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Evaluating the technical conditions and performance for historic bridges is essential to ensure their structural safety and determine their need for strengthening. This study investigates the first railway steel bridge built in China in 1894, which is listed as a national preservation unit and industrial heritage site. The bridge was not only exposed to years of weather change but also suffered a geological disaster in 1976. In addition, the surroundings have changed, including the construction of new railway lines and scenic areas. Thus, it is imperative to evaluate its technical conditions and performance, particularly its material properties. To this end, evaluation procedures were formulated. First, the material composition, properties, and grades of steel were determined by microstructural analysis: the grade of nonmetallic inclusions in steel was determined by metallographic analysis; the corrosion rate of steel was obtained by electrochemical analysis; and the crystal type, size, element product of the corrosion layer, as well as the fracture type of the steel, were analyzed by phase composition and elemental analysis. Next, the static performance indices of the steel were obtained by mechanical property tests: the hardness value of the steel was obtained from hardness test; the yield and tensile strengths of the steel were obtained from tensile tests; and the fatigue properties of the steel were analyzed through fatigue tests. The S-N curve of the steel was determined by fitting the tested data. This study provides a reference for the evaluation of the technical conditions and performance of historic bridges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of proportions in architecture is undeniable throughout history, and the researcher has succeeded in introducing a proportional evaluation system with 11 stages and 9 proportional systems including: basic and multiple modules, proportions The golden rectangle, golden spiral, circles following the ratio of 1:618/1, Platonic rectangle, radical ratios, golden ratio, Le Corbusier's modular system and the proportions of Caen and Shako have been analyzed proportionally. This research has been carried out with the aim of extracting and classifying the existing geometric proportions in the selected bridges from the Safavid to Pahlavi periods, as well as classifying and prioritizing them. The causal-comparative research method and the strategy of answering the comparative question, which are scored based on the relevant observations and based on the observation of the extraction package and the visible items, are then entered into the SIGMAPLOT software to check the factor contribution and present the regression relationship. The linear regression relationship Y=ax+b is presented. The observations are collaborative and with the approach of compiling a balance sheet, and the sampling of bridges is targeted and with entry and exit criteria. The results show that the greatest role in creating the beauty of the selected bridges of East Azerbaijan is the golden ratio with a value of (1.000) and the least is related to Le Corbusier's modular with a value of (0.195). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many historical bridges belonging to various civilizations in our country. Historical bridges also help us understand the sociological, economic and cultural structures of civilizations that lived from past to present. Some of the historical bridges have been deformed due to natural events and human factors and some have been destroyed. It is extremely important to know the behavior of these bridges against earthquakes, since a large part of our country is located in a region with high earthquake risk. For this reason, the dynamic behavior of structures is examined with numerical and experimental studies, and earthquake analyses are made using earthquake acceleration records obtained from past earthquakes. With the result of these studies, it is aimed to strengthen the weak parts of the structures. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the behavior of historical masonry bridges that have survived to the present day, in order to carry out restoration and protection. In this study, the historical Sultan Hamit I-II and III bridges in the Askale district of Erzurum province are examined. These bridges were modeled in three dimensions using the SAP2000 finite element program. First of all, static analyses of the bridges under their own weight were performed. The dynamic properties of the bridges were determined by using modal analyses. After the dynamic properties of the bridges were obtained, dynamic analyses were evaluated with timehistory analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historic buildings are the most valuable evidence of cultural heritage. They play an essential role in establishing a tangible link between the past and the present by understanding, interpreting, and tracing the epoch of civilization. Unfortunately, the high costs of restoration, vandalism, and arson take their toll. However, new technologies are having a positive impact on the restoration process and are becoming a suitable alternative to labor-intensive, expensive, and unsafe traditional inspections. Therefore, the role of non-destructive testing (NDT) as a new method is becoming more evident. Faro laser scanning, impact echo, impulse sound testing, and geoelectric tomography as non-destructive methods are leading to the inspection of historic structures to preserve their character. These new methods are representative of the development of non-contact techniques for the examination and documentation of structures. Non-destructive testing examines the internal and external structure of complex building components as well as defective areas, quantifies cracks, and detects near-surface moisture. The objective of this work is to identify new adventurous and traditional methods for the reconstruction of the Turkish arch bridges Dara-1 and Halilviran to determine the appropriate rehabilitation methods and their deterioration of construction materials, damage, and failure patterns. Bridge dimensions were measured using a Faro laser scanner, which allows inspectors to capture and evaluate data from bridges and structural components without permanently altering them. The laser captures bridge dimensions by scanning cross-sections of the structure in the horizontal and vertical planes. The data is exported in the form of point clouds that represent all visible aspects and actual dimensions of the bridge in 2D and 3D models. In comparison between traditional and laser scanning methods, the main advantages of the applied method are the time savings on-site and the creation of a three-dimensional model of the structure, which can be used to collect precise and accurate surface data of objects in a non-destructive manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The study aimed to contribute to condition assessments of historic bridges in Izmir, Turkey and the estimation of their predictable functional lifetime after the Samos earthquake. This document is a summary of the study into the reliability of Non-Destructive Techniques (NDT) for testing the state of different historic bridges impacted by the October 30, 2020 Earthquake. Besides providing data on material characteristics, NDT can help identify hidden bridge structure defects, such as cavities and moisture. This study also used FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) spectral data analysis in conjunction with NDT as a multidisciplinary evaluation technique and demonstrates the value of this approach in the field. This study is of special relevance to bridge engineers.

This article has three aims. The first is to reappraise aspects of the data published in Irish stone bridges: history and heritage (O'Keeffe and Simington 1991; 2016). Second, when that seminal overview of Ireland's historic bridges was first published there was little relevant archaeological information; now, however, this situation has been transformed and this important corpus of new data needs to be considered, particularly the evidence for medieval timber bridges. Third, the availability of online databases, new historical research and architectural and archaeological study of bridges have all contributed to a new understanding of the historic bridges of Ireland. Therefore it is now possible to identify 29 examples of Irish clapper and masonry bridges that apparently contain some medieval or Tudor fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the behavior of a 102-year-old truss bridge under wind loading. To examine the wind-related responses of the historical bridge, state-of-the-art and traditional modeling methodologies are employed: a machine learning approach called random forest and three-dimensional finite element analysis. Upon training and validating these modeling methods using experimental data collected from the field, member-level forces and stresses are predicted in tandem with wind speeds inferred by Weibull distributions. The intensities of the in-situ wind are dominated by the location of sampling, and the degree of partial fixities at the supports of the truss system is found to be insignificant. Compared with quadrantal pressure distributions, uniform pressure distributions better represent the characteristics of wind-induced loadings. The magnitude of stress in the truss members is enveloped by the stress range in line with the occurrence probabilities of the characterized wind speed between 40% and 60%. The uneven wind distributions cause asymmetric displacements at the supports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resilient and sustainable traffic infrastructure systems such as bridges play a crucial role in societal economic growth. During the last decades, substantial research has been undertaken for the optimal management of risks associated with extreme events, and the concept of resilience was introduced. The knowledge on the system characteristics affecting resilience is increasing and so is the capability to model and analyze systems. The first step in systems modelling and analysis is to define the system which has not been addressed methodically in the literature. In this contribution, we provide a framework for systems identification in the context of resilience informed management of historic bridges. The proposed approach rests on the indicator-based systems modelling framework of the Joint Committee on Structural Safety (JCSS). With this basis we identify ten resilience indicators which provide information concerning the resilience performances of historic bridges. Finally, we apply the suggested approach through an example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to contribute to condition assessments of historic bridges in Izmir, Turkey and the estimation of their predictable functional lifetime after the Samos earthquake. This document is a summary of the study into the reliability of Non-Destructive Techniques (NDT) for testing the state of different historic bridges impacted by the October 30, 2020 Earthquake. Besides providing data on material characteristics, NDT can help identify hidden bridge structure defects, such as cavities and moisture. This study also used FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) spectral data analysis in conjunction with NDT as a multidisciplinary evaluation technique and demonstrates the value of this approach in the field. This study is of special relevance to bridge engineers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical masonry arch bridges constitute the backbone of many existing transportation networks in different countries in Europe and worldwide. They represent valuable cultural heritage assets and play an essential social and economic role. Since construction, old masonry bridges have accumulated structural damage from traffic and environmental actions. Furthermore, depending on their geometrical and mechanical characteristics, they may be particularly vulnerable to extreme events like earthquakes. Thus, accurate structural assessment under different loading conditions is critical for the conservation of these structures. Realistic assessment requires suitable numerical models to represent the characteristic 3D behaviour. The complexity of this task is further compounded by the practical difficulty in obtaining essential information on the internal bridge structure and the masonry mechanical parameters, which are vital to achieve accurate response predictions against service and extreme actions. This paper presents an advanced calibration procedure for a refined macroscale bridge model, allowing for the anisotropic nature of the masonry material. The proposed calibration approach is applied to an actual multi-span masonry viaduct, where sonic, ultrasonic, and ground penetrating radar tests are conducted to investigate the internal structure of the viaduct and determine the elastic properties of the masonry materials. In addition, the dynamic characteristics of the bridge are evaluated through in-situ measurements under environmental vibrations and used for model validation. The results from a standard simplified model calibration and an enhanced calibration are compared considering the vibration modes of the bridge. Simplified calibration is carried out using the results from in-situ tests, while a statistic inference procedure and numerical optimisation are adopted in the refined calibration to achieve improved accuracy. Although the paper focuses on a specific case study, the adopted methodology can be easily applied to studying other masonry bridges and cultural heritage masonry structures. • An advanced calibration procedure for a refined bridge macroscale model is presented. • The proposed calibration approach is applied to a multi-span masonry viaduct. • In-situ non-destructive tests are used to evaluate the internal structure of the bridge and the elastic material parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bridges have been built by many civilizations throughout history to connect the two banks of a river. There have been numerous historical bridges built in Anatolian geography because the area has served as a bridge to various civilizations. This study performed a structural evaluation of the Hundi Hatun Bridge in Amasya, Turkey. First, a 3D model of the bridge was created in a digital environment, and then static and dynamic analyses were performed with software using the ANSYS Workbench finite element method. The bridge demonstrated sufficient dimensions under static loads and in the modal analysis, although the arches were subject to translational movement in the flow direction of the river. In addition, linear and nonlinear material models were used to perform dynamic analyses, including bridge seismic analyses. The linear material model indicated that the bridge is safe, while the nonlinear material model revealed that damage may occur, especially at the abutments and peak regions of the bridge. Moreover, the bridge arch flatness was determined to be a very important parameter. The results of this study can be used to guide future restoration efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the precepts defended by the International Charter of Kraków, this paper aims at presenting a fully non-destructive multidisciplinary approach able to characterize masonry bridges at three different levels: i) geometrical level; ii) material level and; iii) structural level. To this end, this approach integrates the terrestrial laser scanner, the sonic and impact-echo methods, the ground penetrating radar and the multichannel analysis of surface waves. All these data are combined with reverse engineering procedures, allowing the creation of suitable as-built CAD models for advanced numerical simulations. Then, these numerical models are contrasted and updated through the data provided by the ambient vibration tests. To validate the methodology proposed in this paper, the Roman bridge of Avila was used as study case. This bridge shows a complex mixture of constructive techniques (masonry, cohesive material, Opus Caementicium and reinforced concrete). Thus, the numerical model was considered for performing predictive structural analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1567, a bridge was built over a river in Bosnia--a bridge widely seen as a work of great beauty. In 1993, it was destroyed in a war. What did its destruction mean? Was it a crime--and which one? An assault on culture--and whose? Between 2004 and 2017, a trial held in The Hague sought to answer these questions. The way it did--the assumptions and categories the prosecutors and judges deployed, the choices they made--tells us something important about how law operates and how it appropriates other bodies of knowledge, whether in a now-obscure Balkan conflict or on the battlefields today's courts confront. Our inquiry begins with an interesting puzzle: why didn't the prosecution of the Yugoslav war crimes tribunal charge the most obvious crime--destruction of an historical monument? The answer turns out to be obvious too, but the path by which that obvious answer was reached-- and what happened after--was complicated in ways that tell us something even more interesting about what law does to the events and values it is supposed to serve. It also tells us something about what law can and cannot do in responding to the horrors and complexities of war. In answering questions about a cultural monument's destruction, a war crimes tribunal, in its own, autonomous way, turned a beautiful bridge into something very different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article presents the dynamic analysis of the historic railway bridge in Tczew as an example of the usefulness of such type of bridge for high-speed trains. The model of the bridge and the simulation of rolling stock passage was performed in SOFISTIK program. The scope of work includes experimental studies, the solution of the problem concerning the correct solution features of the dynamic model which takes into account the dependencies between the bridge, track and rolling - stock (RBT). The verification of the model was performed by comparing the results obtained on site during the passage of ET-22 locomotive and twenty (20) open goods wagons with the results obtained in the program for the identical type of rolling stock used to the simulation Pendolino train. Then, after the verification, the simulation of high-speed train passage was performed. The speed of the train passage varied from 150 [km/h] to the max. possible speed of 250 [km/h] which PENDOLINO train, approved for the simulation, may reach. Under the analysis of obtained results it was possible to define the conditions for adjusting the historic bridge to high-speed train passage.

Masonry arch bridges are regarded as the oldest examples of engineered structures in the world and they reflect the culture of previous civilizations with their various sizes, styles, and spans. These bridges were constructed centuries ago addressing the load-carrying problems of old times. The preservation of these structures receives a great deal of attention in the structural engineering community. In this respect, current study focuses on historical Dilovası Sultan Suleyman (Diliskelesi) Bridge in Kocaeli, Turkey. In order to investigate the structural behavior of the current form of the bridge, Modal and Response Spectrum analyses were carried out utilizing finite element methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Funding is currently limited for transportation projects in general and even more so for historic bridge preservation. Because of this limitation on resources, it is important that bridge-owning agencies use proper planning and management strategies to make the best use of available funding. One important element of bridge inventory management is the prioritization of bridges for historic preservation. This article presents a framework that begins with a selection matrix for a first-level review of a bridge inventory. The selection matrix considers both the National Bridge Inventory (NBI) historical significance rating and sufficiency rating. Further refinements are necessary to prioritize a number of bridges for historic preservation, and so a quantitative rating system is proposed to reflect the characteristics of the Tarrant County, Texas, bridge inventory considered in this study. The developed methodology is applied to the bridge inventory in Tarrant County, and two notable bridges are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ship impact protection of the Alte Mainbrucke Zellingen – Conservation of a steel truss bridge from the year 1884. In 1884, a permanent crossing of the Main River was achieved through the construction of the ”Alte Mainbrucke Zellingen“ (old Main Bridge Zellingen). Structures of this era were not designed for possible ship impact. As part of the increasing expansion of the Main River, the Wasserstrassen‐Neubauamt (Waterway Construction Authority) of Aschaffenburg demanded safeguards against ship impact to meet modern standards. The following article explains how the bridge is protected against ship impact. The rehabilitation measures that were carried out at the same time to preserve the bridge are also described. Following completion of the construction, what was once a road bridge was reopened to pedestrian and cycling traffic in June 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeological wood of 13 excavated oak piles from five historical bridge generations in Bavaria, dated from 1447 to 1787, was investigated by means of light microscopy (LM) and cellular UV-microspectrophotometry (UMSP) to study the ageing and natural resistance of the excavated wood. Furthermore, the mineral content of the ancient wood was determined to evaluate the impact of mineral inclusions on microbial resistance, tested using a mini block fungal test. The LM and UMSP analyses revealed well preserved cell wall structures and no significant modification of the lignin composition and distribution in predominant parts of the piles. Slight microbial decay caused by soft rot and erosion bacteria was only detectable at the outermost millimetres of individual piles. The fungal mini block tests yielded mass losses of ancient oak samples between 15% and 30%, independent of their analysed mineral content. The results provided evidence that the fungal resistance of the investigated ancient wood is mainly determined from the special soil with its high mineral content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to political reform and the shifting values of heritage, Taiwan’s industrial heritage attracts much more attention in the past decade. Additionally, there is not only an expectation of reusing industrial heritage for the purpose of the economy but a perspective of seeing it as the barrier to urban progress. As Lowenthal (2005) notes, (Lowenthal,The Past is a Foreign country.) heritage is further corrupted by being politicised, commoditised and popularised. The idea of participatory governance has also permeated gradually into Taiwan’s industrial heritage issues. In recent times, these progressive views have received greater attention with calls for bringing citizenship to the core of the participatory agenda. The comparative study which explores the Chiayi Forestry Park and Taipei Zhongzheng Bridge, respectively aims to better understand the participatory governance process on conserving industrial heritage by conducting Osmani’s Three-Gap Analysis (Osmani, “Participatory Governance.”). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Obtaining accurately estimation of modal parameters from dynamic test data is an essential part for analyzing civil engineering structures. A set of dynamic field tests were conducted at a historic bridge. These tests provided an opportunity to identify the modal properties of the bridge in current condition. The system identification of the bridge was performed by using two different methods: (1) peak picking method and (2) eigensystem realization algorithm. By analyzing the output-only data, the natural frequencies in the vertical, lateral and torsional directions were identified. After comparing the data between measurements and the finite element model, the identified parameters using these system identification methods are found to be considerable for each type of tests. And through eigensystem realization algorithm, much more comprehensive results were obtained than peak picking method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historic bridges make up an estimated 60% or more of a state transportation agency’s Section 106 compliance projects. With this sheer volume in mind, this article examines different approaches to navigating historic bridge projects that can yield significant time and cost savings for bridge owners. On a national level, theProgram Comment for Common Post-1945 Concrete and Steel Bridgeshas helped streamline Section 106 for an estimated 200,000 bridges by exempting all but those exceptional bridges identified by states. The 11 states that have not yet reported their exceptions are not eligible for the Program Comment at this time and must continue to address 106 individually for bridge projects. Additionally, this article focuses on five states that have worked proactively to manage their historic bridge populations: Minnesota, Louisiana, Indiana, Oklahoma, and Utah. In addressing the non-standardized historic bridge types that are outside the scope of the Program Comment, each state has approached their pool somewhat differently and may focus on all historic bridges or in some cases a subset of structures. In each case, the goal of the state transportation agency has been to manage projects affecting historic bridges more efficiently than past practices. The approaches taken in these five states offer possible models for finding efficiency and savings on historic bridge projects nationwide. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article presents a decision support concept for management of rehabilitation projects. The focus of the research is on the application of multicriteria methods of decision-making in planning a historic bridge rehabilitation project. The problem addressed in this research is a major one from many different perspectives, such as civil engineering, economics, etc., which indicates a need for the evaluation of different rehabilitation methods using several different criteria. Therefore, a decision support concept for a historic bridge rehabilitation method based on the PROMETHEE method has been designed. Three groups of stakeholders have been included (civil engineering experts, economic experts, and government experts) to define appropriate criteria, their weights, and preference functions. For determination of criteria weights, the AHP method has been used. The model has been tested on the problem of choosing the rehabilitation method for the Pavića Bridge in Croatia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical steel beam bridge over Gliwice Canal located in a small city close to the eclectic palace from 19th century has been strengthened by suspension to new steel arches. The old structure was insufficient for fulfilling current demands of road traffic and clearance. Another issue was its localization in the vicinity of the palace and the lake, which are attractive recreational areas. Therefore, the new structure should be also ready for safe pedestrian and bicycle traffic. To fulfil those conditions and also to create a landmark bridge in this interesting spot, an arch structure was chosen. Designer decided to use the old bridge and its abutments as a part of the new structure. The deck was renovated and suspended to two inclined hingeless steel arches. To accommodate pedestrian and bicycle traffic, two external footbridges were also suspended to the same arches on both sides. Static and dynamic load tests of the bridge were conducted. An Operational Modal Analysis method was used to identify the dynamic model of the bridge. Due to a limited number of transducers and the simple procedure of the test, the compromise between effort and quality was established. Good correlation between assumptions from the design stage and the response of the erected bridge was confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The old historical steel bridge in Lipova on the Mureş River in the Danube basin, has a special position in the middle of the town connecting the two historical parts of the city. On the South, the old historical center of the town is located. The rehabilitation of the bridge now a pedestrian one, will give a new life for the structure having a connection function between the two parts of the city on both river shores. The aim of the paper is to propose architectural solutions in order to integrate the rehabilitated old steel bridge structures in a new context, to give them a new life. There are not many historical steel road bridges in operation, in the Western part of Romania. Some old existing steel highway bridges erected at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th Century are still in function. To maintain the structures, to give them a new life-chance the rehabilitated structures must be integrated in an architectural functional concept. New functions and solutions must be found for them. The paper has a multidisciplinary character connecting Architecture and Civil Engineering [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oldest Reinforced Concrete Bridge in Slovakia was built in 1892 in Krásno nad Kysucou and it was reconstructed in 2014, after being in service for more than 120 years. There are many other concrete bridges in Slovakia older than 100-years, which are still in daily use. Mostly no drawings nor structural design calculations were preserved from the time of their construction. Also only a very limited information is available about the concrete and reinforcement properties used at the turn of the 19 th and 20 th century in Slovakia. Thus, any reconstruction of such an old bridge is always based on some preliminary assumption, which are in many cases quite far from reality. The primary aim of our research was to study the material properties of concrete and steel reinforcement used in bridge construction industry 100 years ago in the region of Slovakia. Drilled core samples were taken from various parts of bridge structures for further laboratory analyses. Some selected material properties and carbonation depths measured on 7, more than a 100 years old concrete bridges, are reported in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National road DN 57along the Danube is the oldest road from Romania, known from the Roman times (on the other side of the Danube is the famous “Tabula Traiana” - inscription carved into a rock beside the Danube dedicated to the Roman emperor Trajan and the Roman road, including the bridge, built by Trajan across the Danube). On a length of more than 200 km running along the Cauldrons, there are different ouvrages d’art, especially bridges. The construction of the Iron Gate I hydroelectric dam near to Turnu Severin; raised the water level by 33 m. The paper presents the bridges along the Danube, the adopted technical solutions and the present situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, the construction of communication roads registered an important development. In this period a remarkable series of steel bridges were built, some of them being in present in operation. The paper presents the current technical condition of the bridges in the lower Tisa river basin, their current technical state and rehabilitation possibilities. Also the study and framing of the bridges structural form in the specific local sites is performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lack of information about the history, the necessary data about the material characteristics and the presence of structural defects, leads to the need for detailed studies that have as a result more accurate determinations of the safety. The aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of a historic steel cantilever bridge in historical area from the city who host the structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a parametric study is conducted to determine the stochastic dynamic response of a historical masonry bridge under blast-induced ground motions. With this purpose, an existing historical masonry bridge located in Turkey, called Kurt Bridge is considered and analyzed under blast-induced multi-point random ground motion. This sample bridge model reflects almost all of the structural characteristics of similar type historical masonry arch bridges whereby the results of this study can be generalized to similar structural systems. Blast-induced ground motion which is random in nature is described by power spectrum of a white noise process and is applied to support points of three-dimensional finite element model of the considered bridge system. To underline the importance of the blast-induced multi-point ground motion, three support regions are defined for the application of the random ground motion. Different charge weights and distances from the charge center are considered while determining the power spectral density functions. Depending on the considered charge weights and charge center distances power spectral density functions and shaded image counters of one standard deviation of the responses of the masonry bridge are determined. The results of the analyses show that blast-induced multi-point ground motion causes smaller structural responses if compared with those of the responses obtained from the blast-induced uniform ground motion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]