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The inadequacy of research engagement among accounting academic staff, who predominantly hold affiliations with professional bodies and exhibit limited interest in research pursuits, has been identified as a significant contributor to suboptimal quality and diminished research productivity within the field. This study aims to investigate the intricate relationships among research attributes, research motivation, research enablers, and the perception of research output among accounting academics in African universities of technology. Drawing on a sample of 92 academics from accounting departments in the top 13 universities of technology in Africa, Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling is employed to empirically test the formulated hypotheses. Four distinct constructs are derived from the selected items through Exploratory Factor Analysis. The findings reveal that individual researcher attributes and research enablers exert a substantial influence on the perception of research outputs. In contrast, research motivation exerts a significant impact only when fully mediated by research enablers. Consequently, the study recommends the establishment of collaborative initiatives between accounting research, accounting scholarship, and accounting practices. Additionally, policies governing research operations in Universities of Technology should be designed to empower and facilitate researchers in realizing tangible returns from their research findings.

Profitability plays an important role in reflecting a company's performance in generating profits. Therefore, this study was conducted to demonstrate the effects of corporate governance, green accounting, and leverage on company profitability. This study utilizes a quantitative approach with secondary data. The research population comprises companies listed on the Pefindo I-Grade Index. The sample size is 30 companies over a 5-year period, resulting in 150 samples. Over a period of five years, data was collected from various companies, resulting in a total of 150 samples. A regression analysis was conducted, and the findings from this test indicate that corporate governance and green accounting do not have impact on company profitability, whereas the leverage ratio has a negative and significant effect on company profitability.

This research attempts to ascertain how gender diversity, corporate social responsibility, return on assets, and leverage affect tax aggressiveness. The novelty and contribution of this research is that these four variables have not all been studied for their influence on tax aggressiveness in manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2019 to 2022. Previous studies with different company sectors and periods have also proven mixed research results. The total research population was 170 companies, and 86 sample companies were selected using the purposive sampling technique. The research period was four years, so 344 research data were collected. Then, 62 research data were outlier data, so the final number of samples to be tested was 282 research data. IBM SPSS 25 was used to conduct a multiple linear regression analysis approach. This study will present the results of descriptive data analysis and parametric statistical analysis, which include classical assumption tests, hypothesis tests, and coefficient of determination tests. The research conclusion shows that gender diversity and leverage have a negative effect on tax aggressiveness. The presence of women on the company's board will help the supervisory function so that the level of corporate tax aggressiveness can decrease. In addition, the increase in corporate leverage will reduce the tax burden so that the level of corporate tax aggressiveness will also decrease. Meanwhile, corporate social responsibility and return on assets positively affect tax aggressiveness. Companies carry out the fulfillment of CSR obligations only to obtain a good image in order to cover up irresponsible actions, such as tax avoidance. In addition, profitable businesses may make the most of their resources to optimize their tax planning to reduce their tax burden and raise their level of tax aggressiveness.

This study aims to explore the impact of green accounting and audit quality on company performance in property and real estate companies listed in 2021–2022. This study used the purposive sampling method, observing 138 observations from 69 companies. This study uses 91 GRI G4 Framework criteria statements to assess the level of green accounting disclosure. Corporate performance in this study is measured by ROA, ROE, and NPM. The results of this study, based on statistical data, show that green accounting only has a significant positive effect on NPM. The results of the audit quality effect on ROA, ROE, and NPM indicate that the effect was positive and insignificant. Based on this study indicates that the effect of green accounting is only seen in NPM, for that in the future there should be more companies that voluntarily make corporate sustainability reports.

In today's dynamic business landscape, the audit profession encounters numerous obstacles, particularly in adapting to the necessity of computer-assisted audits due to the immense volume of data requiring scrutiny. Despite the emergence of different digital auditing tools, there is a gap in research regarding the level of adoption, and its effects on the quality of audit services especially in the context of developing countries. This study seeks to investigate the impact of digitalization of audit tasks on the quality of audit services of accounting firms in Nigeria. The study, which has its foundation on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) integrated with the Technology, Organization, and Environment (TOE) framework, adopted the survey research design. The population of study was made up practitioners of accounting firms in Abuja and Lagos, Nigeria. A self-designed questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection for the study. Findings of the study indicate that automation of audit tasks enhances the quality of audit services suggesting that adopting IT infrastructures leads to more reliable audit procedures, improved efficiency and accuracy, as well as mitigating audit risks. Results also revealed that Big Four auditors are significantly ahead in the adoption of digital technologies compared to the non-Big Four auditors, confirming the dominance of larger accounting firms in application of emerging technologies in performing audit tasks.

Research on stock exchange markets is essential to stock market investors as it offers sensitivities to risk management. This research investigates the patterns of the volatility of stock market prices in ten African stock markets. We estimated the dynamic GARCH model of Engle using the method of maximum likelihood estimation. Daily time series from January 1, 2021 to December 30, 2022, were obtained from African Stock (Securities) Exchange database. The findings established the existence of a normally distributed Senegalese stock market as against time-varying volatility of stock prices in Nigeria, Ghana, Mali, Burkina Faso, Togo, Niger Republic, Benin Republic, Ivory Coast, and Gambian. Hence, the likelihood that an asset or stock is being overpriced (overvalued) or underpriced (undervalued) in the Senegal stock market is low. It is therefore easier for stock traders and investors in Senegal to pick entry and exit points. Unfortunately, this cannot be said of the investors in stock markets of other countries. In effect, the closing price of a stock is most often heavily deviated with significant outliers. This further infers that variations of stock prices in these markets are very wide, heavy, and unpredicted. Hence, it is a case of the volatility of volatilities.

This research aims to enhance portfolio selection by integrating machine learning regression algorithms for predicting stock returns with various risk measures. These measures include mean-value-at-risk (VaR) variance (Var), semi-variance mean-absolute-deviation (MAD) and conditional value-at-risk (C-VaR). Addressing gaps in existing literature. Traditional methods lack adaptability to dynamic market conditions. We propose a hybrid approach optimized by genetic algorithms. The study employs multiple machine learning models. These include Random Forest, AdaBoost XGBoost, Support Vector Machine Regression (SVR) K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). These models are used to forecast stock returns. Utilizing monthly data from the Tehran Stock Exchange, the results indicate that the genetic algorithm prediction model combined with mean-VaR, Var semi-variance and MAD, produces the most efficient portfolios. These portfolios offer superior returns with minimized risk compared to other models. This hybrid strategy provides a robust and efficient method for investors aiming to optimize returns while managing risk effectively. To implement this approach successfully it is crucial to balance investments. This involves both traditional and alternative asset classes, ensuring diversification. It also capitalizes on market opportunities. Regular review and adjustment of fund allocation are essential. Maintain an optimized strategy for maximum returns and minimal risk.

This paper analyses the causal relationship between Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI), Equities Market Volatility, Exchange Rate and Inflation in Zimbabwe using a monthly time series data between October 2018 and November 2021. The granger causality model was used to present the link between the variables, and EGARCH was used to account for volatility and asymmetric effects on the variables. To incorporate innovations and responses into the Granger model, impulse response functions were used. Links between exchange rate and foreign portfolio investments were found. This only suggests that exchange rate volatility will vary when overseas investors purchase and sell financial securities on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange (ZSE). In contrast, foreign investors sell local financial securities when local stock market returns are negative, leading to a significant outflow of foreign portfolio investment thereby reducing demand for currency. A significant causal relationship was found between the volatility of the exchange rate and stock market returns. It is assumed that stock market returns, and foreign portfolio investments are caused by fluctuating currency rates. The relationship between exchange rate and ZSE returns, and inflation was found based on Granger causality. This implies that stocks are not suitable for long-term investments that compensate investors for their diminished purchasing power. Policy makers should advise the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange to recommend a reduction in capital gains tax and withholding tax and this encourages investors to hold local equities for a long time.

This article introduces a comprehensive analysis of 20 leading companies, scrutinized through their financial metrics across various sectors. By deploying multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques, we aim to offer investors a clear and objective perspective on which companies stand out as the best investment options. Among the MCDM techniques, the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is utilized, renowned for its efficiency in handling complex decision-making scenarios which is conducted by two clauses. 1) Implementing TOPSIS with assigning equal weights and same share to every chosen metrics as criteria and 2) employ BWM (Best Worst Method) to calculate these weights base on their significance and relevancy to the prosses of ranking. According to the Result gained from the computation, ranks 1 to 5 belong to the similar companies with both assumptions which are Ford Motor Co, BP plc, Tesla Inc, General Motors Co and Exxon Mobil Corp. The consistency in rankings across two different weighting assumptions highlights the robustness of the criteria used, ensuring stable and reliable outcomes. This enhances the credibility of the findings, making them more trustworthy and citable for those who seek reliable and robust methodologies for informed investment decisions.

The expectation gap, the gap between what the public expects from auditors and what auditors can deliver, is a key issue. This gap can call into question the trust necessary for contemporary societies to function. After providing a historical overview to help understand the issues and the development of the "expectation gap" concept, the article shows the mechanisms by which auditors are subjected to contradictory or incompatible pressures and paradoxical injunctions that can lead to such gaps. It then describes the ways and means of reducing the expectation gap: essentially, guaranteeing the independence of auditors and extending the tasks entrusted to them so that they can better contribute to defending the public interest. In this second area, the case of sustainability auditing is special, given its great complexity, the great diversity of stakeholders and their expectations, and the ability of a new profession, "sustainability auditor", to respond, which is "bubbling up". These reflections are based on historical and documentary research, dealing with international standards, European law and its impact on French and Romanian accounting law, as well as secondary analysis of various reports and official documents.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized various industries by learning from data, mimicking human behavior, and making autonomous decisions. However, despite AI's advancements in data processing and decision-making, it cannot fully replicate human attributes such as emotional understanding and ethical judgment. This paper explores the intersection of AI and Human Intelligence (HI) within the audit profession, focusing on the implications for the auditor’s professional judgment and skepticism. The integration of AI in auditing promises enhanced efficiency, precision, and data processing capabilities beyond human limits. However, it also raises ethical concerns regarding data privacy, algorithmic bias, and accountability. These concerns highlight the importance of maintaining human oversight and ethical standards in audit practices. Through a comprehensive literature review, this study compares the cognitive abilities, functional capabilities, and ethical implications of AI and human auditors. Key findings underscore AI's potential to complement human auditors by improving accuracy and uncovering anomalies, while recognizing the irreplaceable role of human judgment in complex decision-making processes. The study provides insights into the transformative impact of AI on the audit profession, advocating for a balanced approach that harnesses AI's capabilities while preserving the integrity and critical thinking of human auditors. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of AI's integration into auditing, informing best practices and guiding future research in maintaining the profession's standards amidst technological advancements.

Because the quality of the audit cannot be directly determined, over time, researchers have tried to analyze this subject indirectly through various indicators, such as the quality of financial reporting and audit fees. The financial audit is a subsystem of financial reporting and the main quality of the auditor is its independence from the audited company. The objective of the paper is to analyze the audit market at European level. The analysed sample includes 1080 listed companies in Europe during 2016-2022. The dominant industry in Europe is production, with production companies accounting for 50% of the sample. The auditor's independence measured by audit fees does not appear to be threatened, with a proportion of industry audit fees in the average of total company assets below 0.2% in all industries. The audit services market is highly concentrated, with 98% of all audit fees collected by the four largest audit and advisory service providers. The quality of audit services is important for financial markets because it answers to the question „how trust can one have in the credibility of the reported accounting information?”.

In recent years, companies worldwide have faced a rapid pace of digitization and automation, which has led to change and adaptation of business models. From this point of view, new technologies have revolutionized the field of accounting and auditing, having both positive and negative effects on companies and employees. This paper highlights how changes brought about by technological progress influence the accounting and auditing profession and the role of other factors in this direction, using a qualitative method based on semi-structured interviews. The study results show that the benefits are visible at the company level. However, certain obstacles still exist, such as employees' resistance to change, the size of the initial costs or the systems used. On the other hand, professionals expect some entry-level jobs to disappear. Instead, other opportunities will be available for practitioners in the field. In this sense, universities will have a unique role in training the new generations by developing skills for the digital age. The present study may be of interest to researchers examining related issues. From a practical point of view, this paper could be helpful to professionals as it highlights several current needs of the business environment due to the impact of technological innovations.

Using a large international sample, the author investigated the effects of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on financial reporting quality (FRQ) and audit (AF). For this analysis, he used the Baker et al. (2016) EPU index and find a negative association between EPU and FRQ. Furthermore, that this impact was found to be more pronounced for firms operating in sensitive industries and less pronounced for firms that report under the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). However, for firms operating in sensitive industries, reporting under IFRS does not weaken the impact of EPU on FRQ. The results also showed that the EPU is negatively associated with audit fees. Furthermore, the interaction term between IFRS and the EPU is positively associated with AF while the interaction term between the EPU and firms operating in sensitive industries is negative. The present study has important implications for policymakers, investors, auditors, and capital markets, as it provides strong evidence of the impact of the EPU on FRQ and AF. In addition, it enriches the literature by examining the influence of IFRS and industry characteristics on the interaction between EPU, FRQ, and AF.

There is currently a heated debate surrounding the proliferation of non-financial reporting regulations, which is why there is great concern about the less likely scenario of harmonization of the various reporting frameworks. Increasing efforts to define global or at least regional non-financial reporting regulations and their implementation through reliable corporate reporting systems is limited by the barriers and challenges raised by specific country, industry and company characteristics. The question is how companies adapt to this confusing corporate reporting landscape. The purpose of this paper is to perform a reference analysis regarding the completeness of the reports drawn up from the perspective of the degree of coverage of the GRI checklist. Thus, the Global Reporting Initiative, respectively GRI, developed a template in the form of a checklist for sustainability reporting called the GRI Content Index template, considered a reference element in our analysis regarding sustainability and sustainable development and the mapping of the various SDGs (respectively Sustainable Development Goals known in Romania as Sustainable Development Goals), on a sample of companies listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange. The purpose of the research is to provide an image of the level of transparency of companies listed on the stock exchange, regarding the sustainability of business models. The methodology used is based on the quantitative analysis of the GRI index and the practical implications of the study mainly reveal the best practices in the field of sustainability reporting, viewed from the perspective of neo-institutional theory, which highlights the coercive, normative and mimetic forces related to sustainability disclosures.

In the digital age, integrated ERP solutions are the best way to efficiently manage an organization's business and resources, as they contain a number of specific modules for accounting, human resources, production, sales and purchasing. This system is designed to provide efficiency and transparency to all operations performed by organizations. The aim of this paper is to explore how ERP systems are a reliable solution in the context of corporate reporting. The modules of this system facilitate the collection, storage, and analysis of an organization's financial and operational data, building a solid foundation for accurate and correct reporting of results, especially its performance. The case study in this paper is summarized as a quantitative analysis based on a questionnaire, which aims to highlight the advantages and challenges of using an ERP system in the context of financial and operational reporting of organizations. The conclusion of the paper emphasizes the importance of using ERP systems in the corporate reporting of organizations, highlighting the main benefits they bring in terms of operational efficiency, data transparency and correct decision making.

Deferred taxes emerge from timing differences in recognizing income and expenses between commercial and tax financial statements. However, the capitalization of deferred tax assets remains contentious, with questions raised about their value relevance to investors. This study aims to investigate the informational value and economic significance of deferred tax assets in financial statements prepared in accordance with both German commercial law (HGB) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The analysis is based on financial data from 1,066 firm-year observations of HDAX-listed companies from 2000 to 2022. Using an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model, the study examines the relationship between deferred tax assets and the market value of equity. Key financial variables, including research and development expenses, deferred tax liabilities, net income, and the market-to-book ratio, are incorporated to provide a comprehensive assessment of deferred tax asset relevance in capital markets. The results demonstrate that deferred tax assets have a negligible impact on the market value of companies, with no statistically significant effect detected. Conversely, research and development costs, as well as net income, exhibit a strong positive influence on firm valuation. These findings suggest that deferred tax assets serve largely as an accounting mechanism, lacking informational value for investors.

ObjectiveOverreaction is a noticeable anomaly in financial markets that leads to various consequences, including market inefficiency. As such, one of the prominent topics investigated in major global stock exchanges is shareholders' overreaction. This phenomenon is particularly prevalent in emerging and less developed markets, where investors tend to overreact to financial events. Overreaction, as a behavioral bias, distorts investors' decision-making in uncertain conditions, pulling the market away from its efficient state. Predicting and identifying the persistence of these reactions can assist investors in making more rational decisions regarding the purchase or sale of shares and other securities. Therefore, predicting and identifying the continuation of shareholders' overreaction trends can serve as a valuable tool for investors, financial analysts, and investment managers to make decisions based on intuition and precise analysis. To create an effective predictive model, various methods, such as regression analysis, can be employed to analyze the relationship between different variables and the continuation of shareholders' overreaction trends. Additionally, artificial neural networks (ANNs), as an advanced method, can be used to model the non-linear complexities and intricate connections between variables. This topic is directly related to predicting shareholders' behavior and investment decision-making, ultimately helping improve investment strategies and risk management. Hence, the main objective of this research is to conduct a comparative analysis of artificial neural networks and linear regression in predicting the continuation of shareholders' overreaction trends.MethodsThe present study is descriptive-causal, utilizing ex post facto research. To test the research hypotheses, multivariate linear regression based on panel data and a combination of time series was employed. Data was collected using the library research method, and necessary information was gathered by studying the financial statements of companies within the statistical population. The statistical population includes all companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange between 2011 and 2021, with 110 companies selected through systematic elimination sampling. In data analysis, regression methods were used to examine the relationships between variables, and the results were compared with those obtained from artificial neural networks.ResultsThe results indicate the superiority of the artificial neural network model in terms of the coefficient of determination and the MSE (Mean Squared Error) index. Specifically, the highest coefficient of determination for the artificial neural network (with 1 hidden layer and 9 neurons) for test data is 0.3880, compared to 0.349 for the linear regression model. Moreover, the results show that the MSE for the artificial neural network (1 hidden layer and 9 neurons) for test data is 0.003266, compared to 0.004 for the linear regression model. Thus, similar to the coefficient of determination, the MSE index is also better in the case of the artificial neural network.ConclusionThe artificial neural network model is capable of uncovering complex and non-linear patterns, providing the most accurate predictions. By using this model, stock return trends can be predicted more precisely and reliably.

ObjectiveThe higher the level of corruption in a society, the greater the number of justifications for immoral actions and behaviors. Therefore, companies that operate in highly corrupted environments face a weaker financial reporting system. The current research aims to explain various types of financial corruption and investigate their relationship with financial misstatements. Based on the theoretical foundations, three dimensions of administrative-operational corruption, administrative corruption, and political corruption were identified, and their components and indicators were explained.MethodsThe research employed a survey method with a cross-sectional design. The statistical population of the research included faculty members, financial managers, and members of the public accountant community. The sample size comprised 193 individuals, and the data were collected using a researcher-designed questionnaire. To check the validity of the questionnaire, content validity was used and to measure its reliability, Cronbach's alpha method was used. SPSS and AMOS software were used to test the hypotheses.ResultsThe results indicated a direct and significant relationship between the commercial and political aspects of corruption and financial misstatements. However, no significant relationship was found between the administrative-operational dimension and the financial misstatements. Moreover, the results of the regression analysis indicated the presence of positive and significant relationships between the dimensions of commercial and political corruption indicators and financial misstatements. In addition, the results of Structural Equation Modeling showed the acceptability of the collected data and the fit of the conceptual model of the research.ConclusionIt can be argued that corruption in hiring employees and managers alone is not a sufficient factor for the occurrence of corruption and, consequently, distortion in financial statements. However, corruption in the employment of managers and employees can lead to distortions in financial statements through embezzlement, receiving bribes, extortion, influencing company tenders, fraud by managers, and conflict of interests. Also, the results showed that connection with political parties and dependence on the government, connection with special customers and not dealing with new customers and ethnocentrism can lead to distortion in financial statements. This type of communication not only affects the financial resources of the companies but also motivates the managers to provide reports and financial statements under the opinions of the government. Furthermore, on one hand, bribery through management collusion with other people can lead to the concealment of facts and provide misleading financial statements by lengthening and complicating financial reports. In addition, management can distort financial statements through manipulation of financial reports and fraud for personal gain. On the other hand, purchasing goods, materials, and services needed by the company's employees from institutions or companies in which they or their relatives have interests can increase the cost of goods and services, thereby reducing profits. Embezzlement also leads to illegal changes in the company's assets and liabilities. These changes can have serious effects on the accuracy and reliability of financial reporting. Moreover, extortion by employees can lead to the removal of customers and suppliers of raw materials of the company, hence the financial statements are also subject to change. Based on the results of the structural equation model, the indicators used to measure the existing variables have appropriate factor loadings and can be used to measure the variables of administrative corruption, commercial corruption, political corruption, and distortion in financial statements. Also, the results indicate the impact of financial statements on commercial corruption and political corruption.

ObjectiveBased on cognitive dissonance theory, investors tend to disregard earnings announcements that conflict with their emotional state. This bias causes investors to not react to good (bad) earnings news in pessimistic (optimistic) conditions. Both company information uncertainty and market uncertainty can influence investors’ reactions to earnings announcements. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the effect of company information and market uncertainty on investors’ cognitive dissonance, regarding earnings announcements.MethodsThis is an applied and descriptive-correlational study. Using the screening method, the statistical sample comprises 127 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange, from 2011 to 2023. The dependent variable is the cumulative abnormal return for the five-day window [−2, +2] centered on the quarterly earnings announcement date. The independent variables are good and bad news, while the moderating variables include investors' sentiments, information, and market uncertainty. To analyze data and test hypotheses, multivariate regression models, quarterly data, and panel data with fixed effects were employed. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was utilized to create a composite sentiment index.ResultsThe results of the first hypothesis suggest that investors respond asymmetrically to good and bad news. According to the second and third hypotheses, under optimistic sentiment, investors show a strong positive reaction to good earnings news and a subdued reaction to bad news. Conversely, under pessimistic sentiment, investors react negatively to bad news and exhibit a muted response to good news. These findings confirm the presence of cognitive dissonance in both optimistic and pessimistic market sentiments. The fourth and fifth hypotheses reveal that company information uncertainty does not significantly affect the attenuation of investors’ cognitive dissonance towards earnings news. The sixth and seventh hypotheses demonstrate that reducing market uncertainty weakens investors’ muted reaction to bad earnings news in optimistic conditions but does not weaken their muted reaction to good news in pessimistic conditions.ConclusionThe cognitive dissonance in stock price reactions to earnings news is influenced by the prevailing optimistic or pessimistic sentiments in the stock market. Consequently, investors should consider market sentiments in their economic decisions. Market uncertainty has a greater impact on investors’ reactions to earnings news than company information uncertainty. During periods of pessimism, investors tend to be more critical of available information, whereas, during optimism, they are more likely to accept information in real terms. This leads to higher psychological thresholds for ‘good news in pessimistic conditions. Enhancing confidence in the capital market can mitigate these cognitive inconsistencies in investors’ reactions to earnings announcements. The current economic conditions in Iran have led to investors' difficulty in accurately assessing the fundamental value of companies due to their conservatism and lack of expertise in interpreting the economic situation. Additionally, high fluctuations in macroeconomic factors have caused market participants to overly focus on external factors, thereby reducing attention to internal company factors.

ObjectiveAccording to the International Standards on Auditing (ISA), financial transaction complexity, an inherent fraud risk factor, stands among the criteria for selecting accounting journal entries to test, and implement analytical procedures for anomaly detection to assess fraud risk. However, the extant academic and professional literature lacks a structural definition of accounting journal entry complexity. This study aims to fill this gap by (1) proposing a novel quantitative measure of journal entry complexity and (2) applying it to anomaly detection techniques to identify and assess the risks of material misstatement.MethodsGiven the purpose of this study, the Design Science (DS) methodology (Hevner et al., 2004) was adopted. The DS includes two phases: artifact design and evaluation. In the design phase, a content analysis of ISA and a literature review of complexity and diversity were conducted to establish the basis for defining journal entry complexity. Subsequently, the proposed measure was adapted from diversity indices used in the biological sciences to meet the specific requirements of the research problem. This adjustment incorporated innovations from both exaptations and improvements in the contributions of DS. In the evaluation phase, descriptive and observational approaches were employed to assess and verify the novelty and utility of the proposed artifact.ResultsIn the absence of an explicit definition of transaction complexity in auditing standards and guidelines, the content analysis of ISA led to the extraction of five conceptual dimensions of complexity: (1) the number and relationships of components, (2) the nature and form of transactions, (3) measurement and processing of information, (4) quantity and quality of knowledge, and (5) the degree of change and uncertainty regarding the subject matter. Based on the first dimension of this conceptualization and its adaptation to the theoretical foundations of diversity in biological sciences, the journal entry complexity measure was defined from a structural and data-driven perspective, as a function of the number and diversity of accounts involved. Next, by adapting the biodiversity index (Clarke & Warwick, 1998) and adopting the taxonomic distance measure based on the path length to determine account distances, a quantitative measure of journal entry complexity, as a design science artifact of the model type, was provided. The measure was then applied to detect global and contextual anomalies in journal entries. The implementation and evaluation phases continued through a case study using the Python programming language for analyzing journal entry complexity to identify global and size and pattern-based contextual anomalies in 2,895 journal entries of a manufacturing company. The results and insights obtained from applying the measure were then discussed and evaluated.ConclusionAdopting an interdisciplinary approach, this study applies theoretical foundations and biodiversity measurement methods from biological sciences to create a systematic and flexible mechanism for measuring the complexity of journal entries and identifying anomalies. It seeks to improve the identification and assessment of material misstatement risks in audit analytical procedures. Moreover, using this measure helps in planning and optimizing audit resource allocation by accounting for the complexity level of audit engagements. It also improves audit sampling and prioritizes auditing journal entries based on their complexity, as an inherent risk factor.

ObjectiveAlthough extensive literature exists on abnormal audit fees, their determinants remain relatively underexplored in contemporary accounting and auditing research. Audit fees have attracted the attention of standard developers, investors, and researchers. Recent studies highlight a growing perspective that the role of abnormal audit fees in shaping audit report quality has become increasingly contentious. In addition, credit status significantly affects abnormal audit fees. This study aims to investigate the asymmetric reactions of the abnormal audit fees component to changes in credit status.MethodsConsidering the data collection method, the current research is descriptive. Descriptive research is carried out to better understand the existing conditions or help the decision-making process. According to the different categories of descriptive research, the current research is of correlational type. To test the research hypotheses, data was gathered from 120 firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2014 to 2022. Finally, to examine and analyze the proposed hypotheses according to the theoretical foundations, the regression approach was applied.ResultsThe analysis of the first research hypothesis shows that the reduction of credit status has a positive and significant effect on abnormal audit fees. The second hypothesis of the research is that any decrease (increase) in the credit status has a positive (negative) and significant effect on the variable (short-term) part of the abnormal audit fee. The third research hypothesis, which claimed that bankruptcy risk significantly affects the relationship between the reduction (or increase) of credit status and the variable (short-term) component of the abnormal audit fee, was rejected. Finally, the results indicate that the risk of significant distortion has a significant effect on the relationship between the reduction (increase) of the credit status and the variable (short-term) part of the abnormal audit fee.ConclusionBased on the results, it can be concluded that as profit manipulation by the owners increases, the credit status of the companies declines. Auditors exert greater effort when dealing with owners who engage in manipulation, have a high likelihood of fraud, and exhibit low-profit quality, leading them to demand higher fees. In this regard, any decrease in credit status can result in problems, financial limitations, and the risk of bankruptcy in the future. Finally, higher profit quality attracts investors, leading to increased opportunities for financing.

ObjectiveGiven that managers play a crucial role in grounded and old theories such as agency theory, stewardship theory, and contracts theory, the concept of managerial ability and its measurement has attracted the researchers' attention. Recent dominant perspective emphasizes that manager's ability is reflected in the firm's performance. Therefore, measuring managerial ability depends on the separation of the manager's performance from the firm's performance, and the more the manager's contribution to the company's performance, the higher ability he/she has. The current study seeks to develop a model to measure managerial ability, taking into account the unique circumstances of the country in which the companies operate.MethodsTo develop a model for measuring managerial ability, a comprehensive approach is applied including systematic literature review, interpretive analysis of interviews with experts, and a descriptive method. In systematic literature review domestic and foreign studies and reliable information sources and databases is applied based on specific related keywords. Additionally, interviews with experts such as executive managers, financial managers, internal and external auditors, and academics were analyzed using interpretive analysis based on chain sampling. To run and validate the designed model, data from 158 firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) across 12 industries from 2012 to 2021 is used. Triangulation was employed to evaluate the research validity, considering multiple dimensions including methodology, data, and the researchers. This rigorous approach ensures the reliability and robustness of the model developed for measuring managerial ability. ResultsAccording to the research findings, we focus on three areas of performance indicators (PI), namely operational, financing, and dividend performance indicators. The performance indicators, as dependent variable, represent different aspects of firm performance based on managers decision-making process and the status of firms in real world. Variables such as firm size, firm age, the percentage of active institutional shareholders, export sales, and transactions with related parties represent the inherent characteristics of each company as independent variables. Considering environmental conditions and performance indicators are very important in determining related variables. By running Tobit regression, the residual value is considered as managerial ability measurement or managers’ contribution in firm performance. Furthermore, the comparison of the designed model and the model developed by Demerjian et al. (2012), as the most widely used model in prior literature, in terms of log-likelihood and information criteria including Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Schwarz Criterion (SC), and Hannan-Quinn Criterion (HQ) at the overall and industry-specific levels shows that our model has higher goodness-of-fit.ConclusionGenerally, by combining operational, financing, and profit distribution indicators, as well as taking into account shareholder structure and intra-group transactions, this model provides a more proper measurement of managerial effectiveness and it can be a basis for selecting managers and determining appropriate remuneration methods.

Objective Religiosity is a key social norm that has a significant effect on the moral behavior of managers. Religious managers are less likely to make unethical judgments and decisions. An ethical manager is expected to provide high-quality voluntary disclosure to reduce information asymmetry. Religion is considered a source of moral behavior and will have a significant effect on the behavior of managers, including their disclosure behavior. Moreover, narcissistic managers manipulate financial reports by not disclosing important information. They try to achieve their goals by reducing discretionary information disclosure to stakeholders. In addition, religiosity influences the quality of financial reporting by enhancing the moral dimension of managers' performance. Therefore, it is expected that religiosity impacts the phenomenon of narcissism and, in turn, positively affects the voluntary disclosure of information. Therefore, the purpose of the current research is to investigate the effect of religiosity on the quality of voluntary disclosure of information, emphasizing the mediating role of managers' narcissism as one of the most important factors influencing information disclosure. Methods The current research is quantitative in terms of the implementation method. The collected data was analyzed by structural equations. The research tool was a standard questionnaire and research variables were evaluated by it. The statistical population of the research includes financial managers who were selected as the research sample by using Cochran's formula. Results The results of the structural equation model analysis showed that for the first hypothesis, religiosity has a significant effect on the quality of disclosure. Also, the resulting standard path coefficient proved the positive effect of religiosity on the quality of voluntary disclosure. Therefore, the first hypothesis of the research was confirmed with a direct and positive relationship. In the second hypothesis, the effect of religiosity on narcissism was investigated, and its significance was confirmed. The resulting standard path coefficient also showed the positive effect of religiosity on narcissism. Therefore, the second hypothesis of the research was not rejected with a direct and positive relationship. In the third hypothesis, the direct effect of narcissism on the quality of voluntary disclosure was investigated, and the findings asserted the significance of the path. Also, the resulting standard path coefficient showed the negative effect of narcissism on the quality of voluntary disclosure. Therefore, the second hypothesis was confirmed with a direct and negative relationship. In the fourth hypothesis, the mediating role of narcissism on the relationship between religiosity and the quality of voluntary disclosure was investigated and the findings showed that the narcissism of managers with a positive influence of religiosity has a significant effect on the quality of voluntary disclosure. Also, the standard path coefficient showed the positive effect of religiosity on the quality of voluntary disclosure through managers' narcissism. Therefore, the fourth research hypothesis was not rejected with an indirect and positive relationship. Conclusion The results showed that religiosity is a strong and effective behavioral stimulus influencing the quality of voluntary disclosure of information, while narcissism is an effective obstacle to the quality of voluntary disclosure of information. Religiosity will not only neutralize its effect but also improve the quality of voluntary disclosure of information. The findings of the research contribute to the literature on religiosity and moral values within economic and commercial systems and enhance the quality of financial reporting by emphasizing informal principles such as religiosity.

This study examined the alignment of internship tasks with the interns' academic qualifications, highlighting instances where interns are either appropriately matched or tasked with duties unrelated to their expertise. This is a qualitative study which used an exploratory study design. To select participants for face-to-face interview, purposive and snowballing sampling techniques were employed. A total of six (6) statistics graduates were the participants in the study. The study found that statistics interns placed in roles aligned with their qualifications felt more prepared for the workplace, while those facing misalignment encounter challenges varying from boredom to frustration. Furthermore, the study uncovered issues of nepotism, lack of mentorship, and potential autocratic practices within some organizations hosting statistics interns. Since the study has a relatively small sample size and focused only on a very narrow group of students, the results cannot be generalized. However, the results have implications to various stakeholders, highlighting collaboration between higher education institutions and organizations through formal agreements to enhance the effectiveness and standardization of internship experiences for students and graduates. Moreover, there is a need for the establishment of structured internship programs with well-defined key performance areas.

This study aims to examine the effect of carbon emissions disclosure on firm value in Indonesia using statistical analysis methods. This research uses panel data which consists of a combination of time series and cross section. A total of 1,830 data from 366 Indonesian companies were collected from annual reports and sustainability reports for an observation period from 2018 to 2022 as a sample of the research. Firm value is measured using Tobin’s Q. The results showed that the disclosure of carbon emissions had an effect on firm value. It was also figured out that a control variable, leverage, affected firm value. These results indicate that information about carbon emissions promotes firm value. The disclosure of carbon emissions by the company will affect investors' decisions. This is consistent with the stakeholder theory, according to which investors have the right to obtain information about the company’s activities from annual reports and sustainability reports. Companies are encouraged to foster the initiative to disclose carbon emissions as an effort to reduce the threats of global warming and strengthen stakeholders’ trust in making investment decisions.

Examining the nexus between socio-demographic factors and the participation of special groups in the public procurement of work is essential to inform policymakers and stakeholders in the Local Government Authorities (LGAs) in Tanzania about the need for targeted initiatives to promote and enhance the participation of youths, women, the elderly and people with disabilities who are considered as special groups in public procurement. In this study, a cross-sectional research design was used, and a simple random sampling technique was applied to select 164 respondents. A questionnaire survey was conducted among employees in LGAs, drawing insights from Dodoma, a city in Tanzania. The data were analyzed using descriptive and binary logistic regression analysis. The findings revealed a low level of participation of special groups in the public procurement of works. Further analysis showed that sex and age are significantly associated with the participation of special groups in the public procurement of works. The study recommends that LGAs provide targeted support to special groups to help them participate in public procurement of works. This can include training and capacity-building programs and financial support to help them meet the procurement requirements of works. In addtion, it is recommended that policymakers take a leading role in reviewing and strengthening the existing legal framework and policies related to participation in public procurement in Tanzania. This includes ensuring that the laws and regulations explicitly promote the participation of special groups.

This qualitative study employed a descriptive phenomenological research design to explore the production technology and hog marketing strategies among hog raisers in selected municipalities of Quezon Province, Philippines. Twelve participants, comprising backyard, semi-commercial, and commercial hog raisers, were purposively sampled for in-depth interviews. Data analysis utilized horizontalization, a phenomenological method, to identify significant statements and cluster them into meaningful units. Findings underscored the adoption of advanced production technologies such as selective breeding and artificial insemination for enhancing pig health and productivity. Effective marketing strategies, including customer relationship management and efficient distribution channels, were crucial for market access and profitability. Sound financial management practices, including budgeting and cost control, emerged as essential for sustainability. The study contributes insights into improving productivity, profitability, and competitiveness in the hog raising industry, thereby fostering its growth in Quezon Province. Future research could explore longitudinal impacts of such interventions and conduct comparative analyses across regions to understand variations in production practices and market dynamics. Understanding consumer preferences and environmental impacts could inform sustainable strategies and regulatory frameworks, fostering growth and resilience in Quezon Province's hog-raising industry.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of financial literacy education among the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) household grantees in Baguio City in the Philippines. The focus was on enhancing financial knowledge and skills, particularly in financial planning, budgeting, and savings. Using a descriptive quantitative methodology, a questionnaire was administered to 297 respondents selected through stratified random sampling. The study assessed the financial literacy improvement relative to demographic factors such as gender and educational attainment. Results indicated that financial literacy sessions had a significant positive impact, with respondents demonstrating a "great extent" of improvement in financial planning, budgeting, and savings. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences based on gender, while educational attainment showed significant differences, with higher education levels correlating with better financial literacy. The findings suggest that while financial literacy programs are broadly effective, tailoring these sessions to accommodate varying educational backgrounds could enhance outcomes further. Future recommendations include developing targeted financial education strategies to address the needs of those with lower educational attainment and expanding the program to reach a larger demographic. This approach could foster greater financial stability and empowerment among low-income families, ultimately contributing to poverty reduction efforts.

The contribution of agriculture in the socio-economic development is undeniable and is truly an important part of the Philippine economy. It is also a major source of livelihood and employment of most Filipinos especially in the rural areas. The general intent of this study is to evaluate the impact of the government agricultural intervention on selected upland communities in Goa, Camarines Sur especially on the far-flung barangays of the municipality using Regression Discontinuity Design. This study assessed the socio-economic and poverty status of the local farmers through the agricultural interventions received. The results showed that the distribution of seeds, fertilizers and cash assistance to the upland farmers could improve the overall outputs of the farmers, which can help alleviate their lives. Similarly, the agricultural interventions of the government have great and positive impact to alleviate poverty and improve the quality of life of the local farmers. However, irrigation and farm-to-market roads need to be prioritized to ensure that agricultural production output increase.

The growing gap between the information needs of stakeholders and the data contained in traditional financial reports led to the emergence of integrated reporting. Given the globalization of business and the increasing importance of non-financial indicators, such as environmental, social and management aspects, it has become evident that financial reporting cannot fully reflect all important aspects of enterprise value formation. This led to the need for a more comprehensive approach to reporting, which would provide a holistic picture of financial and non-financial indicators, reflecting the impact of the enterprise on various types of capital and their contribution to sustainable development. The article aims to reveal the essence of the integrated reporting, as well as structuring and summarizing existing approaches to its interpretation. The author used methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison, theoretical generalization, abstract logic, and monographic analysis to achieve the goal. Various approaches to disclosing the content of the integrated reporting, which are most common among domestic and foreign scientists, are systematized and summarized. The analysis of these approaches allows for a comprehensive understanding of integrated reporting, covering various aspects of its implementation and effectiveness, considering current trends. A comparative analysis of integrated and financial reporting proves that integrated reporting provides a more comprehensive and multifaceted view of the company's activities than traditional financial reporting. It reflects financial results and includes non-financial aspects such as environmental and social impacts, allowing stakeholders to gain a more complete picture of the company’s long-term sustainability, risks and opportunities. The author’s vision of the economic content of the integrated reporting presented in the article is based on understanding this category as a structured communication process that forms information about financial and non-financial indicators in a report format.

Today, digitalization has covered all areas of the social system. The introduction of innovative technologies and ERP systems in the accounting field helps significantly increase the efficiency of financial management. At the same time, certain industries, such as public schools in Romania, still do not take full advantage of accounting automation. This article examines the adoption of accounting automation through ERP solutions in university educational institutions in Romania and explores the advantages and obstacles that come with this shift. In this study, a thorough analysis of the data collected through the survey was carried out. A questionnaire with questions was sent to 100 educational colleges in Romania. The questionnaire contained questions aimed at gathering information about the level of automation, the types of technology used, the difficulties faced and the benefits. Institutions of various sizes with various funding sources – from regular to high schools – were chosen for the study. Implementing automated accounting systems in institutions in Romania has shown noticeable benefits, enhancing efficiency and transparency while ensuring accuracy in operations. However, limited financial resources and inadequate digital expertise challenge the adoption of ERP technologies and other sophisticated solutions. The study results show that digitalization levels differ significantly across education levels, with high and secondary schools being the most digitized, while pre-kindergarten and primary schools lag in adoption. Key obstacles include constraints and a shortage of expertise, particularly impacting high school and secondary educational establishments. The research provides recommendations to enhance the digitalization process in Romania's pre-university educational institutions.

In the conditions of a high level of development of information systems based on technologies of distributed data processing, the use of artificial intelligence, Big Data and intelligent data analysis, the process of creating management reporting is a complex analytical toolkit that allows accountants to create reports with the necessary indicators in various formats, according with different time parameters and different level of detail based on the generalization and analysis of data from multiple internal and external sources. The article aims to improve the theoretical and methodological aspects of the formation of management reporting on the innovative capital of the enterprise. The author formulated and substantiated the procedure for the formation of management reporting on the innovative capital of the enterprise, which consists of three main directions: 1) Improvement of the system of the enterprise's management accounting objects; 2) Application of management accounting methods to the innovative capital of the enterprise; 3) Improvement of management reporting on the enterprise's innovative capital. Approaches to understanding management reporting in modern conditions of the development of information and computer technologies are highlighted and analyzed. The study results show that management reporting on innovation capital broadly is a set of specialized internal reports and other forms of presentation, visualization, and transfer of internal information (information panels, dashboards of individual indicators) about innovative activity to persons who make management decisions. It was found that the specifics of the innovative activity of enterprises and the use of various approaches to the organization of its management systems (models and methods of decision-making by innovative management) make it impossible to develop a single standardized form of management reporting on innovative capital. The article describes the mechanisms for setting up and using the enterprise's management reports from the basic set available in the BAS ERP information system ("Management balance sheet", "Revenues and expenses", "Financial results", standard reports) to disclose relevant information about the enterprise's innovative activities for the needs and requests of innovative management. A General Report on the "Innovative Balanced Scorecard" and a dashboard for the "Return on Investment in Innovation (ROII)" indicator in the BSC Designer software product have been developed for business entities.

Fiscal policy is an essential tool that affects the economic stability and sustainable development of the state because it determines the conditions of economic activity through the regulation of the tax burden and the distribution of budget funds. The article's purpose is to develop and approve an integral tax index, which will allow a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of fiscal policy in the context of its contribution to the country's sustainable development. The author used the index analysis method to reduce various indicators to a unified format, facilitating their comparison and evaluation. The study is based on a comprehensive analysis of economic, social and environmental indicators, including GDP, tax revenues, environmental taxes and social contributions. Data were collected and analyzed for 2017-2024, which allowed to identify trends and correlations between various aspects of the economy that affect fiscal policy and its sustainability. The proposed methodology includes collecting statistical data, their analysis, forming an integral index and verifying its effectiveness through regression analysis modelling. The results of the study show that Ukraine's fiscal policy, despite the complex economic challenges, can support sustainable development goals but needs corrections to increase its effectiveness. The main challenges remain increasing social responsibility, environmental safety and ensuring economic growth in conditions of global instability. The identified shortcomings require improvement of the tax system and a balanced approach to regulating tax reforms to support sustainable development. The article provides recommendations on the optimization of fiscal policy, which will contribute to increasing its adaptability to economic challenges and ensuring socio-economic stability in the long term. This study proves that the integrated tax index is an effective tool for monitoring and adjusting fiscal policy to support Ukraine's sustainable development.

A value creation process, usually presented in the form of a complex flowchart and placed at the beginning of a report, describes the material and financial inputs and outputs of the commercial process, as well as the corporate philosophy, core values, strengths, key issues, management policies or business strategies. This article is devoted to analyzing the content and structure of global car brands' value chains and value creation processes. The purpose of the research is to find out what is the vision of the own processes of value creation by car manufacturers, identify indicators that are used to assess capital inflows and outflows, and single out the features of value chains specific to the automobile industry. The information base of the research is the annual or integrated reports of five global car brands – Mazda, Nissan, Suzuki, Saab, and Isuzu. The authors used scientific methods of generalization, grouping, comparison, and induction to process the collected data. Based on the analysis of the value creation process schemes presented in the annual/integrated reports, the structure and composition of the value creation processes are outlined in tabular form for each car manufacturer. It was found that the approaches to revealing the structure of value-creation processes in the researched reporting are similar in most respects. The study results show that all value chains contain the primary stage, where resources are attracted for further production; the middle link, where production is actually carried out; and the final link, which is directed to the delivery of products to the final consumer. The article defines the structural elements of capital inputs, upward activity, operations, downward activity and capital outputs as stages of the value-creation process of car manufacturers.

In the conditions of reduction in the volume of state subsidies and tax benefits due to the redistribution of resources to finance the defence industry, Ukrainian and international grants have become almost the only available means of supporting domestic agribusiness. Lack of experience in accounting for grant funds is one of the problems faced by accountants of agricultural enterprises. After all, grants as an object of accounting are, to a certain extent, a novelty for many business entities in the agrarian sector of Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to reveal the methodical principles of accounting for grant support to Ukrainian agribusiness, particularly in terms of recognising income from targeted financing, and to determine the tax consequences of using grant funds. A detailed analysis of the current legislation is the basis of this study. In addition, the author review the previous case studies, the systematisation of the results of which made it possible to clarify the method of accounting for grant support and reveal the tax consequences of using grant funds. Three options for recognising income were characterised based on the purpose of targeted financing, that is, the object to which the grant funds are directed. The article presents the procedure for recognising income from grant support on accounting accounts. The tax consequences of using grant funds by agricultural enterprises – VAT payers have been disclosed. The research results have a scientific and applied nature because they will help accountants of agrarian enterprises correctly disclose information about received state and international grants in accounting accounts and in reporting. The clarifications provided in the work regarding the tax consequences of using grant support make it possible to take a balanced approach to calculating the financial result before taxation and the share of agricultural production.

The need for post-war reconstruction of the Ukrainian economy, housing stock and infrastructure facilities will lead to the activation of the construction industry and, therefore, the demand for geodetic services. On the other hand, the long lull in geodesy, caused by the lack of demand for geodetic works in wartime, generates the need for state support of the Ukrainian geodetic business. The article's purpose is to justify the prospects of the practical application of the toolkit of state support for geodetic business in Ukraine to activate the processes of reconstruction of the economy, housing stock and infrastructure facilities. The study results show that tax policy instruments are the most effective means of state support for the geodetic business. In particular, for large geodetic and land surveying enterprises, exemption from paying corporate income tax is relevant, at least for a few years during the post-war reconstruction period. Investment and innovation benefits and income tax preferences will play a crucial stimulating role in the purchase by geodetic business entities of modern geodetic instruments, tools for conducting geospatial measurements and software. Small business entities can be supported by exemption from paying a single tax during the first 5-8 post-war years, cancelling the legislation regarding their mandatory use of settlement transaction registrars, and exemption from military duty assessment and payment. The practical measures of indirect tax support of geodetic business should be: cancellation of the current order of widespread use of tax invoices, as well as the use of geodetic work performance acts instead of the specified tax accounting registers; the introduction of a preferential tax credit not only about the value-added tax on the purchase of investment and innovation tools or programs but also in terms of own effective developments; implementation of a special regime for the accumulation of value-added tax from the sale of geodetic works (services) in the first post-war years.

Periodically, the government and experts declare hundreds of billions of US dollars in war losses incurred by Ukraine. However, this is a generalized assessment. Object-by-object expert assessment has an inconsiderable application; it should be creative and, in particular, consider industry specifics. Today, the most unsolved issues are precisely the mass object-by-object assessment of damage and losses caused by the war. The article's purpose is to justify organizational approaches to the introduction of mass assessment of losses and the development and testing of such evaluation methodology based on individual agricultural enterprises. The research uses calculation methods and the methodology of expert monetary assessment. The authors used the analysis method to calculate the research enterprise's average annual pre-war performance indicators; methods of generalization and comparison are applied in analyzing its financial and economic activity based on indicators of financial and statistical reporting. An analysis of the functioning of state and international registers of losses was carried out. Information about the Unified digital integrated information and analytical system for managing the reconstruction of real estate, construction, and infrastructure objects has been disclosed. To implement existing compensation policies for destroyed, damaged property and direct and indirect losses of enterprises, approaches to the introduction of mass assessment of losses are proposed. On the example of indirect losses of agricultural enterprises, which they suffered due to the impossibility of using agricultural land, the article presents an approach to introducing mass assessment of losses. The proposed organizational approach and methodical procedure for calculating indirect losses (lost profit) of agricultural enterprises from the war provides for the introduction of an object-by-object approach accessible to accountants, simplified application of mathematical and program-table methods, which will allow reliably, objectively (documentally confirmed) to determine losses without excessive financial costs related to the payment of third-party examinations.

Forecasting and modelling of price dynamics of financial instruments and their volatility is an essential element of technical analysis of financial markets. The real sector is also interested in changes in volatility as it seeks to maintain stability in financial and commodity markets. The article aims to develop methodological approaches to modelling the dynamics and volatility of the Ukrainian corporate credit market using asymmetric GARCH approaches. It has been established that the risky nature of financial markets is a prerequisite for analyzing and modeling the volatility of their dynamics in order to correctly respond to possible spikes in volatility, as well as to predict their duration. The analysis was based on daily data on interest rates on the corporate credit market. A graph of the initial time series, autocorrelation functions was plotted, the series was checked for stationarity by the Dickey–Fuller test, which led to its differentiation and subsequent formation of the optimal ARIMA specification. When checking the residuals for autocorrelation and the ARCH effect, positive results were obtained, which led to the use of the GARCH model. Going through various GARCH specifications made it possible to choose GJR-GARCH for modeling, which takes into account the asymmetry of the impact of information shocks on the profitability management of active bank operations. The resulting model was tested by the Leung–Box test, the ARCH LM test, and the Pearson test for the optimality of the specification. The model was compared with actual time series data. All the results confirmed the correctness of the built models, which allows them to be used for analysis and forecasting for further periods.

New fraud trends and dimensions have emerged due to the fast-paced evolution of the digital ecosystem, posing particular difficulties for stakeholders. This research examines new dimensions of fraud, specifically, whether financial losses from fraud are greater when it involves cryptocurrencies than traditional means like bank transfers and credit cards. This study aimed to investigate the financial effects and outcomes of fraud in these specific fields. In addition, the study evaluated influencer marketing and NFT (Non-Fungible Token) fraud trends. The study employed a quantitative design. The authors used descriptive statistics to check trends, while an ANOVA test was used to check whether there were mean differences. Only bank transfers registered a higher amount lost than cryptocurrency, according to descriptive statistics; the other payment methods – cash or cash advances, checks, credit cards, debit cards, gift cards or reload cards, money orders, payment apps, and wire transfers – all registered losses that were significantly lower than cryptocurrency's total loss. However, a posthoc test used after an ANOVA reveals no significant difference in the amount lost between cryptocurrency and the other payment methods. The investigation also showed that, between 2019 and 2021, the majority of Instagram mega-influencers with more than a million international followers used fraudulent practices to fictitiously increase their engagement and follower counts. Mega-fraudsters made up 66.77% of all influencers in 2020; by 2021, that percentage had fallen to about 62.87%. In 2021, fraud was committed by influencers to the tune of 49.23% on average. Between 2020 and 2021, there was also a rising trend in NFT fraud. Loss of stakeholder funds, the obliteration of revenue streams, and the erosion of confidence are a few consequences of new fraud tendencies. Preventive measures are needed, such as improved verification processes, open policies, and industry collaboration, to lessen these risks and ensure the influencer marketing ecosystem's long-term viability.

On June 18, 2024, Nvidia's stock was momentarily crowned as the world's most valuable stock – surpassing other technology companies. Accordingly, this paper aims to analyze the differential effect of Nvidia's earnings announcement on the company's stock price following the earnings announcement. The research is anchored on the prior theory of efficient market hypothesis – which emphasizes the effect of information on stock prices. The paper applied a quantitative differential approach. The earnings announcement was used as the basis for differential stock price analysis because, based on previous literature, results show different (mixed) effects of earnings results on stock price. The data on Nvidia's stock price were collected from Fusion Media and Nasdaq. Data were analyzed using the paired t-test sample for mean difference. Results from the analysis indicate a significant positive difference between the previous 44 days before the profit announcement and 44 days following the profit announcement. The result shows that Nvidia's earnings announcement, which surpassed expectations, catalyzed a huge rise in Nvidia's stock price. It also highlights the best point when the investors should have taken their profit. The results of this study help academics and researchers in business schools better understand the relationship between earnings announcements and stock prices in AI chip manufacturing companies. The paper contributes unique novelty by using extended days before and within the earnings announcement, which provides ample space to understand the stock price performance and to make investment decisions. It thus contributes an insight into the best timing of profit-taking and reinvesting.

The war in Ukraine has had a destructive effect on the economic activity of road transport companies, the organization of their financial relations, the management of financial resources, and, therefore, on the financial mechanism. The article aims to reveal the essence of the financial mechanism of road transport companies in the financial management system. The authors investigated and summarized the main approaches to revealing the essence of the financial mechanism. It was found that the financial mechanism is considered 1) a means of influence and 2) a financial management system. The article defines financial mechanism taking into account the purpose and principles of the functioning of state finances and the finances of economic entities in combination with the final results achieved through financial support and financial regulation – functions that create a relationship between the financial mechanisms of the micro and macro level in the system financial management. In addition, an essential component of the financial mechanism is a system of financial instruments and indicators of primary (national and local taxes and fees, a single contribution, etc.) and secondary influence (subsidies, bank loans, etc.), thanks to which its primary functions are realized. The authors propose considering the financial mechanism of road transport companies in the financial management system in a broad and narrow sense. In a broad sense, the financial mechanism of road transport companies manages financial resources. In a narrow sense, the financial mechanism of road transport companies is connected, firstly, with the internal option, which concerns the organization of financial relations, and, secondly, with the external option, which involves a set of forms and methods of external and internal influence for the formation, accumulation and use of financial resources. The results of the study show that although the financial mechanism of road transport companies has its characteristics, it is interconnected with the financial mechanism of the state. So, any changes in the latter will affect the components of the first.

The company's choice of specific marketing tools and their combination depends on the goals set, the target audience's characteristics, the type of product being promoted, and the size of the budget. However, in crisis conditions caused by war, pandemic or natural disaster, the effectiveness of marketing communications is influenced by many more factors. The detailed analysis of such factors allows the company to adapt its marketing strategy to the realities of today. The article aims to reveal and systematize the factors affecting marketing communications in wartime conditions. It was found that the war changed companies' advertising policy, branding, and consumers' perceptions of goods and services. Therefore, to stay afloat, companies must study changes in the social climate on time and adapt their marketing strategies accordingly. Changing the nature and forms of communication with consumers plays a vital role in adapting marketing strategies. A consumer's attitude to specific brands and goods, based on the personal perception of the parties to the military conflict, is a sensitive factor in war conditions. Despite the general negative trend for business, the war opens up new opportunities for specific industries. In particular, using military themes in advertising can motivate the consumer to buy the company's products. However, one should be careful when using military symbols in advertising because the emotional perception of consumers can be different. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the negative consequences of war and understand how new opportunities can be used. The article systematizes the factors affecting marketing communications in wartime conditions and defines the measures that are an important component of business response to changes in market demand. The study results show that regardless of how effective the company's marketing strategy is in normal conditions, during the war, it needs to adapt to changes in the mood and habits of consumers and environmental factors.

Transparency is the goal of e-government in Indonesia, but many local governments still do not publicly disclose their financial reports. Thus, transparency in Indonesia is still low, especially as corruption cases are increasingly prevalent in government. This study aims to analyze the factors that affect the transparency of local government financial reports in Indonesia. The research population comprises all provincial governments in Indonesia. Sampling was conducted using a purposive sampling method based on the criteria of provincial governments in Indonesia that have official websites and provide access to local government financial reports for the fiscal years 2019-2022, so 84 research samples were obtained. The collected data for the analysis were secondary data obtained from financial reports published by local self-government bodies and the Central Statistical Agency (BPS) for 2019-2022. The data includes information on local government size, audit opinion, debt, gender, education level of the regional head, commitment of the regional head, regional wealth and intergovernmental transfers. This study uses the logistic regression analysis method to determine the effect of various variables on the transparency of local government financial reports. The results showed that the size of the local government and the commitment of the regional head positively affected the transparency of financial statements. However, the variables of audit opinion, debt and gender did not show a significant effect. In contrast, the education level of the regional head, regional wealth and intergovernmental transfers negatively influence the transparency of local government financial statements. This study provides important insights for policymakers in improving financial statement transparency at the local government level.

Internal audits play a key role in ensuring the efficiency of public institutions in Romania. However, the effectiveness of internal auditing is often compromised by challenges to the integrity and independence of the auditor. Independence in the activities of civil servants, particularly internal auditors, is crucial for unbiased assessments, free from undue influence by other parties. This article examines the ethics and independence of internal audit and control in public institutions in Romania. The purpose of the study is to assess compliance with ethical principles and independence by internal auditors in public institutions in Romania and to identify obstacles affecting the integrity of audit and control functions. The research methodology includes the distribution of questionnaires to public officials working in public institutions in Romania, complemented by an analysis of the ethical frameworks guiding these professionals. This approach aims to identify both the current state of ethical practice and the barriers to maintaining independence in audit processes. Despite significant progress achieved through the EU directive and concerted efforts to increase transparency and objectivity, challenges remain, threatening the integrity of auditing. The main findings of the investigation indicate that the main obstacles are political influence, resistance to change and insufficient resources to uphold the standards of ethics and independence of internal audit. Ethical leadership and supporting organizational culture are critical to promoting transparency, accountability and ethical behaviour in public institutions. In addition, it was found that the internal audit function is prone to modernization in the conditions of the intellectual economy. Therefore, part of it is likely to be performed by programs based on artificial intelligence. Based on the obtained results, the article provides recommendations for ensuring the ethical behaviour and independence of internal auditors in public institutions in Romania.

Today, football has transformed from a hobby into a sport capable of generating high economic value. Football players are recognized formally and informally as intangible assets in the football business. The previous studies confirm that owning high-quality and well-known players can significantly increase club revenue. The Financial Sustainability Regulation mandates clubs to maintain financial stability, ensuring a balance between income and expenses and encouraging clubs to produce top players from their academies. This study evaluates the financial performance of professional football clubs and examines players' contributions to their sustainability, specifically focusing on Manchester United, Manchester City, Arsenal, Liverpool, and Tottenham Hotspur. Authors analyze various financial metrics, such as ticket sales, sponsorships, and broadcasting rights, to assess the clubs' financial health through a qualitative descriptive lens. The research uses secondary data, namely the annual financial statements of the clubs during the 2019-2023 period. The financial reports were obtained from the official websites of the respective clubs. The findings indicate that sound financial management is essential for ensuring stability and maintaining a competitive advantage. Additionally, the research emphasizes the importance of players in fostering club sustainability through their performance on the field and their commercial appeal. High-profile players who perform consistently enhance merchandise sales, attract sponsorships, and grow the fan base, positively impacting the clubs' financial sustainability. The study contributes to the academic field by providing guidelines for the accounting treatment of football players and financial management practices in the football industry.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) represent a major pillar of the Algerian economy, accounting for 99.9% of businesses and employing over 3.3 million people. Despite their importance, these enterprises face complex challenges that affect their financial performance, measured by indicators such as return on assets (ROA). The study explores this performance's internal and external determinants, focusing on factors such as liquidity, debt levels, company size, and macroeconomic variables like GDP growth and inflation. Using the panel data method, we analyzed a sample of 40 SMEs over a five-year period (2018 to 2022). The results show that excessive liquidity, while seemingly prudent, has a negative effect on SME performance, as it limits investment opportunities. Similarly, short-term and long-term debt are associated with reduced profitability, contradicting some economic theories that view debt as a sign of good management. The limited access to credit often forces Algerian SMEs to rely on short-term financing, increasing their financial risks. In contrast, economic growth positively affects SME performance by boosting demand for their products and services. However, inflation has a negative effect, eroding profit margins due to rising operating costs. Thus, improving a company's performance is possible if the entity can create the conditions necessary for its survival and deploy the resources and logistics needed to achieve the desired objectives while aligning strategies across various activities to effectively implement its management policies. These research findings provide valuable insights for business leaders and policymakers, emphasizing the need for tailored strategies to maximize the financial performance of SMEs by considering these various factors.

Enterprise risk management as a key element of the internal control system has become important over the years. The changes in the conditions of companies, especially banks, have increased the scope and complexity of their risk, and this has led to an increase in the demand for using enterprise risk management as an enterprise risk management framework. As the most important financial institution in the money market, the bank faces various risks. The implementation of this system in the bank makes the process of identifying, evaluating and monitoring risks with a comprehensive approach. The purpose of this study is to develop a comprehensive risk management implementation framework in the banking industry. Despite the growing importance of enterprise risk management, its implementation in Iran has received little attention and is facing challenges, and no study has been conducted to investigate its implementation conditions, effective factors, necessary foundations, and existing obstacles. Therefore, the current research has developed a framework for implementing enterprise risk management in the banking industry by using qualitative approach and systematic review and multiple case study methods by examining two banks. The statistical population of this research includes the board of directors, senior managers, members of specialized committees and experienced experts. The results of the research show that the extracted framework of enterprise risk management is not fully implemented in Iranian banks, and the challenges of its implementation include the lack of information technology infrastructure, the lack of sufficient knowledge and government restrictions. The current research can be considered as a suitable model for the banking industry.

The goal of the present study was to investigate the effect of prior commitment and control environment risk on auditors’ proposed adjustments regarding subsequent events. To this end, a between-groups 2x2 factorial design was used. The statistical sample of this research includes 130 supervisors, senior supervisors, managers and partners who were employed in auditing organizations certified by Tehran Securities & Exchange Organization in 2023. To test the research hypotheses, independent multifactor analysis of variance was used. The findings revealed that auditors make smaller (larger) audit adjustments of subsequent events when these events are identified after (before) communicating their initial viewpoint regarding the fair presentation of financial statements to the management. Moreover, the findings indicate that control environment risk moderates the effect of prior commitment on auditors’ assessment of subsequent events and, compared to a high-risk control environment, auditors’ prior commitment to the management regarding the fair presentation of financial statements leads to a greater reduction in the proposed audit adjustments under a low-risk control environment. With regard to these findings, we can say that considering supervisory mechanisms for reducing the bias stemming from auditors’ prior commitment can improve the quality of their judgment about the evaluation of subsequent events.

Accounting is considered to be a symbol of corporate responsibility, which can help companies to be more accountable than in the past and gain the trust of stakeholders. Philanthropy as one of the fields of paradigm shift in accounting is an emerging concept that has developed accounting implementation processes towards legitimacy. The purpose of this research is development of philanthropic practices in the implementation of accounting based on the phenomenological process. Based on the nature of phenomenology, this study sought to categorize the fields of philanthropy development in accounting implementation procedures. Therefore, in terms of methodology, this study can be considered exploratory and combined. Because through interviews with experts, this study sought to discover the propositional themes of the investigated phenomenon in order to make it possible to generalize it to the study context. The participants in this study were experts in accounting knowledge to collect data from the qualitative sector and financial managers and accounting heads of capital market companies in the quantitative sector. The results of the study in the qualitative part during the 12 interviews conducted indicate the identification of 159 open codes and 24 propositional themes for the development of humanitarian practices in the implementation of accounting procedures. In the quantitative part, the results of the study identify 4 categories for a more coherent understanding of the effectiveness of humanitarian functions in the implementation of accounting procedures. The results of this study show that accounting, by changing its classical and purely quantitative procedures, is trying to accept more inclusive values of the information needs of stakeholders in the capital market, rather than being independent of religious views; gender and ethnicity, due to the existence of equality and balance, a platform should be provided to achieve higher dynamism and interactivity between companies and stakeholders, and in this case, the flow of cash circulation in the market can help industries and companies active in this field