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Incidence, prevalence and mortality from tuberculosis remain high. Tuberculosis is systemic disease and may affect any organ or tissue; second-third most common form is urogenital tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is one of the importance reasons for female mortality, especially in the epidemic regions. There is genetic predisposition for female genital tuberculosis. Diagnosis of urogenital tuberculosis is difficult because of absence specific symptoms; HIV-comorbidity makes early diagnosis even more difficult. Outcomes of kidney tuberculosis are severe fibrosis and calcification, that disorders kidney functions. Chronic renal failure hinders cure from kidney tuberculosis. Estimation of epidemiological reports is also difficult due to absence of unique classification.

Background: South Africa is disproportionately impacted by non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and HIV/AIDS. We investigated the prevalence of known/unknown NCD risk factors, HIV, and NCD risk factor-HIV comorbidity; and treatment status on known diseases to determine the prevalence of controlled/uncontrolled disease., Methods: This cross-sectional study (June 2018-March 2019) within an integrated testing centre in Soweto, South Africa, screened adults (aged ≥18 years) for body mass index (BMI), hypertension (HT), rapid glucose and cholesterol, and HIV. Results were stratified by age group, sex, HIV-status, and self-reported ART use. Analysis included Fisher's exact, chi-squared, Kruskal Wallis, and Student's T-tests., Findings: Of 780 enrolled participants, 19.2% were HIV-positive, 37.5% were overweight/obese, 18.0% hypertensive, 10.8% hyperglycaemic, and 8.1% had hypercholesterolaemia. Significantly more women had overweight/obese BMI than men (46.8% vs 19.7%; p <0.0001), and women aged 25-34 years had significantly more hypercholesterolaemia than same-aged men (18.2% vs 5.6%; p  = 0.02). HIV-positive participants had significantly more hyperglycaemia than HIV-negative participants (16.1% vs 9.6%; p  = 0.02), and those on ART (63.9%) had significantly more hypercholesterolaemia than those not on ART (21.7% vs. 4.9%; p  = 0.002). Of participants with HT, hyperglycaemia, and hypercholesterolaemia; 72.4%, 96.1%, and 93.3% were newly diagnosed. All participants with previously diagnosed NCDs remained with uncontrolled disease., Interpretation: There is a high burden of HIV, NCD risk factors, and comorbidity in Soweto, and amongst young adults (18-34 years), especially women. Lowering age requirements for glucose/cholesterol screening to 18+ years, regardless of BMI, HIV-status, or ART use, may yield timely NCD diagnosis/management., Competing Interests: All authors declare that this project has been supported by the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) under the terms of CoAg 1U2GGH001150 with the South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC). KLH declares that SAMRC sponsored travel to attend two meetings in Cape Town at the SAMRC for writing workshops for this manuscript. JD, TD, and GEG are funded by the SAMRC., (© 2021 The Author(s).)