Polyphenolic contents of selected species are almost comparable. In the case of alkaloids, variations have been observed among the species. Chemical profiles of selected species were compared by HPTLC and HPLC analysis. Major chemical constituents are found to be common for the selected species. HPLC profiles also showed similarity in their peak pattern. Conclusion Based on the phytochemical studies, the species like S. alnifolia, S. acuta and S. rhombifolia contain almost similar types of phytochemicals. However, the chemical constituents of Sida cordata are found to be different from other allied species. Further studies including pharmacological evaluation are required to ensure the therapeutic properties of allied species to confirm the substitute.

Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort. of the family Chenopodiaceae, is an annual succulent herb growing on salty marshy habitat as one of the dominant mangrove associate species and also as pure vegetation of that. It is regularly harnessed by the local people for use as food as well as for alleviating different maladies. Alpha-amyrin, a triterpenoid, is a remarkable biomolecule available in S. maritima. It is reported to have cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. A survey of the amount of alpha-amyrin content available in the individuals of S. maritima, collected from eight different regions of the sea coast of the bay of Bengal like, Digha, Sankarpur, Tajpur, Dadanpatrabarh, Shoula, Bankiput and Petuaghat, was conducted with normal phase high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) in this study. It also portrayed variation in the amount of alpha-amyrin among the plant individuals of the species growing in the said zones. The existence of variation in the amount of alpha-amyrin seems to be prospective for selecting the best producer out of them.

Background: The global promotion of herbal products is not at par due to a lack of quality control studies. Marham-i-Raal, a pharmacopoeial ointment, treats various types of ulcers and wounds. The present study evaluates the quality control, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties of Marham-i-Raal. Methods: The quality control parameters, including loss of weight on drying, pH, total ash value, acid-insoluble ash value, heavy metal analysis, microbial load, and high-performance thin-layer chromatography of Marham-i-Raal, were carried out. Moreover, the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Marham-i-Raal were also investigated. Results: The quality control findings of Marham-i-Raal, including weight loss on drying, pH, total ash value, acid-insoluble ash value, heavy metal analysis, and microbial load, were found within the normal limits. The antimicrobial study of Marham-i-Raal has shown promising effects against gram-positive bacteria and Candida albicans. The antioxidant effects of the test drug were also found to be significant at higher concentrations against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid methods. Conclusion: The standards developed for the quality control of Marham-i-Raal may be referred to in the future for further studies. This important Unani ointment may be clinically used to treat non-healing ulcers and wounds.

• The study explores antifungal activity of leaf extract of Chenopodium album var. album L. • The ethyl acetate extract of C. album showed excellent antifungal activity against Candida strains • Fraction 2, isolated via column chromatography, exhibited potent antifungal activity against pathogenic Candida strains. • The chemical characterization of F2 fraction were evaluated through GC–MS Chenopodium album var. album L., renowned as lamb's quarters, is a versatile medicinal plant, revealing its efficacy in treating various ailments. This study evaluated the in vitro antifungal activity of ethyl acetate extract of C. album var. album L. Chenopodium album leaf extract demonstrated antifungal potential via the Agar well-diffusion and Broth-dilution method. Active fractions, obtained through column chromatography, were rigorously tested against Candida spp. The most potent fraction underwent detailed analysis with High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), for comprehensive characterization. The ethyl acetate extract (EAE) exhibited significant antifungal activity, with Candida albicans being the most susceptible (inhibition zone of 14.67 ± 0.58a). Fractionation of the EAE yielded a highly active F2 fraction, which showed a remarkable zone of inhibition against C. albicans (17.50 ± 1.00a). Comprehensive examinations, including HPTLC, GC–MS, and FT-IR, identified 12 compounds in the F2 fraction, and the major compounds were Furo [2,3- c ] pyridine, 2,3-dihydro-2,7-dimethyl, Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and 2,3,4,4-Tretrapropyl-1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-(trimethylsilyloxy)-1,3-diaza-2,4-diborabutane. This study marks the first report of these 12 compounds identified from the F2 fraction of C. album. The present study highlights the antifungal activity of EAE and its fractions from C. album var. album that could be further explored for the selection of leads that may contribute to novel drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Two sensitive, straightforward and repeatable chromatographic techniques were developed for the determination of Cytarabine HCl and Dexamethazone in their pure form and spiked human plasma without prior separation. The drugs are used co-administered for the treatment of Leukemia, a certain type of blood cancer. Method (A) is an isocratic chromatographic HPLC method; separation was accomplished on C18 column using the eluting mixture of 6.9 g/L Monobasic Sodium Phosphate pH 3: methanol (70:30, v/v) and detection was at 275 nm. Concentrations were in the range of 0.2–15 μg/mL for both CYT and DEX. Method (B) is a HPTLC method in which separation was attained on HPTLC F254 plates using methanol: ethyl acetate: ammonia, (7.8:2:0.2, by volume) as eluting solvents and detection was at 275 nm. Concentrations were in the range of 0.1–4 μg/band for both CYT and DEX. The parameters for system suitability testing were evaluated to determine the effectiveness of the developed chromatographic procedures in terms of performance. The recently developed techniques were applied for the determination of the drugs under investigation in spiked human plasma. Validation parameters were examined in accordance with US-FDA criteria. All results were found to be within the acceptable ranges. To evaluate the greenness characters of the proposed methods to the environment; three greenness assessment tools including eco-scale assessments (ESA), green analytical procedure index (GAPI), and Analytical Greenness calculator (AGREE) were used. Acceptable and satisfying results that demonstrated the greenness characteristics of the suggested methods were attained.

Abstract Two rapid, precise, and sensitive stability-indicating high performance chromatographic methods for the measurement of Teriflunomide in its degradation products’ existence were developed. These were RP-HPLC and HPTLC using UV detector. HPLC separation was accomplished utilizing Thermo BDS hypercil C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) and acetonitrile: 0.03 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate: triethylamine (50:50:0.1%, by volume) as mobile phase at flow rate of 1mL/min. The separated peaks were detected at 250.0 nm. The densitometric approach was conducted utilizing HPTLC 60 F254 silica gel plates, and a developing system of benzene: ethanol: acetic acid (7.5:1:0.25, by volume) and detection was done at 250.0 nm. The developed approaches were evaluated regarding the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) instructions. The calibration curves of both techniques were constructed with linearity ranges of (5-100) µg/mL and (2–10) µg /band, for HPLC and densitometric determination, consecutively. Teriflunomide was exposed to base and acid hydrolysis, oxidation using H2O2 and finally, thermal degradation as stated in ICH guidelines. The degradation product structures’ elucidation was achieved through LC-MS.

According to the study carried out at the University of Bristol, 60% of oregano spices present on the European Union (EU) market are adulterated with olive, myrtle, cistus, and hazelnut leaves. According to the same authors, the sage products are adulterated by similar bulking agents. The aim of this study was to assess possibilities for detection of sage adulteration by olive leaves using high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled with digital image analysis and multivariate linear regression/classification (partial least squares and partial least squares discriminant analysis). Twenty‐four samples (4 pure sage leaves, 4 pure olive leaves, and 16 mixtures of olive and sage leaves with content of added olive leaves varying in 5%, 10%, 20%, and 50%) have been prepared, extracted, and analyzed under normal‐phase conditions. Several derivatization methods were tested, and derivatized HPTLC plates were inspected under visible or ultraviolet light. Digital images of chromatograms were recorded. In order to minimize effects of intraplate and interplate peak shifts, background changes, and baseline drifts, correlation‐optimized warping, standard normal variate, and mean centering were applied to acquired signals. Partial least squares and partial least squares discriminant analysis models with moderate complexity (two to four latent variables) based on chromatographic signals obtained after derivatization by FeCl3, anisaldehyde–sulfuric acid, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl demonstrated good statistical performances with R2 ranging 0.894–0.998 and relative prediction error of 4–12%. Misclassification error <4% was obtained in the case of 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl and anisaldehyde–sulfuric acid derivatization. Therefore, HPTLC combined with multivariate image analysis, signal processing, and linear modeling proved to be promising, cost‐effective chromatographic tool for assessment of sage adulteration by olive leaves. A possibility for detection of sage adulteration by olive leaves using high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled with digital image analysis and multivariate linear regression/classification (PLS and PLS‐DA) was assessed. HPTLC derivatization by anisaldehyde–sulfuric acid (detection of terpenoids), DPPH reagent (antioxidants), and 3% FeCl3 solution (phenolic compounds) lead to models of good statistical performances with R2 ranging 0.894–0.998 and relative prediction error of 4–12%. Misclassification error <4% was obtained in the case of DPPH and anisaldehyde–sulfuric acid derivatization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to isolate and purify resveratrol and oxyresveratrol from the heartwoods of Maclura cochinchinensis, and to evaluate their inhibitory effects on melanogenesis in B16F10 murine melanoma cells. A methanol maceration process yielded a crude extract comprising 24.86% of the initial mass, which was subsequently analyzed through HPTLC, HPLC, and LC-MS/MS. These analyses revealed the presence of resveratrol and oxyresveratrol at concentrations of 4.32 mg/g and 33.6 mg/g in the extract, respectively. Initial purification employing food-grade silica gel column chromatography separated the extract into two fractions: FA, exhibiting potent inhibition of both tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis, and FM, showing no such inhibitory activity. Further purification processes led to the isolation of fractions Y11 and Gn12 with enhanced concentrations of resveratrol (94.9 and 110.21 mg/g, respectively) and fractions Gn15 and Gn16 with elevated levels of oxyresveratrol (321.93 and 274.59 mg/g, respectively), all of which significantly reduced melanin synthesis. These outcomes affirm the substantial presence of resveratrol and oxyresveratrol in the heartwood of M. cochinchinensis, indicating their promising role as natural agents for skin lightening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research investigates the stability of 7-hydroxy coumarin i.e. umbelliferone, a compound with diverse applications, through forced degradation studies under various conditions. These investigations aim to comprehend its susceptibility to degradation and provide insights crucial for its safe handling and formulation. Umbelliferone displays differing degrees of vulnerability to distinct stressors: it exhibits higher susceptibility to alkali-induced and photolytic degradation, signaling the necessity for cautious management under these conditions. Conversely, it demonstrates moderate susceptibility to acid and water-induced degradation. The findings underscore the importance of handling umbelliferone carefully, particularly in environments, where it is more prone to degradation. Furthermore, the study suggests future explorations to elucidate the structures of degradation products, potentially enhancing our understanding of its stability profile. This comprehensive analysis not only elucidates umbelliferone's stability nuances but also accentuates the significance of forced degradation studies in evaluating the inherent stability of pharmaceutical compounds, offering crucial insights for formulation and storage practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two chemical components Escitalopram (ESC) and Etizolam (ETZ) are beneficial for the health of individuals because it helps to treat anxiety. The study mainly illustrated that a green approach is essential in the medical sector with the help of "Green Analytical quality by design". According to AQbD, the techniques of HPTLC have become eco-friendly, and decided to use "ESC" and "ETZ". Hence, ethanol and phosphate buffer pH 3.5 adjusted with 1% "orthophosphoric acid". After the retardation factor, the product ESC was found at 0.34 min and ETZ was found at 0.53 min. The linearity of ETZ the range varies from 300 to 1800 μg mL−1 and for ESC it varies from 100 to 600 μg mL−1. The validation parameter of R 2 Values ranged from 0.9997 to 0.9994 for both ESC and ETZ. The study also demonstrated that different other methods were also useful for the medical sector to make it more convenient and eco-friendly. Some of those approaches are "GAPI", "AGMS", "NEMI", and "AGREE". The outcome of the study helped to find that the technique "HPTLC" is a green analytic design that helps to maintain the stability of the medicine and it was also approved as a quality design and also a novel approach in the pharmaceutical sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcuma caesia Roxb. is an ethnomedicinally important, essential oil (EO) yielding aromatic plant. A total of twelve accessions of this plant rhizome were collected from six different agro-climatic zones of West Bengal, India and evaluated for their antimicrobial activities against eight disease-causing, multi-drug-resistant pathogenic strains of urinary-tract infection and respiratory-tract infection. The EO and extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity, with the highest inhibition zone of 18.00 ± 0.08 and 17.50 ± 0.14 mm against Klebsiella pneumoniae by accession 06, even where all the broad-spectrum antibiotics failed to respond. In this study, we employed high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) to quantify curcumin, the primary secondary metabolite of C. caesia, and the highest 0.228 mg/gm of curcumin resulted from accession 06. Hence, on the basis of all aspects, accession 06 was identified as the elite chemotype among all twelve accessions. The chemical profiling of EO from accession 06 was done using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC–MS). Conceivably, about 13 medicinally significant compounds were detected. As this plant species is seasonal and has difficulties in conventional breeding due to dormancy, it must be conserved through in vitro tissue culture for a steady supply throughout the year in massive amounts for agricultural demand. A maximum number of 19.28 ± 0.37 shoots has been obtained in MS medium fortified with 6-Benzylaminopurine, Kinetin, and Naphthalene acetic acid. The genetic uniformity of the plants has been studied through Start Codon Targeted Polymorphism. Therefore, this study must help meet the need for essential phytoactive compounds through a simple, validated, and reproducible plant tissue culture protocol throughout the year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two rapid, precise, and sensitive stability-indicating high performance chromatographic methods for the measurement of Teriflunomide in its degradation products' existence were developed. These were RP-HPLC and HPTLC using UV detector. HPLC separation was accomplished utilizing Thermo BDS hypercil C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) and acetonitrile: 0.03 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate: triethylamine (50:50:0.1%, by volume) as mobile phase at flow rate of 1mL/min. The separated peaks were detected at 250.0 nm. The densitometric approach was conducted utilizing HPTLC 60 F254 silica gel plates, and a developing system of benzene: ethanol: acetic acid (7.5:1:0.25, by volume) and detection was done at 250.0 nm. The developed approaches were evaluated regarding the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) instructions. The calibration curves of both techniques were constructed with linearity ranges of (5-100) µg/mL and (2–10) µg /band, for HPLC and densitometric determination, consecutively. Teriflunomide was exposed to base and acid hydrolysis, oxidation using H2O2 and finally, thermal degradation as stated in ICH guidelines. The degradation product structures' elucidation was achieved through LC-MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The methanolic extracts of selected Stachys and Betonica species were analyzed by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method using cyano bonded stationary phase and mobile phase consisted of methanol and water 45:55 (v/v) with Natural product reagent derivatization. The HPTLC method was validated (linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, LOD, LOQ) and the validation results confirm the usefulness of the method used. The obtained images of fingerprint chromatograms presented as numerical data (using the TLC analyzer program) were next processed using Excel and SpecAlign softwares. The phytochemical similarity between analyzed plant extracts was evaluated using the similarity index (Pearson correlation coefficient) and the results were presented as hierarchical cluster analysis dendrograms and as graph for principal component analysis (PCA). The total phenolic content (TPC) by Folin-Ciocalteu method and the antioxidant activity with Ferric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Potential (FRAP) technique were determined for studied extracts using gallic acid as standards in both methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thomson is an ethnomedicinal plant belonging to the family Menispermaceae, known for its multi-disciplinary use. The present study is focused on selecting an elite plant chemotype through phytocompound quantification and antimicrobial activity assay against multi-drug-resistant (MDR) urinary-tract-infecting (UTI) pathogens, being a growing concern for mortality and antimicrobial resistance nowadays. Twelve accessions of this plant were collected from different agro-climatic zones of West Bengal, and crude extraction was done by solvent optimization. Sample TC 07 resulted in maximum crude extract yield in methanol. All twelve sample extracts showed antimicrobial efficacy against eight pathogens producing significant inhibition zones, while TC 07 resulting maximum inhibition zone of 16.37 ± 0.12 mm against Staphylococcus aureus. Extracts were evaluated through high-performance thin-layer chromatography, which resulted in optimum amount of berberine (5.05 ± 0.05 mg/g) and palmatine (3.00 ± 0.11 mg/g) in TC 07, significantly higher compared to other accessions. Therefore, comparing the data, TC 07 was considered as the elite chemotype and introduced in in vitro culture for conservation. The maximum number of shoot (16.39 ± 0.09) production was obtained in MS medium containing 2.0 mg/l 6-Benzylaminopurine and 1.0 mg/l meta-Topolin. The plant was acclimatized in ex-vitro condition and confirmed for optimum bioactive compound production through high-performance liquid chromatography. The cytogenetic stability of the regenerated plantlets was ensured using chromosome number determination, and through start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism. Therefore, this study provides a simple, validated and reproducible method for optimal berberine and palmatine production and controlling MDR-UTI pathogens.Key message: This study demonstrates the antimicrobial efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia's crude extract against eight MDR-UTI bacteria. Furthermore, it introduces a reliable extraction procedure and an in vitro multiplication protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ayurvedic medicines have a lot of potential because of their comprehensive approach to illness care, yet there is a need for sufficient standardization before they can be used in mainstream medicine. Nevertheless, there is a lack of work efforts directed towards the concurrent assessment of biomarkers in polyherbal churna using HPTLC fingerprinting. The objective of this study is to explore bioactive principles such as Gallic acid, Berberine, and Trigonelline in polyherbal churna using HPTLC fingerprinting. Materials and Methods: The in-house polyherbal churna is a blend of Amla, Methi, and Daruharidra. The formulation underwent a standardization process based on multiple quality control parameters. Using HPTLC technique, pharmacologically active biomarkers including gallic acid, trigonelline, and berberine were successfully identified. The mobile phase used for the HPTLC analysis was a mixture of Toluene: Ethylacetate: Glacial acetic acid: Water in the ratio of 2:3:4:1 v/v/v/v. Results: The method developed exhibited linearity, specificity, reproducibility, robustness, and accuracy, ultimately redefining the characteristics of the approach and cost-effective. The examination confirmed the presence of three biomarkers in the polyherbal churna, with corresponding Rf values of 0.66 for gallic acid, 0.12 for trigonelline, and 0.61 for berberine, respectively. Conclusion: The proposed HPTLC approach, which was developed, utilizes a more recent technique for simultaneously fingerprinting biomarkers from polyherbal formulations containing Amla, Methi, and Daruharidra. The method can be used for standardization of different herbal formulation containing these plant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Natural products enhance the standard of living, which greatly contributes to maintaining human health. Associated oxidative stress-mediated problems have been treated using Aerva lanata Linn. Juss in traditional and folkloric medicine. Objectives: The research aims to analyze the phytochemical profile using HPTLC of MEAL (methanol extracts of Aerva lanata) and AEAL (aqueous extracts of Aerva lanata) and to determinein vitro antioxidant capacity of MEAL and AEAL. The use of HPTLC fingerprint analysis will aid in identifying and monitoring drug effectiveness and ensuring therapeutic efficacy. Materials and Methods: Total phenol content, free radical scavenging efficiency of DPPH (1,1 diphenyl 2 picryl hydrazyl), ferric ion reducing antioxidant, and phosphomolybdate assays were used to determine in vitro antioxidant activity at various concentrations. Results: The number of phyto-constituents in MEAL at 375 nm and 550 nm was found to be more than AEAL. MEAL had a, stronger DPPH free radical scavenging capacity, higher phenol content, lower ferric ion antioxidant potential, and lower phosphomolybdenum assay. The natural phytoconstituents present in the plant extracts are responsible for antioxidant activity. As sample concentration increases, the antioxidant activity becomes more effective. Conclusion: The outcome results of the present investigation suggested that aerial parts of Aerva lanata could provide a source of natural antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In several parts of Africa, Securidaca longipenduculata Fresen is a medicinal plant that has become well-known in traditional medicine for its wide range of therapeutic uses. The first goal of this study was to establish a high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) chemical fingerprint for S. longipenduculata roots as a reference for quality control. Methanol was used to extract the root samples that were collected from seven distinct locations in the Vhembe area of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. To resolve the major compounds from the sample matrix, an HPTLC method was optimized. The developing solvent was chloroform: ethyl acetate: methanol: formic acid (90:5:30:1), while the derivatizing agent used to view the plates was p-anisaldehyde/sulphuric acid. The developed HPTLC method was able to resolve the chemical constituents from the root crude material to enable clear identification of six chemical markers. The second goal was to investigate Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) functional group information of the species in conjunction with multivariate statistical analysis. A web-based high throughput metabolomic program called MetaboAnalyst was used to build several chemometric models including principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal projection to latent structures-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). HCA analysis of data identified two clusters and additional analysis verified the quantitative differences between the samples. The FT-IR spectra of S. longipedunculata roots revealed a total of 15 metabolites that could be used as potential markers to differentiate between samples taken from the seven different locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The antiviral medication genre comprises the synthetic purine nucleoside analogue acyclovir, which particularly is used to treat varicella-zoster and herpes simplex virus infections. By incorporating into viral DNA to stop further synthesis, acyclovir limits DNA synthesis and viral multiplication. The investigation of an economical alternative was spurred by the existence of the currently used HPLC and UV techniques for acyclovir analysis, which are recognized for their solvent-intensive character. The innovation offers a more cost-effective method of pharmaceutical analysis along with improving sustainability. Materials and Methods: Using a CAMAG Linomat 5 sampler, the samples were spotted in the form of bands on a precoated silica gel plate using a CAMAG microliter syringe. The application rate was kept constant at 100 nL/sec and the spacing between the tracks was set. Chloroform, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol and strong ammonia (2:4:3:1 v/v/v/v) constitute the mobile phase. The development process was linear ascending in a twin trough glass chamber that was saturated with a mobile phase. To estimate acyclovir, densitometric scanning was carried out in the absorbance mode at 254 nm. Results: With r2=0.9974, the calibration plots' linear regression analysis results demonstrated a strong linear association. The limit of quantification was 11.7726 µg/mL, whereas the limit of detection was 3.884 µg/mL. Conclusion: According to statistical analysis of the data, the approach was found to be precise, accurate, repeatable, sensitive and selective for the analysis of acyclovir. The technique will work well for routine quality control when estimating acyclovir as a bulk medication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A simple, selective and sensitive HPTLC method was developed for simultaneous estimation of Telmisartan (TEL) and Gallic acid (GA). Oxidative stress produces hypertension, GA having antioxidative property that reduces ROS. TEL is safer angiotensin-1 receptor blocker. Objectives: Literatures suggest antioxidant with cardiovascular drug produce synergistic effect. Materials and Methods: The stationary-phase used was aluminium-backed silica gel 60F254 HPTLC plates (20 cm×10 cm, thickness-0.2 mm). The mobile-phase consisted of ethyl acetate: methanol: chloroform: acetic acid in the ratio of 4:2:2:0.2(v/v). Drugs were exposed to different stress conditions (Acid, Alkali, Oxidative, Thermal and Photolytic) for 8 hr, analysed at intervals of 2 hr. Detection and quantification were performed densitometrically (200-400 nm). Results: Calibration plots showed good linear relation, with better correlation coefficient (R2). AUC of the drugs were between the concentration ranges of 200-1200 ng/spot. For GA, Rf value was 0.60, LOD-5.494 ng/spot, and LOQ-16.65 ng/spot. For TEL, Rf value was 0.67, LOD-19.877 ng/spot, and LOQ-60.235 ng/spot. In alkaline solution, TEL degraded up to 12.5%, and GA degraded completely. Whereas, in oxidative environment 30% and 30.55% degradation of TEL and GA were noted. Conclusion: Developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines, the performed forced degradation study will help for drug stability and formulation development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work encompassed the assay quantification of diltiazem hydrochloride and its degradation impurity F by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). HPTLC was performed with chloroform‒methanol‒formic acid (7.5:1.5:0.2, V/V) as the mobile phase and aluminum-backed thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates precoated with a 200 μm layer of silica gel 60 F254 as the stationary phase. The densitometric chromatograms were performed at 254 nm, and the method was validated as recommended in the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. Statistical data from the analysis showed that the method is precise and highly sensitive. The correlation coefficient values of diltiazem hydrochloride and its impurity F were 0.9998 and 0.9975, respectively. The limit of detection was 76.81 ng/zone for diltiazem hydrochloride and 29.21 ng/zone for impurity F, while the limit of quantification was 232.77 ng/zone for diltiazem hydrochloride and 87.05 ng/zone for impurity F. The preciseness of the method was demonstrated and calculated as the % relative standard deviation for diltiazem hydrochloride and its impurity F. The mean recovery of the accuracy for diltiazem hydrochloride was between 98.23% and 100.29%, whereas for impurity F it was 100.02‒100.29%. The simplicity of the method proves its applicability for the quantification of impurity F during the synthesis of diltiazem hydrochloride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Aegle marmelos is well known for its therapeutic properties in the Indian traditional medicinal system. The presence of important bioactive compounds in plants makes them pharmacologically valuable. Therefore, in the present study, the high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis of hydroalcoholic extract of Aegle marmelos was performed for its phytochemical profiling. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical screening was done. HPTLC studies were carried out. CAMAG make HPTLC system equipped with Linomat 5 applicator, TLC scanner 3, Reprostar 3 and WIN CATS were used. The HPTLC densitometric analysis of the hydroalcoholic extract of Aegle marmelos was carried out using CAMAG HPTLC system, and the results were obtained in the form of chromatograms (scanned at the wavelength of 254 nm and 366 nm) representing several peaks. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, proteins, fats and oils. TLC resulted in identification of three spots found in the hydroalcoholic extract. The phytochemical profile of the plant was determined and presented in the tables showing the total number of peaks, peak heights, peak area, percent area, and Rf values. HPTLC finger printing of hydroalcoholic extract of Aegle marmelos under white light reveal presence of five components 0.04, 0.03, 0.29, 0.42, 0.49. Component number 2,3 and 4 at Rf 0.03, 0.29 and 0.42 showed maximum concentration. Conclusion: The study concluded that hydroalcoholic extract of Aegle marmelos contains a rich variety of phytochemicals which might be accountable for its therapeutic value and thus justifies its traditional use in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The current research work focuses on the sustainable utilization of plant biomass so that two separate classes of phytocompounds (volatile and non‐volatile principles) can be extracted from the same biomass simultaneously. The hydro‐diffusion and gravity variant of solvent‐free microwave‐based extraction (MHG‐SFME) was attempted for the extraction of Piper betle L. essential oil (PBEO). RESULTS: The threat of milky emulsion has been exemplified for the first time which is likely to occur when the biomass temperature exceeds a critical value (85 °C). A microwave power level of 255 W with 25 min of extraction time produced PBEO with eugenol content 123% more than that obtained with steam distillation (SD). The said optimal MHG‐SFME conditions returned PBEO with the highest phenolic (20.8 mg GAE g−1 of oil) and eugenol (657.57 μg g−1) contents. PBEO showed better thermal behavior when compared to the EO obtained from SD. CONCLUSION: The proposed method was capable of retaining non‐volatile principles, as the retention of total phenolics in biomass after MHG‐SFME was found to be 95%, indicating reusability of the biomass for the extraction of non‐volatile principles. In contrast, the retention factor of phenolics content for SD was found to be 17.7% only. Real‐time evidence in the form of chemo‐microscopy and scanning electron microscopy was generated to understand the retention of phenolics and ultrastructural changes upon microwave exposure. Complete glandular rupture was evident in the biomass subjected to MHG‐SFME while the oil glands appeared squeezed for the biomass which underwent SD. Complete profiling of phenolics and flavonoid principles of the leftover biomass was carried out. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Houttuynia cordata Thunb. is an edible medicinal herb belonging to the Saururaceae family. Although the effects of the plant extracts on several diabetic-related parameters have been documented in the past, there is no documentation of the effects of this plant on sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 or dipeptidyl peptidase-IV- key drug targets for type 2 diabetes. The present study identified and screened phytoconstituents present in H. cordata Thunb. and characterized their ADME/Tox properties. The compounds present in aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of H. cordata Thunb. were identified using High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography, and Gas Chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Compounds obeying the Lipinski's Rule of 5 and having high gastrointestinal absorption were then selected and docked with dipeptidyl peptidase-IV and sodium/glucose cotransporter 2. Results: Chromatographic analysis showed the presence of several compounds by matching their recorded spectra with the data bank mass spectra from the NIST library. ADME/Tox properties and docking of the identified compounds indicate the potentiality of the compounds as antidiabetic drug candidates. Conclusions: The compounds from Houttuynia cordata have good binding affinities to peptidase-IV and sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 and can therefore be used as their inhibitors. However, isolation of these phytoconstituents and their in vivo activity will help give a better insight and will open a new area of investigation of individual components and their pharmacological potency.

Background: Cissus quadrangularis is an indigenous medicinal herb which belongs to the family Vitaceae & commonly found in tropical and subtropical xeric wood. This plant is prescribed in the ancient Ayurvedic literature as a general tonic with excellent bone fracture healing properties. Different analytical approaches must be used to characterise the extracts to ascertain the therapeutic efficacy of different solvent-based plant extracts. Aim: Different extracts of Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) were screened by TLC, antioxidant activity and HPTLC. Methods: In the present study, the preliminary phytoconstituents’ analysis of sequential extracts of CQ; Petroleum ether extract (PECQ), Chloroform extract (ChCQ), Ethanol extract (EtCQ) and Water extract (WCQ) has been done by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Additionally, the usage of derivative reagents and the reaction mechanism between derivative reagents and phytoconstituents were used to confirm the kind of phytoconstituents. The extracts were also evaluated by antioxidant activity that was accessed by the DPPH assay. The extract with the highest antioxidant activity was standardised by HPTLC. Results: Terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, coumarin, steroidal (phytoestrogen) and other phenolic/polyphenolic phytoconstituents were found to be present in extracts of Cissus quadrangularis. EtCQ showed the highest radical scavenging activity with an IC50 of 31.71±0.30 µg/ml which was significantly higher than PECQ, ChCQ and WCQ extract with an IC50 of 84.82±0.35 µg/ml, 79.16±0.35 µg/ml and 215.06±0.25 µg/ml respectively. EtCQ was standardized by HPTLC to quantify the marker constituent. Conclusion: This publication is the first to describe the in-depth analysis of Cissus quadrangularis extracts using thin-layer chromatography, as well as potential detection pathways using different reagents. TLC profiling also justifies the antioxidant behaviour of different extracts.

Background: Abrus precatorius L. is a noxious vein native to south east asia and popularly called as Gunja in Ayurveda. The seeds of this plant are considered as a potent raw drug used in various herbal formulations such as Gunjadi tailam, Gunjagarbha rasa etc. and used to treat various ailments such as dermal disorders, cysts, snake poisoning and may other conditions. Before utilizing for the herbal formulations, the seeds are classically processed due to the presence of well reported toxic protalbumin named Abrin with the human fatal dose of 0.1–1 µg/kg. Methods: In this work three varieties of Abrus precatorius L. seeds (Red, White and Black) were collected from the southern part of India and subjected for the detoxification process in order to analyze the efficiency of technique on different varieties of seeds. For processing the seeds, the classically fermented supernatant of rice gruel named kanjika was prepared and the pH was analyzed. Before and after processing, the seeds were analyzed for phytoconstituents with histochemistry technique and the hydroalcoholic extracts were prepared and qualitatively estimated for phytochemicals. The detoxification efficiency was analysed using HPTLC method by qualitative and quantitative estimation of Abrin levels by comparing with standard marker. Following that, cytotoxicity study was conducted against Vero (Healthy kidney) cell lines to ensure reduced toxicity in in-vitro conditions. Results: The process of Shodhana has changed the phytochemical levels in the processed seeds in comparison with unprocessed seeds in all three varieties. In connection to that, the extracts prepared with processed seeds have expressed lesser cytotoxicity and can be used as a drug with lesser side effects in whatever indications applicable. Conclusion: It is concluded that Shodhana with kanjika is efficient in processing all three varieties of Abrus precatorius seeds and is more effective in processing white seeds than the red and black varieties.