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Abstract Background Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a global health concern, causing over 35 million deaths, with 97% occurring in developing nations, particularly impacting Sub-Saharan Africa. While HIV testing is crucial for early treatment and prevention, existing research often focuses on specific groups, neglecting general adult testing rates. This study aims to identify predictors of HIV testing uptake among adults in Sub-Saharan Africa. Method Data were obtained from the official Demographic and Health Survey program database, which used a multistage cluster sampling technique to collect the survey data. In this study, a weighted sample of 283,936 adults was included from thirteen Sub-Saharan African countries. Multilevel multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to identify predictors of HIV testing uptake. Akaike’s information criteria guided model selection. Adjusted odds ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals determined significant predictor variables. Result Among adults in Sub-Saharan African countries, the prevalence of HIV testing uptake was 65.01% [95% CI (64.84%, 65.17%)]. Influential factors included male sex [AOR: 0.51, 95% CI (0.49,0.53)], varying odds ratios across age groups (20–24 [AOR: 3.3, 95% CI (3.21, 3.46) ], 25–29 [AOR: 4.4, 95% CI (4.23, 4.65)], 30–34 [AOR: 4.6, 95%CI (4.40, 4.87)], 35–39 [AOR: 4.0, 95%CI (3.82, 4.24)], 40–44 [AOR: 3.7, 95%CI (3.50, 3.91)], 45–49 [AOR: 2.7, 95%CI (2.55, 2.87)], 50+ [AOR: 2.7, 95%CI (2.50, 2.92)]), marital status (married [AOR: 3.3, 95%CI (3.16, 3.46)], cohabiting [AOR: 3.1, 95% CI (2.91, 3.28)], widowed/separated/divorced [AOR: 3.4, 95%CI (3.22, 3.63)]), female household headship (AOR: 1.28, 95%CI (1.24, 1.33)), education levels (primary [AOR: 3.9, 95%CI (3.72, 4.07)], secondary [AOR: 5.4, 95%CI (5.16, 5.74)], higher [AOR: 8.0, 95%CI (7.27, 8.71)]), media exposure (AOR: 1.4, 95%CI (1.32, 1.43)), wealth index (middle [AOR: 1.20, 95%CI (1.17, 1.27)], richer [AOR: 1.50, 95%CI (1.45, 1.62)]), Having discriminatory attitudes towards PLWHIV [AOR: 0.4; 95% CI (0.33, 0.37)], had multiple sexual partners [AOR: 1.2; 95% CI (1.11, 1.28)], had comprehensive knowledge about HIV [AOR: 1.6; 95% CI (1.55, 1.67)], rural residence (AOR: 1.4, 95%CI (1.28, 1.45)), and lower community illiteracy (AOR: 1.4, 95%CI (1.31, 1.50)) significantly influenced HIV testing uptake in the region. Conclusion This study highlights the need for tailored interventions to address disparities in HIV testing uptake among adults in Sub-Saharan Africa and progress towards the achievement of 95-95-95 targets by 2030. Thus, tailored interventions addressing key factors are crucial for enhancing testing accessibility and emphasizing awareness campaigns, easy service access, and targeted education efforts to improve early diagnosis, treatment, and HIV prevention in the region.

Abstract This is a Matters Arising about an article titled “A structural equation modeling approach to investigate HIV testing willingness for men who have sex with men in China” in the issue of AIDS Res Ther 20, 64 (2023) " of this journal has been published. While thanking and appreciating the good authors of this article, we would like to explain some of the methodological issues of this study in order to clarify and disambiguate the methodology part of this article and other articles submitted in this style. First of all, it should be known that the concept and definition of structural equation modeling, the reason and method of doing it, specifying the observable and latent variables in the model, the exogenous and endogenous variables of the model, the correct way to draw the SEM graph, should be properly considered. The authors of this Matters Arising do not seek to refute or confirm the authors of this article. Our final opinion is that the methodology section should be written better and scientific clarification should be made in the methodology section for readers and interested parties.

Objectives: This qualitative sub‐study aimed to explore how cisgender gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (cis‐GBMSM) and transgender people who reported non‐consensual sex (NCS) accessed health care services, what barriers they faced, and how this experience influenced subsequent HIV testing. Methods: SELPHI is an online randomized controlled trial evaluating both acceptability and efficiency of HIV‐self testing among cis‐GBMSM and transgender people. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted, audio‐recorded, transcribed, and analysed through a framework analysis, as a qualitative sub‐study. We identified narratives of NCS from interviews and investigated experiences of cis‐GBMSM and transgender people accessing health care services following sexual assault. Results: Of 95 participants, 15 (16%) spontaneously reported NCS. Participants reported a broad range of NCS, including partner's coercive behaviours, non‐consensual removal of condoms, and rapes. All feared HIV transmission, leading them to test for HIV, underlining a marked lack of awareness of post‐exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Most had negative experiences in communicating with reception staff in sexual health clinics following these incidents. A lack of confidentiality and empathy was described in these situations of psychological distress. Clinic visits were primarily focused on testing for HIV and sexually transmitted infection, and generally no specific psychological support was offered. Getting a negative HIV result was a key step in regaining control for people who experienced NCS. Conclusions: Sexual health care providers should take care to more fully address the issue of NCS with cis‐GBMSM and transgender people when it arises. Recognizing and managing the emotional impact of NCS on affected patients would prevent negative experiences and increase confidence in care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a Matters Arising about an article titled "A structural equation modeling approach to investigate HIV testing willingness for men who have sex with men in China" in the issue of AIDS Res Ther 20, 64 (2023) " of this journal has been published. While thanking and appreciating the good authors of this article, we would like to explain some of the methodological issues of this study in order to clarify and disambiguate the methodology part of this article and other articles submitted in this style. First of all, it should be known that the concept and definition of structural equation modeling, the reason and method of doing it, specifying the observable and latent variables in the model, the exogenous and endogenous variables of the model, the correct way to draw the SEM graph, should be properly considered. The authors of this Matters Arising do not seek to refute or confirm the authors of this article. Our final opinion is that the methodology section should be written better and scientific clarification should be made in the methodology section for readers and interested parties. Purpose of the article: Clarifying the methodology for the mentioned article and other articles sent to this journal so that the readers and interested parties can better understand and apply the methodology content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transgender women (TGW) and men who have sex with other men (MSM) often encounter disparities in accessing HIV testing, leading to delayed diagnoses and worse prognoses. We analysed barriers and facilitators for accessing HIV rapid testing by TGW and MSM in Brazil, 2004-2023. Citations were included whether the study population consisted of individuals aged ≥18y old, and studies addressed HIV testing and have been conducted in Brazil. The study protocol was based on Joanna Briggs’ recommendations for scoping reviews. We included 11 studies on TGW and 17 on MSM. The belief that one is not at risk of contracting HIV infection, fear expressed in different ways (e.g. lack of confidentiality) and younger age were the main barriers. Feeling at risk for HIV infection, curiosity, and favourable characteristics of the setting where the testing takes place were cited as the main facilitators. Barriers and facilitators specifically for HIV self-testing included, respectively, concerns about conducting the test alone vs. autonomy/flexibility. Brazil is unlikely to achieve the UN’ 95-95-95 goal without minimising testing disparities. Combating prejudice against TGW and MSM in testing settings, along with educational campaigns and transparent protocols to ensure confidentiality, can help increase HIV testing among these populations.

Introduction: Currently, Indonesia still has one of the highest rates of new HIV/AIDS infections among countries in Asia and the Pacific region. The WHO has recommended pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) as an additional HIV epidemic prevention step, which has been applied globally and related to the reduction in the number of HIV cases. However, information on the cost of implementing PrEP is rarely available in developing countries, especially in Southeast Asia. Designing a cost‐effective approach to scale up PrEP and to estimate the potential budget impact requires information on the cost of implementing PrEP. This study aims to estimate the cost of implementing PrEP at community‐based clinics in Indonesia. Methods: We collected healthcare and non‐healthcare/client costs from nine community‐based clinics in various cities/districts in Indonesia. The healthcare costs included data on resource utilisation and costs to deliver PrEP, divided into recurrent and capital costs using a discount rate of 3%. Non‐healthcare costs included out‐of‐pocket costs (e.g., transportation, meals) and productivity loss by clients and accompanying person(s) in accessing PrEP. On average, we interviewed 27 clients/clinic. Results: The annual cost of providing PrEP per client is US $365.03, 39% lower than the yearly cost of antiretroviral treatment (ART) per person (approximately US $600). Drugs and non‐healthcare costs contribute approximately 67% of the cost. The cost of PrEP amounts to US $292,756.45/year, covering 802 clients. The non‐healthcare cost per visit at all sites never reaches more than 10% of the average monthly household expenditure. Conclusions: The cost of providing PrEP per person is approximately US $365 and is 39% lower than the annual cost of ART per person. Lowering the cost of PrEP ARV drugs would reduce the cost. Scaling up PrEP should recognise this cost structure and strive to reach economies of scale as the intervention gains more clients while simultaneously controlling new HIV infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HIV and AIDS in Ternate City are second ranks after North Halmahera District, especially in North Maluku Province. There were 684 HIV AIDS cases in 2007-April 2022, 24 new cases in 2022 (12 homosexuals, 10 heterosexuals, and 2 IDUs). Early detection of HIV testing is one way of knowing HIV status, especially in people at high risk. The aim is to describe the characteristics of Sex workers in entertainment locations X and Y in their willingness to carry out an HIV test. The study was conducted in July 2022 with a total population of 50 sex workers at entertainment locations X and Y. Samples were taken by total sampling. Data were taken using the IBBS questionnaire and analyzed descriptively. Almost half of the respondents' age group is 30-39 years old (42%), high school education respondents (82%), unmarried respondents (66%), and respondents who have worked in entertainment venues X and Y for 1-5 years (60%). More than half of the respondents had good knowledge (76%), and all respondents received support related to HIV testing from peers, pimps, and health workers as well as the role of health workers who always carried out HIV tests. The better the understanding and knowledge of HIV AIDS, the more motivated they are to be willing to take an HIV test because understanding the condition is a high risk

Abstract Background It has been estimated that 60,000 Iranians have been infected with HIV/AIDS and only 36% of them are aware of their status. This study aimed to design, implement and evaluate a social marketing campaign to promote HIV testing in Boyer-Ahmad County, Kohgiluyeh, and Boyer-Ahmad Province, southwest of Iran. Materials and methods This study was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest without a control group, developed based on a social marketing assessment and response tool. To design the intervention formative research was conducted, comprised of four focus group discussion sessions with 42 participants of the target community along with seven in-depth semi-structured personal interviews with health care providers involved in the HIV/AIDS Program. Data analysis was done manually using content analysis and the main content was formulated for the campaign. Afterward, the slogan and messages of the campaign were developed. The campaign’s materials including banners, posters, pamphlets, referral forms, and short messages were designed, pretested, and revised. Ultimately, the campaign was conducted for one month in October 2019. To determine the effectiveness of the campaign, the rate of referrals to the Center for Behavioral Health Counseling Services (CBHCS), for three months before and after the campaign, was compared. Results Qualitative findings identified that the majority of the interviewees mentioned that the main reasons for the low rate of referrals to get tested for HIV were lack of awareness and information about HIV/AIDS and its diagnosis as well as the free and confidential tests available from the CBHCS. Moreover, the stigma associated with HIV/AIDS was another important reason for low referrals for testing. The rate of referrals for HIV testing in the three months leading up to the campaign was 18, 32, and 23 people, and three months after the campaign was 64, 81, and 44 individuals; respectively. The results of the multivariate analysis demonstrated that the campaign had increased the rates of referrals for HIV testing through its significant influence on females, and individuals with academic degrees. Conclusion It can be concluded that the social marketing campaign was successful in persuading people to get tested for HIV.

Background: Varied HIV prevention interventions involving multiple strategies has been instrumental in the effort to contain and lessen the prevalence of HIV around the globe. However, female sex workers (FSWs) often face stigma and discriminatory challenges, resulting in lower access to the HIV prevention initiatives. This study has aimed to assess the effect of one of the HIV service delivery models, the Drop-in Centers (DICs), which is designed to overcome the service uptake barriers of FSWs. Method: A quasi-experimental study design was employed. A respondent-driven sampling technique was used to recruit 1,366 FSWs from January to June 2020. A propensity score matching technique was used to balance the potential confounders between FSWs who had access to DICs and those who had never accessed DICs. Comparisons of the effect of DIC on the outcome of interest was made using a logit regression model at a 5% level of significance. Results: A total of 1,366 FSWs took part in the study. The analysis estimated the average treatment effects of access to DICs on four key outcomes: ever-testing to know HIV status, finding HIV-positive FSWs, awareness of HIV-positive status, and consistent condom use. A significant effect of DIC was seen at a 95% confidence interval on each outcome. Access to DIC produced a 7.58% increase in the probability of testing to know HIV status (P < 0.001), a 7.02% increment in finding HIV-positive FSWs (P = 0.003), an increase of 6.93% in awareness of HIV status among HIV positive FSWs (P = 0.001), and a 4.39% rise in consistent condom use (P = 0.01). Conclusions: Ensuring access of FSWs to DICs has led to an upsurge in HIV testing among FSWs, raising HIV status awareness among those who are HIV positive, and encouraged consistent condom use. To provide effective HIV prevention services, particularly to those FSWs living with HIV, it is essential to strengthen the services provided in DICs and expand the centers. This will ensure that the entire network of FSWs is reached with appropriate HIV prevention services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) remains one of the most significant public health challenges globally, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Although HIV testing is a vital step for both prevention and treatment, its uptake is still low in SSA. We therefore examined HIV testing in SSA and its individual/household and community factors among women of reproductive age groups (15–49 y). Methods Demographic and Health Survey data collected between 2010 and 2020 from 28 SSA countries were used for this analysis. We analysed the coverage of HIV testing and individual/household and community factors on 384 416 women in the reproductive age groups (15–49 y). Bivariate and multivariable multilevel binary logistic regression analysis were conducted to select candidate variables and to identify significant explanatory variables associated with HIV testing and the results were presented using adjusted odd ratios (AORs) at 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results The pooled prevalence of HIV testing among women of reproductive age in SSA was 56.1% (95% CI 53.7 to 58.4), with the highest coverage found in Zambia (86.9%) and the lowest in Chad (6.1%). Age (45–49 y; AOR 0.30 [95% CI 0.15 to 0.62]), women's education level (secondary; AOR 1.97 [95% CI 1.36 to 2.84]) and economic status (richest; AOR 2.78 [95% CI 1.40 to 5.51]) were some of the individual/household factors associated with HIV testing. Similarly, religion (no religion; AOR 0.58 [95% CI 0.34 to 0.97]), marital status (married; AOR 0.69 [95% CI 0.50 to 0.95]) and comprehensive knowledge of HIV (yes; AOR 2.01 [95% CI 1.53 to 2.64]) were significantly associated individual/household factors for HIV testing. Meanwhile, place of residence (rural; AOR 0.65 [95% CI 0.45 to 0.94]) was found to be a significant community-level factor. Conclusion More than half of married women in SSA have been tested for HIV, with between-country variations. Both individual/household factors were associated with HIV testing. Stakeholders should therefore consider all above-mentioned factors to plan an integrated approach to enhancing HIV testing through health education, sensitization, counselling and empowering older and married women, those with no formal education, those who do not have comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge and those in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Varied HIV prevention interventions involving multiple strategies has been instrumental in the effort to contain and lessen the prevalence of HIV around the globe. However, female sex workers (FSWs) often face stigma and discriminatory challenges, resulting in lower access to the HIV prevention initiatives. This study has aimed to assess the effect of one of the HIV service delivery models, the Drop-in Centers (DICs), which is designed to overcome the service uptake barriers of FSWs. Method A quasi-experimental study design was employed. A respondent-driven sampling technique was used to recruit 1,366 FSWs from January to June 2020. A propensity score matching technique was used to balance the potential confounders between FSWs who had access to DICs and those who had never accessed DICs. Comparisons of the effect of DIC on the outcome of interest was made using a logit regression model at a 5% level of significance. Results A total of 1,366 FSWs took part in the study. The analysis estimated the average treatment effects of access to DICs on four key outcomes: ever-testing to know HIV status, finding HIV-positive FSWs, awareness of HIV-positive status, and consistent condom use. A significant effect of DIC was seen at a 95% confidence interval on each outcome. Access to DIC produced a 7.58% increase in the probability of testing to know HIV status (P < 0.001), a 7.02% increment in finding HIV-positive FSWs (P = 0.003), an increase of 6.93% in awareness of HIV status among HIV positive FSWs (P = 0.001), and a 4.39% rise in consistent condom use (P = 0.01). Conclusions Ensuring access of FSWs to DICs has led to an upsurge in HIV testing among FSWs, raising HIV status awareness among those who are HIV positive, and encouraged consistent condom use. To provide effective HIV prevention services, particularly to those FSWs living with HIV, it is essential to strengthen the services provided in DICs and expand the centers. This will ensure that the entire network of FSWs is reached with appropriate HIV prevention services.

This study focused on individuals who classify themselves as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, asexual and any other non-heterosexual orientations (LGBTQIA+) and their general attitude towards HIV testing. The hypothesis for this study is that LGBTQIA+ individuals with lower levels of predictor variables (lower level of outness and peer openness) have significantly different attitudes towards HIV testing than those with higher levels of predictor variables. A three-part survey was passed out via quota sampling method, and 121 participants answered the survey. The result showed that there is a statistical significance between a LGBTQIA+ individual’s level of outness and their attitude towards HIV testing (p

This study focused on individuals who classify themselves as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, asexual and any other non-heterosexual orientations (LGBTQIA+) and their general attitude towards HIV testing. The hypothesis for this study is that LGBTQIA+ individuals with lower levels of predictor variables (lower level of outness and peer openness) have significantly different attitudes towards HIV testing than those with higher levels of predictor variables. A three-part survey was passed out via quota sampling method, and 121 participants answered the survey. The result showed that there is a statistical significance between a LGBTQIA+ individual's level of outness and their attitude towards HIV testing (p < 0.05), which leads to the conclusion that level of outness may be an indicator that predicts a LGBTQIA+ individual's attitude towards HIV testing. Findings of this study may help understand the relationship between LGBTQIA+ individuals' psychological barrier factors and attitudes towards HIV testing, which may inform future research and practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundThe high rate of attrition along the care cascade of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) results in lost opportunities to provide timely antiretroviral therapy (ART) and to prevent unnecessarily high mortality. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of a structural intervention, the one-stop ("One4All") strategy that streamlines China's HIV care cascade with the intent to improve testing completeness, ART initiation, viral suppression, and mortality.MethodA two-arm, cluster-randomized controlled trial was implemented in twelve county hospitals in Guangxi China to test the effectiveness of the One4All strategy (intervention arm) compared to the current standard of care (SOC; control arm). The twelve study hospitals were selected for homogeneity and allocated one-to-one to the intervention and control arms. All patients screening HIV positive in study hospitals were enrolled. Target study enrollment was 180 participants per arm, 30 participants per hospital. Basic demographic information was collected as well as HIV risk behavior and route of infection. In intervention hospitals, patients then went on to receive point-of-care CD4 testing and in-parallel viral load (VL) testing whereas patients in control hospitals progressed through the usual SOC cascade. The primary outcome measure was testing completeness within 30 days of positive initial HIV screening result. Testing completeness was defined as receipt of all tests, test results, and post-test counseling. The secondary outcome measure was ART initiation (receipt of first ART prescriptions) within 90 days of positive initial HIV screening result. Tertiary outcome measures were viral suppression (≤200 copies/mL) and all-cause mortality at 12 months.DiscussionWe expect that this first-ever, cluster-randomized controlled trial of a bundle of interventions intended to streamline the HIV care cascade in China (the One4All strategy) will provide strong evidence for the benefit of accelerating diagnosis, thorough clinical assessment, and ART initiation via an optimized HIV care cascade. We furthermore anticipate that this evidence will be valuable to policymakers looking to elevate China's overall HIV/AIDS response to meet the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets and the broader, global goal of eradication of the HIV/AIDS epidemic.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov # NCT02084316 . (Registered on March 7, 2014).

This cross-sectional study examined the impact of perception of community, social network and individual variables on the likelihood of voluntary HIV testing of people 40 years and older living in Agincourt, South Africa. The data came from Health and Aging in Africa: A Longitudinal Study of an INDEPTH Community in SA (HAALSI) Cohort from Agincourt. We applied three logistic regression models. Results showed that voluntary uptake of HIV testing was significantly associated with two network factors, namely friendships within the network and frequency of fighting in the network. At the community level, attachment to place was significantly associated with voluntary testing, while at the individual level, education, sexual behaviour, employment and age were significantly associated with the voluntary uptake of HIV testing. The implications of these findings are that age-appropriate interventions must be devised to sensitise older people in Agincourt about HIV risks. Also, leadership at the community level and in social networks must encourage members to consider voluntary testing for their own and community interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Preventing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is central to containing the HIV pandemic. For pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP and PEP), drugs approved in Germany are available. Basic information on this should be obtained from physicians in further training to become specialists in General Practice (GP) since they may have to deal with this topic of high relevance for the health of patients at risk and also the physicians' health after a possible exposure in the professional context. Methodology: A multiple-choice questionnaire was handed out to doctors in further training in General Practice on seminar days of the Competence Centre for General Practice Saxony-Anhalt for an immediate answer. Results: Of the 109 doctors, 73 completed the questionnaire. A general high relevance of the topic HIV was stated by 95%. In contrast, 71% said it was relevant for family doctor activities. The knowledge questions on the prevalence were answered correctly for all questions with less than 40%; 21% stated that they knew the indication prerequisite for a PEP; 49% answered the question about the period of the highest efficacy of PEP correctly. PrEP as a drug option for prophylaxis is known to a part of the respondents, 79% would prescribe PrEP, 69% were in favour of a health insurance benefit. Discussion: The results show that the necessary basic knowledge about HIV is partly available. Basic knowledge on structured action in the fields of HIV testing, PEP and PrEP should be taught in a manner appropriate to the relevance of the topic in the context of the German general practice setting. Even a basic knowledge about PEP may help to ensure that the general practice teams receive proper measures after a possible exposition.

Abstract Background Improving the coverage of antenatal care is regarded as an important strategy to reduce the risks of maternal and child mortality in low income settings like Gambia. Nonetheless, a large number of countries in Africa, including Gambia, are struggling to attain an optimum level of healthcare utilization among pregnant women. The role of socioeconomic inequalities in maternal healthcare uptake has received little attention in Gambia. To address this evidence gap, the present study analyses nationally representative data to explore the socioeconomic inequalities in the use of maternal healthcare. Methods Data on women aged 15–49 years (n = 5351) were extracted from the latest round of Gambia Demographic and Health Survey in 2013 for this study. The outcome measures were early and adequate antenatal visit and HIV tests during the last pregnancy. Data were analyzed using descriptive and multivariate regression methods. Socioeconomic status was assessed through the women’s education, type of employment, and household wealth quintile. Results From the total of 5351 participants included in the study, 38.7 and 78.8% of the women had early and adequate ANC visits respectively with a 65.4% HIV test coverage during ANC visits. The odds of early [OR = 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) =1.06, 1.59] and adequate [OR = 1.45, 95%CI = 1.15, 1.82] ANC visits were higher in the rural areas compared with urban. Women with secondary [OR = 1.24, 95%CI = 1.04, 1.48] and higher education [OR = 1.80, 95%CI = 1.20, 2.70] had higher odds of making early ANC visits. Women from richest wealth quintile households had significantly higher odds of having early [OR = 1.49, 95%CI = 1.14, 1.95] and adequate ANC visits [OR = 2.06, 95%CI = 1.48, 2.87], but not of having HIV tests. Having access to electronic media showed a positive association with adequate ANC visits [OR = 1.32, 95%CI = 1.08, 1.62] and with taking HIV test during ANC [OR = 1.48, 95%CI = 1.21, 1.80]. A fewer odds of having unintended child was associated with early ANC visit [OR = 0.70, 95%CI = 0.59, 0.84], but positively associated with taking HIV test [OR = 1.75, 95%CI = 1.42, 2.15]. Conclusion A large proportion of women in Gambia were not using antenatal care and HIV tests during pregnancy. There are important sociodemographic differences in using maternal healthcare services such as HIV testing during pregnancy. This calls for strategic direction to promote the utilization of these services.

Introduction: Preventing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is central to containing the HIV pandemic. For pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP and PEP), drugs approved in Germany are available. Basic information on this should be obtained from physicians in further training to become specialists in General Practice (GP) since they may have to deal with this topic of high relevance for the health of patients at risk and also the physicians' health after a possible exposure in the professional context. Methodology: A multiple-choice questionnaire was handed out to doctors in further training in General Practice on seminar days of the Competence Centre for General Practice Saxony-Anhalt for an immediate answer. Results: Of the 109 doctors, 73 completed the questionnaire. A general high relevance of the topic HIV was stated by 95%. In contrast, 71% said it was relevant for family doctor activities. The knowledge questions on the prevalence were answered correctly for all questions with less than 40%; 21% stated that they knew the indication prerequisite for a PEP; 49% answered the question about the period of the highest efficacy of PEP correctly. PrEP as a drug option for prophylaxis is known to a part of the respondents, 79% would prescribe PrEP, 69% were in favour of a health insurance benefit. Discussion: The results show that the necessary basic knowledge about HIV is partly available. Basic knowledge on structured action in the fields of HIV testing, PEP and PrEP should be taught in a manner appropriate to the relevance of the topic in the context of the German general practice setting. Even a basic knowledge about PEP may help to ensure that the general practice teams receive proper measures after a possible exposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite evidence globally of the heavy HIV burden among sex workers (SWs) as well as other poor health outcomes, including violence, SWs are often excluded from accessing voluntary, confidential and non-coercive health services, including HIV prevention, treatment, care and support. This study therefore assessed the prevalence and association with regular HIV testing among street- and off-street SWs in Vancouver, Canada. Cross-sectional baseline data were used from a longitudinal cohort known as "An Evaluation of Sex Worker's Health Access" (AESHA; January 2010-July 2012). This cohort included youth and adult SWs (aged 14+ years). We used multivariable logistic regression to assess the relationship between explanatory variables and having a recent HIV test (in the last year). Of the 435 seronegative SWs included, 67.1% reported having a recent HIV test. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, having a recent HIV test remained significantly independently associated with elevated odds of inconsistent condom use with clients [adjusted (multivariable) odds ratios, AOR: 2.59, 95% confidence intervals [95% CIs]: 1.17-5.78], injecting drugs (AOR: 2.33, 95% CIs: 1.17-4.18) and contact with a mobile HIV prevention programme (AOR: 1.76, 95% CIs: 1.09-2.84) within the last six months. Reduced odds of having a recent HIV test was also significantly associated with being a migrant/new immigrant to Canada (AOR: 0.33, 95% CIs: 0.19-0.56) and having a language barrier to health care access (AOR: 0.26, 95% CIs: 0.09-0.73). Our results highlight successes of reaching SWs at high risk of HIV through drug and sexual pathways. To maximize the effectiveness of including HIV testing as part of comprehensive HIV prevention and care to SWs, increased mobile outreach and safer-environment interventions that facilitate access to voluntary, confidential and non-coercive HIV testing remain a critical priority, in addition to culturally safe services with language support.

INTRODUCTION: Couples HIV testing and counseling is an important intervention to make an informed decision on reproductive health, to adopt preventive behaviors, support each other, and prevent mother-to-child HIV transmissions. Despite the importance of partners of pregnant women HIV testing uptake, there is limited study in Ethiopia. Hence, this study aimed to assess the proportion of HIV testing uptake and its determinants among partners of pregnant women. METHODS: a community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to February 2020 in Addis Ababa. A multistage cluster sampling technique was used to recruit 812 partners of pregnant women. A pre-tested and structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the determinants of HIV testing uptake among partners of pregnant women. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was used to declare statistical association and the direction of the association between the dependent variable and independent variables. RESULTS: overall, a total of 63.7% (95% CI: 60-67%) of partners of pregnant women were tested for HIV/AIDS. Knowledge on mother to child transmission of HIV (AOR=2.0, 95% CI: 1.37-3.06), previous history of couple HIV testing and counseling (AOR=3.8, 95% CI: 2.49-5.85), discussion with spouse (AOR= 6.6, 95% CI: 4.44-9.91), and having information about discordant HIV test result (AOR =2.3, 95% CI: 1.48-4.14) were significantly associated with partners of pregnant women HIV test uptake. CONCLUSION: HIV testing uptake among partners of pregnant women was low. To increase the uptake of HIV testing, program designers and implementors should work on knowledge of the spouse´s on mother to child transition of HIV, to have more discussion between couples, and consider and strengthen activities that increase couple HIV testing and counseling at the community level before pregnancy.

Introduction: couples HIV testing and counseling is an important intervention to make an informed decision on reproductive health, to adopt preventive behaviors, support each other, and prevent mother-to-child HIV transmissions. Despite the importance of partners of pregnant women HIV testing uptake, there is limited study in Ethiopia. Hence, this study aimed to assess the proportion of HIV testing uptake and its determinants among partners of pregnant women. Methods: a community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to February 2020 in Addis Ababa. A multistage cluster sampling technique was used to recruit 812 partners of pregnant women. A pre-tested and structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the determinants of HIV testing uptake among partners of pregnant women. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was used to declare statistical association and the direction of the association between the dependent variable and independent variables. Results: overall, a total of 63.7% (95% CI: 60-67%) of partners of pregnant women were tested for HIV/AIDS. Knowledge on mother to child transmission of HIV (AOR=2.0, 95% CI: 1.37-3.06), previous history of couple HIV testing and counseling (AOR=3.8, 95% CI: 2.49-5.85), discussion with spouse (AOR= 6.6, 95% CI: 4.44-9.91), and having information about discordant HIV test result (AOR =2.3, 95% CI: 1.48-4.14) were significantly associated with partners of pregnant women HIV test uptake. Conclusion: HIV testing uptake among partners of pregnant women was low. To increase the uptake of HIV testing, program designers and implementors should work on knowledge of the spouse ́s on mother to child transition of HIV, to have more discussion between couples, and consider and strengthen activities that increase couple HIV testing and counseling at the community level before pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background In low-income countries with poor coverage of healthcare services such as Mozambique, antenatal care serves as a vital tool for providing life-saving and cost-effective services for pregnant mothers. Nonetheless, many countries in Africa, including Mozambique, are struggling to attain an optimum level of antenatal care (at least 4 visits) utilisation among pregnant women. In the present study, we aimed to assess the sociodemographic and economic factors associated with antenatal care use in Mozambique. Methods Cross-sectional data from the latest round of Mozambique Demographic and Health Survey (2011) on women aged 15–49 years (n = 7080) were analysed. The outcome measures were early and adequate antenatal visit and HIV tests during the last pregnancy. Data were analysed using descriptive and multivariate regression methods. The predictor variables included various demographic (e.g. age, parity), empowerment (e.g. type of employment, household wealth status) and sociocultural factors (e.g. ethnicity, religion). Results Of the 7080 women whose data was analyzed, 15.3 and 60.1% had early and adequate ANC visits respectively while 75.4% received HIV test during ANC visits. The odds of early ANC visits were higher [OR = 1.300, 95%CI = 1.062,1.592] among women in the rural areas compared with those in the urban areas. However, participants in rural areas had lower odds [OR = 0.788, 0.687,0.902] of receiving HIV tests during ANC visits. Women in the urban areas with secondary [OR = 1.296, 95%CI = 1.007,1.666] and higher [OR = 1.663, 95%CI = 1.052,2.628] education had higher odds of having early ANC visit. Those in the higher wealth quintiles also had significantly increased odds of using all three types of ANC indicators, particularly for rural women in the highest wealth quintile [OR = 4.776, 95%CI = 1.250,18.24]. Being within the higher wealth quintiles was found to significantly increase the odds of using all three types of ANC indicators, particularly women from rural areas with highest wealth quintile [OR = 4.776, 95%CI = 1.250,18.24]. Conclusion About two-fifth of the women in Mozambique are not using adequate antenatal care and about and a quarter do not take HIV tests during pregnancy. The sources of low and unequal use of these vital health services might be rooted in women’s socioeconomic status and cultural issues that require special policy and research attention.

The Red House neighbourhood in the Ximen shopping district, located on the south side of Taipei, has been the centre of the city’s vibrant culture of sexual inclusivity and gay activism since the early 2000s. Next to the shining billboards at Ximen Square, the Red House presents itself as a reminder of the neighbourhood’s historical transformation from a marketplace during the Japanese colonial rule in Taiwan (1895–1945) to a major pornography theatre in the 1970s–1990s, while emerging as a new urban centre for youth culture, entertainment and outdoor gay bars in the 2000s. Addressing issues of urban exclusion and inclusion, this paper focuses on an HIV testing booth located in the Red House area. Based on interviews with social workers and drawing analyses from archival research, this paper reflects on the politics of a place of caring. Providing 15-minute HIV testing sessions free for anyone in the gay community, the testing booth is an outpost of the Taiwan AIDS Foundation, a nongovernmental organisation that receives public funds. Despite the fact that HIV tests are now widely available for purchase – even accessible from vending machines – the testing booth’s cosy, discretionary and friendly manner renders it a place of caring, where one can be attended by social workers as well as receiving a consultation.

Kenneth Soyemi,1,2 Teddy Muisyo,1,3 Yaa KariKari,1,4 Kun-UK David Lee,5 Peter Nguyen,1 Karen E Simpson,1 Kevin Regis,2 Lisa Henry Reid1 1Department of Pediatrics, Cook County Health and Hospitals System, John H Stroger Jr Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA; 2Department of Emergency Medicine, Cook County Health and Hospitals System, John H Stroger Jr Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA; 3Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; 4Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Advocate Christ Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA; 5School of Medicine, Rosalind Franklin Medical School, North Chicago, IL, USA Abstract: HIV testing in the Pediatric Emergency Department (PED) is a novel concept as adolescents, and young adults, use the PED as point of care or first point of contact with the health care system. Our objective was to study the HIV nontesting data and factors that influenced testing decision among patients receiving care in our PED. We designed a survey that inquired about testing acceptance, reasons for rejection, satisfaction with testing conditions, and understanding of the consequence of HIV test results. We approached 500 patients across all shifts in the PED; for analysis, categorical variables were created using demographic data (race, age, ethnicity, marital status, level of education). Forward conditional binary logistic regression was used to explore the effect of various independent predictors on HIV testing rejection with the strength of association measured with adjusted odds ratio (OR), and their 95% CIs. We conducted model fitting by plotting residuals, Hosmer and Lemeshow test statistic, and area under the curve completed using predicted probabilities. We used SPSS Version 25™, Microsoft Excel 2016™ for data preparation and analysis. Of the 500 patients approached, 423 (84.6%) completed the survey, median (interquartile) age of survey participants was 19 (17–20) years, 158 (37.4%) rejected HIV testing, 284 (67.1%) were older than 18 years of age, 200 (47.3%) were males, 154 (36.4%) were white, and 127 (30%) were of Hispanic origin. The most common reason for rejecting HIV was low risk perception declared by 79 (50%) respondents. In multivariate analysis, age

Background: Accurate HIV diagnosis is essential for appropriate patient care. Rapid tests (RTs) are considered key to HIV screening and management. Some studies have found RTs to be comparable with the ELISA test whilst others have reported lower sensitivity. Aim and study design: The aim of this retrospective, descriptive study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the HIV 1/2/O Tri‐line rapid test (HIV‐TRT) device compared with ELISA. Method: The study sample comprised 45 records of patients who tested for HIV using the HIV‐TRT device and ELISA. Results: As compared with ELISA as the 100% gold standard, the sensitivity of the HIV‐TRT was 80% (CI: 59%–93%) and specificity was 100% (CI: 83%–100%). ROC area of 0.9 at 95% CI was determined. Conclusion: The low sensitivity of HIV‐TRT is a concern, since HIV screening in South Africa makes use of RTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, most HIV tests are performed with blood samples, or alternatively saliva samples are used for HIV testing. SimpleHIV tests need to be performed in hospitals or other medical agencies instead of more invasive HIV blood tests. To enable point-ofcare (POC) HIV diagnostics, based on a recently developed lateral flow strip for HIV urine testing, a microfluidic immunoassay cassette with a handheld optical reader is developed. Based on lateral flow strip with gold colloid reporter, the integrated immunoassay cassette can perform sample introduction, metering, discharging, applying and detection which simplifies HIV testing. An indicator is incorporated into the cassette to guide sample introduction based on color change, and further, the excess test sample is stored inside the sealed cassette to avoid any contamination. The low-cost handheld optical reader can provide a test result within a few seconds, which is useful for simple, sensitive and affordable HIV onsite detection. Instead of using normal white LEDs, a customized back light module embedded with green LEDs is adopted to illuminate the lateral flow strip with an appropriate working current to achieve optimal performance. Compared to the standard lateral flow strips using a benchtop reader, with the disposable immunoassay cassette assisted by the handheld optical reader, more convenient, easier-to-operate, and more affordable HIV urine testing can be achieved in POC diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Improving the coverage of antenatal care is regarded as an important strategy to reduce the risks of maternal and child mortality in low income settings like Gambia. Nonetheless, a large number of countries in Africa, including Gambia, are struggling to attain an optimum level of healthcare utilization among pregnant women. The role of socioeconomic inequalities in maternal healthcare uptake has received little attention in Gambia. To address this evidence gap, the present study analyses nationally representative data to explore the socioeconomic inequalities in the use of maternal healthcare.Methods: Data on women aged 15-49 years (n = 5351) were extracted from the latest round of Gambia Demographic and Health Survey in 2013 for this study. The outcome measures were early and adequate antenatal visit and HIV tests during the last pregnancy. Data were analyzed using descriptive and multivariate regression methods. Socioeconomic status was assessed through the women's education, type of employment, and household wealth quintile.Results: From the total of 5351 participants included in the study, 38.7 and 78.8% of the women had early and adequate ANC visits respectively with a 65.4% HIV test coverage during ANC visits. The odds of early [OR = 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) =1.06, 1.59] and adequate [OR = 1.45, 95%CI = 1.15, 1.82] ANC visits were higher in the rural areas compared with urban. Women with secondary [OR = 1.24, 95%CI = 1.04, 1.48] and higher education [OR = 1.80, 95%CI = 1.20, 2.70] had higher odds of making early ANC visits. Women from richest wealth quintile households had significantly higher odds of having early [OR = 1.49, 95%CI = 1.14, 1.95] and adequate ANC visits [OR = 2.06, 95%CI = 1.48, 2.87], but not of having HIV tests. Having access to electronic media showed a positive association with adequate ANC visits [OR = 1.32, 95%CI = 1.08, 1.62] and with taking HIV test during ANC [OR = 1.48, 95%CI = 1.21, 1.80]. A fewer odds of having unintended child was associated with early ANC visit [OR = 0.70, 95%CI = 0.59, 0.84], but positively associated with taking HIV test [OR = 1.75, 95%CI = 1.42, 2.15].Conclusion: A large proportion of women in Gambia were not using antenatal care and HIV tests during pregnancy. There are important sociodemographic differences in using maternal healthcare services such as HIV testing during pregnancy. This calls for strategic direction to promote the utilization of these services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile health (M-Health) has become a novel method for HIV prevention and the effects need to be promoted. The study purpose was to exam how a smartphone application (app) reduces HIV risky behaviour in men who have sex with men (MSM). The Safe Behaviour and Screening (SBS) app was developed, and included five features: record, output, and resources connection; information provision; testing services; interaction; and online statistics. A random assignment was used. The experimental group used the SBS app for six months. The control group did not use any intervention. There were 130 participants in the experimental group, and 135 in the control group. The average age of all subjects was 27.38 (SD = 5.56). Compared to the control group, the experimental group had significantly higher mean score of safe behaviour knowledge, motivation, and skills; percentage of condom use during anal intercourse; frequency of searching for testing resources and getting HIV and syphilis tests. The frequency of anal intercourse and recreational drug usage were significantly lower in the experimental group. The SBS app could decrease the HIV risky behaviour among MSM and be applied to HIV prevention and nursing intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background and Objectives The major interventions used to reduce the risk of HIV transmission from blood transfusion include the nucleic acid amplification assays (NAT). In Mozambique, screening for HIV infection in blood donors using serological assays is performed routinely. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of a NAT test to screen blood donors at the blood bank of Hospital Central de Maputo. Material and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in a blood bank in the city of Maputo. Overall, 1500 blood donors were enrolled in the study from November 2014 to October 2015. The blood from each participant was drawn and used for both serological and HIV quantification. For HIV viral load quantification, mini-pools of six specimens were tested and, if positive, each sample was retested separately. Results Among the 1500 blood donors, the median age was 31 years old, 78·2% were men, and 74·7% were replacement donors. Our results showed a good sensitivity of (80/80) 100·0% (95·5-100%) and a specificity of (1408/1409) 99·9% (99·6- 100%) for the NAT when compared to the serological assay used at the blood bank. The kappa value of 0·99 (0·98-1·0) and confidence interval of 95·0% were observed indicating a good correlation between the NAT and serological assay. Conclusion Our data show that the HIV nucleic acid quantification assay has a good performance when compared to the serological assays, can detect infected donors/donations and can be used in mini-pools to minimize HIV infection resulting from the blood transfusion in the blood banks of Mozambique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The high rate of attrition along the care cascade of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) results in lost opportunities to provide timely antiretroviral therapy (ART) and to prevent unnecessarily high mortality. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of a structural intervention, the one-stop (“One4All”) strategy that streamlines China’s HIV care cascade with the intent to improve testing completeness, ART initiation, viral suppression, and mortality. Method A two-arm, cluster-randomized controlled trial was implemented in twelve county hospitals in Guangxi China to test the effectiveness of the One4All strategy (intervention arm) compared to the current standard of care (SOC; control arm). The twelve study hospitals were selected for homogeneity and allocated one-to-one to the intervention and control arms. All patients screening HIV positive in study hospitals were enrolled. Target study enrollment was 180 participants per arm, 30 participants per hospital. Basic demographic information was collected as well as HIV risk behavior and route of infection. In intervention hospitals, patients then went on to receive point-of-care CD4 testing and in-parallel viral load (VL) testing whereas patients in control hospitals progressed through the usual SOC cascade. The primary outcome measure was testing completeness within 30 days of positive initial HIV screening result. Testing completeness was defined as receipt of all tests, test results, and post-test counseling. The secondary outcome measure was ART initiation (receipt of first ART prescriptions) within 90 days of positive initial HIV screening result. Tertiary outcome measures were viral suppression (≤200 copies/mL) and all-cause mortality at 12 months. Discussion We expect that this first-ever, cluster-randomized controlled trial of a bundle of interventions intended to streamline the HIV care cascade in China (the One4All strategy) will provide strong evidence for the benefit of accelerating diagnosis, thorough clinical assessment, and ART initiation via an optimized HIV care cascade. We furthermore anticipate that this evidence will be valuable to policymakers looking to elevate China’s overall HIV/AIDS response to meet the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets and the broader, global goal of eradication of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov # NCT02084316 . (Registered on March 7, 2014)

Background: Research has found a COVID-19 pandemic-related impact on HIV medical services, including clinic visits, testing, and antiviral therapy initiation in countries including Japan. However, the change in trend for HIV/AIDS testing during the COVID-19 pandemic has not been explored extensively in the Japanese population., Objective: This infodemiology study examines the web-based search interest for two types of HIV tests, self-test kits and facility-based tests, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan., Methods: The monthly search volume of queried search terms was obtained from Yahoo! JAPAN. Search volumes for the following terms were collected from November 2017 to October 2018: "HIV test," "HIV test kit," and "HIV test health center." The search term "Corona PCR" and the number of new COVID-19 cases by month were used as a control for the search trends. The number of new HIV cases in the corresponding study period was obtained from the AIDS Trend Committee Quarterly Report from the AIDS Prevention Foundation., Results: Compared to the search volume of "corona-PCR," which roughly fluctuated corresponding to the number of new COVID-19 cases in Japan, the search volume of "HIV test" was relatively stable from 2019 to 2022. When we further stratified by the type of HIV test, the respective web-based search interest in HIV self-testing and facility-based testing showed distinct patterns from 2018 to 2022. While the search volume of "HIV test kit" remained stable, that of "HIV test health center" displayed a decreasing trend starting in 2018 and has remained low since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Around 66%-71% of the search volume of "HIV test kits" was attributable to searches made by male internet users from 2018 to 2022, and the top three contributing age groups were those aged 30-39 (27%-32%), 20-29 (19%-32%), and 40-49 (19%-25%) years. On the other hand, the search volume of "HIV test health centers" by male users decreased from more than 500 from 2018 to 2019 to fewer than 300 from 2020 to 2022., Conclusions: Our study found a notable decrease in the search volume of "HIV test health center" during the pandemic, while the search volume for HIV self-testing kits remained stable before and during the COVID-19 crisis in Japan. This suggests that the previously reported COVID-19-related decrease in the number of HIV tests mostly likely referred to facility-based testing. This sheds light on the change in HIV-testing preferences in Japan, calling for a more comprehensive application and regulatory acceptance of HIV self-instructed tests., (©Rie Kanamori, Futaba Umemura, Kosuke Uemura, Taiju Miyagami, Simon Valenti, Nobuyuki Fukui, Mayumi Yuda, Mizue Saita, Hirotake Mori, Toshio Naito. Originally published in JMIR Formative Research (https://formative.jmir.org), 18.01.2024.)

Transgender women (TGW) and men who have sex with other men (MSM) often encounter disparities in accessing HIV testing, leading to delayed diagnoses and worse prognoses. We analysed barriers and facilitators for accessing HIV rapid testing by TGW and MSM in Brazil, 2004-2023. Citations were included whether the study population consisted of individuals aged ≥18y old, and studies addressed HIV testing and have been conducted in Brazil. The study protocol was based on Joanna Briggs' recommendations for scoping reviews. We included 11 studies on TGW and 17 on MSM. The belief that one is not at risk of contracting HIV infection, fear expressed in different ways (e.g. lack of confidentiality) and younger age were the main barriers. Feeling at risk for HIV infection, curiosity, and favourable characteristics of the setting where the testing takes place were cited as the main facilitators. Barriers and facilitators specifically for HIV self-testing included, respectively, concerns about conducting the test alone vs. autonomy/flexibility. Brazil is unlikely to achieve the UN' 95-95-95 goal without minimising testing disparities. Combating prejudice against TGW and MSM in testing settings, along with educational campaigns and transparent protocols to ensure confidentiality, can help increase HIV testing among these populations.

The Red House neighbourhood in the Ximen shopping district, located on the south side of Taipei, has been the centre of the city's vibrant culture of sexual inclusivity and gay activism since the early 2000s. Next to the shining billboards at Ximen Square, the Red House presents itself as a reminder of the neighbourhood's historical transformation from a marketplace during the Japanese colonial rule in Taiwan (1895-1945) to a major pornography theatre in the 1970s-1990s, while emerging as a new urban centre for youth culture, entertainment and outdoor gay bars in the 2000s. Addressing issues of urban exclusion and inclusion, this paper focuses on an HIV testing booth located in the Red House area. Based on interviews with social workers and drawing analyses from archival research, this paper reflects on the politics of a place of caring. Providing 15-minute HIV testing sessions free for anyone in the gay community, the testing booth is an outpost of the Taiwan AIDS Foundation, a nongovernmental organisation that receives public funds. Despite the fact that HIV tests are now widely available for purchase - even accessible from vending machines - the testing booth's cosy, discretionary and friendly manner renders it a place of caring, where one can be attended by social workers as well as receiving a consultation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HIV test is the only way to know a person's HIV status. The number of patients who were initiated to do HIV test was very low, compared to the number of patients showing AIDS clinical symptoms and the number of babies born from HIV-positive-mother. Moreover, there was a great rejection from patients to do HIV test. The objective of this research was to describe hospital patients' perception of the implementation of PITC by health care workers. This was a qualitative research using case study design. Nine informants were in-depth interviewed from two hospitals in Semarang City which implement PITC. The result showed that patients were assuming that the initiation of HIV test by health care workers was important because they were hoping to know their sickness, so they could get the proper treatment as soon as possible. Information about HIV test was given incompletely, because PITC was practiced in short time and in a lack-of-privacy room. It is suggested to PITC implementers that the initiation of HIV test should be carried out by focusing more on patients understanding about why they were initiated to do HIV test and focusing more on the 3 C, especially the confidentiality as mentioned in PITC Guideline by Ministry of Health of Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Patients asking for a free anonymous HIV test may have contracted other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as Chlamydia trachomatis, yet Chlamydia prevalence in that population is unknown. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and factors associated with Chlamydia infection in patients seeking HIV testing at local public health authorities (LPHA) in order to evaluate whether Chlamydia testing should be routinely offered to them. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study among patients (≥18 years) attending 18 LPHA in North Rhine-Westphalia from November 2012 to September 2013. LPHA collected information on participants’ socio-demographic characteristics, sexual and HIV testing behaviours, previous STI history and clinical symptoms. Self-collected vaginal swabs and urine (men) were analysed by Transcription-Mediated Amplification. We assessed overall and age-stratified Chlamydia prevalence and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI). Using univariate and multivariable binomial regression, we estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) to identify factors associated with Chlamydia infection. Results The study population comprised 1144 (40.5 %) women, 1134 (40.1 %) heterosexual men and 549 (19.4 %) men who have sex with men (MSM); median age was 30 years. Chlamydia prevalence was 5.3 % (95 % CI: 4.1–6.8 %) among women, 3.2 % (95 % CI: 2.2–4.4) in heterosexual men and 3.5 % (95 % CI: 2.1–5.4) in MSM. Prevalence was highest among 18–24 year-old women (9 %; 95 % CI: 5.8–13) and heterosexual men (5.7 %; 95 % CI: 3.0–9.8 %), respectively. Among MSM, the prevalence was highest among 30–39 year-olds (4.4 %; 95 % CI: 1.9–8.5 %). Among those who tested positive, 76.7 % of women, 75.0 % of heterosexual men and 84.2 % of MSM were asymptomatic. Among women, factors associated with Chlamydia infection were young age (18–24 years versus ≥ 40 years, aPR: 3.0, 95 % CI: 1.2–7.8), having had more than 2 partners over the past 6 months (ref.: one partner, aPR: 2.1, 95 % CI: 1.1–4.0) and being born abroad (aPR: 1.9, 95 % CI: 1.0–3.5). Among heterosexual men, young age was associated with Chlamydia infection (18–24 years versus ≥ 40 years, aPR: 4.1, 95 % CI: 1.3–13). Among MSM, none of the variables were associated with Chlamydia infection. Conclusions LPHA offering HIV tests should consider offering routine Chlamydia testing to women under 30 years. Women with multiple partners and those born abroad may also be considered for routine testing. Our results also suggest offering routine Chlamydia testing to heterosexual men under 25 years old. For MSM, we cannot draw specific recommendations based on our study as we estimated the prevalence of urethral Chlamydia infection, leaving out rectal and pharyngeal infections.

As a truck driver, is a consequence of having to travel a long and tiring from the eastern end of Java samapai Jakarta. This trip is done regularly and over 3 profinsi the area of Central Java, West Java and DKI Jakarta entered. Through out the rest of the crew truck where there are female sex hawkers (WPS) which directly or indirectly coloring transactional sex to the crew's truck. Supply and demand is very high in the area, so the issue of sexual behavior to be important to convey. Survey conducted by BPS and the MOH in this group in 2007 issued 5% of data that this truck crews have an STI. Research purposes Mendidkripsikan factor - factor that affect truckers IMS for HIV test. This research will be conducted descriptive analytic cross sectional design. Research places like truck stops Tegal, Batang, Pekalongan, Kendal, Semarang, Demak and Apex. Sample population and sample work was taken by sampling the total sampling technique, the sample size of approximately 47 truck drivers. Analysis of test results using ststistik with chi-square test showed that there is one variable significantly affect the HIV test is a truck driver attitudes towards HIV testing behavior, with a significance level of 5% is obtained p value 0.009, independent Variable most predominant predictor truck driver HIV test is a truck driver attitudes towards HIV testing with significant value of 0.013. Attitudes towards HIV testing truckers who do not support the Wald p value = 6,237 and the value adjusted OR or exp (B) 0, 117 means that the truck driver attitudes towards HIV testing do not support having 0.143 times the risk for contracting HIV. This research should continue because the ground was very poor, so the results of the present invention can determine the appropriate intervention to increase awareness of truck drivers to maintain her health

Men who purchase sex (MWPS) have long been considered as one of the population groups at risk of HIV transmission. However, while HIV-related interventions have been targeted towards this group, few studies have directly recruited MWPS to measure the impact of such interventions. This study aimed to fill the gap for Indonesia by identifying the level and predictors of condom use and HIV testing among MWPS, to inform prevention strategies. A cross-sectional study was conducted by surveying 200 MWPS in Bali, Indonesia in 2015. A structured questionnaire was administered to collect the data. Self-reported condom use on the occasion of last paid sex was very high (88.5%), while a history of HIV testing was low (8.1%). None of the variables identified in this study were associated with condom use at last paid sex. Men were more likely to report a history of HIV testing if they: perceived themselves to be at high risk of HIV, had a higher level of HIV-related knowledge, reported a history of genital ulcers or urethral discharge in the past 12 months, or were aware that confidential HIV testing was available. Implications and limitations of this study are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]