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The article defined the concept of waste management in the environmental management system. The research analysed the problems of waste management in the environmental management system from point of view by a number of domestic and foreign scientists. As a result, authors outlined the basic components of waste management: strategic planning, prevention of environmental pollution, conservation of resources, minimization of the amount and toxicity of waste generation, choosing the best prevention option, assessment of effects and consequences, decision-making. The research described the system of green reconstruction of economy and formed the basic principles of the green post-war reconstruction that would provide sustainable economic development. The article outlined the concept of post-war green reconstruction which should focus on such areas as: sustainable construction and resource saving; implementation of renewable energy sources; sustainable development of infrastructure; implementation of a waste management system, minimization of residues. The authors grounded five main stages of waste management process under post-war reconstruction of Ukraine: prevention of waste generation, preparation for reuse, processing, other uses, disposal. Sustainable waste management solutions are essential to maintain environmental harmony but, also, they are linked with cost, public response, political constraints, and social norms. Consumers' environmental awareness influence the demand for goods and services and thus reduce the amount of waste. Research argued that local communities should developed own waste prevention strategies and attract environmentally conscious businesses to their territory. State policy should focus consumers for preferring products in packaging/container that is suitable for recycling or reuse (glass), paper bags, eco-bags, used appliances.

The tobacco industry is using the same methods of persuasion as they were doing since the start of advertising cigarettes and other tobacco products in 1914. Producers of tobacco products have been accused of spreading misinformation and fake news since the 1980. Main objective of our paper is to describe the evolution of “fake” marketing communication, especially of e-cigarettes - lately the deceptive strategies of e-tobacco companies in their advertising campaigns, where they minimize the dangers of smoking and portray it as a beneficial or attractive practice are coming under the control of the relevant institutions. Since the e-tobacco companies are using all the modern means and platforms of communication, especially young generations are quite successfully targeted. Results of desk research will be presented as well as some of the activities performed by state owned, and private institutions aimed to prevent harmful and shameless spreading of this conflicting information.

Foreign economic security is one of the key aspects of the stable development of the economy of any country, including Ukraine. To strengthen it, it is necessary to develop and implement strategic directions aimed at ensuring reliable and sustainable functioning of the economy and reducing its dependence on external risks. The practical significance of the study of strategies for the development of the State's foreign economic activity is to identify the main guidelines for Ukraine's further development in the context of post-war recovery. The purpose of the study is to identify the main strategic directions for the further development of Ukraine's foreign trade operations caused by the development of the European integration process, the complication of the political and legal situation, and changes in partnership relations between countries. The following priority areas of action have been identified for Ukraine's foreign trade in view of European integration: adherence to and acceleration of the strategic sequence of reforms, taking into account changes in the state of political and economic relations; Increasing financial and technical support from the EU, subject to the conditions for increasing the transparency of cash flows and the efficiency of their use; increasing partnership with non-European countries.

Usually, an economist, a manager, a business administrator, or any other participating member of the free market has a single and clear view of the pecuniary value of goods and the nature of capital. The logic of capitalism allows the economic agent to assign clear values to goods based on several factors. Although such a strict view of a good and its nature is mechanically correct, it is an incomplete one. Economists and economic theorists more broadly agree that commercial goods, whether they are directed to the consumer or intermediate goods in the production chain, are the result of human labour.

Global hypercompetition necessitates the development of new models of business collaboration among economic entities. Enterprise ecosystem is one form of organization and support for entrepreneurship that facilitates the transition from competition to cooperation among business entities. The article explores various theoretical approaches to defining the concept of ecosystem that enabled to propose the author’s interpretation. It is substantiated that the entrepreneurial ecosystem offers optimal pathways and effective tools for fostering innovation and economic growth, grounded in the principles of sustainable development. A comparative analysis of organizational models of activity is conducted. Compared to other organisational models, the ecosystem entails the transformation of hierarchical management mechanisms, giving rise to a dynamic environment facilitating the free exchange of knowledge, information, resources, technologies, and competencies. The synergistic model of the enterprise ecosystem within the framework of sustainable development is proposed. The model exhibits several characteristic features: cross-industry interaction, which maximizes synergies more effectively than corporate ties; diversification of activities with a focus on lean innovation; emphasis on environmental sustainability and the commercialization of developments; flexibility of business processes; autonomy of participants and adherence to voluntary cooperation principles. The article substantiates the key improvement strategies that enterprises should implement to achieve synergistic effects and sustainable development goals within the enterprise ecosystem.

The article explores the concept of digital culture as a key component for organizations seeking sustainable development and competitive advantage in today's rapidly evolving business landscape. It delves into how embracing a digital culture within an organization can lead to enhanced efficiency, innovation, and overall performance. By fostering a culture that values digital skills, collaboration, and adaptability, companies are better equipped to navigate challenges and leverage opportunities in the digital age. There's no denying that there has been a noticeable increase in interest in recent years for solutions that support the sustainable development of organizations. In such a context, a key factor for increasing the efficiency of these processes is effective change management and its detailed knowledge. The management of human resources is affected by these management relationships, which guide it toward the strategic prioritizing of particular areas. However, given the evolving importance of technology and all of its associated aspects and activities, it is necessary to concentrate on identifying a new management paradigm, or digital culture. This is where we should also include the tendency, the primary driving force behind the changes, to be expressed in the understanding that increases in an organization's effectiveness have a direct connection to the human factor, and from there to innovative practices, talent management, motivational policies, and other aspects of personnel management. Therefore, in the search for sustainable development policies, human resources should be considered as organizational capital.

As face recognition technology continues to play a pivotal role in various domains, selecting an optimal software solution becomes imperative. This paper thoroughly analyzes face recognition algorithms, emphasizing a holistic assessment of implementing them that includes the overall cost of ownership, accuracy, and speed. The research aims to guide decision-makers in choosing a solution that balances these three critical factors. The study employs a rigorous methodology and evaluates various intrusion detection solutions across multiple industries. It examines the cost of ownership comprehensively, including initial investment, maintenance expenses, and potential hidden costs. A cost-benefit analysis is conducted to unveil the true economic implications of each implementation. The accuracy of the face recognition algorithms which is the core of intrusion detection systems is assessed through the learnings from academia and real-world feedback from the security industry. Furthermore, the paper examines the critical aspect of speed, recognizing its important role in real-time applications. The evaluation considers the processing speed of each software solution, considering its responsiveness to various environments and working with large-scale datasets. This research provides a comprehensive overview of face recognition algorithms, offering small business decision-makers valuable insights to make informed choices for their intrusion detection solutions. By combining the total cost of ownership, accuracy, and speed, organizations can select a solution that aligns with their specific needs and maximizes the return on investment in intrusion detection technology.

Volunteering, as defined, is an activity carried out voluntarily by an individual, without expecting directly or implicitly a financial reward or goods. It plays an important role in democratic societies, often being a form of social inclusion and integration, contributing to the development and implementation of state policies, and being an instrument for promoting social cohesion. “Volunteering is the best example of democracy. We vote in elections, but when you volunteer, you vote every day for the community in which you want to live.” Marjorie Moore

Optimal communication of the system reveals its advantages also within the Romanian Police. The work of a policeman is based on my own knowledge and communication skills and now that I work in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, I noticed that this opinion has been substantiated and even emphasized. One thing is certain: being part of a law enforcement body is not easy. The criminal environment is highly dangerous and most criminals want to escape impediments that place them outside the limits imposed by law. The policeman is in the crosshairs of the offender. Taking into account all these aspects, the policeman must be in continuous communication, collaboration with other colleagues and develop various methods of identifying those who commit antisocial acts. The greater number of law enforcement teams can lead to deterrence for criminals. Working in the system, I can say that the optimization of the communication process is permanently targeted by police officers and, as a result, many cases can be solved.

International foreign exchange reserves are widely acknowledged as a global medium of exchange that possesses a readily available characteristic. Official public assets, which are foreign assets kept and organized by the monetary authorities of countries, serve as a complement to foreign exchange reserves. Adequate levels of foreign exchange reserves are necessary for nations to meet their payment commitments and sustain the stability of their currency. The primary rationale for the Central Bank's decision to maintain liquid foreign exchange reserves is to establish a safeguard against any speculative assaults or fluctuations in the trade balance. The primary objective of this research was to ascertain the many elements that influence the sufficiency of the aggregate foreign exchange reserves in Azerbaijan and Turkey. The article examined the sufficiency of the gross foreign exchange reserves of the Central Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan (CBAR) and the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT) based on the ideal reserve ratios recommended by the IMF. Following an extensive examination of theoretical and conceptual literature, this study aims to assess the sufficiency of the Gross Foreign Exchange Reserves held by the CBAR and CBRT. The proposed optimal reserve ratios are utilized to elucidate the reserve adequacy of these countries, while considering the theoretical relationship between the variables. To achieve this objective, a logit regression analysis was conducted using the data spanning from 2012 to 2022. The results indicate that there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between interest rates and the overall adequacy of foreign exchange reserves. Considering the influence of interest rates on economic stability and financial performance, this outcome is anticipated. Furthermore, it was shown that the exchange rate variable exhibited a statistically significant negative impact on the preceding period. The present empirical study offers an overview of the various elements that influence the sufficiency of the aggregate foreign exchange reserves of Azerbaijan and Turkey. The findings of this study offer crucial insights to decision makers regarding the variables that must be considered when overseeing foreign exchange reserves.

In a world transitioning towards decarbonization, resource-rich countries (RRCs) face unique challenges in shaping their fiscal policy frameworks, necessitating significant adjustments. This paper analyzes the effects of decarbonization on the fiscal policies of RRCs, focusing on the intersection of fiscal sustainability and sustainable development goals. The key findings reveal that effective fiscal discipline is crucial for maintaining fiscal sustainability amid fluctuating resource revenues. Implementing medium-term budget frameworks helps RRCs manage economic volatility and plan for long-term fiscal health. The adoption of green fiscal policies can support RRCs in navigating the challenges of decarbonization, contributing to both fiscal sustainability and sustainable development goals. Additionally, decarbonization affects various economic aspects, including budget revenues, expenditures, and the overall fiscal sustainability landscape, necessitating tailored fiscal policies. This comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights into designing and implementing fiscal policies suited to the needs of resource-rich countries during the global energy transition. The study highlights how green fiscal policies can assist RRCs in managing decarbonization challenges while achieving sustainable development goals.

In the conditions of the strong development of digital technologies, the business of organizations in a traditional environment becomes very tight. New digital technologies have implications for modern business operations. Digital trends require changes not only in the way business organizations work (jobs, workplaces and employees) but also a change in the entire concept of organizational culture (behavior and thinking of employees). In order for digital technologies not to become an obstacle to the business of modern organizations, in our work we will identify a new organizational culture that is able to support new technologies. At the same time, we will look at the key elements of the traditional organizational culture, which we have to transform. In the final part, with the aim of improving the business of business organizations, guidelines will be given for the development of a new digital organizational culture that will contribute to the improvement of business, all in the context of adapting to new digital technologies. In the study of digital transformation and organizational culture, the authors employ analytical and synthetic approaches to achieve a deeper understanding. The analytical approach deconstructs elements through qualitative analysis, while the synthetic approach integrates information and theories to form a comprehensive concept. These approaches enable the identification of optimal strategies for different contexts, which is crucial for this study. Overall, the study contributes to theoretical understanding of digital transformation and organizational culture, while also offering practical guidance for organizations undergoing the process of digital transformation.

Understanding the buying behaviour of consumers for green products has become an emerging issue. The purpose of present study is to assess purchase intention of consumers with respect to green products (environment friendly) shopping in India. Further, this study examines the role of environmental awareness, green perceived value, perceived usefulness and attitude towards using in building consumer intentions to purchase green products. Further, the study extends the TAM (Technology Adoption Model) by Davis (1989) by incorporating external variables like environmental awareness and green perceived value. This study examines the information gathered from 260 clients via a Google form survey. Structural equation modeling (SEM), validity and reliability testing, and exploratory factor analysis were conducted using the gathered data. The result of the present study shows that environmental awareness and green perceived value exert positive and differential effects on attitude towards using green products. The study also found that attitude and perceived usefulness are equally important for the purchase intention of customers towards green products. Implications of the present work are useful for academicians, marketers, customers, and policy makers.

The capacity to adapt to change is critical for both individual achievement and societal growth in the quickly changing global scene of today. This study investigates how higher education can provide students with the tools they need to successfully handle difficulties related to sustainability and the economy. Utilizing multidisciplinary viewpoints from the fields of education, economics and environmental studies, this research delves into the tactics and methods used by universities to cultivate flexibility and fortitude in their students. This research attempts to uncover critical competencies and pedagogical strategies that support skill development for solving complex economic and sustainability concerns by looking at case studies and best practices from different educational environments. This research also examines the relationship between environmental sustainability and economic growth, highlighting the value of holistic methods in the creation of curricula for higher education. In the end, this study adds to the continuing conversation about the role of higher education in equipping students to prosper in a changing, globally interconnected world where sustainability and adaptation are essential to long-term success and the welfare of society. Additionally, this article emphasizes the significance of acquiring 21st-century skills for success in the contemporary workforce, including as critical thinking, creativity, cooperation, communication, and technological literacy. In order to successfully solve economic and environmental concerns, the research ends with recommendations for enhancing programmes for skill development, funding faculty development, encouraging multidisciplinary collaboration, and interacting with stakeholders.

The urgent and pressing challenge posed by global climate change underscores the critical need for immediate and decisive action, particularly in the mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to facilitate a trajectory towards sustainability. The significance of the aluminium industry, characterized by its notable carbon footprint, accentuates the importance of conducting comprehensive and environmentally conscious analyses within this sector. Heightened environmental apprehensions surrounding aluminium production necessitate the development of effective approaches for emission forecast. The primary aim of the article is to elucidate the present situation and future predictions of carbon emissions within the global aluminium industry, particularly in the context of escalating concerns regarding global climate security. The research concluded that there will be a decrease in CO2 emissions within the aluminium industry in the future as a result. Through meticulous assessments and exhaustive forecasts of CO2 emissions across the global aluminium industrial chain system, this study employed the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model to scrutinize data spanning from 2005 to 2030. By furnishing valuable insights into prospective emission patterns and providing guidance for the formulation of sustainable policy measures, this research assumes a pivotal role in shaping data-driven strategies aimed at mitigating the environmental impact of aluminum production. Consequently, it contributes significantly to the collective endeavor to combat climate change and foster a more resilient and sustainable future for humanity.

The linear economy of today's society conflicts with many environmental, social, and economic challenges. As a result, policymakers and researchers prioritize the implementation of the circular economy concept. The European Union supports a smooth transition to a circular economy through the Circular Economy Strategy, the European Green Deal (carbon neutrality by 2050), and the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Replacing traditional business models with circular business models necessitates a shift in technology features that incorporate R strategies (refuse, reduce, recycle, etc.). This study looks into how globalization dynamics affect the transition to a circular economy, as well as the implications for growth and development. Albania, as a transitioning economy in Southeast Europe, provides an important backdrop for understanding the problems and opportunities given by globalization when embracing circular economic principles.

Recent reforms in Saudi Arabia granted empowerment to women, opening new entrepreneurial avenues for them. This study aims to assess the influence of product innovation on the success of female entrepreneurs in Saudi Arabia. Employing a quantitative approach, data was collected through a survey questionnaire. The primary data set included responses from 256 Saudi female entrepreneurs. SmartPLS was utilized for analysis, employing the PLS-SEM statistical technique. The results revealed a positive overall effect of product innovation on female entrepreneurs and their intentions. The study offers practical insights for female entrepreneurs and the Saudi government to address challenges faced by Saudi women. Recommendations include the formulation of policies that provide sustained support for women entrepreneurs. Additionally, the study suggests potential avenues for future research in this domain.

The paper presented by the authors aims to research the role of Microfinance in Albania over the years, especially in improving living conditions for the less privileged groups. The authors have tried to give a summarized panorama regarding the progress and evolution of Microfinance in the state of Albania. Portraying the latter as a good alternative solution to the shortcomings of the Traditional Banking System, to address the needs of certain segments of the population. The analysis used by the authors focuses on the major and current challenges that the Microfinance sector in Albania is facing, it also examines the perspectives and potential future opportunities of this developing sector in our country. Since most of the economic entities that operate in our country are small and medium-sized businesses, where family businesses account for a significant number of the total number of economic entities, the authors have considered it important to research this segment of the economy.

The aim of this paper is to emphasize the role and importance of employee education and training in digitally oriented organizations so that they can recognize, comprehend, and accept diversity and inclusion in the workplace. Digitally oriented organizations have the advantage of remote work and flexible working hours, which allow for the inclusion of individuals who may not meet the requirements of traditional work environments, involving physical presence for eight hours a day. Conducted desk research shows that education and training on diversity and inclusion in digitally oriented organizations have an important role in raising awareness, promoting understanding, and supporting positive behaviors within all employees. The main advantages of workplace diversity and inclusion are a more diversified and high-quality pool of candidates, a better organizational reputation among employees, increased innovation, and higher profitability. To fully realize these benefits, it is essential that all employees wholeheartedly embrace and foster diversity and inclusion. This paper's theoretical implications include a systematic review and analysis of existing literature on the topic, while practical implication is in providing key recommendations to leaders and managers for achieving high levels of diversity and inclusion in the workplace through education and training.

This research investigates the factors influencing the development of green patents and their implications on green innovation. Green financing has the purpose of funding environmental initiatives by directing capital from financial institutions to eco-friendly projects. Through a review of existing literature and empirical analyses, we identify the influence of financial variables and economic policy strategy as key contributors. Preliminary findings suggest that these factors significantly impact the prevalence of green patents, highlighting the importance of policy and financial decisions in fostering environmentally sustainable technological advancements. Our findings reveal a positive correlation between environmental R&D expenditure and green innovation. Moreover, venture capital emerges as a significant driver of green innovation, facilitating the development of environmentally conscious solutions by mitigating financial risks. Additionally, the stringency of environmental policies and the presence of green bonds and carbon taxes demonstrate positive associations with green innovation. Consequently, the main objectives of this article are to examine the impact of financial policies such as R&D, Venture Capital, Debt financing and environmental regulations on the development of green patents and innovation as well as investigate the relationship between green bonds, carbon taxes and green innovation. Ultimately, this research contributes to the ongoing discourse on sustainable development, offering a nuanced understanding of the dynamics driving green innovation.

Sustainable development has been one of the core strategies of the EU. The term refers to three basic components: the economic component, which is associated with balanced growth, the environmental component which refers to the preservation of the ecosystem, and the social component, which guarantees inter- and intra-generational equality. While talking about sustainability it is important also to tackle the topic of circular economy. The circular economy aims to preserve value by designing out waste and pollution, optimizing resources by keeping products and materials in use, and ensuring system effectiveness by regenerating natural systems. One of the strategies of the EU to achieve sustainable development and the move towards a circular economy is to support it through various EU-founded projects. In this article, we will elaborate on the current state of sustainable development of EU-founded schemes and how they can be used for different projects for local communities and cities since cities are seen as both the source and solution to today's economic, environmental, and social challenges. Furthermore, in the article, we will outline some best practices of EU-founded projects around sustainable development in the case of the city of Maribor, Slovenia, and indicate their importance for its community.

This article examines the integration of “Not in Education, Employment, or Training” (NEETs) into social and economic activities within the context of sustainability. NEETs represent a significant challenge for societies, as their exclusion from these activities can have adverse economic, social, and environmental consequences. The article explores sustainable approaches to address this issue, considering the potential of social entrepreneurship, green jobs, and environmentally friendly initiatives in fostering the integration of NEETs in different countries. Additionally, it discusses the importance of education and training programs that align with sustainable development objectives and empower NEETs to actively participate in a sustainable economy. The factor and regression analysis were used for this research. By exploring the nexus of NEETs integration, social and economic activities, and sustainability, this article offers insights and recommendations to policymakers and stakeholders aiming to promote inclusive and sustainable societies from the perspectives of examined countries.

Innovation plays a crucial role in the daily activities of economic units and its impact extends to the macroeconomic level as well. After the last pandemic, firms and even nations are aiming to adopt the new reality. They are employing advanced technology to develop innovative products and approaches for customers and markets. This study analyzes the impact of innovation on economic growth in Balkan Countries by using annual data for the period between 2011 and 2022. This study uses the individual pillars of the Global Innovation Index as the explanatory variables of GDP Growth rate. Through a panel data analysis, the findings of the study suggest that creative output and infrastructure have a positive significant effect on the GDP growth rate, while the effect of institutions is negative. The test employed failed to prove any impact of other pillars of innovation on economic growth meaning that the impact of other pillars is still insignificant. The findings of this study may serve policymakers to work on the direction of enhancing the impact of all innovation pillars on the economic growth rate.

The Hotel Revenue Management strategy is used to measure the future occupancy, ADR, REVPAR, TREVPAR. Prices impact on the further development of business models implemented by the hotels is analysed. The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of Revenue Management Strategy on KPI and Revenue indicators at hotels in Ukraine. The research method used is a quantitative descriptive research method. The study used a sample of 12 respondents with 8 statements. Data were collected by observing participants, reviewing company documents, and seeking input from key informants. In crisis conditions, in particular caused by martial law in Ukraine, hotels reorient themselves to new segments, study needs and adapt services to new security requirements. One of the ways to increase efficiency and occupancy can be revenue management strategies adapted to crisis or post-crisis situations. We have proposed a typology of income management strategies adapted to new conditions.

The paper deals with identifying the directions and content of transformational changes in the leadership qualities of a manager under the influence of business digitalization. The paper aims to formulate and disclose scientific, theoretical, and methodological provisions for changing the qualities of a leader in the era of business digitalization. This study is based on observing how managers' leadership qualities are formed and developed in the context of digitalization at both global and micro levels. Identified are the differences between the characteristics of "traditional" and "digital" leaders based on historical and comparative analysis. A set of "traditional" leadership qualities allows for operational guidance and management of the company's future development based on the extrapolation of existing trends. Moreover, possession of the qualities of digital leaders enables multidimensional strategic management. The findings emphasize the importance of digital leadership at both macro and micro levels. The study shows the transformation of leadership and leadership qualities at different levels of economic management, which complements the existing scientific theories of leadership. To promote digital leadership at the macro level, the government is responsible for introducing digital technologies in administration, providing citizens with convenient tools for accessing administrative services. It was established that Ukraine is among the leading countries introducing digital technologies at the macro level. At the level of business management within companies, leadership in the digital era acquires specific characteristics compared to its traditional forms. In particular, the transition from individual to shared leadership leads to changes in organizational structures and management styles.

New challenges for leaders in the field of sustainable management are awareness of cultural and socio-economic factors in the practice of organizational development and organizational change. The purpose of the article is to contribute to the existing body of knowledge through a systematic study of the influence of culture and socio-economic factors on the formation of leadership in the context of sustainable management. The research methodology includes a literature review, analysis of cultural and socio-economic aspects that influence the formation of leadership for sustainable management. The study is based on the analysis of empirical data obtained through questionnaires. The research results highlighted the impact of culture on leadership in Ukraine, some age differences in the perception of culture as an important element of the triad "sustainable management - leadership - cultural and socio-economic factors", the importance of socio-economic factors and the crucial role of education in the development of leadership for sustainable management. Leaders must adapt their approaches to management, considering cultural aspects, economic conditions and societal demands.

The topic of sustainability has gained widespread acceptance in many areas of society, with significant claims for the benefits of adopting the principles of sustainability in business and management. According to the United Nations, a sustainable event is one designed and organized to meet two main objectives: to minimize all potential negative impacts on the environment and leave a beneficial legacy for the host community and all involved. In the last few years, the concept of sustainable event planning has been incorporated also into the event industry, turning the attention of event management to issues of environment, social, and governance (ESG) as well as diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). The author will elaborate on the current state of sustainable event planning, outline some best practices in this sector, and deriving from the results of different studies make recommendations as to how the industry can and should make sustainability core to activities in event management.

The success of the spread of Islam on the island of Java shows that the Walisongo have good missionary management. Evidence in the form of facts, data and information in this research can be traced from historical sites by confirming to the guards and security passed down from generation to generation from the direct heirs and officials in the local area. In addition, various documents in the form of literature can be studied in depth. This research was conducted using a case study approach related to managing the Walisongo da'wah strategy in the region of Java Island. The data used comes from literature and documents, with data analysis carried out in a descriptive-normative manner. The results of the study can be concluded that (1) the management of the walisongo's da'wah when they entered Java was carried out with good collaboration and teamwork, (2) the management of the walisongo's da'wah involved people who had positions, both in government and society, (3 ) the management of the walisongo's da'wah uses means through the culture, arts and traditions of the local community, (4) the management of the walisongo's da'wah is practised through educational activities with strategic management principles, which focus on the future with an activity approach and the culture of the community at that time.

This study aims to determine the analysis of factors that affect the performance of stock and bond-based ETFs on the Indonesian stock exchange. This research was conducted on stock and bond-based ETFs listed on the Indonesian stock exchange for the period 2019-2021. The sampling technique used in this research is purposive sampling. The samples in this study were 13 stock-based ETFs and 1 bond-based ETF sourced from Bloomberg, the Indonesian stock exchange website, ETF prospectus and asset management website. The data analysis method used is panel data regression analysis with the EViews program tool. The results of this study indicate that Risk affects the performance of stock and bond-based ETFs, Tracking Errors affect the performance of stock and bond-based ETFs, Expense Ratio has no significant impact on the performance of stock and bond-based ETFs. Key Words: ETFs, Risk, Tracking Error, Expense Ratio, Stock, Bond

Germany is one of Indonesia's cocoa export destinations because Germany is the largest importer of cocoa products in the European Union. This research purposed to analyze competitiveness and factors that affect the competitiveness of Indonesian cocoa commodity exports in the German market. This paper used secondary data which is got from legal sources with time series data from 2011-2022 and used Revealed Comparative Advantages (RCA) analysis to know the competitiveness (comparative) of a commodity and used multiple regression analysis with the Error Correction Models (ECM) approach to determine the effect of variables tested in this study. The results of RCA calculation of Indonesian cocoa on the German market show that the average RCA value of the cocoa commodity for the period 2011-2014 is more than one (RCA > 1), meaning that Indonesian cocoa commodity had a strong competitiveness in the German market, Indonesian cocoa bean commodity had a stronger competitiveness than its processed cocoa on that period. However, in the 2015-2022 period, the average value of the RCA of cocoa beans was 0.39, and the average value of processed cocoa RCA was 8.32, meaning that Indonesian processed cocoa commodities had stronger competitiveness than cocoa beans. The results of the ECM analysis showed that international cocoa price variables and Indonesian export duty policy have a positive and significant effect while Indonesian cocoa productivity and chocolate consumption per capita.

Judges as court apparatus, play a pivotal role in improving organizational performance and enhancing public trust. They are the sole actor who determines the quality of court decisions. However, the cases in the four courts, namely general, religious, state administrative and military courts seemed to outnumber the judges; hence retaining highly skilled judges to rule and write decisions within the time frame is paramount. Using a stakeholder theory approach, this article explores the competency-based development model for judges carried out by the technical training centre of the Indonesian Supreme Court. The research method was descriptive qualitative, purposive sampling for in-depth interviews. The result revealed that each stakeholder, namely technical training managers, supporting lecturers or trainers, working unit, and the public, showed different perspectives on judges' competencies, knowledge, skills, and attitude due to different interests. Stakeholders' views highlighted several points: analytical thinking skill improvement, knowledge application, character building, adaptive skills development and reassignment. This study, therefore, provides a new model of judges' competencies development that emphasizes a throughout human resources management activity application, starting from carrying out apparatus management strategy as a response to bureaucracy reform, strategic environmental changes, and science and information technology development; applying human resources development strategy with stakeholder participation approach through training and development centre; and creating apparatus reassignment strategy. These three strategies lead to an agile civil apparatus to achieve good governance.

Menurut Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 9 Tahun 2014 Tentang Klinik, pelaksanaan kegiatan Puskesmas sebagai BLUD harus mengutamakan efektivitas dan efisiensi serta kualitas pelayanan umum kepada masyarakat tanpa mengutamakan pencarian keuntungan (non-profit). Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis komperatif kinerja non keuangan antara Puskesmas Mulyaharja dan Puskesmas Bogor Selatan dalam pespektif pelanggan dari balanced scorecard. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif metode deskriptif dan komparatif, serta menganalisis kinerja melalui metode balanced scorecard. Penelitian ini menggunakan 2 sampel, yaitu pelanggan/pasien dan pegawai/petugas. Hasil penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara Pelanggan Mulyaharja dan Pelanggan Bogor Selatan. Puskemas Mulyaharja memperoleh skor sebesar 3062, dimana skor ini berada pada interval "Baik” yaitu 2881-4161. Sedangkan Puskesmas Bogor Selatan memperoleh skor sebesar 3390, dimana skor ini berada pada interval "Baik” yaitu 2881-4161.

Tujuan riset adalah untuk melihat apakah capital adequacy ratio, loan to asset ratio, net interest margin, inflasi, dan BI rate berpengaruh pada nilai non preforming loan. Data yang diambil berasal dari data sekunder dalam kurun waktu 3 tahun. Metode purposive sampling diambil sebagai teknik pengambilan sampel dengan perusahaan subsektor perbankan yang masuk dalam kategori KBMI III yang masuk dalam BEI. Dari seluruh rangkaian penelitian, memperlihatkan inflasi, net interest margin, dan capital adequacy ratio berpengaruh terhadap non preforming loan, sedangkan BI rate yang dimoderasi oleh Pandemi Covid-19 memperlemah dan tidak berpengaruh terhadap non performing loan. Kata Kunci : Non Performing Loan, Makroekonomi, Kinerja Bank

Kebijakan Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka (MBKM) mendorong perguruan tinggi untuk meningkatkan kolaborasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji dampak keunikan sumber daya untuk menciptakan keunggulan bersaing Perguruan Tinggi Swasta di Kota Palembang. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan kuantitatif melalui survei terhadap 104 responden pada beberapa PTS di Kota Palembang. Teknik sampling yang digunakan secara stratified random sampling. Teknik analisis data dilakukan dengan pendekatan model persamaan struktural (SEM) dengan bantuan program LISREL. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keunikan sumber daya berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kolaborasi, dan kolaborasi berpenagruh terhadap keunggulan bersaing perguruan tinggi. Semakin unik sumber daya yang dimiliki PTS maka akan membuka peluang meningkatnya kolaborasi dan pada ahirnya mampu menciptakan keunggulan bersaing PTS. Namun keunggulan bersaing tidak berpengaruh signifikan secara langsung terhadap keunggulan bersaing, artinya bahwa kolaborasi menjadi variabel intervening yang baik bagu keunikan sumber daya terhadap keunggulan bersaing PTS.

Currently, the development of the beauty industry has a very rapid growth with very high competition. Proven by the emergence of various brands of beauty products on offer, ranging from products for facial skin, lips to whole body care. the purpose of the study was to determine the brand image, brand trust, and perceived quality simultaneously significant effect on brand loyalty in skintific products. This study uses descriptive and associative approach methods as the basis for the form of research, the population in this study were female teenagers in Surabaya City, namely 117,814 people with a sample size of 100 female teenagers in Surabaya City who used Skintific products. The results of this study are that the Brand Image variable (X1) has no partial effect on Brand Loyalty (Y), the Brand Trust variable (X2) has a partial effect on Brand Loyalty (Y), the Perceived Quality variable (X3) has a partial effect on Brand Loyalty (Y).

In this increasingly modern era, the increasing popularity of electronic esports, commonly known as E-sports, has become a magnet for some people to try playing games. Accessories or additional game equipment, including keyboards, mice, headsets, and mousepads, are often called gaming gear. Fantech is a product developed by a peripheral gaming company from Indonesia founded in 2009 by three brothers. Researchers are interested in examining how a Fantech Gaming Headset Brand Image as a Brand or Gaming Headset Brand. Using qualitative analysis, it was found that product trust, benefits, service, and price are the hallmarks of the Fantech gaming headset product. Risk factors have the lowest average score, which explains that Fantech gaming headset products have a high risk of product damage, which can make high warranty claims.

Today we are talking about a new generation of AI, about generative AI, which came into mass use at the end of last year. Artificial intelligence is useful if we know how to use it and it has certainly been fundamentally changing the marketing universe for some time. In marketing, AI tools help in customer segmentation, in finding new customers who show propensity to buy, in product recommendations, in sales, in customer support, in the production of advertising messages, in the generation of responses on social networks, in purchasing behavior research, in algorithms for predicting buyer behavior, etc. ChatGPT and related technologies are the reality of individuals and organizations. New technologies develop very quickly and exponentially, where we do not know where and how the development will go, but we know that changes will happen. It is best to start preparing for the changes today. AI is not so much a technological change as it is a business change in organizations that requires change management, strategy and vision.

International experiences show that one of the most important indicators for the sustainable and balanced development of each country is the socio-economic development level of the country's regions. The digital information presented by the digital economy is widely used in the direction of solving the socio-economic problems of the regions and opens great opportunities for increasing the effectiveness of the economic policy of the regions. Ensuring sustainable economic and social development of regions is part of the regional economic policy implemented by the state. Currently, in the international practice, the regional policy of the state is evaluated as an activity of managing economic and social development in the country through the creation of economic relations between the state and the regions of the country. Despite the implementation of a number of state programs in the field of socio-economic development of regions in the country, as well as the attention paid to regional development issues in a some program documents of the government and the achievement of certain progress in this direction, sharp differences and inequality between the levels of socio-economic development of the country's regions continue. does. This difference is particularly sharp between the Baku-Absheron zone and all other regions of the country. In the article, the current state of inequality in regional socio-economic development is analyzed based on official statistical data and its causes are investigated. Then, the policy steps implemented by the government so far in order to eliminate this problem are examined.The article examines the impact of measures resulting from the analysis of state programs and strategic road maps on the socio-economic development of regions. In the end, the economic benefits of digitization in economic regions were specified and presented in the form of recommendations.

Most countries worldwide are undergoing digitalization, with the adoption of non-cash payment methods accelerating. In recent years, the population and economic entities in our country have readily embraced the use of digital technologies. Organizing new methods of innovation is a key priority in the pursuit of strengthening the financial stability of the banking system. The introduction of new technologies serves as an effective tool for improving production potential, providing financial support, and stimulating entrepreneurship. Ensuring the reliability and security of the payment system, enhancing the efficiency and speed of payment operations, expanding financial inclusion by providing the population with access to payment services, minimizing the volume of cash circulation, and organizing and promoting new methods of innovation in the payment market. The application of financial technologies, especially in payment services, enables market participants to conduct their payments conveniently, safely, and at low cost. It allows for a broader involvement of economic cycles in the banking sector, limits the informal economy, and increases banks' credit resources and financial intermediation.

Unifying the concept of social, economic and ecological development, the new development paradigm was established under the name of sustainable development. Sustainable development should harmonize sensible consumption of natural resources with their protection and ensure a more equitable division of wealth and equal economic development at the global level. Within such a context, science and environmental education constitute the precondition for our joint future. As regards the contents, this paper provides a precise and comprehensive overview of theoretical features of environmental pollution and sustainable development, as well as the most important aspects of environmental and natural resource management. For effective control of environmental pollution to be possible, it is necessary to consider the ethical foundations of environmental economics in particular, and special attention is paid to in the paper. A significant part of this work is devoted to criticism of uncontrolled economic growth and the inefficiency of the state in controlling environmental pollution. Knowledge management for the purpose of sustainable development and development of international regulations on the environment are also included.

The current conditions of the global economy have caused innovative changes to be the main condition for a good, sustainable, competitive business of the organization. The solution to the problem can be seen in innovation management, of course with information technology. The goal of this work is the development of innovation with practical software solutions through the innovation management process, i.e. increasing business excellence in the organization. Researchers in organizations use original experience in the implementation of developed software solutions in the field of document management and business innovation. In recent times with globalization and the technological revolution, knowledge has become a key resource for the economic growth and development of nations. Accordingly, the improvement of innovation has become a key condition for the sustainable development and competitiveness of organizations on the local and international market. The results of the conducted research are presented through author-developed programs for statistical data processing and for assessing economic sustainability and achieved business excellence (based on the EFQM 2013 methodology).

In the 21st century, in the conditions of information abundance, management, that is, management of education, which is the basis of the state, society, and all economic development, is the most important issue. In modern times, all educational institutions are exposed to digital globalization in one way or another. Given the rapid development of information and the number of educational institutions due to high development and increase in student knowledge, technology increases the need for constant updating. Accelerating the implementation of digitization in the field of education in Azerbaijan is considered one of the urgent issues. In this situation, it is important to establish a mutual relationship in the field of globalization education, which has a mutual goal, to help the schools and universities of Azerbaijan. In this process, it is necessary to apply information technologies related to the use of changes, modern information and communication technology tools, databases, and provision with modern telecommunication tools at all stages of the digitization process of education and in the training content. The article analyzes the main directions of the application of digitization in education in Azerbaijan and shows the characteristics of the digital educational environment.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) technologies into the healthcare sector has catalyzed transformative changes across the globe. This comprehensive article delves into the multifaceted impact of AI and ML on healthcare quality, data management, and clinical practices. Moreover, it examines these trends within both a global context and the specific framework of the Republic of Georgia. The purpose of this study was to specify the most important implications of AI in healthcare for developing countries and to assess perspectives and challenges of implementation. At the first stage, desk research was performed. Fifty relevant scientific articles and reports were identified, by key words, with utilization of various scientific bases and analyzed. Moreover, the major findings of the desk research, regarding implications of AI in healthcare in developing countries and challenges were used for the qualitative research. More specifically, in-depth interviews (overall 10) were conducted with various stakeholders of Georgia’s healthcare system and two focus-group discussions (FGD) were moderated with medical professionals and specialists. The purpose of in-depth interviews and FGDs was assessment of attitudes and perceptions of major stakeholders about AI implementation and utilization. According to the reviewed literature, perceptions and attitudes of stakeholders are very important for the successful implementation. However, this issue is not evaluated sufficiently, especially in developing countries. According to the results of the study AI can have substantial economic benefit for the developing countries, with consideration of the monetary savings, improved level of healthcare quality and increased patient safety. As the findings of the qualitative research demonstrate attitudes and perceptions of the doctors and important stakeholders represent a challenge for the successful implementation of AI. Consequently, it is strongly recommended to centralize and prioritize this issue on a system’s level in the process of policy and strategy design.

The role of small businesses in the global economy is pivotal, characterized by their flexibility, rapid adaptability, and significant contribution to job creation. Small businesses worldwide often need help securing funding, particularly in regions with the most pronounced financing gap. The article discusses small business financing, emphasizing the importance of capital access and the challenges posed by limited options. The COVID-19 impact underscores the critical role of financial support for small business resilience. Georgia serves as a case study, exemplifying the concerted efforts of government agencies and international organizations in promoting small business development. The article examines initiatives like "Enterprise Georgia," the Rural Development Agency, and the Innovation and Technology Agency. The banking sector's role in facilitating small business growth and the significance of financial awareness initiatives is examined. The article highlights various measures, including the credit guarantee scheme and commercial banks' role in enhancing financial access and awareness. Green banking and capital market development for sustainable economic growth are emerging priorities. Green financing initiatives and partnerships with organizations like the Fund for Green Growth exemplify a growing commitment to sustainability.However, the article also emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to capital market development in Georgia to diversify financing sources and reduce reliance on the banking sector. In summary, this article underscores the indispensable role of access to finance in sustaining small businesses worldwide, focusing on the proactive efforts and collaborative endeavors in Georgia, providing a blueprint for enhancing small business development and financial sustainability.

Information technologies are emerging as systems that can meet the emerging demands of the business world in the conditions of increased competition and globalization. Today, with the help of information technology, it has become a value that can be multiplied and continuously produced and shared. Today, increased functionality with information technology has become the most important weapon of enterprises. Today, information technologies are used as the most important means of value creation, change, and renewal. The main purpose of the article is to determine the selection, training, and motivation of personnel for the digital economy. Also, the role of personnel emerging as a result of the digital revolution in the economy was particularly emphasized. The relevance of the study is that the increase in the labor productivity of the organization's employees and the increase in the efficiency of the personnel management system resulting from the use of digital technologies as a whole result in the increase of the competitiveness of the organizations.

In this paper, is presented an overview of the evolution of international trade, emphasizing its role in enabling the international division of labor and a brief examination between Albania and Western Balkan countries foreign trade. The development of foreign trade is intrinsically linked to liberalization, which, in turn, fosters connectivity and mutual economic interdependence among nations. The performance exhibited in both exports and imports plays an important role in fostering sustainable development within the country's economy. Active engagement in these initiatives broadens Albania economy specialization possibilities but, simultaneously, necessitates a commitment to enhancing competitiveness. This development has been shaped by economic, social, political, and cultural factors, with significant advancements in recent decades due to industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, and the emergence of multinational corporations. Trade indicators for each country serve as a reflection of economic development and mutual benefit. The international markets of foreign countries serve as platforms for both generating additional income through exports and fulfilling the domestic economy's requirements through imports.

Blockchain technology, initially designed for cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, has emerged as a powerful tool in the financial sector. This study explores its potential integration into the Albanian banking system. The Albanian banking sector, like others worldwide, faces challenges in currency management, security, and efficiency. The research assesses how blockchain can address these issues and aligns with Albania's existing regulatory framework. The study begins with an overview of Albania's banking sector, highlighting key regulations and practices. It emphasizes the limitations of traditional banking systems, particularly related to transparency, security, and cross-border transactions. Blockchain technology's key attributes, such as immutability and transparency, are examined as potential solutions. Specific blockchain applications in Albania, like cross-border payments, digital identity verification, and supply chain finance, are considered. The comparative analysis evaluates how blockchain can enhance efficiency, reduce transaction costs, and increase access to financial services in the Albanian banking system. It also highlights the need for regulatory adjustments to accommodate this technology. Challenges, including regulatory compliance, cybersecurity concerns, and interoperability, are addressed, along with strategies to mitigate them. This research provides a comprehensive view of the opportunities and challenges of blockchain technology in Albania's banking system, aiming to inform policymakers, financial institutions, and stakeholders about the potential benefits of adopting blockchain solutions while considering regulatory adjustments to create a secure and efficient financial landscape in Albania.

The aim of this paper is to point out the importance of new trends in the business of modern organizations. Emphasis is placed on the processes that characterize modern organizations, namely: globalization, sustainability, information technology and modern organizational structures. The paper analyzes the extent to which modern organizations fit into the trends of globalization and sustainability, and the extent to which they apply modern information technologies and organizational structures. In order to have a more successful analysis, the advantages and disadvantages of these trends have been identified. The paper shows that the successful operation of modern organizations depends on the degree to which they have managed to master these trends and implement them in their business strategies. All these processes result in connecting and networking organizations, developing democratic relations in management and decision -making, which has a positive impact to greater employee motivation and more efficient business.

The article discusses the importance and challenges of measuring the digital economy. It evaluates the overall benefits of the GDP framework and introduces new concepts to define the digital economy as an object of measurement. The concepts used to define the digital economy as an object of measurement are the following. In order to quantify the benefits associated with the digital economy, a new metric is introduced to formally link it to traditional GDP and the concept of gross income is used as the main indicator to assess its economic impact on the regional economy. The main methodological approaches for constructing relevant indicators are described. The methodology for measuring the digital economy and the prospects for improving the knowledge base are identified.