Search

A general trend in adult education across the disciplines has been the gradual shift from teaching specialized knowledge to developing various skills. The inclusion of professional skills in the area of Languages for Specific Purposes (LSP) is often based on the results of complex needs analyses of the target situation that leads to effective course design both for in-service and pre-service learners. While major law schools have recently started putting a greater emphasis on the training of legal skills, the present article suggests that some of those legal skills can be effectively developed in the ELP (English for Legal Purposes) classroom as well, i.e. among L2 learners of specialist language. That holds particularly for the soft skill of linguistic mediation. Promoted by CEFR, mediation is characterized by the situation when an expert speaker needs to overcome a communicative gap arising from a difference in the technical or linguistic knowledge of the interlocutors. The present article shows how a sample activity can be used for teaching linguistic mediation in the ELP classroom and how it can serve as an opportunity for enhancing students’ critical self-reflection. It describes a custom-made activity – a role-played lawyer-client interview – and analyses students’ subsequent comments on the activity. The paper suggests that self-reflection is deeper if the theory is supplied after the task and that such a practice enhances students’ learning process. It is suggested that the findings are applicable not only to teachers’ syllabus design and classroom activities design but also more generally to pedagogic theory, e.g. the field of LSP teacher training.

This short paper aims to highlight and concisely explore – but not address in depth -some aspects related to translating and teaching English for specific purposes (mainly English for Legal Purposes) The following questions will be briefly considered: What is the impact of comparative law on legal translation? How can tricky terms in legal translation be taught effectively? How can mediation activities and student self-reflection be utilised to train legal skills? How can teaching plain English to PhD students improve their writing in a scientific context? The paper starts with a brief introduction to the concept of language and communication for specific purposes, with a particular emphasis put on English for Legal Purposes. The second section of the essay refers to issues connected with legal translation; its specificity and the role of comparative law in the quality of translation and interpretation. The third and last part of the paper is dedicated to the issue of instructing languages for specific purposes. It mainly tackles the problem of equipping students with such linguistic competencies, skills, and knowledge which are most valuable for their study and work.

Legal translation competence includes a high number of sub-competences that legal translation trainees need to master. Therefore, trainers may have no time to tackle issues at the very micro level that are challenging not only for legal translation trainees, but sometimes even for professional translators. Although many such issues are identified in legal translation textbooks, the prevailing holistic approach to teaching legal translation may have led to such issues being sidelined in the legal translation classroom. Drawing on the author’s experience as a legal translation trainer, this paper attempts to fill this vacuum and offer a systematic approach to addressing at least some of these phenomena. A selection of tricky terms will be presented, together with practical activities designed to raise trainees’ awareness of such issues and teach them how to approach them confidently when translating from and to English. Four groups of terms are covered: false friends in general and legal language; vague terms such as good and reasonable; non-transparent terms where complex legal meaning is packed into a simple term (constructive, in lieu of), and enantiosemous terms (apparent, qualified). It is believed that when such phenomena are tackled in isolation, trainees may become better equipped to deal with them successfully the next time they encounter them in an English source text or to use them actively when translating into English.

The confrontation of the laws and languages of different legal systems that occurs in the process of legal translation has naturally inspired interest in comparative law among translation scholars. However, while references to comparative law in legal translation literature are abundant, they tend to be somewhat superfluous and selective, focusing mainly on the traditional functional method and saying little about how exactly legal translators can use comparative law in their practice. Nor is there much in-depth theoretical discussion of how both fields relate. Hence, the present paper aims to discuss the various approaches to comparative law and its role in legal translation adopted by legal translation scholars and to juxtapose them with a comparative account of the goals and processes of legal translation and comparative law. Taking a closer look at the oft-repeated statement that legal translation is an exercise in/of comparative law, the author demonstrates that, despite its rhetorical value, it actually misrepresents both fields. The results of the present research lead to the conclusion that, while comparative law and legal translation are clearly related and potentially useful for each other, the mutual recognition of autonomy could improve understanding between comparatists and legal translation professionals and allow them to learn more from each other.

Numerous scientists disseminate their research results in English-medium journals because their careers are often tied to publishing in English. Journal gatekeepers expect them to use correct scientific English in their manuscripts to make them publishable. However, many non-native English-speaking junior researchers do not know how to meet these expectations. The tentative study described in this article investigated the relevance of teaching plain English to Polish research students and its impact on their writing in scientific contexts. To answer three research questions, the Author employed a case study design in which thirteen PhD students at Bialystok University of Technology (Poland) became the participants of the didactic intervention. The study found that teaching plain English should be integrated into the PhD language programme because it brings numerous linguistic and extra-linguistic benefits to research students. Given the scarcity of research on this topic in Polish educational settings, the study may attract interest from scholars researching writing science for publication purposes or from teachers of English in doctoral programmes.

Virtual influencer marketing is a global emerging phenomenon in social media research. Research on traditional influencer marketing and practices has been the locus of attention for years, but fairly scarce research deals with the rise and influence of virtual influencers, also known as artificial intelligence influencers (AIIs) or computer-generated influencers (CGIs). In this article, an explorative, qualitative single case analysis of the Japanese CGI influencer Imma is presented to identify how the CGI is visually constructed on Instagram in a marketing campaign. Two supplementary semiotic lenses are applied, i.e. a visual compositional analysis and a semiotic image analysis. The results indicate that the CGI influencer Imma is visually presented by and large with the same characteristics and attributes as found in similar studies of human influencers. Moreover, the findings indicate subtle yet essential differences in the visual framing of the CGI character to enhance a human-like appearance. Concludingly, this study has preliminary implications for research, practitioners, prospective marketers, and future innovation leaders in the virtual marketing industry, and it is proposed to consider reconceptualizing our understanding of virtual influencers and acknowledging the rise of Virtual Influencer Marketing as a field in its own right.

This article examines the application of project management principles in the field of applied linguistics, using the author's doctoral research experience as a case study. It explores the challenges, strategies, and lessons learned in managing linguistic research projects. By highlighting best practices and encountered obstacles, the study aims to enhance understanding of project management within applied linguistics. The insights provided are valuable for researchers and practitioners navigating the complexities of linguistic research endeavors.

This article addresses the challenges and opportunities posed by the use of machine translation (MT) and post-editing (PE) in the training of legal translators in the Spanish-Italian combination. The aim is to find out whether students who do not have specific training in MT and PE, but a sufficiently developed translation competence, are able to successfully apply the MT and PE concepts learned during a short workshop in their Specialized Translation course and, as a result, produce a satisfactory post-edited translation of acceptable quality. The results show that students have an inward critical attitude towards the use of MT, so they are not influenced by the MT output. Moreover, they have adequate skills to immediately detect not only most of the errors related to concordance and lack of logic, but also the more hidden ones that require a subsequent revision.

A huge amount of marketing literature focuses on communication among customers about products, services, or providers, which is referred to as Word-of-mouth (WoM). However, only a small part of the literature discusses in which situations and between which individuals WoM occurs. This article derives theoretically that the tie strength and the contextual reference between individuals can be regarded as important predictors for the occurrence of WoM: More precisely, we suggest that a higher tie strength and a contextual reference has an association with the likelihood that WoM occurs. We apply several scenarios with different levels of disconfirmation of expectations – which are regarded as escalations levels. Afterwards, a quantitative empirical study proves that individuals are more likely to tell others about certain events if these people have a higher tie strength. Also, we provide evidence that the contextual reference has an impact. The article underlines the importance of WoM for businesses and contributes to the existing literature.

Brand names are assets in marketing: a good name can help to sell products. Although research has made several recommendations on how “good” brand names should be created, the complex process is not easily adapted to every product category. Little research is done on a particular product category: the brand names of vaccines. This paper contributes to vaccine brand names in light of the coronavirus pandemic. The theoretical part of the paper first describes the characteristics of “good” and “bad” brand names, and then the focus is narrowed down to the characteristics of drug brand names and to the processes that influenced the naming of coronavirus vaccines. In the empirical part of the paper, Hungarian students perform brand recognition, recall, and association tasks connected to vaccine brand names. It will be shown that the vaccines are known by their public brand names (e.g., Pfizer) and not by their actual brand names (e.g., Comirnaty). The rating of the brand names shows that public brand names are considered to be better than the actual brand names, while brand associations collected for the actual brand names show mixed results. In the last part of the paper, theoretical implications are discussed, and recommendations for pharmaceutical companies are formulated to show what steps these companies could take to overcome the impasse between public and actual brand names.

Developers of generative artificial intelligence systems promote the idea of personal assistants for various tasks, including translation and authoring creative content. As a consequence of these developments, the topic of “human” creativity has moved centre stage. Acknowledging similarities between translation and creative writing, this article offers a critical discussion of intersecting areas and suggests a framework for creative skills couched in the tradition of social sciences research. As a practical application with pedagogical impact, the paper presents a new module on writing specifically designed for translators. As is argued, the conceptual design, content, mode of delivery and evaluation of potential pedagogical benefits may be replicable in other pedagogical settings at undergraduate or postgraduate level. The role of technology is also problematised, indicating how writing may be augmented by using tools. Ideally, this is to be done in a context where creativity upskilling can equip students with the ability to (de)select context-appropriate solutions, that is, to use convergent and divergent thinking, ultimately preparing them to play a fundamental role in a rapidly evolving digital world.

The final version of the article will be uploaded as soon as possible.

The purpose of the thematic section is to gauge the temperature of MT today by tapping into a selection of critical discussions, thereby shedding light on some challenges to a perfect machine-translation (MT) situation.

Interpersonal meaning-making resources are construed by customer service representatives (CSRs) and customers in call center telephone conversations. The purpose of the present study is to explore the contextual features—specifically, register variables and generic stages—that American customers and Filipino CSRs employ to create meaning potentials in cross-border insurance calls. The results of this study reveal that register variables, specific generic stages, and various lexicogrammatical choices play significant roles in call center negotiation. The theoretical framework used in this research is Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), which provides valuable insights into the study of text at the register level, including field, mode, and tenor, as well as semantically, in terms of metafunctions. A data set of over 2000 English conversations from an insurance call center in the Philippines was examined, and 20 longer complaint calls involving complex negotiations were carefully selected for transcription. These calls amounted to approximately four hours of talk, resulting in a total of 39,440 words, and the findings highlight the register variables and common generic stages observed in the analyzed calls. It is observed that customers frequently use the recount strategy in call center encounters. Recounts are typically used by the customer in the Objection stage and are associated with delayed refusal in generic stages, contributing to the formation of experiential meanings. It is hoped that the present study provides insights into call center discourse in the insurance industry by identifying the register and generic features of cross-border complaint calls.

Translation poses a challenge to copyright laws, which extend protection to works based on the originality of expression rather than the ideas expressed, because translations convey the ideas of the original in a different language and therefore also use different expressions. Technologization of translation has further increased this complexity, as tools such as translation memories and machine translation and post-editing practices are starting to also emerge in literary translation, calling for a more detailed investigation of the literary post-editor’s role and ownership of the text. Post-editing of machine-translated output could give rise to copyright protection, but this depends on the level of intervention and whether the post-edited translation is deemed sufficiently original. This article aims to investigate questions of originality, creativity and textual ownership in literary post-editing. We examine two cases where a literary text was machine translated, post-edited and then published. Our research materials consist of the peritexts surrounding the published translations and three epitexts: one publisher’s website, a research article written by one of the post-editors to describe the experience, and an interview with the other post-editor. Through a qualitative content analysis of these materials, we examine how they reflect the post-editors’ approach to post-editing, personal input in the process and textual ownership of the post-edited target text. The findings suggest that the two post-editors have different approaches to post-editing, leading them to differing perceptions of their own creative input and relationship with the final text.

Machine Translation (MT) continues to make significant strides in quality and is increasingly adopted on a larger scale. Consequently, analyses have been redirected to more nuanced aspects, intricate phenomena, as well as potential risks that may arise from the widespread use of MT tools. Along this line, this paper offers a meticulous assessment of three commercial MT systems - Google Translate, DeepL, and Modern MT - with a specific focus on gender translation and bias. For three language pairs (English-Spanish, English-Italian, and English-French), we scrutinize the behavior of such systems at several levels of granularity and on a variety of naturally occurring gender phenomena in translation. Our study takes stock of the current state of online MT tools, by revealing significant discrepancies in the gender translation of the three systems, with each system displaying varying degrees of bias despite their overall translation quality.

The rise in cross-border business in recent decades has led to changes in corporate and working languages and a corresponding surge in research. At the same time, the field of strategic and global talent management has also developed rapidly, but to date has not included language. This paper calls for the integration of language training as a key element of strategic talent management in MNCs. A small-scale interview study with employees from three large Italian companies reveals a broad range of approaches to language and talent management, suggesting there is an urgent need for further cross-case research. The results also show that (a) while English is gaining rapidly in importance, especially at corporate/senior management levels, Italian still plays a central role in some companies; (b) language skills are perceived as bringing added value to employees and companies and can be seen as crucial to the expansion process; and (c) talent management plays an important role in attracting and retaining excellent employees but appears to still be in its infancy in Italy. We therefore argue that strategic talent management urgently needs to be better understood and implemented, and should include proactive language training.

The results of a quasi-experimental, intra-subject study are reported on the effects of the use of SmarTerp on physiological stress levels of twelve second-year students of the MA in Interpreting at the University of Bologna during a simultaneous interpreting task. The study, part of a broader project, explores the rendition of terminological units, proper names, and numbers and its correlation with stress levels, to provide insights into SmarTerp’s practical usefulness in the field. Physiological stress levels were measured through heart rate and heart-rate variability indicators with Empatica E4 wristbands. Participants took part in three data-collection sessions over a month. In sessions 1 and 3 the participants interpreted two speeches, one with SmarTerp and another one without it. Descriptive findings hinted at a potential stress-alleviating effect of interpreting with SmarTerp, especially when interpreting into a second language. However, all inferential statistical results consistently revealed non-significant outcomes. Furthermore, stress levels did not decrease significantly over time when using SmarTerp. While the non-significant reduction in stress may cast doubt on the tool’s efficacy, the complexity and multiple variables influencing stress in interpreting tasks should be factored in. SmarTerp may serve its primary purpose in aiding accurate rendition of terminological units, proper names, and numbers.

This article presents a preliminary analysis of a corpus of texts relating to the 2022 Australian Tennis Open using a multimodal appraisal framework. The study utilises quantitative and qualitative content analysis to examine media reports, official statements, and public reactions to the incident, which centred around Novak Djokovic's vaccination status. The analysis focusses on assessing how evaluative language contributes to community-building and identifies the underlying values, beliefs, and evaluations that shape stakeholders' emotional, cognitive, and behavioural responses. The appraisal framework, encompassing attitude, engagement, and graduation, serves as a comprehensive tool for categorising resources that express evaluation. Furthermore, the article delves into the application of appraisal analysis within the context of multimodal and online discourse, encompassing various platforms such as newspapers, television, radio, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, blogs, official political statements, and court rulings. By examining these diverse media, the study seeks to investigate the dynamic discourse interplay surrounding the 2022 Australian Open, highlighting the pivotal role of evaluative communication in fostering alignment among readers through shared values and attitudes. The preliminary findings suggest that access to greater semiotic recourses increases consensus. The gains from using this interpretative framework are an asset, facilitating the coding of a large data set and attending the different manifestations of discourses around the player’s participation. As discourse continues to shape societal narratives, this multimodal appraisal investigation contributes to our understanding of the complex dynamics inherent in discourse construction and the influence of evaluative language in shaping collective perception.

Controversial cartoons appearing in contemporary news and social media are periodically denounced by consumers for hate speech, and argued over in blogs, reader comments and news articles. Visual and verbal discourse analysts could contribute useful insights to such debates and to awareness raising programmes for addressing hate speech issues in cartoons, but to date have produced little work on the topic. This paper addresses the difficult question of how we distinguish between legitimate satire and hate speech in controversial cartoons about real events featuring public figures belonging to groups with a history of discrimination. The paper proposes that key considerations in this endeavour are the distinction between conceptual and narrative representations and the relevant participant role(s) assigned to the public figure in question (Kress & Van Leeuwen, 2006). The latter’s construal as being, doing or undergoing in the visual structure constrains the options for their evaluation. The evaluations are analysed using visual analogues of the verbal appraisal framework (Martin & White, 2005; Economou, 2009; Swain 2012; White, 2014). It is argued that negative evaluations based on representations of the public figure’s real-life behaviour may more plausibly pass for legitimate satire, whereas those based on the public figure’s appearance alone may be more susceptible to a hate speech interpretation.

This paper conducts an exploratory investigation into the use of evaluative language in the historical section of the majority opinion in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, 597 U.S. (2022). The investigation employs Martin & White’s (2005) Appraisal Theory, adapted specifically for the analysis of the particular evaluative features of historical discourse as elaborated on, for example, by Myskow (2018a) and Oteíza & Pinuer (2013). The findings confirm that a revised version of the Appraisal framework can be fruitfully applied to systematically account for the complex interplay between, on the one hand, the various sources of evaluation, and, on the other hand, the specific attitudinal resources, employed by the authorial voice in an attempt to construe and advance a particular view of the past. This particular ideological view is ultimately leveraged to produce a convincing justificatory argument for the overruling of the two previous landmark Supreme Court decisions that had, respectively, granted and confirmed abortion as a constitutional right in the United States of America.

Understood as reasons and rationale given by courts in rendering their decisions (DiMatteo 2015; Gudowski 2015), justification is of great importance when resolving morally sensitive issues. In such cases, judges are tasked with finding solutions to fundamental conflicts of incommensurable constitutional principles, which are inherently open-ended, general and in need of interpretation. Constitutional courts rely on different models of constitutional review depending on a given legal system and culture. However, their overarching goal is to consider ways of resolving conflicts and their justifications arising from a clash between constitutionally protected rights and interests and other values deemed worthy of protection by legislatures. The question addressed in this paper is how a constitutional court can resolve conflicts and communicate motives behind its decision in morally sensitive issues and how evaluative language is instrumental in achieving this strategic goal. Two cases are compared in which judges resolve a conflict between freedom to exercise religion and the animal welfare. In Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah, the US Supreme Court addressed the constitutionality of animal sacrifice for religious purposes. In Poland, the Constitutional Tribunal in its decision (K52/13) ruled for the admissibility of ritual slaughter. Adopting the methodology of Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies (CADS), this paper demonstrates that while the argumentation in the Polish decision is heavily axiological, with Polish judges using value-based language to engage in fundamental values and principles, the US Supreme Court judges avoid broad, abstract reasoning by resting the argumentation on low-level and medium-level principles (Sunstein 2018) translated into concrete rules and standards.

The most abhorred population group in Africa (and by extension in Namibia) is the LGBTQI community. Non-heterosexuality is largely condemned in most African countries for political, religious, cultural and legal reasons. Couched within Appraisal Theory, the paper examines how linguistic resources are exploited in manners that evince how homophobia is politically and legally framed in two Namibian daily newspapers – The Namibian and New Era. For example, while the world has reacted to the realities of the departure from the traditional binary definitional parameters of sexualities and sexual identities, Namibia still remains largely homophobic, together with at least 47 other African countries still criminalising homosexuality. In 2001, for example, a video documentary quotes the then President of Namibia, Dr Sam Nujoma, expressing the sentiments that “Lesbians and homosexualism, these we condemn – we reject them. In Namibia there will be no lesbian, no homosexualism” (Blecher, 2001). In August 2005, Minister of Home Affairs, Theopolina Mushelenga, publicly denounced the human rights of Namibian gays and lesbians and also asserted that “homosexuals were responsible for the HIV and AIDS pandemic” (Lorway, 2006, p. 436). Homosexuality has generally, thus, been regarded as an uncultural, unAfrican, uncommon and unacceptable phenomenon in Africa, including Namibia. In Namibia, as in other African countries, the penalty for homosexual behaviour is imprisonment. Many Namibian political leaders have publicly expressed that homosexual rights go against the legal, religious and cultural values of the country. There are political and legal imports to the rejection of homosexual behaviour patterns in Namibia as evinced in news reporting cultures. Homosexuality in Namibian political and legal discourses is largely imagined as either an ‘unAfrican’ behaviour or attributed to western influences on Africa. Linguistic expression by many Namibian politicians also evince a revulsion of homosexuality.

Abstract The paradigm shift in doctor-patient communication patterns that has taken place in recent decades has led to more engaging and empowering communicative models that highlight the importance of clinical communication. In this context, informed consent (IC) plays a fundamental role as it helps democratize clinical communication and ensures the patient’s autonomy and right to information. This article examines the communicative process associated with IC by means of a critical analysis of the Spanish legislative framework, both at national and regional level, to determine to what extent current legal provisions regulate the complex communication process involved in giving consent. Based on a corpus of all Spanish legal provisions regulating patient autonomy and the rights and obligations of patients regarding clinical information and documentation, this article analyzes IC as an act of communication on the one hand, and as a document proving the patient's consent on the other. The results indicate that, although they are complementary processes, Spanish legislation devotes more attention to IC as a communicative process than to the document itself, thus failing to address fundamental aspects related to its content and form. It is also observed that the patient's voice tends to be somewhat neglected (consultation of doubts, expression of concerns, etc.). Together with the challenge posed by the need for adequacy and personalization of the information, the legibility and comprehensibility of the IC forms as well as aspects related to its delivery protocol, this casts some doubt on the efficacy of IC as a tool for clinical communication. Resumen El cambio de paradigma en los patrones de comunicación médico-paciente que se ha producido en las últimas décadas ha dado paso a un modelo más dialéctico y participativo que no ha hecho sino poner de relieve la importancia de la comunicación clínica durante el proceso asistencial. En este contexto, el consentimiento informado (CI), objeto de estudio del presente trabajo, desempeña un papel fundamental en tanto que elemento democratizador de la comunicación clínica y garante del principio de autonomía y derecho a la información del paciente. El artículo que presentamos profundiza en el acto comunicativo que subyace al otorgamiento del CI mediante un análisis crítico del marco legislativo español, tanto estatal como autonómico, para determinar hasta qué punto las disposiciones legales actuales regulan el acto complejo de comunicación que supone el otorgamiento de consentimiento. Partiendo de un corpus formado por todas aquellas disposiciones legales que regulan la autonomía y los derechos y obligaciones del paciente en materia de información y documentación clínica, el artículo analiza el CI en tanto que acto de comunicación prolongado en el tiempo y documento que materializa el consentimiento del paciente. Los resultados indican que, pese a tratarse de procesos complementarios, la legislación dedica más atención al proceso comunicativo que al producto, pues deja sin regular aspectos fundamentales relacionados con el contenido y la forma del mismo. Se observa, además, que se da poco espacio a la voz del paciente (consulta de dudas, expresión de inquietudes, preocupaciones, etc.) lo que, unido al desafío que supone la adecuación y personalización de la información, la legibilidad y comprensibilidad del documento CI (DCI) e incluso aspectos relacionados con el protocolo de entrega del mismo, arrojan ciertas dudas sobre la eficacia del CI en su vertiente comunicativa.

The present paper aims to discuss the discursive strategies of otherization, legitimation, and normalization typically found in extracts from the author’s video corpus of US Presidents’ selected official statements at the height of actual or potential armed conflicts between the First Gulf War (1990-1991) and the end of the Obama Administration (2016). The underlying working assumption is that, to consolidate asymmetrical power relationships and monitor dissent and/or win domestic consent about the use of force, the US Administration systematically resorts to a relatively restricted inventory of political myths and cultural constructs sustained by strategic storytelling and powerful master narratives, or Intertextual Thematic Formations. The qualitative analysis, informed by a systemic functional, critical discourse approach, is undertaken at both the macro- and micro-levels, with a view to highlighting how master narratives project distinct/conflicting standpoints and socio-institutional roles and identities (e.g. the-President-as-Father-of-the-Nation; the-Community-as-Protector-of-its-Members'-Interests; the-West-as-Civilizer), while feeding the myth of a ‘super-empowered’ President and ultimately sustaining the ideological square. The final contention is that awareness-raising pedagogical models are needed which work upwards from the bottom of the hierarchical narrative structure, contextualizing the master narrative and linking it to the audience’s individual narratives, so that discourse can fulfil its critical function of dismantling potentially manipulative and/or normalizing discourse practices and foster civil society-led, personal counter-narratives that remove stereotyping and oversimplification.

x

Świadomość ekonomiczna młodzieży jest bardzo ważnym zagadnieniem mającym znaczący wpływ na ich decyzje konsumenckie (rynkowe). Według opinii Polaków, wśród czynników kształtujących świadomość ekonomiczną młodzieży istotną rolę przyjmuje edukacja formalna, tj. szkoła i nauczyciele. W systemie edukacji formalnej w Polsce, młodzież do 16. roku życia nie ma możliwości edukacji ekonomicznej, gdyż w programie nauczania nie ma wyodrębnionego przedmiotu z zakresu mechanizmów rynkowych, ekonomii i finansów. Właściwa edukacja w tym obszarze odbywa się na etapie szkoły ponadpodstawowej. W takich warunkach istotnego znaczenia nabiera edukacja nieformalna, polegająca m.in. na rozmowach w rodzinie na tematy gospodarowania środkami pieniężnymi i budżetem domowym. Wyniki badań wykazały, że tylko 30% badanych wskazuje, iż w domu odbywają się rozmowy na tematy ekonomiczne. Warto także podkreślić znaczący wpływ dostępności inicjatyw edukacji ekonomicznej w szkołach z utrudnionym dostępem do takich form aktywności, a zwłaszcza zastosowanych narzędzi i metod na wzrost wiedzy i umiejętności ekonomicznych młodzieży.

This article discusses the peculiarities of startup success and the influence of design thinking, which is based on the methodology of solution design with a focus on human consumers, as the end user of a product or service. The startup is the first necessary stage of the life cycle of innovation. In order for the innovation to be successful, the design thinking methodology is used, which increases the predictability of success, speed of market entry and reduction of investment risks in the innovation. Actively working system of support for start-ups is the basis of active innovation activities, increasing the volume of innovative products, export of high-tech products. Development of startup projects is widespread abroad. It was found that the peculiarity of these successful projects is that they bring high profits, as well as raise the level of the economy in their countries. It is stated that it is important to study the issue of successful launch and implementation of startups through the structures that contribute to their development. Moreover, it is obvious that design thinking is the most successful methodology for creating innovations, which is actively used by various world-renowned companies. This article formulates a methodological model of design thinking for the main characteristics of startup success. The implementation of this model includes the following steps: generalization of the “startup” concept, generalization of the “design thinking” concept, identification of the stages of the startup life cycle, systematization of the key components of successfully realized startups, and analysis of the design thinking capabilities of the startup.

Problematyka artykułu dotyczy efektywności kształcenia studentów w Państwowej Wyższej Szkole Techniczno-Ekonomicznej w Jarosławiu, w kontekście zapotrzebowania absolwentów na lokalnym i regionalnym rynku pracy. Analizie poddano stopień przygotowania i efektywności pracy kadry naukowo‐dydaktycznej, zakres i przydatność bazy lokalowej wraz z wyposażeniem technicznym i dydaktycznym oraz efektywność kształcenia dla potrzeb rynku pracy. W tym celu przeprowadzono badania własne z wykorzystaniem ankiety wśród 190 respondentów, którymi byli studenci i absolwenci jarosławskiej uczelni, pozwalające na ustalenie stosownych wniosków merytorycznych i aplikacyjnych.

Artykuł porusza problem kształtowania właściwej organizacji pracy w przedsiębiorstwie. W artykule stwierdzono, iż bardzo pomocne w tym zakresie jest stosowanie zasad ergonomii i rozwiązań zwinnych. Obydwa rozwiązania osadzono w koncepcji lean enterprise. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań empirycznych, przeprowadzonych wśród 200 małych i średnich firm województwa podkarpackiego. Umożliwiły one wyszczególnienie zachowań ergonomicznych i zwinnych w podkarpackich przedsiębiorstwach. W artykule przedstawiono autorski model organizowania pracy ludzkiej w zwinnym przedsiębiorstwie, który może pełnić cenną rolę utylitarną dla kadry zarządzającej współczesnym przedsiębiorstwem.

Lata dziewięćdziesiąte to okres gwałtownych zmian politycznych i gospodarczych w Polsce i innych krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. Są one tłem dla rosnącej mobilności międzynarodowej: zarówno emigracji z regionu, jak i imigracji. W 1991 r. Polska przystąpiła do Konwencji Genewskiej dot. statusu uchodźców, tj. grupy państw, które udzielają ochrony prześladowanym cudzoziemcom w krajach ich pochodzenia. Przez kolejne lata Polska pozostaje krajem czystej emigracji, a napływ imigrantów do Polski nabiera coraz większego znaczenia, stając się przedmiotem dyskursu publicznego i politycznego w drugiej dekadzie XXI wieku. Wynika to przede wszystkim z dwóch czynników. Pierwszym z nich jest gwałtowny wzrost imigracji z Ukrainy do Polski, spowodowany wybuchem konfliktu rosyjsko-ukraińskiego po 2013 roku. Trzeba zaznaczyć, iż polskie media bardzo rzadko zajmują się migrantami w Polsce, poświęcając znacznie więcej miejsca osobom szukającym ochrony w innych krajach europejskich. Trzeba stwierdzić, iż wiedza na temat sytuacji migrantów przymusowych przybywających do Polski nie jest dobrze znana. Stosunkowo mało jest też badań na ten temat.

Proces zarządzania bezpieczeństwem publicznym jest składową działań wielu osób, instytucji publicznych i prywatnych, współpracujących ze sobą w celu zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa obywatelom oraz minimalizowania skutków występujących zagrożeń. Przedmiotem niniejszej pracy jest ocena poziomu bezpieczeństwa publicznego w powiecie jarosławskim w latach 2017–2020 oraz próba odpowiedzi na pytania, jakie są największe zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa w powiecie jarosławskim? Jaki jest poziom poczucia bezpieczeństwa ludności w powiecie jarosławskim? Jaka jest ocena działań władz samorządowych przez mieszkańców powiatu w zakresie ochrony bezpieczeństwa publicznego? Jakie są oczekiwania mieszkańców powiatu jarosławskiego w zakresie bezpieczeństwa?

Imigranci i imigrantki to grupy szczególnie dotknięte skutkami pandemii COVID-19 oraz wprowadzonymi w związku z nią ograniczeniami w życiu społecznym i gospodarczym. Globalny kryzys, który wirus wywołał z początkiem 2020 r., drastycznie zmienił życie ludzi w wielu aspektach, ale zmiany te były rożne wśród rożnych grup społecznych. Na sposób radzenia sobie z wyzwaniami, jakie obecna sytuacja stawia przed migrantami, wpływa wiele czynników, w tym przede wszystkim sytuacja prawna (status imigrantów, legalizacja pobytu itp.), sytuacja branży, w której pracują lub prowadzą działalność gospodarczą, warunki mieszkaniowe, poziom znajomości języka kraju, w którym mieszkają, stopień integracji ze społeczeństwem przyjmującym, dostęp do wiedzy o regulacjach i zmianach wprowadzanych przez administrację państwową i samorządową, dostęp do sieci wsparcia zarówno na miejscu, jak i za granicą (w tym w kraju pochodzenia), nastroje społeczne w stosunku do obcokrajowców, obecność programów wsparcia skierowanych do poszczególnych grup. Wszystkie wskaźniki wskazują, że imigranci i ich dzieci zostały nieproporcjonalnie dotknięte pandemią i prawdopodobnie będą nadal bardzo dotknięte, zarówno w odniesieniu do zdrowia, jak i wyników integracji.

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących oceny funkcjonowaniu systemu HACCP w opinii pracowników przedsiębiorstwa branży mleczarskiej. Badania obejmowały między innymi zagadnienia dotyczące postrzegania przez pracowników działań w zakresie wprowadzenia i funkcjonowania systemu HACCP, a także określenie barier, przyczyn i korzyści związanych z wdrożeniem systemu HACCP w przedsiębiorstwie.

The objective of this research is to estimate the model risk, represented as precision, and the accuracy of the Value at Risk (VaR) measure, under three different approaches: historical simulation (HS), Monte Carlo (MC), and generalized ARCH (GARCH). In this work, to analyze the VaR model, the accuracy and precision were used. Estimation of the accuracy and precision was done under the three approaches for four European banks at 95 and 99% confidence levels. The percentage crossings and Kupiec POF were used to judge the model accuracy, whereas the ratio of the maximum and minimum VaR estimates, and the spread between the maximum and minimum VaR estimates were used to estimate the model risk. This was achieved by changing input parameters, specifically, the estimation time window (125, 250, 500 days). Implications/Recommendations: The accuracy alone is not sufficient to evaluate a model and precision is also required. The temporal evolution of the precision metrics showed that the VaR approaches were inconsistent under different market conditions. This article focuses on the accuracy and precision concepts applied to estimate model risk of the Value at Risk (VaR). VaR is the foundation for sophisticated risk metrics, including systemic risk measures like Marginal Expected Shortfall and Delta Conditional Value at Risk. Thus, understanding the risk associated with the use of VaR is crucial for finance practitioners.

Corporate Social Responsibility plays a fundamental role contributing to the development of a community through the execution of strategies aimed at improving its environment; and for public health impacting on the welfare of the groups, because a socially responsible health institution is able to implement practices, where the central axis of the care process is the patient. The objective of this case study was to determine the Corporate Social Responsibility of a health institution in the Colombian Department of Córdoba in 2017, carrying out a cross-sectional descriptive study with a quantitative approach, for which a questionnaire was applied to interest groups “board of directors, user employees and community” determined in the sample. Once the information was collected, registration, processing, analysis and discussion were carried out through statistical and graphical charts in the form of radar.As results, the following scores were obtained for the dimensions evaluated, for the board of directors (0.75), employees (0.88), community (0.45) and the environment (0.69), reaching all lower levels of Social Responsibility; while for users (1,2) the values reached corresponded to a low level of Social Responsibility; In conclusion, it was obtained that the institution reached a lower level with an average of 0.79 because the institution is not socially responsible with its actors, since the actions it generates are minimal, and do not impact public health

Organizational intelligence (IO) has raised an interest from academia and the organizational environment. From the literature, studies of the IO are evidenced that reveal the benefits of its management in the organizational field. From the approach to a definition of the IO and the conception of a management model, the present work aims to develop a methodology to evaluate the IO, identifying precisely and in detail the dimensional elements that constitute it. The measurement of this variable in organizations is relevant for control and management processes, identification of improvements and closing gaps, among others, to maintain compliance with the current demanding business environment

The article identifies the determinants of the dividend policy of unlisted Colombian companies and considers liquidity and profitability as the main variables. This issue has not been sufficiently investigated in the Colombian context, since the focus has been concentrated on stock market organizations. For this study, 3,518 data were analyzed using an ordinary least squares regression model (OLS - OLS) for the years 2017 and 2018. This information was obtained from the PIE (Portal de Información Empresarial) database of the Colombian Superintendence of Companies for firms reporting financial statements under IFRS. The study revealed that profitability presents a negative and significant relationship with the dividend policy and that, in the case of liquidity, the relationship is positive. The research opens the way to the study of financial aspects that have not been analyzed much in the Colombian literature, thus providing a reference that allows expanding the empirical evidence on financial issues that have a high academic and practical incidence.

This article analyzes the coalition regime of the National Front in Colombia and its popular legitimation through the 1957 plebiscite. The objective is to reconstruct the process that led to institutional reform and the central characteristics of the plebiscite. The argument includes two statements. On one hand, the central actors in the process were élite parties that, despite their divisions and historical confrontations, came together to defend their positions of power against Gustavo Rojas Pinilla’s intention to remain in the presidency and overcome the widespread violence that affected the country. On the other hand, the plebiscite was conceived as a means of social legitimation of the decisions of the élites and the mobilization in its support was highly successful, although its content imposed severe limitations on the democratic regime. It is an analysis of a historical conjuncture based on documentary analysis and electoral statistics whose sources are newspaper archives, official statistics and complementary bibliography

Consumer behavior is a multidisciplinary study area in which a series of elements converge that marketing experts must prioritize, since it is an activity that allows them to maintain competitive advantages. Precisely, the craft beer industry in Mexico, seeking to increase its market share, requires greater understanding of its consumers to sustainably maintain its competitive level, being an important activity for the socioeconomic development of the country. For this reason, this study is presented whose main objective is to analyze the elements that influence the decision to buy craft beer by consumers in taprooms of the Plaza Fiesta in Tijuana, Mexico. To achieve this, 178 questionnaires were analyzed divided into two sections: compilation of sociodemographic data and craft beer consumption preferences with Likert scale statements towards attributes that influence the purchase, such as flavor, color, alcoholic strength and price of the product. The results indicate that the taste has a greater influence on the consumer, who is willing to pay more to obtain a better taste experience, the price is prioritized at a lower level in expectation of a higher value in sensory matter. The conclusions and implications addressed in creating marketing strategies for brewers are discussed last

The objective of this research is to determine the perception of the quality of the education received by the students of the Technological University of Chocó Diego Luis Córdoba, using a measurement scale. From the literature review, SERPERF was chosen as the measurement scale and the items to be analyzed were adapted. Then, according to the selected items, the measurement instrument was designed, which consisted in a questionnaire of 24 affirmations with a Likert scale from 0 to 5, where 0 was equivalent to being “totally disagree” and 5 to being “totally agree”. The questionnaire was applied to a sample of 379 senior students from all the careers offered by the University. The dimensions analyzed were tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, security and empathy. The results allowed identifying specific aspects that the University must consider in continuous improvement processes

This paper studies the relationship between Organizational Culture and the gender of the manager of small and medium-sized companies in the city of Cali (Colombia). A survey was made to 364 managers of companies from different economic sectors. Following the Cameron-Quinn method, indexes of the types of Organizational Culture are elaborated: Clan, Adhocratic, Market and Hierarchical. In addition, indexes are elaborated based on the principal components method as an alternative way of elaborating the indexes of culture types. A regression analysis is performed between the obtained indexes and the gender of the manager, controlling for various characteristics of the companies. It was found that companies managed by women tend to agree less with the practices and values of the Hierarchical Culture than companies managed by men. For the other 3 types of Organizational Culture, no significant differences were found between male- and female-led companies

Applying the leadership processes is not only essential for the correct path of the organization, but also promotes prudence, temperance, justice and managerial skills of the individual, generating positive reactions in the followers. Therefore, the present article aimed to analyze the literature and theories regarding Leadership in companies or organizations. This by means of bibliometrics carried out by a search in Web of Science for a subsequent network study where the indicators that relate aspects of the mapping were evaluated. Sequentially from the identified clusters, structured with the corresponding documents and keywords

The purpose of this review is to explore the importance, evolution, and emerging approaches to market orientation. The method had three steps: irstly, the importance of the topic was analyzed through the main scientometric metrics such as the number of publications per year; secondly, tree of science algorithm was applied to understand evolution. And thirdly, a citation analysis was performed to generate the approaches. The results show three approaches: product innovation, organization performance, and internal market orientation. This study used only one dataset to find the relevant literature; future studies could perform analysis with Scopus and Dimensions. Subsequent studies could identify different perspectives through qualitative methods with case studies to validate the findings of the present investigation.

The professional practice of accounting, auditing and management in transnational organizations called Big Four presents complex work environments and high demand for technical skills, building competitive environments among their employees. This article aims to critically reflect on the conditions and factors that shape the work environment that is generated within these organizations, discussing the positions of employees with different academic perspectives. Methodologically, the article is based on a qualitative research process, leading reflection through discussions on human management in organizations, labor exploitation, organizational behavior, work motivation and the role of millennials in contemporary forms of work. The findings indicate that the work environment in the Big Four does not represent a positive result in the cost-benefit relationship, since the conditions of work stress prone to burnout syndrome and progressive rejection of accounting processes are prevalent, generating a bifurcation between its employees : 1) an irrational love for the company on account of dedicating their lives to organizational development, or; 2) a totalitarian rejection of the work scheme, valuing the techniques learned

When organisations implement corporate values as a managerial tool, the Corporate Value Statement (CVS) is a central piece of corporate communication. Nevertheless, little research has been done on the linguistic aspect of the CVS in international settings. In this article, I study the case of Keolis, a French multinational corporation that empowers subsidiaries to translate and adapt the Group’s CVS to local business contexts, resulting in radically rewritten subsidiary versions. I propose a linguistic and discourse analytical approach to identify translation shifts between the headquarters’ CVS in English, and local versions in Denmark and in India. I also investigate which contextual and cultural factors may have contributed to these shifts. Findings suggest that subsidiaries use the value terms as vessels to be filled with corporate content of their choice. Contributing to a translatorial turn in international business and organisation studies, this paper illustrates how applied linguistics may inform management practice.

The “hyggelige” Danes and the arrogant Germans – Communicative Differences as a Consequence of National Stereotypes? The aim of this article is to discuss why German students code switch between German and Danish in a more appropriate way than their Danish fellow students do. The data consist of approximately 230 emails written by 40 German and Danish students enrolled in the Cross-Border Study Programme at the University of Southern Denmark and Europa-Universität Flensburg. A reason for this difference in ability to switch code can be explained by the students’ stereotypes about their own group as auto stereotypes and about the others as hetero stereotypes. In general, Danish auto stereotypes are very positive contrary to the negative hetero stereotypes of the Germans. Because of this, the Danish students seem to think that it is acceptable to use Danish communication structures even though they know that the chosen formulation will not be seen as appropriate German by their German professors.