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Horticulture can be produced on a small piece of land and yet will be a profitable venture in the long run. Thus, horticulture can be promoted as a subset of agro-division for the overall agriculture sector growth. The horticulture sector is fast growing in production and utilization with ever-growing scientific and technological support. Horticulture grows significantly higher than overall Agriculture Sector with the least cost. Horticulture development was never a priority. The study is put forth an impact assessment of Pre-MIDH policy intervention (2001-2015) and post-MIDH (2015-2021) measuring through an Independent sample test. Also, evaluate the impact of MIDH on overall Horticulture - area, production and productivity via a dummy regression model and verify the efficacy of MIDH policy. The paper also focuses on the issue of productivity of the horticulture sector during policy intervention. Based on descriptive statistics and independent sample test the research identifies the multiple linear regressions for policy framework in the Horticulture Sector. The study shows that total productivity has decreased despite the MIDH policy initiative. Thus we can say that horticulture has much greater unused potential to generate agricultural income from multiple sources and have capacity to boost our country's economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

. The economic crises of the years 1980-1990 weakened the power of African states to create decent jobs, fight against poverty and ameliorate the living conditions of the population. Just as other African countries, Cameroon has been hard hit by this crisis as well as the damaging effects of the structural adjustment plan. Currently, Cameroonian towns with the example of Yaoundé are at the centre of socioeconomic innovations, indigenous know how and circular economy. This situation is shown on the spot by the interest given by the populations to the novel initiatives and the creation of income generating activities. Such is the case with the horticulture trade in the towns of Douala and Yaoundé. In effect, the sale of natural flowers is an activity that is increasing in proportion in these two towns of Cameroon. Here, flowers are no longer only vegetation species meant for decoration. They are more than ever sold and give employment to a wide variety of people young and old. In the town of Yaoundé, a flower market has been created at avenue Foch at ABBIA. This study analyses the socioeconomic and spatial implications of this market. A survey, of 38 of the 73 vendors in the flower market of the town of Yaoundé in 2015, shows that the sale of natural flowers is part of the socioeconomic landscape of Yaoundé. Today, it generates enormous income that contributes in the amelioration of the lives of those involved in it. It contributes to significant spatial flux in Yaoundé and the entire Cameroon. But it is important for it to be organised and made popular so that its actors can draw significant income for an emerging Cameroonian economy.

The economic crises of the years 1980-1990 weakened the power of African states to create decent jobs, fight against poverty and ameliorate the living conditions of the population. Just as other African countries, Cameroon has been hard hit by this crisis as well as the damaging effects of the structural adjustment plan. Currently, Cameroonian towns with the example of Yaoundé are at the centre of socioeconomic innovations, indigenous know how and circular economy. This situation is shown on the spot by the interest given by the populations to the novel initiatives and the creation of income generating activities. Such is the case with the horticulture trade in the towns of Douala and Yaoundé. In effect, the sale of natural flowers is an activity that is increasing in proportion in these two towns of Cameroon. Here, flowers are no longer only vegetation species meant for decoration. They are more than ever sold and give employment to a wide variety of people young and old. In the town of Yaoundé, a flower market has been created at avenue Foch at ABBIA. This study analyses the socioeconomic and spatial implications of this market. A survey, of 38 of the 73 vendors in the flower market of the town of Yaoundé in 2015, shows that the sale of natural flowers is part of the socioeconomic landscape of Yaoundé. Today, it generates enormous income that contributes in the amelioration of the lives of those involved in it. It contributes to significant spatial flux in Yaoundé and the entire Cameroon. But it is important for it to be organised and made popular so that its actors can draw significant income for an emerging Cameroonian economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to characterize the knowledge flow between companies and universities based on national and sectoral systems of innovation perspective. It is argued here that high-tech sectors can describe a knowledge flow mainly based on scientific research, while sectors with lower technological impact may establish relations based on technical needs. Design/methodology/approach - A case study research was conducted in the horticulture and aerospace sectors in Brazil. Thirteen interviews were performed with chief executive officer's and academic researchers from both fields. Findings - Results demonstrated differences in technology development and knowledge infrastructure when comparing both sectors, reflecting the impacts of national and sectoral systems of innovation. The horticulture sector presented technological limitations due to restricted eating habits, logistics, knowledge development at universities and difficulties on the establishment of partnerships between local companies and Embrapa, the main public research centre. Such restrictions limit academic activities while companies look for research partnerships abroad. Space industry also has limited technological development due to international embargoes and lack of research alignment between companies and universities. Companies end up developing research activities internally, usually funded by governmental tenders. Research limitations/implications - The horticulture sector has limitations, as it is not the main agriculture area in science and technology applications. Future studies may analyse areas like soy beans, sugar cane and coffee, which may present differences specially regarding sectoral systems of innovation. Originality/value - The finding of this paper may influence the review of sectoral innovation policies, improving the development of local research activities which may be a source of valuable knowledge to companies. It also demonstrates the importance of the knowledge flow to improve sector's technology level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The situation of the horticulture sectors have been in the limelight of the professional and economic decision makers all over Europe. This article analyses the situation of the sector from economic point of view and reveals the main reasons of its low income and high risk. It concludes that one of the biggest problems is the trading uncertainty in the vegetable and fruit sector that is caused by the asymmetric market structure of the post-regime era. Since sizes of vegetable and fruit plantations do not allow producers to supply individually the extremely concentrated food retail trade or the processing trade they must find alternative ways for trading their products. The study introduces two alternative solutions. One alternative is foundation of modern multi-level producer co-operatives with the help of EU subsidies. Secondary and tertiary co-operatives may achieve better market position and lower trading price risk with managing production, professional marketing, and improving the information flow. The other alternative is searching for new trading channels such as local provision, restructuring of local markets, and direct trade (home delivery and pick-it-yourself programmes). The shorter producer-consumer distance means better quality at lower price for customers and income in the case of smaller amount of products for producers. It is concluded that both solutions together or separately may help individual producers in their trading problems. However, whichever way they choose, producers must co-operate.

• A large dispersion in farm inefficiencies is observed in the horticultural sector of Pakistan. • Resource misallocation and the lack of technology adoption appear to be the main impediments to farm efficiency. • Timely and appropriate use of input mixes could enable farmers to improve farm efficiency. • Education and training programs may improve technical and mix inefficiencies. The empirical literature on the sources of production efficiency mostly focuses on technical and scale efficiency, and the relative importance of mix efficiency is often overlooked. This paper estimates input-oriented technical and mix efficiency using a farm-level survey dataset of 730 smallholder horticulture farms in Pakistan. We estimate a Bayesian stochastic production frontier model to draw precise statistical inferences by using finite sample properties. We find that the estimated mean mix inefficiency (0.65) is roughly as large as mean technical inefficiency (0.64). Moreover, we detect large technical and mix efficiency disparities across agro-climatic zones and farm sizes, which we attribute to suboptimal farm practices. We conclude that policy-makers should focus on strategies that target to improve both technical and mix inefficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of circular economy, whose model is based on three main pillars: (i) design out waste and pollution; (ii) keep products and materials in use; and (iii) regenerate natural systems, has recently been applied to different sectors. This concept is directly related to bioeconomy. Spain implemented its own strategy in bioeconomy in 2016, affecting all economic activities, agriculture included. In line with this, one of the most important agricultural sectors is the greenhouse horticulture of Almería (SE Spain). This region has experienced deep changes in the last 40 years, and has become one of the most efficient agro-industrial complexes in the world. This rapid growth has brought sustainability problems such as pollution, water overuse, or inadequate waste management. Several studies have undertaken organic waste reuse or minimization, but an important lack of knowledge exists regarding the inorganic fraction. One of the goals of the REINWASTE project is to find solutions for this problem. Therefore, an extensive legal framework has been consulted and an in-depth study of the steps in greenhouse production with the associated residues has been carried out. Additionally, information from experts and stakeholders has been registered, resulting a list of Best Available Technologies (BATs) to prevent and minimize inorganic waste generation. This article highlights the intensive greenhouse horticulture from Almería efforts to reach circularity by closing the loop with inorganic waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]