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The article discusses Ariella Aïsha Azoulay's book "La résistance des bijoux: Contre les géographies coloniales," focusing on themes of artisanal work, autobiography, settler colonialism, genocide, mourning, and the concept of Muslim Jew. Azoulay explores the impact of French colonialism on the Jewish Muslim world, challenges national narratives, and emphasizes the importance of reclaiming lost histories and languages. The author delves into the intergenerational trauma caused by colonial violence and the need to resist imperial narratives. The article provides a critical analysis of Azoulay's work, highlighting the complexities of identity, belonging, and resistance in the face of historical and ongoing injustices. [Extracted from the article]

The article is devoted to the study of the concept of genocide proposed by Raphael Lemkin and its evolution in international law. R. Lemkin - the author of the term «genocide» - developed a broad concept of this crime, which included not only the physical elimination of the national, ethnic or social groups but also the destruction of their language, culture, social structure and economic base. However, after the adoption of the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in 1948, the legal definition of genocide was significantly narrowed. The article analyses R. Lemkin's views on defining the scope of what can be considered genocidal acts, in particular, in the context of the Holocaust and other crimes committed by the Nazis, as well as in the context of the Holodomor. The article also examines the historical background of the emergence of the concept of genocide and the evolution of international legal instruments that protected the rights of national, ethnic and cultural groups before the emergence of this concept. In particular, the role of the Hague Conventions, many peace treaties, decisions of international judicial bodies and reports of international administrative bodies in the formation of legal prerequisites for the protection of the rights of the specified groups before the introduction of the concept of genocide and the adoption of the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 1948 is analysed. In addition, the article analyses in detail the differences between the original concept of R. Lemkin and the narrower concept that was enshrined in the 1948 UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Also, the views of modem scholars regarding the concept of genocide proposed by R. Lemkin are discussed. The results of this research may be useful for further analysis of the intellectual heritage of R. Lemkin, the influence of his concept of genocide on the development of modem international law, as well as for the further search for ways to improve international standards for the protection of minority rights and international legal instruments for the prevention of genocide, punishment for its commission and protection of its victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the wartime experiences of Lucien Durosoir, a musician during World War I, and his interactions with composers like Maurice Ravel and Debussy. It also explores the relationship between music and historical events, focusing on works by composers like Arnold Schoenberg, Richard Strauss, Benjamin Britten, and Dmitri Shostakovich that reflect on the Holocaust and World War II. The book "Time's Echo" by Jeremy Eichler delves into the significance of music in remembering and commemorating past events, offering a profound exploration of the intersection between music and history. [Extracted from the article]

This article examines a pivotal moment during the Holocaust among the Jews in the Warsaw ghetto—the return to Warsaw of eyewitness survivors who managed to escape from the Treblinka death camp during summer and autumn 1942. These individuals, who had personally witnessed the atrocities, were fueled by a profound sense of duty to attest to the horrors of the extermination camp, and thus they sought to inform and caution the remaining Jewish population. This article explores the dynamics of these escapees' return and delves into the details of their testimonies, as well as how the ghetto population reacted to information about Treblinka. While many were eager to uncover the truth about the fate of the deportees, the harsh reality proved difficult to bear for many and escapees' accounts often faced skepticism. The article also reveals that the urge to alert fellow Jews about the ongoing Holocaust heavily motivated those who fled Treblinka in this time. On a more general level, this case study broadly examines the process by which information transforms into knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there has been considerable research on women and motherhood during the Holocaust, scholars have paid less attention to fatherhood. This article explores the experiences of Jewish fathers in the Warsaw ghetto during the Holocaust and sheds light on the roles and challenges they encountered in the face of extreme adversity as documented in their diaries. Many fathers, who traditionally had not been involved in household chores and childcare before the war, found themselves taking on these responsibilities in the ghetto. Harsh conditions and constant threats forced fathers to adapt to and take on new roles, both physically and emotionally. These roles included providing for their families, as well as nurturing their children's well-being, both physically and psychologically. A close examination of the diaries of fathers in the Warsaw ghetto reveals their struggles to protect and care for their children amid an intimidating reality. The diaries convey a range of emotions, including fear, frustration, guilt, and love, and demonstrate the profound impact of their traumatic experiences on their sense of self. Fatherhood emerges as a dynamic construct shaped by circumstances, with extreme events requiring fathers to adapt and balance traditional roles with new challenges to protect their families. These diaries provide a unique perspective on how fatherhood was redefined and tested in the collapsing Warsaw ghetto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors identify an unresearched practice of Israeli youth participating in organized Holocaust journeys: at the end of the journey, students write thank you letters in a notebook that is then given to the educational guide. Researchers qualitatively analyzed 20 such notebooks written by Israeli high school students. Using grounded-theory methods for document analysis, we identified the notebooks' role as a incorporation stage after the journey, which is a pilgrimage-like rite of passage. In the letters, students proclaim their transformation, their attention to the guide, and their desire to be remembered. Thus, the notebooks affirm the journey's success and allow for their return to Israel having had a transformational experience and inhabiting a new position. This analysis adds to our understanding of the role of ritual, especially document-based rituals, in the world of heritage tourism. We recommend the further study of similar reflective techniques in other heritage tourism contexts and their incorporation by heritage tourism professionals. The study adds to the body of knowledge by recognizing the importance of the personal approval of participants. The individual confirms by his signature the transition to the new status. The study illuminates the importance of written reflections on tourist transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What do stories of loss sound like 70 years after the Holocaust and how are they remembered in the places where the losses themselves occurred? When Steven Hopman returned to Poland in 2010, as part of the March of the Living's (MOL) Montreal contingent of survivors tasked with educating students about the Holocaust, he grappled with how best to narrate a coherent and shareable story. This article shares his struggle to go public with the 'salvaged remnants' of his experiences while detailing the strategies he employed to describe what was beyond loss and could not be shared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work of Hank Greenspan has provided essential insights for rethinking foundational conceptions and methods of collecting interviews with Holocaust survivors. As Greenspan urges us to consider, not all interviews are alike and there are those that entail sustained and intimate interpersonal connections, often developed over several years between 'partners in a conversation.' Greenspan's emphasis on interviewers and survivors 'learning together' underscores the contingent, emotionally intimate, and collaborative aspects of the interview process that are often kept at the margins by Holocaust testimony archives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the author's interview with her father, a Holocaust survivor. It asks how the circumstances of the interview, particularly the relationship between father, daughter, and gestating grandchild, impacted the exchange. Drawing on Henry Greenspan's work and mentorship, it examines the grief of an unfinished story. Invoking the metaphor of the Kaddish prayer, she argues that the nature of listening is as contingent as the act of recounting. By centering these multiple contingencies, we can better engage with the complexities and humanity of survivors and their memories, enabling us to keep learning from them even after they are gone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers an example of historians and survivors working together that moves beyond oral history. Drawing on methods of co-producing knowledge, the article explores a number of themes and concepts - ghetto, camp, mobility, dislocation, space, time - that emerge from the experience of survivor Agnes Kaposi, and the historiographical reflections of historian Tim Cole. While the dialogue is suggestive of new conceptualizations of familiar Holocaust experience - ghettoization as practice; dislocation as temporal and spatial experience; 'luck' as intersectional category; the significance of micro-geographies to survival - it also signals the value of coproducing 'integrated' and 'relational' histories of the Holocaust together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the importance of engaging in conversations with Holocaust survivors, rather than simply collecting their stories as sources of knowledge. It highlights the significance of building relationships and friendships with survivors, emphasizing the value of learning together through sustained conversations. The text also explores various perspectives on survivor testimonies, challenging traditional approaches to analyzing and interpreting their accounts. The authors stress the human connection and emotional depth involved in understanding survivors' experiences, advocating for a more personal and empathetic approach to Holocaust studies. [Extracted from the article]

Animal rights organisations worldwide fight against live shipments of meat animals. The main Israeli NGOs leading the fight are Animals-Now, Israel against Live Shipments, and Let the Animals Live. Their visual rhetoric highlights the cruelty of these shipments. Combined with written messages, photographs of animal suffering appeal to viewers’ emotions and conscience. This article examined ‘Stop the Death Transports!’ – The most extensive campaign led by these NGOs, together with Animals Australia, in 2016. It analysed the campaign poster from the approaches of photography semiotics and visual contextual analysis, informed by theories of visual culture and animal ethics. The campaign represents an intermediate approach between the hardcore and softcore approaches, using visual and verbal references to the Holocaust and slavery. However, though the use of the Holocaust is highly charged for local Jewish viewers thus contributing to the understanding of the immorality of consuming meat, it may in fact assuage their conscience by shifting the moral burden from the meat eaters to the transporters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Hitler's 1939 Reichstag speech and the debate among historians regarding his intent to annihilate the Jews. It explores the gradual development of the Final Solution and the complexities of understanding Hitler's genocidal mentality. The article also delves into the legal and historical perspectives on intent in cases of genocide, drawing parallels to current events in Gaza. The author argues that while legal definitions may not fully apply, the events in Gaza exhibit characteristics of genocide, emphasizing the need for a nuanced understanding beyond strict legal definitions. [Extracted from the article]

In this Keynote paper presentation, the author takes on a wide-ranging and deep exploration of edges as a central concept to Self-Psychology. From natural edges to psychoanalytic edges, from the consulting room to the field of psychoanalysis, from the origin of Kohut's Self Psychology to present-day creative, and at times, maverick contemporary thinking, the author traces a history tinged with an edginess made up of giftedness and historical trauma which, together, raise important questions for us to consider. As was the case for many émigré analysts during World War II, the author sees Kohut's immensely creative life dependent on his ability to erect and maintain a caesura regarding the impact of the Holocaust. The author suggests that Kohut's last gift to us, his last bit of edginess, is his challenge to us to contend with the shadow of his hidden pain and its implications on contemporary creative thinking and practice. To do otherwise would compromise our creative edges and lose a part of Kohut in the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is an evaluative work written to examine the relations of the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Hajj Amin al-Husseini, with National Socialist Germany and his role in the Holocaust. The study summarizes the phenomenon of the Holocaust within the framework of existing literature and evaluates the allegations of Al-Husseini's involvement in the Holocaust based on secondary sources. To provide evidence, original documents from the German Federal Archives (BA/Bundesarchiv) and the German Foreign Ministry's Political Archive (PA/Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts) are also utilized. The central claim of the study is that while Al-Husseini's collaboration with the National Socialist regime is acknowledged in the context of defending the Palestinian national cause, he did not have any role or influence in the occurrence of the Holocaust. Based on the findings, the claim that Al-Husseini was an active participant in the Holocaust is false. Such claims, as seen in the example of Netanyahu's allegations in the 21st century, are used for current political purposes and do not align with historical facts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evidence regarding the intergenerational effects of the Holocaust points to a heightened sensitivity to traumatic and stressful events, as well as to threats. These effects were found across at least three generations: the survivors themselves, their children, and their grandchildren. More specifically, this sensitivity is manifested in increased psychological reactions to adverse circumstances, especially when such situations trigger associations with the Holocaust. During 2023 Israel has experienced unprecedented civil unrest and protests following the government's plan to promote a judicial overhaul. Many expressed fears for Israeli democracy and the integrity of the social fabric in Israel. The current study examined how Holocaust descendants (i.e., children and grandchildren of Holocaust survivors) experienced this prolonged social unrest. A web‐based random sample of 706 Israeli Jews born after World War II completed questionnaires several months before the unrest began (Wave 1, 2022) and seven months into the unrest (Wave 2, 2023). Supporting most of our hypotheses, Holocaust descendants reported higher civil unrest salience (i.e., more preoccupation with the political and social upheaval) relative to comparison descendants (i.e., children and grandchildren of those not directly exposed to the Holocaust). Relative to comparison descendants, Holocaust descendants were also at a greater risk of reporting exacerbation in anxiety since the judicial overhaul was introduced, but not in depression or somatisation symptoms. Results remained significant after controlling Wave 1 distress level, background characteristics, level of engagement in civil unrest, and participants' viewpoint on the judicial overhaul. The findings further corroborate unique reactions to stress among Holocaust descendants, this time by highlighting increased preoccupation and increased exacerbation in anxiety during a period of prolonged political and social turmoil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the writings of Wolfdietrich Schnurre (1920–89) through a combined lens of zoocriticism and Holocaust studies. Drawing on Anna Barcz's concept of 'vulnerable realism', it posits an analogy between Jews targeted by the Nazis' exterminatory programme, who struggled to articulate their suffering in the language of empirical historiography, and animals who, excluded from the human system of moral rights and laws, have no means of voicing the oppression they endure. The article argues, however, that, rather than portraying animals as mute and helpless victims, Schnurre's short stories – 'Die Tat', 'Der Verrat' and 'Das Manöver' (1958) – endow their nonhuman protagonists with moral agency and with an ensuing capacity to resist their tormentors. Read in dialogue with Schnurre's Holocaust novel, Ein Unglücksfall (1981), and in the light of the human–animal entanglement advocated by his writings, these stories can be interpreted as a subtle contestation of the idea of Jewish passivity during the Nazi era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This content analysis examines the ways that genocide is included in the high school world history content standards of eleven states with legislative mandates requiring genocide education, as well as if the content standards in those states differ from those of states without mandated genocide education. The null curriculum theorizes that the content that is not taught may be as important as what is taught; this lens allows for a nuanced analysis of the ways that genocide is included and excluded in state standards. The findings suggest that states with legislative mandates requiring genocide education do not necessarily have high school world history content standards that require genocide education. The content standards in states with legislative mandates often omit acts of genocide, refrain from using the term "genocide," and frame genocides as less important than the Holocaust, perpetuating the null curriculum of genocides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The failure to prevent Hamas’s slaughter of some 1,300 Israelis on 7 October 2023 – the largest massacre of Jews since the Holocaust – is a direct result of an emergency phone consultation three hours before the terror group’s invasion of Israel with the participation of the IDF’s and Shin Bet’s top leaders, who decided to do nothing despite acute warning signals and failed to alert the Gaza division commander and the political echelon to the imminent attack. Had they taken the minimal precautionary measures, the catastrophe would have been averted altogether. To fully understand the mindset underlying this monumental blunder requires tracing its evolution within the context of the 30-years-long Oslo peace delusion in general, and during the turbulent year preceding the 10/7 massacres in particular. That is: the substitution of a grand strategic deception aimed at Israel’s destruction for a true peace process and the attendant emasculation of the IDF’s military capabilities and combative/offensive ethos, on the one hand, and the unravelling of Israel’s sociopolitical fabric that culminated in the 2023 mass civil disobedience that enticed Hamas into action, on the other. Even Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who opposed the Oslo process from the outset and managed to neutralise its most catastrophic potential calamity – the establishment of a Palestinian state committed to Israel’s destruction in the West Bank and Gaza – failed to extricate Israel from this disastrous course and was ironically forced to bear its full brunt on 7 October 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In early March 1951, the Chancellor of West Germany, Konrad Adenauer, announced to the three Western powers occupying his country – the United States, Great Britain, and France – that his government was ready to acquiesce to their demands and settle the external debts Germany had accumulated before and after World War II. This announcement was made at roughly the same time that Israel presented its claim for reparations, which was added onto two other kinds of compensation claims the Jewish world had been already promoting in the aftermath of the Holocaust: claims for restitution of property and personal indemnification. The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs (IMFA) was gravely worried about the possibility that West Germany would not be able to settle its moral debt to the Jewish people and the Jewish state due to the need to repay its commercial debts in the international arena. The present article examines the policy implemented by Israel with the aim of avoiding such a scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peculiarity of the Holocaust in Transcarpathia, also known as Subcarpathian Rus’, is that the process of segregation and extermination of most of the local Jewish population lasted only about seven months. Most Jews were not deported until 1944, and the region was liberated months earlier than in more western parts of Central Europe. Jewish survivors returned to this quasi-state territory amidst the process of its Soviet annexation, which put local Ukrainians at the top of the power hierarchy. This abrupt change in interethnic relations as a result of the genocide has not yet been studied. I therefore focus on the entangled interactions and post-war social history of Holocaust survivors. In this article, I explore the complex process of the restitution of real estate and personal property in rural and urban areas, focusing not only on the interim authorities at different administrative levels who coordinated the restitution and integration of survivors but mainly on Jewish survivors and their diverse agency. I argue that the social position of Jews in the immediate post-war period differed depending on the location. Anti-Jewish resentment among Ukrainians in villages manifested itself at the official level as the confiscation of Jewish property. At the same time, the Soviet authoritarian centralization of power ensured that destructive processes and conflicts in rural areas did not escalate into open confrontation and violence. Instead, in the urban space, the agency of the first survivors who returned to the cities contributed to successful restitution cases. Nevertheless, this was possible primarily through the close interaction and cooperation of the Jews with local authorities at the highest levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the aftermath of traumatic events, individuals and groups seek to make sense of these experiences. ‘Never again’ is often considered the primary lesson of genocide. Yet, people may understand this lesson in different ways, and other lessons may also be relevant. The present paper reports a qualitative content analysis of publicly available testimonies from survivors of the Holocaust, the Rwandan Genocide and the Nanjing Massacre (N = 200), examining the lessons of genocide that these survivors shared publicly. We identified six broad categories of lessons that were represented across contexts and extended the lessons commonly considered: Lessons on the individual and interpersonal level, on the ingroup level, the (inclusive) intergroup level, the universal level, and concerning both collective memories and the future. These lessons go beyond ‘never again’ and show different individual and societal obligations and insights that survivors sharing their testimony deem most important to learn from their experience of genocide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In times of rising group-focused enmity and toxic polarizations between conflicted groups worldwide, a differentiated debate about the transgenerational complexities of German and Jewish posttraumatic entanglements of identity is needed. This article focuses on one specific and limited clinical phenomenon: the "adoption" by a few people in Germany of a Jewish identity that is not present in their own biography. An introduction to the phenomenon from clinical practice is followed by a brief historical and social contextualization, as well as theoretical models of explanation for the adoption of a potentially oppressed minority status. With reference to theories on social trauma and its transgenerational transmission to both victims and perpetrators, the psychoanalytic examination of a single case is used to develop the thesis that posttraumatic Jewish identity confusion and constructions are to be understood not only as an individual variant of "false-self," but also as a form of transgenerational repercussion of the social trauma of the Shoah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on the significant contributions PAJ has made to the study of German-language theatre, arts, and politics. Topics include the historical analysis of theatrical activities during the Holocaust, the evolution of post-war German theatre criticism, and the ongoing funding crises faced by state-supported theatre in Germany.

Carceral recycling—a system of camp-based waste labor—was instrumental to the Judeocide. Tracing the connections between resource fetishism and ideas about cleanliness, this article shows that waste utilization lay at the heart of a destructive matrix that exploited camp and prison labor in the service of racial purification and imperial expansion. The Nazi regime imagined itself as resource poor and spaceless and accordingly mined junk and people rather than land in a desperate attempt to close the energy cycle and squeeze annihilative capacity out of forced labor and waste products. As an extreme form of securitization infrastructure, the landscape of prisons and camps manifested the Nazi paranoia about the existential threat that Jews and biosocial others supposedly posed in distinct locations of forced labor and murder. An extraction machine, the camp complex served a crucial economic function in an empire that did not distinguish between junk and jewels. Grounding this story in the history of carcerality, imperial extraction, and discard studies, this article draws attention to the dynamic relationship among ideas about cleanliness, security, and order that firmly ground the Nazi system of plunder and murder in the trajectory of Western imperialism and its enlightened rationality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers what it means to be implicated in histories of racial violence and systems of injustice that we may not have had a hand in creating, but nevertheless have a responsibility to address. Using a series of examples from psychological settings in present-day Germany and the United States, the author analyzes defensive reactions that result when members of the majority are asked to confront the effects of genocide or the experiential realities of racism. Parallels are drawn between reactions among psychologists in Germany, when confronted with their historical responsibility for the Holocaust, especially as it relates to their own families, and psychologists in the United States, when asked to consider their implication in systemic racism and other forms of oppression. The author draws on first-hand experience, and on his work as a psychologist and historian who researches and writes about the moral obligations of memory in the face of past and present injustice. Public Significance Statement: This article suggests that in order to engage constructively with histories of genocide, or with their implication in systemic racism, psychologists who are members of past and present perpetrator groups need to learn how to embrace their discomfort, rather than react defensively against it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article, titled "From Occupation to Occupy: Antisemitism and the Contemporary American Left," by Sina Arnold, examines the attitudes of left-wing activists towards antisemitism and Israel between 2001 and 2011. The author draws on interviews with activists from groups such as Occupy Wall Street, Jewish Voice for Peace, and Students for Justice in Palestine. The article highlights the historical roots of antisemitism on the left, including the influence of Christian theological stereotypes. It also discusses the similarities between the antisemitism of the contemporary American far-left and the far-right, as well as the far-left's alliance with Islamists. The article concludes by questioning the denial of antisemitism by the far-left and its focus on demonizing Israel while ignoring other human rights violations. [Extracted from the article]

This article provides an overview of the life and work of historian George L. Mosse, who focused on fascism and Nazi Germany. Mosse's research explored the connection between autobiography and historiography, and he wrote extensively on the subject. His work has gained renewed interest, particularly in understanding the rise of right-wing populism and antisemitism. The article also highlights Mosse's unique perspective as a gay man from a Jewish family and his examination of the cultural and symbolic aspects of fascism. While his work has been influential, there are criticisms of his emphasis on culture and aesthetics, as well as debates about the specificity of fascist violence and the Eurocentric paradigm of the Holocaust. Overall, Mosse's work offers valuable insights into the history of fascism and its cultural manifestations. [Extracted from the article]

"The Problems of Genocide: Permanent Security and the Language of Transgression" by Dirk Moses challenges the conventional understanding of genocide and the Holocaust. Moses argues that the concept of genocide, as formulated by Raphael Lemkin, and the UN Genocide Convention are counterproductive and should be abandoned. He claims that the Holocaust was just one crime among many committed by Western states and that the focus on Jewish suffering obscures other crimes. Moses also suggests that Jews played a role in the establishment of Israel and that the Zionist project furthered the Nazi ideal of a minority-free Europe. This controversial book raises questions about the perception of genocide and the Holocaust and calls for a new approach to understanding these events. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the October 7, 2023 assault by Hamas on Israelis, describing it as an act of extreme violence and hatred towards Jews. The author emphasizes that the attack was not a typical act of war, but rather a religiously sanctioned display of unrestrained Jew-hatred. The article highlights the historical context of anti-Semitism and the ongoing threats faced by Israel from Hamas, Hezbollah, Iran, and their allies. It also explores the impact of these events on Jews worldwide, including increased displays of open Jew-hatred and a sense of unease about their place in society. The author concludes by emphasizing the importance of supporting Israel in order to ensure a Jewish future. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the events of October 7 and their impact on Israeli society. It highlights the shattered illusion that Hamas would come to terms with Israel if given enough funds for its leaders and for the development of a better economy in the Gaza Strip. The article emphasizes the need for a deeper understanding of Muslim culture and belief systems, as well as the religious dimension that underlies the politics of radical Islam. It also explores the comparisons made between the events of October 7 and the Holocaust, noting the concerns about the endangerment of the Jewish people and the existential nature of the current conflict. The author, Dina Porat, is an expert in the study of contemporary European Jewry and has extensive experience in the field of antisemitism and racism. [Extracted from the article]

Antisemitism is a global phenomenon on the rise that is negatively affecting Jews and communities more broadly. It has been argued that social media has opened up new opportunities for antisemites to disseminate material and organize. It is, therefore, necessary to get a picture of the scope and nature of antisemitism on social media. However, identifying antisemitic messages in large datasets is not trivial and more work is needed in this area. In this paper, we present and describe an annotated dataset that can be used to train tweet classifiers. We first explain how we created our dataset and approached identifying antisemitic content by experts. We then describe the annotated data, where 11% of conversations about Jews (January 2019–August 2020) and 13% of conversations about Israel (January–August 2020) were labeled antisemitic. Another important finding concerns lexical differences across queries and labels. We find that antisemitic content often relates to conspiracies of Jewish global dominance, the Middle East conflict, and the Holocaust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The USSR entered the Second World War with the world's most powerful propaganda apparatus, having twenty years of experience and a state monopoly on truth. 1 All publications were subjected to a three-tiered system of censorship: personal, editorial, and official, with the common line of censorship determined at the highest level. In the Soviet Union, there were five primary sources of official information: (a) periodical publications, (b) fictional literature, (c) journalistic writing, (d) films, and (e) radio broadcasts. The author examines the Russian language periodical press, which was the most widely available print material in the USSR. These sources were entirely aimed at Soviet readers, as opposed to Yiddish-language publications, which were in part intended to arouse sympathy in readers abroad. 2 Verification of casualty statistics and authenticating the facts of this published information is not the purpose of this article, but rather the author seeks to challenge the assumption that the USSR suppressed or censored reporting on the Holocaust during the Second World War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In May 1987, Sabine Zlatin and Simone Lagrange became household names in France after they testified against the infamous Nazi Klaus Barbie, "the Butcher of Lyon," during his trial for crimes against humanity. On the witness stand, Zlatin's testimony revealed her perseverance as a Polish-Jewish immigrant involved extensively in wartime rescue and resistance. Meanwhile, Lagrange shared her encounters as a thirteen-year-old Jewish girl whom Klaus Barbie tortured. Throughout Barbie's trial, national and international media outlets reported frequently on Zlatin and Lagrange's wartime and postwar lives. The enormous media attention the trial received made it a crucial event during the resurgence of Holocaust memory in France, yet what made this trial unique regarding the role of Jewish women as witnesses was its timing in the aftermath of the women's rights movement. The feminist movement allowed people to better understand the gendered nature of Zlatin and Lagrange's testimonies and recognize their persecution and perseverance as women during and after the war. Going forward, the centrality of experiences shared by women shaped how the trial would be remembered, and arguably even influenced a greater consideration of crimes against women within the statutes for crimes against humanity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a collection of Ukrainian poetry that commemorates the Babyn Yar massacre, which occurred during the Holocaust in 1941. The collection provides a valuable literary addition to the history and memorialization of the Holocaust in Ukraine and Eastern Europe. The poems in the anthology cover a wide range of styles and viewpoints over eight decades, and some of them express Jewish pain and anguish. The article highlights the importance of remembering and memorializing the Babyn Yar massacre, especially in the face of rising antisemitism and ongoing conflicts. [Extracted from the article]

Focusing on Abraham Benaroya, a prominent labor leader in southeastern Europe, this research examines his experiences during World War II, a period often neglected in prior studies. Existing scholarship has predominantly highlighted Benaroya's contributions to the Pan-Hellenic labor movement from 1909 to 1924/5, incorrectly assuming that his removal from political power signaled the end of his influence on both Jewish and non-Jewish historiography; however, his wartime writings challenge this notion, revealing a compelling story of individual and familial resistance against Nazi Germany. During the tumultuous years of 1942–1945, amidst the Nazi occupation in Greece, Benaroya's fate took a unique turn. Despite being Jewish, he avoided extermination, and as a Greek Socialist activist he escaped execution and survived internment in various German prisoner-of-war camps. By employing the biographical turn approach and exploring Benaroya's forgotten Holocaust-era letters from captivity, this study presents a narrative of Greek-Jewish individual and familial struggles, choices, and resilience. In doing so, it contributes fresh perspectives to the current bottom-up scholarship, which moves beyond the generalized narrative of Jewish passivity. Instead, the current study offers a profound discourse on the complexities of Jewish survival and resistance under the extraordinary circumstances of the Nazi regime in Occupied Greece. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life-story interviews with 39 Jewish supporters of a football club whose quasi-Jewish identity is the catalyst for antisemitic abuse were used to explain the under-researched everyday experiences among members of the Anglo-Jewish community. All interviewees said their experiences of antisemitism within English men's football supporter culture were much worse than in wider society. All interviewees believed references to Hitler and the Holocaust exceeded any threshold of acceptability and that the death of 6 million people should never be associated with football. While denigration of Jewish rituals and practices was offensive and problematic for some, Jewish stereotypes tended to be downplayed, dismissed, or tolerated by most interviewees as part of the "banter" endemic in English supporter culture to lessen or disrupt the impact of the hate speech they endure. These responses indicate complex processes of anger, acceptance and rationalisation as recipients attempt to make sense of and deal with everyday antisemitism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the challenges and complexities of representing the Holocaust in film. It discusses the limitations of critically acclaimed films about the Holocaust, arguing that they may not fully capture the horrors of the event. The article focuses on unmade Holocaust films and the difficulties they face in being produced. It also examines the aesthetic and ethical challenges of representing the Holocaust on screen and the debates surrounding the relationship between visual form and content in Holocaust cinema. The text emphasizes the importance of understanding the obstacles faced by filmmakers in depicting this historical event. [Extracted from the article]

Stanley Kubrick's project on the Holocaust, Aryan Papers, was dear to his heart. He worked on it for a long time, but he could not, in the end, bring himself to complete the planned film. This article canvasses some of the reasons other scholars have supplied for this film remaining unmade, including the notion that the Holocaust is unrepresentable. However, it points to a novel explanation. I argue that Kubrick's plot modifications, particularly to the conclusion, doomed the project. Specifically, Kubrick has a Jewish woman take revenge for war-time atrocities. Discussing revenge in relation to the Holocaust has until recently been as impious as representing the Holocaust itself. Jewish revenge was unfashionable in Holocaust films of all kinds when Kubrick was working on Aryan Papers in the early 1990s. Kubrick's planned film was generically ahead of its times. The vengeful Jewish woman had to wait for Inglourious Basterds in 2009. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most prevalent themes in Emeric Pressburger's work as a screenwriter is the 'good German', a character who often represents an enemy country, who is nevertheless depicted sympathetically, or, at the very least, as a morally ambiguous character. Figures of this kind appear throughout his works, including his unpublished novels and unfilmed screenplays. This paper will examine some of these unproduced works and contest that Pressburger's writing was a response to the trauma of Nazism and the Holocaust, which stood in conflict to his largely egalitarian outlook in which he believed that all people had some good attributes. In a radical turn for the Jewish screenwriter, Pressburger uses these late works to attempt to come to terms with the moral implications of the Holocaust, considering if revenge can be justified, to what extent one should forgive, and whether acts of kindness could ever outweigh the crimes a person has committed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2001, HBO and the BBC released Conspiracy, a critically acclaimed dramatization of the Wannsee Conference, where Nazi officials discussed coordinating the Final Solution in January 1942. Written by Loring Mandel, Conspiracy is noted for its strict adherence to the historical record as well as its chamber play atmosphere. However, HBO originally planned Conspiracy as the first half of a two-part feature. Its unproduced second half, Complicity, would have depicted Allied indifference to the Holocaust, the plight of Jewish refugees, and the rise of Adolf Eichmann. This article discusses the origins, pre-production history, and cancellation of Complicity. Grounded in archival documents – screenplay drafts, meeting minutes, research files, as well as oral history interviews, this presentation will trace Complicity's beginnings as a story about Jewish efforts to inform the UK and US governments about the Holocaust and its transition to a dramatization of the April 1943 Bermuda Conference, which is most notable for its failure to meaningfully address the 1940s refugee crisis. Complicity is a fascinating example of 'shadow quality TV'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new perspective on Katja Petrowskaja's Maybe Esther (2014) goes beyond earlier interpretations of the novel, which tend to privilege analytic frameworks of minor literatures, German Jewish literature, or Holocaust postmemory. This article reads the novel as cultivating a translingual approach to transnational memory of the entangled histories of the Holocaust and Soviet state terror in Central and Eastern Europe. Drawing on precepts of multilingualism that are more than merely additive, the analysis foregrounds Petrowskaja's innovative contributions to translingual and even postlingual practices in contemporary literature. As this article demonstrates, she writes translationally at the porous borders of ostensibly discrete languages by highlighting the materiality of language, deploying prose rhymes and homonyms, and using idiomatic expressions across languages. The article argues that Maybe Esther is more than a text of a minoritarian German Jewish literature alone, for it can also be viewed as a transnational text that only happens to be written in German. Drawing on Michael Rothberg's concept of "multidirectional" memory and Kristin Dickinson's concept of "omnidirectional" disorientations in translation, the article argues that Petrowskaja's entangled remembering of the mass violence and state terror of the twentieth century can be described as a translational transnationalism attentive to multiple localities, histories, and memory cultures in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historian Raul Hilberg once observed of death trains: "It's just very regular traffic. Death traffic". Though subtle, his insinuation that this death traffic represented a "new normal" is, in fact, an astute observation of a largely unresearched process whereby Polish railway workers, and locals living near railway tracks, became witnesses to the Holocaust through observing the distinctive new "traffic" flowing by their spaces of home and work. In this case study, therefore, I examine these "death traffic witnesses" to reveal how their experiences highlight a critical reality about genocide in our modern world – its ability to transform relatively banal spaces (in peacetime) into horrific ones when employed for sinister purposes. In this case, those banal spaces are the railways that cut through our modern landscapes as symbols of connection, commerce and transport; their steel rails cutting through backyards and city centres linking even remote villages with major metropolises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses a collection of eyewitness accounts by survivors of Nazi persecution gathered in the mid-1950s by the Wiener Library in London, narratives that were elicited about lived experiences of railway transport and trauma, as well as the implication of railway personnel and structures in resistance activities. The accounts provide an opportunity to interrogate early postwar narratives that reveal emerging constructions of refugee identity, agency, and survival through key memories deemed particularly "valuable" to the Library, an institution created by Jewish refugees who fled Nazi persecution. Through a case study approach framed by Ketelaar's distinction between archivalisation and archivisation, this paper argues that narratives of trauma, displacement and resistance associated with deportation by train were of special interest to Library staff already in the 1950s. This is striking due to a lack of scholarly focus on these themes until decades later. The recent publication of the collection as a digital resource has the potential to further expand and recontextualise "tacit narratives" of transport embedded in the collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores commemorative plaques at former fascist concentration camps in Italy, focusing on how they reflect the memory of the Holocaust. Using lexical analysis to rank word frequency, the study identifies four narrative modes: Culpabilisation, Heroisation, Victimisation, and Redemption. Before the establishment of Holocaust Remembrance Day in 2000, plaques predominantly highlighted the Italian Resistance against Nazis, with minimal acknowledgement of the Holocaust. Although there has been a shift towards recognising the Holocaust since Law 211, the Resistance narrative remains central. Fascism is rarely mentioned, indicating a tendency to downplay Italy's fascist past and its Nazi alliance. While these plaques meet legal requirements for remembrance, they often lack historical accuracy, focus on local events, and prioritise heroism over the recognition of atrocities and their perpetrators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

George Tabori (1914–2007), a Hungarian-born British playwright of Jewish decent, is closely associated with German Holocaust theatre. Less well-known is his prolific career in German radio drama. This contribution traces the trajectory of Tabori's short story 'Weissmann und Rotgesicht' and its adaptation for German radio in 1978. The overall theme of its narrative can be identified as the issue of competing minoritized groups (Jews and Indigenous Americans), their respective identity politics and mechanisms of 'othering'. My analysis first asks how the short story presents these questions, as it was written in a North American context primarily shaped by the popular cultural format of the western movie. Secondly, I ask how the topic is culturally and medially transferred to the radio play form, considering the production's West German context of the late 1970s. My interest is guided by the question whether and how we can read this 1978 radio play as an intervention in the debate on the representation of the 'Indian' in popular German culture and its simultaneous erasure, several decades after the Holocaust, of the Jew. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]