1. Antiviral Agents
- Author
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Paintsil, E. and Cheng, Yung-Chi
- Subjects
dGTP, deoxyguanosine triphosphate ,viruses ,CoV, coronavirus ,CNS, central nervous system disease ,HPMPC, (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl) cytosine ,CSF, cerebrospinal fluid ,TK, thymidine kinases ,HHV-7, human herpes virus-7 ,NAMs, nucleoside-analog-associated mutations ,Pgp, P-glycoprotein ,infections ,HHV-8, human herpes virus-8 ,treatment ,FEV1, reduced forced expiratory volume ,MNR, multinucleoside resistance ,drug-resistance efficacy ,NA, neuraminidase ,SEM, skin, eye, or mouth ,HIV, human immunodeficiency virus ,CPK, creatinine phosphokinase ,HCV, hepatitis C virus ,CYP, cytochrome P450 ,IFNs, interferons ,excretion ,nucleosides analogue ,EBV, Epstein–Barr virus ,UGT, UDP-glucuronosyl transferase ,pharmacokinetics ,NK, natural killer ,viral life cycle ,half-life ,intracellular concentration ,HBeAg, hepatitis B e antigen ,HPV, human papillomavirus ,Article ,VZV, varicella zoster virus ,ALT, alanine aminotransferase ,antiviral agents ,HSE, herpes simplex encephalitis ,SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome ,dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate ,PEG, polyethylene glycol ,HHV-6, human herpes virus-6 ,TAMs, thymidine analog resistance mutations ,chemoprophylaxis ,CMV, cytomegalovirus ,HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy ,FDA, Food and Drug Administration ,HBV, hepatitis B virus ,therapeutic index ,SPAG, small-particle aerosol generator ,HSV, herpes simplex virus ,RSV, respiratory syncytial virus ,bioavailability ,metabolism - Abstract
Antiviral agents are drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment or control of viral infections. Available antiviral agents mainly target stages in the viral life cycle. The target stages in the viral life cycle are; viral attachment to host cell, uncoating, synthesis of viral mRNA, translation of mRNA, replication of viral RNA and DNA, maturation of new viral proteins, budding, release of newly synthesized virus, and free virus in body fluids. At least half of available antiviral agents are for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. The others are used mainly for the management of herpesviruses, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and respiratory viruses. Antiviral agents can be used for prophylaxis, suppression, preemptive therapy, or treatment of overt disease. Two important factors that can limit the utility of antiviral drugs are toxicity and the development of resistance to the antiviral agent by the virus. In addition, host phenotypic behaviors toward antiviral drugs because of either genomic or epigenetic factors could limit the efficacy of an antiviral agent in an individual. This article summarizes the most relevant pharmacologic and clinical properties of current antiviral agents, and targets for novel antiviral agents.
- Published
- 2009