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Background: Voriconazole is an antifungal drug, which is classified under Bio-Classification System-II and has low water solubility (0.71 mg/mL) and high permeability. Hardly any endeavors have been made to increase the bioavailability of voriconazole. Objective: To develop and evaluate a solid SMEDDS (self-microemulsifying drug delivery system) for antifungal activity. Methods: Based on solubility studies of Labrafil-M 1994 CS (oil), Cremophor-RH 40 (a surfactant) and Transcutol-HP (a co-surfactant) were selected as components of the SMEDDS and a pseudo-ternary phase diagram was prepared. Thereafter, the oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant were mixed with altered weight ratios (1:1/1:2/2:1) and evaluated through various in vitro, in vivo analyses. Results: The particle size of the optimized formulation was observed to be 19.04 nm and the polydispersity index (PDI) value was found to be 0.162 with steady-state zeta potential. The optimized liquid SMEDDS was converted into a solid SMEDDS. Various adsorbents, such as Aerosil-200, Avicel-PH101, Neusilin-US2, and Neusilin UFL2 were screened to better detect the oil-absorbing capacity and flow properties of the powder. Neusilin UFL2 was selected as an adsorbent due to its better oil-absorbing capacity. DSC, X-ray diffraction, and dissolution studies were carried out to characterize the formulation. Further, the Pharmacokinetic profile was also studied in Wistar rats and the Cmax, tmax, and AUC0→t were calculated. The Cmax and AUC0→t plasma concentration is considerably better for the SMEDDS than for the pure drug and marketed formulation. Conclusions: This investigation clearly reveals the potential of developing a solid SMEDDS for candidiasis and invasive aspergillosis treatment, with better efficacy as compared to the commercially available marketed formulation.

The experiment was conducted during 2017–18 and 2018–19 at instructional farm, College of Horticulture, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda, Uttar Pradesh, to study the genetic variation, correlation and path analysis in gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus Hort.) in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. 14 varieties of gladiolus, viz. Black Star, Peter Pears, Gold Star, Trader Horn, Pink Rose, White Prosperity, Red White, Novalux, Yellow Gold, Candyman, Willas Pink, Jester, Nathan Red and Punjab Morning were planted in randomized block design (RBD). All parameters showed significant differences indicating that genotypes have a lot of variation. Length of the spike varied from 65.07 to 110.65 cm and size of the floret from 8.27 to 9.66 cm. Mean values for time to flowering, size of floret and vase life were 109.38 days, 8.95 cm and 8.95 days, respectively. Length of rachis (19.97 and 15.90), spike (18.49 and 14.40) and florets/spike (14.88 and 12.05) showed moderate values for PCV and GCV. Maximum heritability value was oberved in days to flowering (68.22) and minimal in floret size (35.63). Positive and significant correlations were found between plant height, length of spike and rachis, florets/spike and days to flowering. Path coefficient study revealed that length of spike (1.162), days to spike initiation (0.881) and blooming time (0.392) had biggest positive direct effects on plant height.

Scrub typhus, caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, is a re-emerging zoonotic disease in the tropics with considerable morbidity and mortality rates. This disease, which is mostly prevalent in rural areas, remains underdiagnosed and underreported because of the low index of suspicion and non-specific clinical presentation. Limited access to healthcare, diagnostics, and treatment in rural settings further makes it challenging to distinguish it from other febrile illnesses. While easily treatable, improper treatment leads to severe forms of the disease and even death. As there is no existing public health program to address scrub typhus in India, there is an urgent need to design a program and test its effectiveness for control and management of the disease. With this backdrop, this implementation research protocol has been developed for a trial in few of the endemic “pockets” of Odisha, an eastern Indian state that can be scalable to other endemic areas of the country, if found effective. The main goal of the proposed project is to include scrub typhus as a differential diagnosis of fever cases in every tier of the public health system, starting from the community level to the health system, for the early diagnosis among suspected cases and to ensure that individuals receive complete treatment. The current study aimed to describe the protocol of the proposed Scrub Typhus Control Program (STCP) in detail so that it can receive valuable views from peers which can further strengthen the attempt.

CNT-TiO2 nanocomposite thin films were deposited on quartz glass substrates using sol-gel spin coating and tested the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) under the irradiation of the solar spectrum. The absence of any sharp peak in the XRD pattern confirmed the amorphous nature of the films. The bandgap, Eg, decreased from 3.94 to 3.70 eV as the concentration of CNT increased from 0 to 3 mg. The FTIR peak detected at 1040 cm−1 indicated the vibrations of the chemical bond Ti–O–C. The photocatalytic degradation of MB rose up to 83% (CNT@2 mg) owing to charge carrier separation between TiO2 and CNT.

Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous, aggressive phenotype of breast cancer with associated chemoresistance. The development of chemo- or radioresistance could be attributed to diverse tumor microenvironments, overexpression of membrane proteins (transporters), epigenetic changes, and alteration of the cell signaling pathways/genes associated with the development of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Aim of review: Due to the diverse and heterogeneous nature of TNBC, therapeutic response to the existing modalities offers limited scope and thus results in reccurance after therapy. To establish landmark therapeutic efficacy, a number of novel therapeutic modalities have been proposed. In addition, reversal of the resistance that developed during treatment may be altered by employing appropriate therapeutic modalities. This review aims to discuss the plethora of investigations carried out, which will help readers understand and make an appropriate choice of therapy directed toward complete elimination of TNBC. Key scientific concepts of review: This manuscript addresses the major contributory factors from the tumor microenvironment that are responsible for the development of chemoresistance and poor prognosis. The associated cellular events and molecular mechanism-based therapeutic interventions have been explained in detail. Inhibition of ABC transporters, cell signaling pathways associated with CSCs, and epigenetic modification offers promising results in this regard. TNBC progression, invasion, metastasis and recurrence can also be inhibited by blocking multiple cell signaling pathways, targeting specific receptors/epigenetic targets, disrupting bioenergetics and generating reactive oxygen species (ROS).

In the present research, the metallurgical and mechanical analysis along with the corrosion behaviour of Inconel 625 alloy formed by wire arc additive manufacturing-cold metal transfer (WAAM-CMT) based process were assessed with and without post heat treatments. Mechanical analysis was carried out with the help of impact and tensile strength analysis. Metallurgical analysis was conducted via. Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), SEM-EDS, and XRD. While, corrosion analysis was conducted with the help of cyclic polarization test. Cyclic polarization test unveils variations in corrosion resistance among as prepared and heat-treated samples, with water quenched showing potential for enhanced corrosion protection. Moreover, the fractured surface analysis after tensile and impact strength tests was also conducted with the help of SEM images. Overall, the designated material after heat treatment at 1100 °C for 2 h along with water quenched presents the best mechanical, metallurgical and corrosion performance for Inconel 625 developed by WAAM-CMT process.

Background: In Bundelkhand region, 15–18% of patients who are attended in the emergency setting comprises poisoning, 60–70% of which are agriculture-based poisons due to its easy accessibility. The chief complication of poisoning is acute kidney injury (AKI). Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to find out the proportion of AKI in acute poisoning, the spectrum of clinical features and their complications and outcome. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study was performed in patients admitted in Departments of Medicine, MLB Medical College and Hospital, Jhansi over a period of 25 months (December 2020–October 2022). Results: In our study, there were 100 patients, 83% developed pre-renal AKI and 17% landed up into acute tubular necrosis. Maximum patients recovered, but 13 patients deteriorated, in which most presented after a lag time of 12 h of poison exposure, during the course of management, 5 patients required dialysis (3 peritoneal/2 hemodialysis). Out of 13 Patients, 11 expired and 2 improved, most of them consume celphos and insecticide. Conclusion: Our study shows that agriculture-based chemicals are easily available and accessible for poisoning. The time lag in proper treatment and detoxification leads to various complications; an early intervention and appropriate antidote easily reverses complications and end-organ damage, whereas some cases require dialysis or ventilator support. Middle-aged male, low socioeconomic economic groups, and psychiatric issues lay as background for most poisoning cases, where financial deprivement, lack of knowledge, and awareness have major issues.

Poor air quality, especially in urban regions among low-and middle-income countries such as India poses a significant healthcare challenge. Amongst urban areas, metropolitan cities garner the utmost importance for air quality related policies and studies with limited studies from tier II cities which are thought to be relatively immune to air pollution. Hence, we aimed to identify the most frequent respiratory morbidities and explore its correlation with exposure to ambient PM2.5 particles in Bhubaneswar (a tier II city in coastal India), Odisha. A chart review was carried out through data extracted from the records of urban health centres. Data on PM2.5 concentrations were obtained from Odisha State Pollution Control Board. The morbidities were coded by using the International Classification of Primary Care‑2 system (ICPC-2). Descriptive statistics such as incidence of respiratory illnesses was computed across seasons. The ecological correlation between respiratory morbidity patterns and corresponding concentration of PM2.5 in air was analysed for each season. A positive correlation (r = o.94) between PM2.5 and respiratory morbidities was observed. The incidence of respiratory morbidities was 183.31 per 1000 person year. We identified 21 out of 43 respiratory diseases classified under ICPC-2. Upper Respiratory Tract Infection was the most commonly (116.8 per 1000 person year) incident condition. We observed one-fourth increase in the incidence of respiratory illnesses during winters. Respiratory morbidities are common in urban Bhubaneswar which follows a seasonal pattern and are possibly linked with the seasonal variations in levels of PM2.5 particles. Our study highlights that tier II cities are equally prone to health effects of air pollution. Future programmes and policies should take these cities into consideration too.

Stable angina (angina pectoris) is a type of chest pain that happens when the heart muscle needs more oxygen than usual but it's not getting it at that moment because of heart disease. The drawback of the marketed formulation is required repeated administration of the drug due to low bioavailability. A recently licenced medication called ivabradine hydrochloride (IVB) is used to treat stable angina and signs of heart failure. Technical problems in the approved IBH tablets include a two-hour half-life, erratic systemic absorption, and a high rate of first-pass metabolism (>50%). We therefore created a distinctive and cutting-edge formulation of IVB using a nano formulation approach like nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). The response surface method with a three-level Box–Behnken design was used for the creation and improvement of IVB. The optimized formulation was proceeded for physicochemical characterizations like particle size, zeta potential, morphology (TEM and SEM), entrapment efficiency, in-vitro release, stability studies, compatibility study (DSC, FTIR and XRD), hemocompatibility study, ex-vivo permeability, and in-vivo angina study. As results, optimized formulation was found to be 114.45 ± 5.14 nm particle size with 83.45 ± 3.23% entrapment efficiency and biphasic release. The formulation showed spherical and compatible with excipients, no interaction was observed and hemocompatible. The IBH-NLCss showed more permeability (1.85 folds) as compared to the marketed dosage form. The in-vivo pharmacological activity was established in terms of decrease in severity and duration of ST-segment depression in vasopressin-induced angina model in experimental rats.

Buying process has always carried a two-fold perspective with itself. On one hand, it is important for individuals and on other hand it is equally important for the firms to deliver the perfect need and want to the customer. Amongst this entire process, awareness along with positive motivation towards the product; plays an equally significant role in strategizing the plans for any company. Plenty of models have been proposed and many would be in the pipeline that have talked about the connectivity of these processes and their impact on the final adoption. In the current work, these processes have been studied through the analogy taken from epidemic modelling framework. Furthermore, an approximation method; Range Kutta of 4th order has been utilized to come to a near approximate solution to the otherwise available non-closed form solution. The proposed modelling framework is validated on real-life data sets and the results depict the existence and presence of various stages under consideration.

Terminal heat stress has become one of the major threats due to global climate change which is significantly affecting the production and productivity of wheat crop. Therefore, it is necessary to identify key traits and genotypes to breed heat-tolerant wheat. The present study was undertaken with the objective of comparing the effects of heat stress (HSE) and extended heat stress (EHSE) on phenological-physio-biochemical traits of contrasting heat-tolerant and heat-susceptible genotypes during the reproductive phase. Phenological traits exhibited significant reduction under EHSE compared to HSE. Heat-tolerant genotypes maintained balanced phenological-physio-biochemical traits, while heat-sensitive genotypes showed significant reductions under both stress regimes. Among phenological traits, DM (R2 = 0.52) and BY (R2 = 0.44) have shown a positive effect on seed yield, indicating that biomass and crop duration contributed to the yield advantage under stress. During the grain filling stage, both the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and chlorophyll (Chl) exhibited consistently positive impacts on grain yield under both HSE and EHSE conditions. This could be attributed to the enhanced photosynthesis resulting from delayed senescence and improved assimilate remobilization under terminal heat stress. The biochemical activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) was induced in tolerant genotypes under HSE. The correlation of canopy temperature with phenological-physio-biochemical traits remained static under HSE and EHSE, suggesting CT as the best selection parameter for heat tolerance. The traits showing a positive association with yield and that are less affected under stress could be used for selecting tolerant genotypes under stress environments. These tolerant genotypes can be used to develop mapping populations to decipher the genes conferring tolerance as well as to study the molecular basis of tolerance.

Waterlogging represents a substantial agricultural concern, inducing harmful impacts on crop development and productivity. In the present study, 142 diverse sesame genotypes were examined during the early vegetative phase to assess their response under waterlogging conditions. Based on the severity of symptoms observed, 2 genotypes were classified as highly tolerant, 66 as moderately tolerant, 69 as susceptible, and 5 as highly susceptible. Subsequent investigation focused on four genotypes, i.e., two highly tolerant (JLT-8 and GP-70) and two highly susceptible (R-III-F6 and EC-335003). These genotypes were subjected to incremental stress periods (0 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h) to elucidate the biochemical basis of tolerance mechanisms. Each experiment was conducted as a randomized split-plot design with three replications, and the statistical significance of the treatment differences was determined using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Fisher least significant difference (LSD) test at p ≤ 0.05. The influence of waterlogging stress on morphological growth was detrimental for both tolerant and susceptible genotypes, with more severe consequences observed in the latter. Although adventitious roots were observed in both sets of genotypes above flooding levels, the tolerant genotypes exhibited a more rapid and vigorous development of these roots after 48 h of stress exposure. Tolerant genotypes displayed higher tolerance coefficients compared to susceptible genotypes. Furthermore, tolerant genotypes maintained elevated antioxidant potential, thereby minimizing oxidative stress. Conversely, susceptible genotypes exhibited higher accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde content. Photosynthetic efficiency was reduced in all genotypes after 24 h of stress treatment, with a particularly drastic reduction in susceptible genotypes compared to their tolerant counterparts. Tolerant genotypes exhibited significantly higher activities of anaerobic metabolism enzymes, enabling prolonged survival under waterlogging conditions. Increase in proline content was observed in all the genotypes indicating the cellular osmotic balance adjustments in response to stress exposure. Consequently, the robust antioxidant potential and efficient anaerobic metabolism observed in the tolerant genotypes served as key mechanisms enabling their resilience to short-term waterlogging exposure. These findings underscore the promising potential of specific sesame genotypes in enhancing crop resilience against waterlogging stress, offering valuable insights for agricultural practices and breeding programs.

Climate change has resulted in extreme temperature and drought around the globe, which poses serious threat to food security. Both heat and drought stress affects the production and productivity of wheat crop. The present study was undertaken to evaluate 34 landraces and elite cultivars of Triticum spp. for phenological and yield-related traits under optimum, heat, and combined heat–drought stress environments during 2020–2021 and 2021–2022. The pooled analysis of variance showed significant genotype × environment interaction, suggesting an influence of stress on trait expression. The trait performance of genotypes exhibited significant reduction under combined heat–drought stress as compared to optimum and heat stress environments. The maximum seed yield penalty was observed under combined heat–drought stress environment as compared to heat stress alone. Regression analysis indicated significant contribution of number of grains per spike towards stress tolerance. Based on Stress Tolerance Index (STI), genotypes Local-17, PDW 274, HI-8802, and HI-8713 were identified to be tolerant to both heat and combined heat and drought stress at Banda, whereas genotypes DBW 187, HI-8777, Raj 4120, and PDW 274 were tolerant at Jhansi location. The genotype PDW 274 showed stress tolerance under all treatments at both the locations. The genotypes PDW 233 and PDW 291 showed highest stress susceptibility index (SSI) across the environments. The number of grains per spike and test kernel weight were positively associated with seed yield across the environments and locations. The selected genotypes Local-17, HI 8802, and PDW 274 were identified to be the potential sources of heat and combined heat–drought tolerance, which may be utilized in hybridization to develop tolerant wheat genotypes and also for mapping of underlying genes/quantitative trait loci (QTLs).

Mungbean is known to be susceptible to waterlogging (WL) stress. Some of the wild species have the potential to tolerate this through various physiological and molecular mechanisms. Auxin Response Factor (ARF) and Auxin/Indole Acetic Acid (AUX/IAA), an early responsive gene family, has multiple functions in growth, development, and stress tolerance. Here, we report the first comprehensive analysis of the ARF and AUX/IAA gene family in mungbean. A total of 26 ARF and 19 AUX/IAA genes were identified from the mungbean genome. The ARF and AUX/IAA candidates were clearly grouped into two major clades. Further, the subgrouping within the major clades indicated the presence of significant diversity. The gene structure, motif analysis, and protein characterization provided the clue for further fundamental research. Out of the10 selected candidate genes, VrARF-5, VrARF-11, VrARF-25, and VrAUX/IAA-9 were found to significantly multiple-fold gene expression in the hypocotyl region of WL-tolerant wild relatives (PRR 2008-2) provides new insight into a role in the induction of lateral root formation under WL stress. The analysis provides an insight into the structural diversity of ARF and AUX/IAA genes in mungbean. These results increase our understanding of ARF and AUX/IAA genes and therefore offer robust information for functional investigations, which can be taken up in the future and will form a foundation for improving tolerance against waterlogging stress.

Nanoconstructs are made up of nanoparticles and ligands, which can deliver the loaded cargo at the desired site of action. Various nanoparticulate platforms have been utilized for the preparation of nanoconstructs, which may serve both diagnostic as well as therapeutic purposes. Nanoconstructs are mostly used to overcome the limitations of cancer therapies, such as toxicity, nonspecific distribution of the drug, and uncontrolled release rate. The strategies employed during the design of nanoconstructs help improve the efficiency and specificity of loaded theranostic agents and make them a successful approach for cancer therapy. Nanoconstructs are designed with a sole purpose of targeting the requisite site, overcoming the barriers which hinders its right placement for desired benefit. Therefore, instead of classifying modes for delivery of nanoconstructs as actively or passively targeted systems, they are suitably classified as autonomous and nonautonomous types. At large, nanoconstructs offer numerous benefits, however they suffer from multiple challenges, too. Hence, to overcome such challenges computational modelling methods and artificial intelligence/machine learning processes are being explored. The current review provides an overview on attributes and applications offered by nanoconstructs as theranostic agent in cancer.

India has targeted elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) through mass drug administration (MDA) by 2027. Mapping of LF endemic areas is a priority for implementation of MDA. Current national LF remapping tool for unsurveyed/uncertain districts, have many limitations. The WHO has recommended a sensitive and rapid remapping protocol (Mini-TAS), that needs validation in Indian setting. Hence, in the present study a comparative assessment of these two protocols (national protocol vs Mini-TAS) was undertaken in two non-MDA districts of Odisha, with unknown filarial endemicity but reporting chronic cases. Purposive sampling was done in five top sites based on filarial case count as per the national protocol. Random 30 cluster survey was done by conducting school based Mini-TAS, Microfilariae (Mf) survey among adults (>10 years) in villages/wards with schools and Molecular Xenomonitoring (MX) of infection in vectors. Costing by activity and items of the surveys was acomplished using itemized cost menu. In Kalahandi, one of the five purposive sampling sites showed Mf prevalence above threshold (> 1%). But except Mini-TAS neither MX nor house-hold Mf survey among adults could detect the infection above the threshold. While in Balangir, Mf prevalence in all purposive sampling sites,Mini-TAS, Mf prevalence among adult and MX were above the respective thresholds confirming endemicity of LF in the district. The per sample cost of purposive sampling for Mf was the lowest INR 41, followed by adult Mf sampling INR 93. Mini-TAS and MX were expensive with INR 659 and 812 respectively. The study demonstrates that though all the sampling methods could detect filarial infection above the threshold in high-risk areas, Mini-TAS could only detect infection in low-risk areas. Therefore, in the national programme Mini-TAS can be used as a decision-making tool to determine whether to exclude/ include a district having uncertain endemicity for MDA.

Hypertension and high body-mass index have increased as risk factors to global burden of diseases. Young adults are predisposed to obesity and overweight during the passage from adolescence to adulthood. This study aims to determine association between BMI & BRI with blood pressure in young adults. In our study Body Mass Index, as well as Body Roundedness Index shows a strong positive correlation with SBP, DBP & MAP in male and female participants which is statistically significant.

Nowadays, utility of the multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) technique in tackling real-world complex problems has risen tremendously. Even the United Nations is focusing on decision-making in order to accomplish Agenda 2030, as stated in its paragraph 48. The desire to promote sustainable development (SD) necessitates complex decision models, which could be achieved through the use of an efficient MCDM approach. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is one of the most efficient MCDM techniques that is incorporated in this study. The purpose of this work is to provide a contrasting of AHP's application that emerged between 2011 and 2022, rather than to reflect on its methodological improvements. Its application encompasses a wide range of disciplines including Renewable Energy, Sustainable manufacturing, Natural Hazards, Environmental Pollution, Landfill waste management and many others which lies explicitly or implicitly under the theme of SD. Previously, many reviews have been conducted that concentrated on a single decision topic; moreover, this review explore the comprehensive viewpoint of decision problems. As per statistical results, Middle Eastern countries such as Iran placed top in terms of applying AHP application in different sectors. GIS and fuzzy logic are the most often used approaches to incorporate AHP across all disciplines. Notably, the findings indicate that the most decision problem have selection and assessment as a major concern whereas, environmental, economical, LULC & DFR are more frequently used criteria.

Crop yield varies considerably within agroecology depending on the genetic potential of crop cultivars and various edaphic and climatic variables. Understanding site-specific changes in crop yield and genotype × environment interaction are crucial and needs exceptional consideration in strategic breeding programs. Further, genotypic response to diverse agro-ecologies offers identification of strategic locations for evaluating traits of interest to strengthen and accelerate the national variety release program. In this study, multi-location field trial data have been used to investigate the impact of environmental conditions on crop phenological dynamics and their influence on the yield of mungbean in different agroecological regions of the Indian subcontinent. The present attempt is also intended to identify the strategic location(s) favoring higher yield and distinctiveness within mungbean genotypes. In the field trial, a total of 34 different mungbean genotypes were grown in 39 locations covering the north hill zone (n = 4), northeastern plain zone (n = 6), northwestern plain zone (n = 7), central zone (n = 11) and south zone (n = 11). The results revealed that the effect of the environment was prominent on both the phenological dynamics and productivity of the mungbean. Noticeable variations (expressed as coefficient of variation) were observed for the parameters of days to 50% flowering (13%), days to maturity (12%), reproductive period (21%), grain yield (33%), and 1000-grain weight (14%) across the environments. The genotype, environment, and genotype × environment accounted for 3.0, 54.2, and 29.7% of the total variation in mungbean yield, respectively (p < 0.001), suggesting an oversized significance of site-specific responses of the genotypes. Results demonstrated that a lower ambient temperature extended both flowering time and the crop period. Linear mixed model results revealed that the changes in phenological events (days to 50 % flowering, days to maturity, and reproductive period) with response to contrasting environments had no direct influence on crop yields (p > 0.05) for all the genotypes except PM 14-11. Results revealed that the south zone environment initiated early flowering and an extended reproductive period, thus sustaining yield with good seed size. While in low rainfall areas viz., Sriganganagar, New Delhi, Durgapura, and Sagar, the yield was comparatively low irrespective of genotypes. Correlation results and PCA indicated that rainfall during the crop season and relative humidity significantly and positively influenced grain yield. Hence, the present study suggests that the yield potential of mungbean is independent of crop phenological dynamics; rather, climatic variables like rainfall and relative humidity have considerable influence on yield. Further, HA-GGE biplot analysis identified Sagar, New Delhi, Sriganganagar, Durgapura, Warangal, Srinagar, Kanpur, and Mohanpur as the ideal testing environments, which demonstrated high efficiency in the selection of new genotypes with wider adaptability.

Introduction: Main source of nutrition to long bone during growth and ossification is nutrient artery. Nutrient canal opens as nutrient foramen on the surface of shaft which conducts the nutrient artery and the peripheral nerves to bones. Nutrient artery provides more than 60-70% of blood supply to long bone, 30- 40% through periosteal, metaphyseal and epiphyseal blood vessels. Aim: To determine number of nutrient foramina, its position on surface of shaft, size and direction of nutrient foramina either towards proximal end or distal end and find out foraminal index from the position of nutrient foramina. Materials And Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in 177 dry bones (60 humerus, 60 radius, 57 ulna) of upper limb, available at Anatomy Department, GMERS Medical College Himmatnagar, during September 2021. All bones were observed for number, position and direction of nutrient foramina. Size of foramen was measured by needles of different size. Mean Foraminal index was calculated for each long bone of upper limb by using Epi Info™ for windows, CDC, Atlanta, version 7.2. Results: Majority of bones had single nutrient foramina, all foramina were directed towards the elbow joint. All nutrient foramina were on flexor surfaces of bone, except one bone (radius). Majority of nutrient foramina were situated on middle 3rd of the shaft. Size of nutrient foramen was range from 22 to 28 gauge of needle. Conclusion: Information on nutrient foramina of long bones of upper limb will be useful in many orthopedic surgeries like microvascular bone grafting and many plastic reconstructive surgeries. During surgeries like fracture repair, bone graft or muscle graft care should be taken, not to damage these nutrient vessels to keep intact blood supply of bone.

Abstract Background Six different metal complexes of quercetin (Cu, Zn, Co, Vd, Mo, Ni) were synthesized, purified, and characterized by their physical and spectral (UV, IR) data. They were evaluated for their P-gp (permeability glycoprotein) inhibitory activity by in vitro everted sac method in rats. The apparent permeability of atorvastatin (P-gp substrate) from everted sac of the rat intestine was determined in control, standard (verapamil), and groups treated with quercetin-metal complexes. The drug contents were analyzed by validated RP-HPLC method using a mixture of acetonitrile and water (60:40 v/v) adjusted to pH 2.8 with phosphate buffer as mobile phase. Results In vitro studies revealed that the apparent permeability of atorvastatin (P-gp substrate) across the small intestine is much affected by the treatment with Cu/Co/Ni complexes of quercetin. The mean ± SD and apparent permeability of atorvastatin decreased after pre-treatment with these metal complexes. Conclusions The quercetin Cu/Co/Ni complexes could inhibit P-gp and increase the atorvastatin absorption. Hence, they could be considered P-gp inhibitors.

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to determine the predictive value of the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) score for predicting in-hospital and 6 months mortality after non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). Results In this observational study, 300 patients with NSTE-ACS of age more than 30 years were included; 16 patients died during the hospital stay (5.3%). Of 284 patients at 6 months assessment, 10 patients died (3.5%), 240 survived (84.5%), and 34 were lost to follow-up (12%) respectively. In high risk category, 10.5% of the patients died within hospital stay and 11.8% died within 6 months (p = 0.001 and p = 0.013). In univariate analysis, gender, diabetes mellitus, family history, smoking, and GRACE score were significantly associated with in-hospital mortality whereas age, obesity, dyslipidemia, and GRACE were significantly associated with 6 months mortality. After adjustment, diabetes mellitus, family history, and GRACE score remained significantly associated with in-hospital mortality (p ≤ 0.05) and age remained significantly associated with 6 months mortality. Conclusion GRACE risk score has good predictive value for the prediction of in-hospital mortality and 6 months mortality among patients with NSTE-ACS.

Background: Phytotherapeutic modulation of the immune system to mitigate infectious ailments has been in vogue all over the world. Objective: The present work has been designed to scientifically explore the immunomodulatory potential of Nyctanthes arbortristis stem bark using mice models. Materials & method: Methanolic (MNA) and aqueous (ANA) extracts of N. arbortristis stem bark were evaluated for possible modulation in humoral immunity through serum immunoglobulin estimation. The variation in cellular immunity was assessed using neutrophil adhesion test, carbon clearance assay, and cyclophosphamide-induced neutropenia. Results and discussion: Administration of MNA and ANA (both at 200 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly augmented the levels of serum immunoglobulins (humoral antibody), neutrophil adhesion, and phagocytic index (a measure of carbon clearance). Extracts also guarded the animals against cyclophosphamide-induced leukopenia, especially neutropenia. Conclusion: Results indicate that cellular and humoral immune responses were aroused by pretreatment of the animal with methanol and aqueous extract of N. arbortristis. Thus, the methanol and aqueous extract of N. arbortristis stem bark possesses a significant immunostimulant activity and can be used to uplift the immune system in the infectious condition.

Breast cancer is the second leading cancer among all types of cancers. It accounts for 12% of the total cases of cancers. The complex and heterogeneous nature of breast cancer makes it difficult to treat in advanced stages. The expression of various enzymes and proteins is regulated by several molecular pathways. Oxidative stress plays a vital role in cellular events that are generally regulated by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). The exact mechanism of Nrf2 behind cytoprotective and antioxidative properties is still under investigation. In healthy cells, Nrf2 expression is lower, which maintains antioxidative stress; however, cancerous cells overexpress Nrf2, which is associated with various phenomena, such as the development of drug resistance, angiogenesis, development of cancer stem cells, and metastasis. Aberrant Nrf2 expression diminishes the toxicity and potency of therapeutic anticancer drugs and provides cytoprotection to cancerous cells. In this article, we have discussed the attributes associated with Nrf2 in the development of drug resistance, angiogenesis, cancer stem cell generation, and metastasis in the specific context of breast cancer. We also discussed the therapeutic strategies employed against breast cancer exploiting Nrf2 signaling cascades.

Context: Cordia sebestena fruits are traditionally used to treat wounds, boils, tumors, gout, ulcer, flu, fever, asthma, menstrual cramps, dysentery, diarrhea, headache, snakebite and liver disorders. However, information on hepatoprotective potential of Cordia sebestena fruit has not been reported in the research. Aims: To evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of the ethanolic extract of Cordia sebestena fruit (CSFE) against simvastatin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Methods: After authentication of fruit, its ethanolic extract was collected. Hepatotoxicity was induced by simvastatin in rodents. Hepatoprotective potential of CSFE was evaluated at 200 and 400 mg/kg, body weight by determining the altered levels of biochemical parameters like serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), cholesterol, bilirubin, urea, albumin, total protein and hematological indices including red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb), platelets, and lymphocytes along with the impact on body and liver weight of treated rats. Results: The treatment with CSFE at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, significantly at (p

Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins are identified in many crops for their response and role in adaptation to various abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, and temperature. The LEA genes have been studied systematically in several crops but not in Vigna crops. In this study, we reported the first comprehensive analysis of the LEA gene family in three legume species, namely, mung bean (Vigna radiata), adzuki bean (Vigna angularis), and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), and the cross-species expression of VrLEA genes in a wild tetraploid species, Vigna glabrescens. A total of 201 LEA genes from three Vigna crops were identified harboring the LEA conserved motif. Among these 55, 64, and 82 LEA genes were identified in mung bean, adzuki bean, and cowpea genomes, respectively. These LEA genes were grouped into eight different classes. Our analysis revealed that the cowpea genome comprised all eight classes of LEA genes, whereas the LEA-6 class was absent in the mung bean genome. Similarly, LEA-5 and LEA-6 were absent in the adzuki bean genome. The analysis of LEA genes provides an insight into their structural and functional diversity in the Vigna genome. The genes, such as VrLEA-2, VrLEA-40, VrLEA-47, and VrLEA-55, were significantly upregulated in the heat-tolerant genotype under stress conditions indicating the basis of heat tolerance. The successful amplification and expression of VrLEA genes in V. glabrescens indicated the utility of the developed markers in mung bean improvement. The results of this study increase our understanding of LEA genes and provide robust candidate genes for future functional investigations and a basis for improving heat stress tolerance in Vigna crops.

The ongoing hunt for novel antimicrobials is necessitated by antibiotic resistance. In the literature, many compounds having a benzothiazole scaffold have been described. They appear effective against Gram(+ve) and Gram(−ve) bacteria, also Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The antimicrobial activity of the benzothiazole analogues employed in this investigation was discovered against various bacterial and fungal species. As a result, the current study tried to characterise the essential structural properties of benzothiazole analogues utilizing theoretically based molecular descriptors by QSAR. QSAR model is developed based on a multiple linear regression (MLR) approach using the first 21 analogues out of 40 analogues. Such validated QSAR model with important descriptors is captured by allowable parameters responsible for producing inhibition of bacterial species. This validated QSAR model was used to predict -log(MIC) by using the next 19 benzothiazole analogues out of 40 analogues. After that, these 19 analogues were utilized to explore maximum inhibitory interactions. The docking predicted that compounds 23, 26, 28, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, and 40 represent interactions with crucial amino acids, like VAL28, VAL613, ARG32, ARG885, PRO43, ASP612 and ARG47 having binding energies −6.77269, −6.99922, −9.72827, −7.00734, −7.54004, −7.38046, −7.0953 and −6.31578 respectively. The compounds 22, 24, 25, 34, 37 and 39 show interactions with less common amino acids, such as ALA25, TYR149, LYS740, HIS617, HIS80, PRO79, and SER3115 with binding energies −7.9874, −6.22435, −6.51044, −5.83977, −8.97108 and −7.38662 respectively towards the target protein. Thus, compounds 23, 26, 28, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, and 40 show maximum inhibitory interactions. Thus, it is an attempt to Control bacterial infections caused by E. coli. Thus, it is an attempt to Control bacterial infections caused by E. coli. As a consequence, these seven compounds may be used to combat Escherichia coli (Gram(−ve)) Deoxyribonucleic acid gyrase in the future.

Cancer is one of the major causes of mortality, globally. Cancerous cells invade normal cells and metastasize to distant sites with the help of the lymphatic system. There are several mechanisms involved in the development and progression of cancer. Several treatment strategies including the use of phytoconstituents have evolved and been practiced for better therapeutic outcomes against cancer. Fisetin is one such naturally derived flavone that offers numerous pharmacological benefits, i.e., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and anticancer properties. It inhibits the rapid growth, invasiveness, and metastasis of tumors by hindering the multiplication of cancer cells, and prompts apoptosis by avoiding cell division related to actuation of caspase-9 and caspase-8. However, its poor bioavailability associated with its extreme hydrophobicity hampers its clinical utility. The issues related to fisetin delivery can be addressed by adapting to the developmental aspects of nanomedicines, such as formulating it into lipid or polymer-based systems, including nanocochleates and liposomes. This review aims to provide in-depth information regarding fisetin as a potential candidate for anticancer therapy, its properties and various formulation strategies.

Globally, abiotic stresses, such as temperature (heat or cold), water (drought and flooding), and salinity, cause significant losses in crop production and have adverse effects on plant growth and development. A variety of DNA-based molecular markers, such as SSRs, RFLPs, AFLPs, SNPs, etc., have been used to screen germplasms for stress tolerance and the QTL mapping of stress-related genes. Such molecular-marker-assisted selection strategies can quicken the development of tolerant/resistant cultivars to withstand abiotic stresses. Oilseeds such as rapeseed, mustard, peanuts, soybeans, sunflower, safflower, sesame, flaxseed, and castor are the most important source of edible oil worldwide. Although oilseed crops are known for their capacity to withstand abiotic challenges, there is a significant difference between actual and potential yields due to the adaptation and tolerance to severe abiotic pressures. This review summarizes the applications of molecular markers to date to achieve abiotic stress tolerance in major oilseed crops. The molecular markers that have been reported for genetic diversity studies and the mapping and tagging of genes/QTLs for drought, heavy metal stress, salinity, flooding, cold and heat stress, and their application in the MAS are presented.

BackgroundL-asparaginase II (asnB), a periplasmic protein commercially extracted from E coli and Erwinia, is often used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia. L-asparaginase is an enzyme that converts L-asparagine to aspartic acid and ammonia. Cancer cells are dependent on asparagine from other sources for growth, and when these cells are deprived of asparagine by the action of the enzyme, the cancer cells selectively die. ObjectiveQuestions remain as to whether asnB from E coli and Erwinia is the best asparaginase as they have many side effects. asnBs with the lowest Michaelis constant (Km; most potent) and lowest immunogenicity are considered the most optimal enzymes. In this paper, we have attempted the development of a method to screen for optimal enzymes that are better than commercially available enzymes. MethodsIn this paper, the asnB sequence of E coli was used to search for homologous proteins in different bacterial and archaeal phyla, and a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed. The sequences that are most distant from E coli and Erwinia were considered the best candidates in terms of immunogenicity and were chosen for further processing. The structures of these proteins were built by homology modeling, and asparagine was docked with these proteins to calculate the binding energy. ResultsasnBs from Streptomyces griseus, Streptomyces venezuelae, and Streptomyces collinus were found to have the highest binding energy (–5.3 kcal/mol, –5.2 kcal/mol, and –5.3 kcal/mol, respectively; higher than the E coli and Erwinia asnBs) and were predicted to have the lowest Kms, as we found that there is an inverse relationship between binding energy and Km. Besides predicting the most optimal asparaginase, this technique can also be used to predict the most optimal enzymes where the substrate is known and the structure of one of the homologs is solved. ConclusionsWe have devised an in silico method to predict the enzyme kinetics from a sequence of an enzyme along with being able to screen for optimal alternative asnBs against acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Aim: This study aims to study the significance of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) typing in heterogeneity analysis of Salmonella serovars, isolated from foods of animal origin. Materials and Methods: Salmonella serovars isolated and identified from different foods of animal origin such as meat, milk, and egg by standard bacteriological methods. DNA isolated from all 10 isolates which are confirmed by biochemical and serotyping methods and then RAPD was performed using the primers OPB 10, primer 1290, NSC I, NSC II, and primer 3. Then, RAPD data were analyzed using the BioNumerics software, Belgium, Germany. Results: RAPD polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using five primers, namely OPB 10, primer 1290, NSC I, NSC II, and primer 3, classified the 10 isolates into 9, 10, 10, 7, and 10 RAPD-PCR types with discriminating powers of 0.1987, 0.423, 0.50889, 0.1842, and 0.2582, respectively. The phylogram constructed with NSC I profile classified isolates based on geographical origin. Primer 1290, NSC II, and primer 3 produced some uniform bands in all isolates indicating their binding ability in conserved genomic region. This study revealed that RAPD profile can be best used for finding out the heterogeneity at molecular level of Salmonella isolates in combination with other molecular and phenotypic typing techniques. Thus, our results support earlier observation of its significance by different workers on different Salmonella serotypes. Conclusion: Repeatability of RAPD-PCR is insufficient to distinguish genetic differences among Salmonella serovars.

SARS-CoV-2 virus, the causative agent of COVID-19 pandemic, has a genomic organization consisting of 16 nonstructural proteins (nsps), 4 structural proteins, and 9 accessory proteins. Relative of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, has genomic organization, which is very similar. In this article, the function and structure of the proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV are described in great detail. The nsps are expressed as a single or two polyproteins, which are then cleaved into individual proteins using two proteases of the virus, a chymotrypsin-like protease and a papain-like protease. The released proteins serve as centers of virus replication and transcription. Some of these nsps modulate the host’s translation and immune systems, while others help the virus evade the host immune system. Some of the nsps help form replication-transcription complex at double-membrane vesicles. Others, including one RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and one exonuclease, help in the polymerization of newly synthesized RNA of the virus and help minimize the mutation rate by proofreading. After synthesis of the viral RNA, it gets capped. The capping consists of adding GMP and a methylation mark, called cap 0 and additionally adding a methyl group to the terminal ribose called cap1. Capping is accomplished with the help of a helicase, which also helps remove a phosphate, two methyltransferases, and a scaffolding factor. Among the structural proteins, S protein forms the receptor of the virus, which latches on the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor of the host and N protein binds and protects the genomic RNA of the virus. The accessory proteins found in these viruses are small proteins with immune modulatory roles. Besides functions of these proteins, solved X-ray and cryogenic electron microscopy structures related to the function of the proteins along with comparisons to other coronavirus homologs have been described in the article. Finally, the rate of mutation of SARS-CoV-2 residues of the proteome during the 2020 pandemic has been described. Some proteins are mutated more often than other proteins, but the significance of these mutation rates is not fully understood.

The replication of DNA is an essential process in all domains of life. A protein often involved in replication is the sliding clamp. The sliding clamp encircles the DNA and helps replicative polymerase stay attached to the replication machinery increasing the processivity of the polymerase. In eukaryotes and archaea, the sliding clamp is called the Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) and consists of two domains. This PCNA forms a trimer encircling the DNA as a hexamer. In bacteria, the structure of the sliding clamp is highly conserved, but the protein itself, called beta clamp, contains three domains, which dimerize to form a hexamer. The bulk of literature touts a conservation of the structure of the sliding clamp, but fails to recognize the conservation of protein sequence among sliding clamps. In this paper, we have used PSI blast to the second iteration in NCBI to show a statistically significant sequence homology between Pyrococcus furiosus PCNA and Kallipyga gabonensis beta clamp. The last two domains of beta clamp align with the two domains of PCNA. This homology data demonstrates that PCNA and beta clamp arose from a common ancestor. In this paper, we have further used beta clamp and PCNA sequences from diverse bacteria, archaea and eukarya to build maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree. Most, but not all, species in different domains of life harbor one sliding clamp from vertical inheritance. Some of these species that have two or more sliding clamps have acquired them from gene duplication or horizontal gene transfer events.

Gels are semisolid, homogeneous systems with continuous or discrete therapeutic molecules in a suitable lipophilic or hydrophilic three-dimensional network base. Innovative gel systems possess multipurpose applications in cosmetics, food, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and so forth. Formulating a gel-based delivery system is simple and the delivery system enables the release of loaded therapeutic molecules. Furthermore, it facilitates the delivery of molecules via various routes as these gel-based systems offer proximal surface contact between a loaded therapeutic molecule and an absorption site. In the past decade, researchers have potentially explored and established a significant understanding of gel-based delivery systems for drug delivery. Subsequently, they have enabled the prospects of developing novel gel-based systems that illicit drug release by specific biological or external stimuli, such as temperature, pH, enzymes, ultrasound, antigens, etc. These systems are considered smart gels for their broad applications. This review reflects the significant role of advanced gel-based delivery systems for various therapeutic benefits. This detailed discussion is focused on strategies for the formulation of different novel gel-based systems, as well as it highlights the current research trends of these systems and patented technologies.

A well-regarded as well as powerful method named the ‘analytic hierarchy process’ (AHP) uses mathematics and psychology for making and analysing complex decisions. This article aims to present a brief review of the consistency measure of the judgments in AHP. Judgments should not be random or illogical. Several researchers have developed different consistency measures to identify the rationality of judgments. This article summarises the consistency measures which have been proposed so far in the literature. Moreover, this paper describes briefly the functional relationships established in the literature among the well-known consistency indices. At last, some thoughtful research directions that can be helpful in further research to develop and improve the performance of AHP are provided as well.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of nine exotic lilium cultivars (Lilium x hybrida) for suitability for commercial cultivation in North Western hilly regions of Uttarakhand at Research Station and KVK, Lohaghat, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, Champawat, Uttarakhand India. Bulbs of nine lilium hybrid cultivars viz., Acapulco (Pink), Sorbonne (White), Yelloween (Yellow), Tresor (Orange), Brindisi (Pink), Blackout (Red), Pavia (Yellow), Ercolano (White) and Samur (Pink) were selected as experimental material. There was significant difference in days taken for bud initiation among nine cultivars. It is evident from data that minimum days take for bud initiation in cultivar Blackout (43.80 days) followed by Tresor (45.40 days). The maximum number of flowers per plant reported in cultivars Acapulco (10.20) followed by Yelloween (8.20) and Sorbonne (7.80) which is at par with Blackout (7.40) and Pavia (7.20). Maximum vase life was recorded with Acapulco (12.4 days) followed by Sorbonne (11.80 days) which is at par with Yelloween (11.8 days) while Minimum vase life was recorded with Ercolano (8.40 days) and Tresor ( 8.40 days). Mean value was found maximum for flower stem length (87.29) and minimum mean value was exhibited by number of flowers per plant. Heritability value was found maximum for characters like days to flower bud opening followed by length of flower stalk and days taken to bud initiation.

Bone health of the elderly is a major global health concern, since about 1 in 3 women and 1 in 5 men suffer from bone loss and fractures, often called osteoporosis, in old age. Bone health is a complex issue affected by multiple hormones and minerals. Among all the hormones involved in bone health, calcitriol (also vitamin D), parathyroid, and sex hormones (especially estrogen) have been discussed in this review paper. We have discussed the metabolism of these hormones and their effects on bone health. Vitamin D can be obtained from diet or formed from 7-dehydrocholesterol found under the skin in the presence of sunlight. The active form, calcitriol, causes dimerization of vitamin D receptor and acts on the bones, intestine, and kidney to regulate the level of calcium in blood. Similarly, parathyroid hormone is secreted when the serum level of calcium is low. It helps regulate the level of blood calcium through calcitriol. Sex hormones regulate bone modeling at an early age and remodeling later in life. Loss of ovarian function and a decrement in the level of production of estrogen are marked by bone loss in elderly women. In the elderly, various changes in the calcium and vitamin D metabolism, such as decrease in the production of vitamin D, decrease in dietary vitamin D, decreased renal production, increased production of excretory products, decrease in the level of VDR, and decreased calcium absorption by the intestines, can lead to bone loss. When the elderly are diagnosed with osteoporosis, medications that directly target bone such as bisphosphonates, RANK ligand inhibitors, estrogen and estrogen analogues, estrogen receptor modulators, and parathyroid hormone receptor agonists are used. Additionally, calcium and vitamin D supplements are prescribed.

Probably the best way to determine whether your SQL statements are properly optimized is by using the Oracle SQL Trace facility and the EXPLAIN PLAN command. You can use the SQL Trace facility and the Oracle program TKPROF, which is used to translate trace files, to trace production SQL statements, and gather statistics about those statements. You use SQL Trace to gather information into a trace file; the Oracle program TKPROF formats the trace information into useful, understandable data.

Tuning your SQL statements may be one of the most important tasks you can do to improve the performance of your Oracle system. By tuning your SQL statements to be as efficient as possible, you use your system to its full potential. Some of the things you can do to improve the efficiency of your SQL statements may involve as little effort as rewriting the SQL to take advantage of some property of your database or perhaps even changing the structure of the database itself.

In a computer system, the fastest storage component is the CPU cache, followed by the system memory. I/O to disk is thousands of times slower than an access to memory. This fact is the key for why you try to make effective use of memory whenever possible and defer I/Os whenever you can. The majority of the user response time is actually spent waiting for a disk I/O to occur. By making good use of caches in memory and reducing I/O overhead, you can optimize performance. The goal is to retrieve data from memory whenever you can and to use the CPU for other activities whenever you have to wait for I/Os. This paper examines ways to optimize the performance of the system by taking advantage of caching and effective use of the system's CPUs.