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A lab-on-a-tip (LOT) has been constructed as a sensing platform for the detection of lead using a disposable pipette tip. The LOT has been constructed with optical fiber spectroscopy where the inside wall of a pipette tip is modified with a polymeric inclusion membrane (PIM) immobilized with dithizone as a chemical sensor for Pb(II) in herbal samples. Under optimal conditions, the LOT determined Pb(II) across a linear concentration range from 1.9 to 20 mg/L with a detection limit of 0.621 mg/L. The analysis of samples shows good agreement with the flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal medicines (HMs) are gaining increasing popularity and recognition worldwide due to their eco‐friendliness and efficacy. With their multi‐compounds, multi‐targets, and multi‐pathways characteristics, HMs have been used in treatment of various diseases. However, the clinical applications of preparations containing HMs have been limited due to their inherent physicochemical properties, including low water solubility, poor stability, and unsatisfactory bioavailability of bioactive compounds. Supramolecular macrocyclic hosts, like cyclodextrins, calixarenes, cucurbiturils, and pillararenes, are important objects of researches in supramolecular chemistry. These hosts have been utilized to encapsulate the ingredients, improve the solubility of poorly water‐soluble components, enhance the stability of the tested compounds, increase the bioavailability of bioactive compounds, and ensure the safety of HMs. Herein, we provide a brief introduction to the theories of supramolecular chemistry and summarize the extensive applications of supramolecular macrocyclic hosts in the field of HMs. These applications encompass the screening of bioactive compounds in HMs and the enhancement of druggability for HMs. We hope this review can provide a strategy for dealing with the challenges of HMs, thereby enabling their better applications and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psoriasis is a long-term inflammatory skin disease. A novel herbal formula containing nine Chinese herbal medicines, named Inflammation Skin Disease Formula (ISDF), has been prescribed in clinics for decades. Aims: To investigate the efficacy and action mechanisms of ISDF on psoriasis using imiquimod (IMQ) and Interleukin-23 (IL-23)-induced models in mice and reveal the pharmacokinetics profile of ISDF in rats. Methods: Topical administration of IMQ and intradermal injection with IL-23 respectively induced skin lesions like psoriasis on the dorsal area of Balb/c and C57 mice. The mice's body weight, skin thickness, and psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) were assessed weekly. SD rats were used in the pharmacokinetics study and the contents of berberine and baicalin were determined. Results: The PASI scores and epidermal thickness of mice were markedly decreased after ISDF treatment in both models. ISDF treatment significantly decreased the contents of IL-17A and IL-22 in the serum of IMQ- and IL-23-treated mice. Importantly, ISDF markedly downregulated IL-4, IL-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) gene expression, and the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65, JNK, ERKs and MAPK p38 in IMQ-treated mice. The protein phosphorylation of Jak1, Jak2, Tyk2 and Stat3 was significantly mitigated in the ISDF-treated groups. The absorption of baicalin and berberine of ISDF through the gastrointestinal tract of rats was limited, and their distribution and metabolism in rats were also very slow, which suggested ISDF could be used in the long-term application. Conclusions: ISDF has a strong anti-psoriatic therapeutic effect on mouse models induced with psoriasis through IMQ and IL-23, which is achieved by inhibiting the activation of the Jak/Stat3-activated IL-23/Th17 axis and the downstream NF-κB signalling and MAPK signalling pathways. ISDF holds great potential to be a therapy for psoriasis and should be further developed for this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benefiting from the complex system composed of various constituents, medicament portions, species, and places of origin, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) possesses numerous customizable and adaptable efficacies in clinical practice guided by its theories. However, these unique features are also present challenges in areas such as quality control, screening active ingredients, studying cell and organ pharmacology, and characterizing the compatibility between different Chinese medicines. Drawing inspiration from the holistic concept, an integrated strategy and pattern more aligned with TCM research emerges, necessitating the integration of novel technology into TCM modernization. The microfluidic chip serves as a powerful platform for integrating technologies in chemistry, biology, and biophysics. Microfluidics has given rise to innovative patterns like lab-on-a-chip and organoids-on-a-chip, effectively challenging the conventional research paradigms of TCM. This review provides a systematic summary of the nature and advanced utilization of microfluidic chips in TCM, focusing on quality control, active ingredient screening/separation, pharmaceutical analysis, and pharmacological/toxicological assays. Drawing on these remarkable references, the challenges, opportunities, and future trends of microfluidic chips in TCM are also comprehensively discussed, providing valuable insights into the development of TCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional apprenticeship system and modern educational models both contribute to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) education in unique ways. This study aims to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches and investigates their potential integration for optimal TCM teaching. The study employs a comprehensive literature search strategy with specific keywords through Boolean Operators, focusing on articles discussing TCM education, sourced from the databases PubMed, Scopus, and CNKI. For comparative analysis, the study analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of three distinct approaches—traditional, modern, and hybrid—in TCM education. Finally, we use a spider plot methodology to visually evaluate across 11 critical educational aspects for these approaches. A comprehensive review of 70 articles on TCM education highlights the value of both conventional and modern approaches. Conventional methods often emphasize teacher-centered clinical training that aligns well with the apprenticeship model, serving to bridge formal academic learning with hands-on experience. Modern methods incorporate elements like technology and formal accreditation but caution that the absence of traditional apprenticeship could dilute core TCM principles. One recurring theme across multiple studies is the enduring importance of apprenticeship—a pedagogical cornerstone rooted in TCM's historical and cultural context—as well as its tension with modern methodologies that incorporate online resources and scientific frameworks. An integrated approach attempts to harmonize these strengths but reveals a gap in interactivity, suggesting that incorporating apprenticeship could offer a practical, hands-on method to improve student engagement. Conventional methods in TCM education emphasize teacher-centered clinical training akin to apprenticeship, modern methods incorporate technological advances and formal accreditation; however, the absence of traditional apprenticeship could compromise core TCM principles, and an integrated model, though striving to harmonize these elements, still falls short in the area of student interactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Osteoporosis (OP) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are commonly encountered metabolic disorders in clinical practice, but the comorbidity mechanism has not been clarified. This study explored the underlying mechanisms for utilizing bioinformatics methods. Furthermore, it predicted traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) with preventive and therapeutic effects. Materials and Methods: GSE35958 and GSE43950 were retrieved and downloaded from the GEO database, and differential expression analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with similar expression patterns in OP and T2D. Then, the common DEGs were uploaded to the STRING database to construct a protein interaction network. Enrichment analysis of the screened genes was conducted using R language packages. Relevant TCMs were searched and screened based on gene targets using the Encyclopedia of traditional Chinese medicine (ETCM) database. Molecular docking of active ingredients of the TCMs and related gene targets was performed using AutoDock Vina software. Results: By analyzing the gene expression microarrays, GSE35958 and GSE43950, 34 genes with the same expression pattern shared by OP and T2D were identified. Among these genes, 32 were upregulated and two were downregulated. Protein interaction network analysis revealed that tumor necrosis factor, vascular endothelial growth factor A, and CD44 might play key roles in the co-pathogenesis of T2D and OP. TCMs, including Wolfberry (枸杞), Ginseng (人参), and Yam (山药), were screened based on key genes. Molecular docking results demonstrated binding activity between all active ingredients and the related gene targets. Conclusion: This study explored the potential molecular co-pathogenesis of OP and T2D through bioinformatic analysis and preliminarily predicted traditional herbal medicines that may have preventive and therapeutic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on a global scale has created a pressing demand for novel treatments. Gentianella turkestanorum (Gand.) Holub, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has been found to possess hypoglycemic effects. However, the mechanism of its action remains unclear. Objectives: This study was to investigate the impact and mechanism of G. turkestanorum 's water extract (WEG) in reducing insulin resistance (IR) in T2DM. Materials and Methods: Db/db mice were administered WEG for 8 weeks, during which their body weight, blood glucose (BG), oral glucose tolerance test, islet tolerance test, fasting insulin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein were monitored. Additionally, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in db/db mice were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The study also evaluated the impact of WEG on liver injury through hematoxylin-eosin staining. The expression levels of key proteins and genes in both insulin signaling and inflammation-related pathways were detected using western blotting and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: WEG has the potential to regulate glycolipid metabolism, reduce inflammation, and alleviate IR. The mechanism of action may involve promoting the insulin signaling pathway and inhibiting inflammation. Conclusion: Gentianella turkestanorum could be a viable treatment option for T2DM and IR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Petasites japonicus (PJ), also known as Butterbur, has a rich history as a traditional healing remedy across numerous countries. Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the potential anti-cancer properties of the methanol extract derived from PJ (PJE). Materials and Methods: Cell viability was measured with 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide. Cell cycle analysis, caspase activity assays, western blotting, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays were also used to investigate the anticancer effects of PJE on cancer cells. Results: It was shown that PJE inhibited the cell viability of the colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50]: 268.4 µg/mL), of the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Hep3B (IC50: 420.2 µg/mL), and of the bladder carcinoma cell line 5637 (IC50: 99.43 µg/mL). Analysis of DNA content indicated an increase in the sub-G1 population of 5637 cells as a result of PJE treatment. Furthermore, PJE caused a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential and the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax. Moreover, PJE enhanced the levels of various components involved in the proapoptotic cascade, such as caspase-3, caspase-9, and poly-adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase. Moreover, it was observed that PJE modulated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) activation and induced an elevation in intracellular production of ROS. Conclusion: These combined results strongly suggest that PJE possesses significant proapoptotic properties as an herbal medicine, acting through ROS-dependent MAPK signaling pathways in bladder cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Aflatoxins (AFs) are highly toxic and cancer‐causing compounds, which could be commonly found in agricultural products and feeds. However, different tactics for detoxification have significant limitations due to their unsuitability for use. In this study, an LED UV curing system (wavelength: 278 nm, irradiation energy: 100%, irradiation time: 10 min) could effectively reduce pure aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), pure aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) and pure aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) (detoxification rates are more than 80%). In addition, in vitro biocompatibility tests indicate that the hypertoxicity of the obtained AFs‐degraded solutions was significantly reduced, which might be because the unsaturated ketone structure in AFB1, AFB2 and AFG1 was broken. Moreover, in processed coix seed and dried boat‐fruited Sterculia seed samples, the amount of AF was greatly reduced, and the rate of degradation was more than 85% with irradiation for 30 min. These data adequately implied that the current work might offer a practical way to detoxify AFs in various medicinal plants and foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scutellaria rupestris subsp. cephalonica (Rech.f.) Greuter & Burdet (Lamiaceae) is a perennial herb endemic to Mounts Ainos and Roudi on the island of Cephalonia. Until now, information about the taxon's distribution has been sketchy: two fairly localized populations on Mt. Ainos have been reported, one of them extinct, and two on Mt. Roudi, without specifics. Because we thought that the taxon is much more common, we designed a survey along contours encircling the two peaks totaling 80 km. We recorded 112 locations of the taxon. We found that S. rupestris subsp. cephalonica prefers sunny clearings within fir forest as well as crevices among limestone rock on somewhat flat terrain. On Mt. Roudi, the taxon grows above 800 m, and is rather uncommon. On Mt. Ainos, the taxon is quite common above 1100 m; below that altitude it has not been confirmed. The findings were more abundant on the NE slope of Mt. Ainos which is wetter and possibly cooler than the SW slope due to being shaded and more forested, less eroded, and with a deep organic layer. The main threat to the survival of the taxon is illegal grazing. The proposed Red List assessment according to IUCN is EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has attracted widespread attention due to its natural, non-toxic, and low side-effect properties. Furthermore, Chinese herbal medicines mixture (CHMM) is often considered to have more beneficial effects than a single CHM. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of CHMM (0, 10, 20, 30 g/kg) on antioxidant enzymes, immunity and disease resistance to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) infection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The results showed that the total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), catalase (CAT), acid phosphatase (ACP), and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activities in rainbow trout were enhanced and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content was reduced after feeding with all CHMM groups. Meanwhile, the expression of immune-related genes (NF-KB, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, MDA5, LGP2, IRF-3, IRF-7, IFN1, JAK1, STAT1, TLR3, TLR7, MYD88, and TGFβ) in rainbow trout were down-regulated after feeding with all CHMM groups. After IHNV infection, the results showed that the antioxidant and immune-related enzyme activities (T-SOD, CAT, ACP, AKP) were increased and the MDA content significantly reduced in all CHMM groups. The expression of NF-KB, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, MDA5, LGP2, IRF-3, IRF-7, IFN1, JAK1, STAT1, TLR3, TLR7, MYD88, and TGFβ was altered in all CHMM groups. In summary, this study reveals that the CHMM effectively boosts the antioxidant, immune and disease resistance of rainbow trout and provides scientific basis for the CHMM to improve the antiviral immunity of rainbow trout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensification of aquaculture practices brings about disease outbreaks, resulting in high mortality among farmed species and great economic losses. In order to prevent huge economic losses, various types of antibiotics have been used for the treatment of infections. Nevertheless, frequent use of synthetic antibiotics leads to an increase in antibiotics-resistant pathogenic bacteria and aggravating water pollution. Thereby, herbal medicine appeared to be an alternative for chemotherapy replacement due to its characteristics of being eco-friendly, having a high tolerance in animals, and being less toxic to the environment. Current research on the use of phytogenic compounds to combat some pathogens that cause diseases in aquaculture raises great worldwide interest due to their capability to act as immunostimulants, antibacterials, antioxidants, anti-parasites, and anti-viruses. This review paper aimed to review the past 5 years (2019–2023) on the usage of herbal medicine in disease mitigation, their mechanisms of action, and the effectiveness of various dosages and routes of administration during application in several aquatic species. The potential toxicological effects observed during the application of medicinal plants also were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) stands as an autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic joint inflammation, resulting in profound physiological alterations within the body. Affecting approximately 0.4–1.3% of the global population, this condition poses significant challenges as current therapeutic approaches primarily offer symptomatic relief, with the prospect of complete recovery remaining elusive. This review delves into the contemporary advancements in understanding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and the therapeutic potential of herbal medicine in managing RA. Notably, early diagnosis during the initial stages emerges as the pivotal determinant for successful recovery post-treatment. Utilizing tools such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), anti-citrullinated peptide antibody markers, and radiography proves crucial in pinpointing the diagnosis of RA with precision. Unveiling the intricate pathophysiological mechanisms of RA has paved the way for innovative therapeutic interventions, incorporating plant extracts and isolated phytoconstituents. In the realm of pharmacological therapy for RA, specific disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs have showcased commendable efficacy. However, this conventional approach is not without its drawbacks, as it is often associated with various side effects. The integration of methodological strategies, encompassing both pharmacological and plant-based herbal therapies, presents a promising avenue for achieving substantive recovery. This integrated approach not only addresses the symptoms but also strives to tackle the underlying causes of RA, fostering a more comprehensive and sustainable path towards healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document discusses the importance of safety monitoring for herbal and traditional medicines (H&TMs) due to their widespread use and lack of regulation in many countries. It highlights the challenge of underreporting adverse reactions to H&TMs and the perception that these products are safe because they are natural. The International Society of Pharmacovigilance (ISoP) has established a Special Interest Group on H&TMs to address these issues and promote safety monitoring through awareness, education, collaboration, and advocacy. The article emphasizes the need for effective communication and collaboration among various stakeholders in the field of phytovigilance, including regulatory agencies, healthcare professionals, traditional practitioners, and patients. It suggests integrating phytovigilance into healthcare programs and engaging the community to raise awareness about the safety of H&TMs. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of promoting phytovigilance awareness and ensuring the safe use of H&TMs. [Extracted from the article]

A new flavonolignan, sonyamandin (1), along with other known compounds was isolated from the aerial parts and seeds extracts of Silybum marianum (milk thistle) collected from Jordan. The known ones are ursolic acid (2), oleanolic acid (3), maslinic acid (4), oleic acid (5), β-sitosterol (6), β-, sitosteryl glucoside (7), apigenin (8), kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside (9), apigenin-7-O-β-D-glycoside (10), isosylibin A (11), isosylibin B (12), and silybin B (13). The absolute stereochemistry of 1 was confirmed by 2D NMR and CD analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Feeding the world's future population while still facing a variety of socioeconomic and climate change scenarios with uncertain outcomes is a key global societal concern that should be addressed in a science-based manner. Ethiopia boasts a great diversity of wild edible plant species (WEPS), but millions of its citizens still suffer from chronic hunger every year. In this context, we here document the use and conservation of WEPS in the Awi Agäw community, Northwestern Ethiopia. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study from October 2021 to June 2022. Ethnobotanical and conservation status data were collected via semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, field walks and market surveys. A total of 374 respondents from three districts (Guangua, Jawi and Ankasha) were purposely selected for the study. Descriptive statistics, including preference rankings, frequencies and direct matrix rankings, were employed for the data analysis. Results: We identified a total of 39 WEPS plant taxa distributed among 26 families and 32 genera. The Moraceae and Rosaceae had the greatest numbers of plants, with five and three species, respectively. The WEPS are regularly consumed in the study area to alleviate hunger. However, threats such as habitat loss, agricultural expansion, deforestation for firewood and other reasons, and pesticide use threaten WEPS availability. Conclusion: Therefore, community-based conservation interventions need to be encouraged to safeguard WEPS and associated traditional knowledge. Furthermore, nutritional quality analysis is recommended for the selection of promising WEPS candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Myocardial infarction (MI) poses a global public health challenge, often associated with elevated mortality rates and a grim prognosis. A crucial aspect of the inflammatory injury and healing process post-MI involves the dynamic differentiation of macrophages. A promising strategy to alleviate myocardial damage after MI is by modulating the inflammatory response and orchestrating the shift from pro-inflammatory (M1) to anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages, aiming to achieve a reduced M1/M2 ratio. Nuanxinkang (NXK), a simplified herbal decoction, has demonstrated noteworthy cardioprotective, inflammation-regulating, and myocardial energy metabolism-regulating properties. Methods: In this study, we constructed an MI model by ligating coronary arteries to investigate the efficacy of NXK in improving ventricular remodeling and cardiac function. Mice were administered NXK (1.65 g/kg/d) or an equivalent volume of regular saline via gavage for 28 consecutive days, commencing the day after surgery. Then, we conducted echocardiography to assess the cardiac function, Masson staining to illustrate the extent of myocardial fibrosis, TUNEL staining to reveal myocardial apoptosis, and flow cytometry to analyze the polarization of M1 and M2 macrophages in the hearts. Besides, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory macrophage (M1) polarization model was implemented in RAW264.7 cells to elucidate the underlying mechanism of NXK in regulating macrophage polarization. RAW264.7 cells were pre-treated with or without NXK-containing serum. Oxidative stress was detected by MitoSox staining, followed by Seahorse energy metabolism assay to evaluate alterations in mitochondrial metabolic patterns and ATP production. Both In vivo and in vitro, HIF-1α and PDK1 were detected by fluorescent quantitative PCR and Western blotting. Results: In vivo, MI mice exhibited a decline in cardiac function, adverse ventricular remodeling, and an increase in glycolysis, coupled with M1-dominant polarization mediated by the HIF-1α/PDK1 axis. Notably, robust responses were evident with high-dose NXK treatment (1.65 g/kg/day), leading to a significant enhancement in cardiac function, inhibition of cardiac remodeling, and partial suppression of macrophage glycolysis and the inflammatory phenotype in MI mice. This effect was achieved through the modulation of the HIF-1α/PDK1 axis. In vitro, elevated levels of mitochondrial ROS production and glycolysis were observed in LPS-induced macrophages. Conversely, treatment with NXK notably reduced the oxidative stress damage induced by LPS and enhanced oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Furthermore, NXK demonstrated the ability to modify the energy metabolism and inflammatory characteristics of macrophages by modulating the HIF-1α/PDK1 axis. The influence of NXK on this axis was partially counteracted by the HIF-1α agonist DMOG. And NXK downregulated PDK1 expression, curtailed glycolysis, and reversed LPS-induced M1 polarization in macrophages, similar to the PDK1 inhibitor DCA. Conclusion: In conclusion, NXK protects against MI-induced cardiac remodeling by inducing metabolic reprogramming and phenotypic differentiation of macrophages, achieved through the modulation of the HIF-1α/PDK1 axis. This provides a novel and promising strategy for the treatment of MI. Highlights: Balancing the coordination between M1 and M2 macrophages emerges as a promising therapeutic strategy for addressing myocardial infarction. Metabolic reprogramming plays a crucial role in the activation and differentiation of macrophages. NXK formulation intricately regulates macrophage polarization through the HIF-1α/PDK1 axis within a metabolic-inflammatory network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Satureja is an aromatic plant that is used for flavoring, perfume, and food manufacturing due to its pleasant essential oil. Modern medicine research revealed several biological activities of Satureja essential oil, including antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory. However, the functional properties of Satureja fatty acid have not been explored. This study examined the fatty acid profile, lipid nutritional quality, antioxidant, anti-amylase, and anti-lipase capacities of Satureja. The efficiency of Satureja fatty acid on the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory parameters in LPS-induced macrophage through the Nrf2/NF-kB/NADH oxidase pathway was examined. The whole lipid extract was prepared with chloroform/methanol/water solution. Fatty acids methyl ester from whole lipid extract were prepared with methanol/sulfuric acid reagent. The fatty acid profile was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Total antioxidant was determined by ABTS decolorization. Lipase and amylase activities were determined by monitoring the decomposition of p-nitrophenyl butyrate and starch. The macrophage cell line was grown in DMEM media in the presence of fatty acid. The hydrogen peroxide production in treated cells was monitored using the FOX reagent. NADH oxidase activity was measured by monitoring NADH breakdown. The expression of NOX, NF-kB, and NRF2, were tested in the treated cells by real-time PCR. The main components of the Satureja fatty acid were linolenic acid (24.67–37.32%), palmitic acid (10.65–20.29%), linoleic acid (8.31–13.39%), oleic acid (4.42–14.35%), stearic acid (2.76–8.77%) and palmitoleic acid (1.77–4.95%). Given the nutritional quality, omega-3 PUFA (23.58–37.32%), SFA (21.53–26.70%), omega-6 PUFA (10.86–16.14%), omega-9 MUFA (4.42–14.35%), and omega-7 MUFA (1.77–4.95%) comprise the majority of fatty acids. Satureja fatty acid has a promising unsaturation index (120.77–164.27), PUFA/MUFA (2.07–6.41), hypocholesterolemic index (2.44–3.47), health-promoting index (2.03–2.42), PUFA/SFA (1.37–1.94), nutritive value index (0.53–1.71), MUFA/SFA (0.30–0.80) omega-6/omega-3 (0.34–0.65), atherogenicity index (0.41–0.49), and thrombogenicity index (0.17–0.27). Satureja fatty acid displayed strong antioxidant capacity (with IC50 ranging from 354 to 428 µg/mL), anti-lipase capacity (with IC50 ranging from 354 to 428 µg/mL), and anti-amylase capacity (with IC50 ranging from 370 to 390 µg/mL). LPS induced the expression of NOX, NRF2, and NF-kB and the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide in macrophage cells. In LPS-stimulated macrophages, Satureja fatty acid reduced NOX expression, hydrogen peroxide, and NF-kB expression and increased NRF2 at 0.04 mg/mL. In conclusion, Satureja fatty acids have potent antioxidant, anti-amylase, anti-lipase, and anti-inflammatory activities. The mechanisms in lowering oxidative stress markers depended on down-regulating superoxide-producing enzymes at gene and protein levels. Satureja polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids could be recommended for healthy products combined with dietary therapy to treat obesity, diabetes, and oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atherosclerosis is a significant risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease and a leading cause of death worldwide. The occurrence of atherosclerosis is closely related to factors such as endothelial injury, lipid deposition, immunity, and inflammation. Conventional statins, currently used in atherosclerosis treatment, have numerous adverse side effects that limit their clinical utility, prompting the urgent need to identify safer and more effective therapeutic alternatives. Growing evidence indicates the significant potential of Chinese herbs in atherosclerosis treatment. Herbal monomer components, such as natural flavonoid compounds extracted from herbs like Coptis chinensis and Panax notoginseng, have been utilized for their lipid-lowering and inflammation-inhibiting effects in atherosclerosis treatment. These herbs can be used as single components in treating diseases and with other Chinese medicines to form herbal combinations. This approach targets the disease mechanism in multiple ways, enhancing the therapeutic effects. Thus, this review examines the roles of Chinese herbal medicine monomers and Chinese herbal compounds in inhibiting atherosclerosis, including regulating lipids, improving endothelial function, reducing oxidative stress, regulating inflammation and the immune response, and apoptosis. By highlighting these roles, our study offers new perspectives on atherosclerosis treatment with Chinese herbs and is anticipated to contribute to advancements in related research fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: More than 20 million people are infected with L. loa, and around 40 million live in high or intermediate-risk areas in West- and Central Africa. Although loiasis is associated with significant morbidity and excess mortality, little is known about the perception of loiasis by affected communities. This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices in the rural population of Sindara, Gabon, a region characterized by high loiasis prevalence. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in Gabon between January and June 2022. During systematic door-to-door visits, randomly selected inhabitants were invited to participate in this questionnaire based survey. Venous blood was collected at midday from all participants for microscopic detection of filarial infection and clinical signs of loiasis were assessed. Results: A total of 150 participants were recruited, of which 66% were infected by L. loa. While almost everyone had some knowledge about L. loa, 72% of the participants understood that L. loa is a parasitic worm. The transmission of L. loa via the deer fly was known to only 21% of participants. The most frequently mentioned clinical symptoms attributed to loiasis were itching (84%), eye worm migration (59%), and conjunctivitis-like symptoms (53%). Participants who experienced migratory loiasis had better knowledge of loiasis and considered it as more serious. Traditional and herbal medicine was reported most often as an available treatment option (72%). While the formal healthcare sector was mentioned as the preferred treatment provider, 60% of the reported infections were treated by traditional medical practitioners. Conclusion: Loiasis is in general well known by this community residing in a region of high L. loa transmission. Important gaps in knowledge were discovered foremost regarding the mode of transmission. The available healthcare system does not seem to provide adequate management for loiasis. Author summary: Loiasis is a filarial disease highly prevalent in parts of Western- and Central Africa. For a long time, the disease has been considered to be a relatively benign condition, but recent studies have shown that loiasis causes significant morbidity and excess mortality. In the present study, we investigated the perception of loiasis in a highly affected community in rural Gabon to better understand the community perspective on this infectious disease. While L. loa as a disease is known to most inhabitants, the mode of transmission and prevention modalities are only poorly understood. This lack of knowledge leaves the communities with inadequate means to prevent onward transmission of this filarial disease. The contribution from media, schools and healthcare institutions in providing information about loiasis is inadequate, and the available healthcare system is insufficient to provide the necessary care for loiasis. A better understanding of loiasis by the affected communities is desirable to empower inhabitants of high-transmission regions to better protect themselves from loiasis. Improved understanding of the disease by the healthcare sector is necessary to improve the management of loiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The restoration of cerebrovascular regulation and improvement of cerebral blood flow in ischaemic regions are crucial for improving the clinical prognosis after stroke. An-Gong-Niu-Huang-Wan (AGNHW) is a famous traditional compound Chinese medicine that has been used for over 220 years to treat acute ischaemic stroke; however, its role in the regulation of cerebral blood flow is still unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the regulatory effect of AGNHW on cerebral blood flow and microcirculation after ischaemic stroke and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms involved. Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO) and randomly assigned to the sham, MCAO, or AGNHW groups. AGNHW was administered intragastrically 1 h after dMCAO. The rotarod test was utilized to evaluate behavioural function; TTC was used to determine the infarct volume; and ischaemic injury was assessed by detecting brain levels of SOD, MDA and NO. Then, cortical perfusion and acetazolamide-induced cerebrovascular reactivity were assessed using laser speckle contrast imaging, and the velocity and flux of red blood cells in cortical capillaries were detected using two-photon laser scanning microscopy. In addition, we employed RNA-Seq to identify variations in gene expression profiles and assessed endothelium-dependent changes in microcirculatory dysfunction by measuring vasoactive mediator levels. Results: AGNHW significantly increased cerebral blood flow, reduced the infarct volume, and promoted functional recovery after cerebral ischaemia. AGNHW increased the velocity and flux of red blood cells in capillaries and improved cerebrovascular reactivity in the ischaemic cortex. Furthermore, AGNHW regulated endothelium-dependent microcirculation, as evidenced by decreases in the expression of endothelins (Edn1, Edn3 and Ednrb) and the ratios of brain and serum TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α and ET-1/CGRP. Conclusions: AGNHW improved cerebral hypoperfusion, regulated cerebrovascular reactivity and attenuated microcirculatory dysfunction within the ischaemic cortex after stroke. This outstanding effect was achieved by modulating the expression of genes related to vascular endothelial cell function and regulating endothelium-dependent vasoactive mediators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal products comprise a wide spectrum of locally, nationally or internationally commercialized commodities. As these products have an increasingly important position in healthcare systems worldwide, a detailed product quality assessment is of crucial importance. For the quality evaluation of commercial herbal products, a wide range of methods were used, from simpler, quicker, and cost-effective HPTLC, to hyphenated methods with MS or NMR, where more precise quantification or specific structural information is required. Additionally, most of the methods have been coupled with chemometric tools, such as PCA, or PDA, for the multivariate analysis of the high amount of data generated by chromatograms, electropherograms or spectra. The chemical methods have revealed the widespread presence of low or variable quality herbal products in the marketplace. The majority of analytical investigations present major, qualitative and quantitative, inter-product variations of their chemical composition, ranging from missing ingredients, to strikingly and unnaturally high concentrations of some compounds. Moreover, the inter-batch quality variations were frequently reported, as well as the presence of some undesirable substances. The chemical analysis of herbal products is a vital component to raise the overall awareness of quality in the herbal market and generate a quality driven approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Single-cell analysis, a rapidly evolving field, encounters significant challenges in detecting individual cells within complex plant tissues, particularly oil cells (OCs). The intricate process of single-cell isolation, coupled with the inherent chemical volatility of oil cells, necessitates a comprehensive methodology. Results: This study presents a method for obtaining intact OC from Asari Radix et Rhizoma (ARR), a traditional herbal medicine. The developed approach facilitates both qualitative and quantitative analysis of diverse OCs. To determine the most reliable approach, four practical methods—laser capture microdissection, micromanipulation capturing, micromanipulation piping, and cell picking—were systematically compared and evaluated, unequivocally establishing cell picking as the most effective method for OC isolation and chemical analysis. Microscopic observations showed that OCs predominantly distribute in the cortex of adventitious and fibrous roots, as well as the pith and cortex of the rhizome, with distinct morphologies—oblong in roots and circular in rhizomes. Sixty-three volatile constituents were identified in OCs, with eighteen compounds exhibiting significant differences. Safrole, methyleugenol, and asaricin emerged as the most abundant constituents in OCs. Notably, cis-4-thujanol and tetramethylpyrazine were exclusive to rhizome OCs, while isoeugenol methyl ether was specific to fibrous root OCs based on the detections. ARR roots and rhizomes displayed marked disparities in OC distribution, morphology, and constituents. Conclusion: The study highlights the efficacy of cell picking coupled with HS–SPME–GC–MS as a flexible, reliable, and sensitive method for OC isolation and chemical analysis, providing a robust methodology for future endeavors in single-cell analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Baiku Yao, primarily residing in Guangxi and Guizhou provinces of China, is a distinctive branch of the Yao ethnic group, known for their profound cultural preservation and unique ethnobotanical knowledge. This study investigates the Baiku Yao community's utilization of traditional food plants, focusing on the relationship between their dietary practices and the local biodiversity within their mountainous living environment. It aims to illuminate the cultural significance and survival strategies embedded in their ethnobotanical knowledge, highlighting the potential for sustainable living and biodiversity conservation. Methods: Through ethnobotanical surveys, key informant interviews, and quantitative analysis techniques such as the cultural food significance index (CFSI) and relative frequency of citations (RFC), this research systematically documents the diversity and cultural importance of edible plants in the Baiku Yao community. The study assesses how these plants contribute to the community's diet, traditional medicine, and overall cultural practices. Results: A total of 195 traditional edible plants were documented, belonging to 142 genera and 68 families, with a significant concentration in certain families such as Asteraceae, Rosaceae, and Fabaceae. The Baiku Yao diet prominently features herbaceous plants, with wild (103 species) and cultivated (89 species) varieties as diverse food sources. They utilize various plant parts, particularly fruits and leaves, for multiple purposes, including nutrition, medicine, and fodder. Their processing techniques, from raw to fermented, showcase a rich culinary tradition and emphasize a holistic use of plants for enhancing diet and health in a concise overview. The RFC and CFSI analyses reveal a deep cultural reliance on a variety of plant species, with a notable emphasis on vegetables, fruits, spices, and medicinal herbs. Specific plants like Zingiber officinale, Zea mays, and Oryza sativa were highlighted for their high cultural significance. The study also uncovers the multifunctional use of these plants, not only as food but also for medicinal purposes, fodder, and other cultural applications, reflecting the Baiku Yao's profound ecological wisdom and their harmonious coexistence with nature. Conclusion: The findings emphasize the rich ethnobotanical knowledge possessed by the Baiku Yao, underscoring the importance of documenting, safeguarding, and transmitting this invaluable traditional knowledge. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of cultural heritage and biodiversity conservation, advocating for concerted efforts to protect such traditional practices against the threats of modernization and cultural erosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scutellariabarbata D. Don (S. barbata), a medicinal herb commonly used in traditional Chinese and Korean medicine, consists of bioactive neoclerodanes and flavonoids. However, its anti-hyperglycemic activity has not been reported. In this work, we used bioassay-guided fractionation to find effective anti-hyperglycemic fractions of S. barbata. The chemical components of these fractions were also determined structurally; they are scutellarin (1), luteolin (2), naringenin (3), tricin (4), baicalein (5), baicalin (6), apigenin (7), and wogonin (8). The most potent fraction SB6 consisting of flavonoids 5, 6, 7, and 8 showed 89% inhibition of α-glucosidase in the in vitro experiment. In further in vivo experiments on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice, SB6 exhibited significant anti-hyperglycemic activity comparable to metformin after 28 days of treatment. This fraction, however, did not show efficiency in reducing the weight gain of the treated mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As links between genotype and phenotype, small-molecule metabolites are attractive biomarkers for disease diagnosis, prognosis, classification, drug screening and treatment, insight into understanding disease pathology and identifying potential targets. Metabolomics technology is crucial for discovering targets of small-molecule metabolites involved in disease phenotype. Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics has implemented in applications in various fields including target discovery, explanation of disease mechanisms and compound screening. It is used to analyze the physiological or pathological states of the organism by investigating the changes in endogenous small-molecule metabolites and associated metabolism from complex metabolic pathways in biological samples. The present review provides a critical update of high-throughput functional metabolomics techniques and diverse applications, and recommends the use of mass spectrometry-based metabolomics for discovering small-molecule metabolite signatures that provide valuable insights into metabolic targets. We also recommend using mass spectrometry-based metabolomics as a powerful tool for identifying and understanding metabolic patterns, metabolic targets and for efficacy evaluation of herbal medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of herbal medicine and acupuncture combination for pediatric epilepsy treatment. Methods: Databases were searched from their interception until October 2023 to identify randomized controlled trials focusing on the therapeutic efficacy of herbal medicine-acupuncture combination (intervention group) for pediatric epilepsy. The primary outcome was the risk of treatment failure, whereas the secondary outcomes included the risk of post-treatment electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities and adverse events. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on the type of herbal compound formulas. Meta-regression analysis was conducted to examine the influence of patient demographics and clinical history on the therapeutic efficacy of herbal medicine-acupuncture combination for pediatric epilepsy. To assess the cumulative evidence, trial sequential analysis (TSA) was performed. Results: The analysis included 10 trials involving a total of 882 pediatric patients. Meta-analysis revealed that the intervention group had a lower risk of treatment failure than the control group (risk ratio [RR] = 0.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.19–0.47, P<0.00001, I2 = 0%, 10 trials). Subgroup analyses showed that therapeutic efficacy was consistent among the different herbal compound formulas. Meta-regression analysis revealed that the efficacy of the treatments did not significantly vary with patient age, male sex, and duration of seizure history. TSA suggested that herbal medicine-acupuncture combination exerted a robust and conclusive effect on seizure treatment. Although the combined used of herbal medicine and acupuncture was not associated with a lower risk of post-treatment EEG abnormalities (RR = 0.82, 95%CI:0.6–1.11, P = 0.2, 3 trials), the risk of adverse events was reduced (RR = 0.27, 95%CI:0.18–0.41, P<0.00001, 4 trials). Conclusion: The meta-analysis suggested that combined use of herbal medicine and acupuncture is a promising and safe clinical approach for pediatric epilepsy treatment. Further large-scale studies are necessary to conclusively determine the efficacy and safety of herbal medicine and acupuncture in pediatric epilepsy treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Both the size of the older population and the use of complementary and alternative medicine are increasing worldwide. This study evaluated the long-term trend in utilization of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and associated factors among older people in Taiwan. Methods: Using the database of population-based interview surveys, we evaluated the one-month prevalence of TCM use among 13,945 older people aged over 65 years from 2001–2017. The sociodemographic status and medical comorbidities of older people who did and did not use TCM were compared by calculating adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in the multiple logistic regressions. Results: The one-month prevalence of TCM use increased from 5.5% in 2001 to 9.1% in 2017 among older people in Taiwan. Overall, 7.3% of older people had used TCM within the previous month. People with a history of heart disease (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.24–2.12), use of folk therapy (OR 3.16, 95% CI 2.00–4.99), and purchase of non-prescribed Chinese herbal medicine (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.48–2.91) were more likely to use TCM than the comparison group. However, age ≥80 years (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.31–0.72) and previous hospitalization (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.41–0.85) were associated with the reduced use of TCM. Conclusion: From 2001–2017, the use of TCM increased in the older population in Taiwan. The use of folk medicine and purchase of non-prescribed Chinese herbal medicine were significant predictors for the use of TCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PAHs are pervasive pollutants known to bioaccumulate in environmental matrices, plants, and humans. Dr. Iguedo Goko Cleanser® is a polyherbal drug with unsubstantiated claims to treat various diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. PAHs were measured following EPA-16 PAHs guidelines using Gas Chromatography (Agilent-6890N, USA). The drug’s exposure-associated public health concerns was determined using suitable mathematical paradigms. PAHs present were acenaphthene (2.74 × 10−2), pyrene (2.7598 × 10−2), and chrysene (5.1277 × 10−2) ppm. Dietary intake of chrysene, acenaphthene and pyrene for adults, and children ranged from 2.466–4.615 × 10−3 and 1.215–2.308 × 10−3 ppm/mg/kg, respectively. B[α]Peq, EDB[α]Peq, and incremental lifetime cancer risk were determined to be 5.6777 × 10−4, 5.109912 × 10−5 and 5.3289 × 10−12, respectively. Our results suggest a high risk of non-carcinogenic adverse health effects, especially on chronic exposure among adolescents and adults, necessitating caution and/or avoidance of its chronic use. Therefore, policy formulation and implementation as regards the safety of plant-based remedies and allied products before their distribution among end-users must be ensured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thesium chinense Turcz. (Named as Bai Rui Cao in Chinese) and its preparations (e.g., Bairui Granules) have been used to treat inflammatory diseases, such as acute mastitis, lobar pneumonia, tonsillitis, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and upper respiratory tract infection. However, the material basis, pharmacological efficiency, and safety have not been illustrated. Methods: Anti-inflammatory activity-guided isolation of constituents has been performed using multiple column chromatography, and their structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and ECD calculations. The inhibitory effects on lung inflammation and safety of the crude ethanol extract (CE), Bairui Granules (BG), and the purified active constituents were evaluated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated acute lung inflammation (ALI) mice model or normal mice. Results: Seven new compounds (1–7) and fifty-six known compounds (8–63) were isolated from T. chinense, and fifty-four were reported from this plant for the first time. The new flavonoid glycosides 1–2, new fatty acids 4–5, new alkaloid 7 as well as the known constituents including flavonoid aglycones 8–11, lignans 46–54, alkaloids 34 and 45, coumarins 57, phenylpropionic acids 27, and simple aromatic compounds 39, 44 and 58 exhibited anti-inflammatory activity. Network pharmacology analysis indicated that anti-inflammation of T. chinense was attributed to flavonoids and alkaloids by regulating inflammation-related proteins (e.g., TNF, NF-κB, TGF-β). Furthermore, constituents of T. chinense including kaempferol-3-O-glucorhamnoside (KN, also named as Bairuisu I, 19), astragalin (AG, Bairuisu II, 12), and kaempferol (KF, Bairuisu III, 8), as well as CE and BG could alleviate lung inflammation caused by LPS in mice by preventing neutrophils infiltration and the expression of the genes for pro-inflammatory cytokines NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β, and COX-2. After a 28-day subacute toxicity test, BG at doses of 4.875 g/kg and 9.750 g/kg (equivalent to onefold and twofold the clinically recommended dose) and CE at a dose of 11.138 g/kg (equivalent to fourfold the clinical dose of BG) were found to be safe and non-toxic. Conclusions: The discovery of sixty-three constituents comprehensively illustrated the material basis of T. chinense. T. chinense and Bairui Granules could alleviate lung inflammation by regulating inflammation-related proteins and no toxicity was observed under the twofold of clinically used doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been garnering ever-increasing worldwide attention as the herbal extracts and formulas prove to have potency against disease. Fuzhengjiedu San (FZJDS), has been extensively used to treat viral diseases in pigs, but its bioactive components and therapeutic mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: In this study, we conducted an integrative approach of network pharmacology and experimental study to elucidate the mechanisms underlying FZJDS's action in treating porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). We constructed PPI network and screened the core targets according to their degree of value. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were also carried out to identify relevant pathways. Lastly, qRT-PCR, flow cytometry and western blotting were used to determine the effects of FZJDS on core gene expression in PRRSV-infected monkey kidney (MARC-145) cells to further expand the results of network pharmacological analysis. Results: Network pharmacology data revealed that quercetin, kaempferol, and luteolin were the main active compounds of FZJDS. The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway was deemed the cellular target as it has been shown to participate most in PRRSV replication and other PRRSV-related functions. Analysis by qRT-PCR and western blotting demonstrated that FZJDS significantly reduced the expression of P65, JNK, TLR4, N protein, Bax and IĸBa in MARC-145 cells, and increased the expression of Bcl-2, consistent with network pharmacology results. This study provides that FZJDS has significant antiviral activity through its effects on the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Conclusion: We conclude that FZJDS is a promising candidate herbal formulation for treating PRRSV and deserves further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cimicifugae Rhizoma, generally known as "Sheng Ma" in China, has great medicinal and dietary values. Cimicifugae Rhizoma is the dried rhizome of Cimicifuga foetida L., Cimicifuga dahurica (Turcz.) Maxim. and Cimicifuga heracleifolia Kom., which has been used to treat wind-heat headache, tooth pain, aphtha, sore throat, prolapse of anus and uterine prolapse in traditional Chinese medicine. This review systematically presents the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, clinical studies, quality control and toxicity of Cimicifugae Rhizoma in order to propose scientific evidence for its rational utilization and product development. Herein, 348 compounds isolated or identified from the herb are summarized in this review, mainly including triterpenoid saponins, phenylpropanoids, chromones, alkaloids, terpenoids and flavonoids. The crude extracts and its constituents had various pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiviral, antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-osteoporosis and relieving menopausal symptoms. The recent research progress of Cimicifugae Rhizoma in ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacological effects demonstrates the effectiveness of its utilization and supplies valuable guidance for further research. This review will provide a basis for the future development and utilization of Cimicifugae Rhizoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of various drug therapy methods for treating oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) in terms of increasing mouth opening, reducing VAS score, decreasing lesion area, minimizing side effects, and determining effective proportion. Method: A database search was conducted. Only randomized clinical trials were included, and Cochrane checklist was used for assessing the risk of bias. Stata.17 software was employed and effective treatment ranking was used. Results: Thirty‐one RCT studies, with a total of 2986 patients, were included in the period of 2010–2022. The combination of oral Chinese herbal medicine formulas (OC) and intralesional Salvia miltiorrhiza (ISM) was found to be the most effective treatment in improving mouth opening. For reducing the burning pain, the combination of intralesional steroids (IS) and oral Salvia miltiorrhiza (OSM) was found to be more effective than the others. In terms of lesion area, IS combined with OC was more effective than the others. IS combined with ISM had the highest effective proportion while having the lowest incidence of side effects which mentioned the incidence of side effects. Conclusion: This study indicates that OC and SM can be employed by clinicians for treating OSF effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxoplasma gondii is a highly prevalent pathogen, reported from almost all geographical regions of the world. Current anti‐T. gondii drugs are not effective enough in immunocompromised patients, encephalitis, chorioretinitis, and congenital toxoplasmosis. Therefore, the prescription of these drugs has been limited. Rose hip oil (RhO) is a natural plant compound, which shows antibacterial, anticancer, and anti‐inflammatory activities. In the current study, the anti‐T. gondii and cell toxicity effects of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) loaded by RhO (RhO‐SLNs) were evaluated. Emulsification sonicated‐homogenization method was used to prepare SLNs. RhO‐SLNs were characterized, and their anti‐T. gondii and cell toxicity effects were evaluated using in vitro analyses. The particle size and the zeta potential of the nanoparticles were 152.09 nm and −15.3 mV nm, respectively. The entrapment efficiency percentage was 79.1%. In the present study, the inhibitory concentration (IC)50 against T. gondii was >1 μg/mL (p‐value <.0001). The cell toxicity assay showed cytotoxicity concentration (CC)50 >10 mg/mL (p‐value =.017). In addition, at least 75% of T. gondii‐infected Vero cells remained alive at concentrations >10 mg/mL. The concentration of 1 mg/mL showed highest anti‐Toxoplasma activity and lowest cell toxicity against the Vero cell. Our findings suggest that carrying natural plant compounds with SLNs could be considered an effective option for treatment strategies against T. gondii infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Prunella vulgaris is one of the bestselling and widely used medicinal herbs. It is recorded as an ace medicine for cleansing and protecting the liver in Chinese Pharmacopoeia and has been used as the main constitutions of many herbal tea formulas in China for centuries. It is also a traditional folk medicine in Europe and other countries of Asia. Pentacyclic triterpenoids are a major class of bioactive compounds produced in P. vulgaris. However, their biosynthetic mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here, we report a chromosome‐level reference genome of P. vulgaris using an approach combining Illumina, ONT, and Hi‐C technologies. It is 671.95 Mb in size with a scaffold N50 of 49.10 Mb and a complete BUSCO of 98.45%. About 98.31% of the sequence was anchored into 14 pseudochromosomes. Comparative genome analysis revealed a recent WGD in P. vulgaris. Genome‐wide analysis identified 35 932 protein‐coding genes (PCGs), of which 59 encode enzymes involved in 2,3‐oxidosqualene biosynthesis. In addition, 10 PvOSC, 358 PvCYP, and 177 PvUGT genes were identified, of which five PvOSCs, 25 PvCYPs, and 9 PvUGTs were predicted to be involved in the biosynthesis of pentacyclic triterpenoids. Biochemical activity assay of PvOSC2, PvOSC4, and PvOSC6 recombinant proteins showed that they were mixed amyrin synthase (MAS), lupeol synthase (LUS), and β‐amyrin synthase (BAS), respectively. The results provide a solid foundation for further elucidating the biosynthetic mechanism of pentacyclic triterpenoids in P. vulgaris. Significance Statement: The first chromosome‐level reference genome of Prunella vulgaris and the Prunella genus was reported. Fifty‐nine 2,3‐oxidosqualene biosynthesis‐related genes and 39 pentacyclic triterpenoid biosynthesis‐related PvOSCs, PvCYPs, and PvUGTs genes were systematically analyzed. PvOSC2, PvOSC4, and PvOSC6 were experimentally verified to be mixed amyrin synthase, lupeol synthase, and β‐amyrin synthase, respectively. The results provide a solid foundation for further elucidating the biosynthetic mechanism of bioactive compounds in the widely used medicinal plant, P. vulgaris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal medicines are widely used for clinical purposes worldwide. These herbs are susceptible to phytopathogenic fungal invasion during the culturing, harvesting, storage, and processing stages. The threat of fungal and mycotoxin contamination requires the evaluation of the health risks associated with these herbal medicines. In this study, we collected 138 samples of 23 commonly used herbs from 20 regions in China, from which we isolated a total of 200 phytopathogenic fungi. Through morphological observation and ITS sequencing, 173 fungal isolates were identified and classified into 24 genera, of which the predominant genera were Fusarium (27.74%) and Alternaria (20.81%), followed by Epicoccum (11.56%), Nigrospora (7.51%), and Trichocladium (6.84%). Quantitative analysis of the abundance of both Fusarium and Alternaria in herbal medicines via RT-qPCR revealed that the most abundant fungi were found on the herb Taraxacum mongolicum, reaching 300,000 copies/μL for Fusarium and 700 copies/μL for Alternaria. The in vitro mycotoxin productivities of the isolated Fusarium and Alternaria strains were evaluated by using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and it was found that the Fusarium species mainly produced the acetyl forms of deoxynivalenol, while Alternaria species mainly produced altertoxins. These findings revealed widely distributed fungal contamination in herbal medicines and thus raise concerns for the sake of the quality and safety of herbal medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The gut microbiota is crucial in the process of radiation enteritis (RE). Asrecommended by Chinese expert consensus, three formulas such as Baitouweng decoction, Gegen Qinlian decoction, and Shaoyao decoction, are used to prevent the same type of RE. Methods: Herein, we aimed to investigate the common pharmaceutical ingredients andmolecular mechanisms of the three formulas on RE from the perspective of gut microbiotathrough multi-bioinformatics analysis and mouse experiment. Results: Interestingly, theimportant active ingredient screened was quercetin in all three herbal formulas, andthedominant targets that participated in RE treatment by targeting gut microbiota regulationwere IL10, STAT1, IL1B, and IL1A. The concentration of quercetin was measured inGegenQinlian decoction > Shaoyao decoction > Baitouweng decoction (P <0.001) usinghighperformance liquid chromatography. Moreover, a total of 40 SPF C57/BL6J (male, 12–14weeks old) mice were assigned to perform the validation experiment with various quercetinintervention doses. Quercetin significantly protected against inflammatory responseinradiation induced-mice. The microbial alterations in the gut caused by quercetinintervention in radiation-induced mice were also explained. We further confirmedthealterations in the relative mRNA expression of the three formulas for the treatment of RE, which have four similar gut microbiota-regulated targets (IL10, STAT1, IL1B, andIL1A). Conclusion: These findings show that quercetin regulated the gut microbiota for REtherapy, a connotation that works on the principle of “different treatments for the samedisease” for RE. The present investigation provides methodological guidelines and protocolsfor the modern use and examination of traditional therapeutic concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Ganghwal" is a widely used herbal medicine in Republic of Korea, but it has not been reported as a treatment strategy for obesity and diabetes within adipocytes. In this study, we determined that Ostericum koreanum extract (OKE) exerts an anti-obesity effect by inhibiting adipogenesis and an anti-diabetic effect by increasing the expression of genes related to glucose uptake in adipocytes and inhibiting α-glucosidase activity. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated for 8 days in methylisobutylxanthine, dexamethasone, and insulin medium, and the effect of OKE was confirmed by the addition of 50 and 100 µg/mL of OKE during the differentiation process. This resulted in a reduction in lipid accumulation and the expression of PPARγ (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ) and C/EBPα (CCAAT enhancer binding protein α). Significant activation of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), increased expression of GLUT4 (Glucose Transporter Type 4), and inhibition of α-glucosidase activity were also observed. These findings provide the basis for the anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of OKE. In addition, OKE has a significant antioxidant effect. This study presents OKE as a potential natural product-derived material for the treatment of patients with metabolic diseases such as obesity- and obesity-induced diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxytocin, a significant pleiotropic neuropeptide, regulates psychological stress adaptation and social communication, as well as peripheral actions, such as uterine contraction and milk ejection. Recently, a Japanese Kampo medicine called Kamikihito (KKT) has been reported to stimulate oxytocin neurons to induce oxytocin secretion. Two-pore-domain potassium channels (K2P) regulate the resting potential of excitable cells, and their inhibition results in accelerated depolarization that elicits neuronal and endocrine cell activation. We assessed the effects of KKT and 14 of its components on a specific K2P, the potassium channel subfamily K member 2 (TREK-1), which is predominantly expressed in oxytocin neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). KKT inhibited the activity of TREK-1 induced via the channel activator ML335. Six of the 14 components of KKT inhibited TREK-1 activity. Additionally, we identified that 22 of the 41 compounds in the six components exhibited TREK-1 inhibitory effects. In summary, several compounds included in KKT partially activated oxytocin neurons by inhibiting TREK-1. The pharmacological effects of KKT, including antistress effects, may be partially mediated through the oxytocin pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnoveterinary medicine is crucial in many rural areas of Pakistan, as residents in remote and marginal areas rely heavily on traditional herbal medicines to cure their domestic animals. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed spontaneously as by products of reactions with O2 molecules, chemically damage the organic elements of the cell such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. In the current research work, the anatomical, phytochemical and antioxidant of some ethnoveterinary grasses were studied. A total of four species were collected from different villages of Hafizabad during the months of April and May 2021. The collected species were identified as Cenchrus setigerus Vahl, Diplachne fusca (L.) P. Beauv., Imperata cylinderica (L.) Raeuschel and Sporobolus coromandelianus Kunth. For the anatomical studies, stems and leaves were cut into thin sections with a microtome. The anatomical characteristics observed were a compact epidermal layer, large cortical cells, thickened sclerenchyma, central and scattered vascular bundles, a large metaxylem, a small protoxylem, a pitted phloem, and a centrally located pith. To investigate the phytochemical and antioxidant potential, the crude methanol extract was prepared by maceration and subjected to fractionation with n-hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol, and water. D. fusca showed strong scavenging activity i.e. 75.87±0.14 of DPPH at 250 µL concentration. The total antioxidant activity evaluated by phosphomolybdenum activity showed the best results in the methanol fraction of D. fusca. At a concentration of 125 µL, the methanol extracts showed maximum reducing potential of 1.20±0.06. The methanol extracts of all grasses showed maximum ferric-reducing antioxidant potential except I. cylinderica, which showed a maximum potential of 1.77±0.054 TE µM/mL in chloroform extracts. The methanol extract of I. cylinderica had the highest TPC value of 118.32±1.27 (GAE) mg/mL. This study provides experimental confirmation that grasses, when consumed, can be used as natural antioxidants and can be used to combat various diseases caused by reactive oxygen species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One-step carbonization was explored to prepare biochar using the residue of a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Atropa belladonna L. (ABL), as the raw material. The resulting biochar, known as ABLB4, was evaluated for its potential as a sustainable material for norfloxacin (NOR) adsorption in water. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis of adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics was conducted through batch adsorption experiments. The maximum calculated NOR adsorption capacity was 252.0 mg/g at 298 K, and the spontaneous and exothermic adsorption of NOR on ABLB4 could be better suited to a pseudo-first-order kinetic model and Langmuir model. The adsorption process observed is influenced by pore diffusion, π–π interaction, electrostatic interaction, and hydrogen bonding between ABLB4 and NOR molecules. Moreover, the utilization of response surface modeling (RSM) facilitated the optimization of the removal efficiency of NOR, yielding a maximum removal rate of 97.4% at a temperature of 304.8 K, an initial concentration of 67.1 mg/L, and a pH of 7.4. Furthermore, the biochar demonstrated favorable economic advantages, with a payback of 852.5 USD/t. More importantly, even after undergoing five cycles, ABLB4 exhibited a consistently high NOR removal rate, indicating its significant potential for application in NOR adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current techniques identifying herbal medicine species require marker labeling or lack systematical accuracy (expert authentication). There is an emerging interest in developing an accurate and label‐free tool for herbal medicine authentication. Here, a high‐resolution microfluidic‐based method is developed for identifying herbal species by protoplast subpopulations. Moso bamboo and henon bamboo are used as a model to be differentiated based on protoplast. Their biophysical properties factors are characterized to be 7.09 (± 0.39) × 108 V/m2 and 6.54 (± 0.26) × 108 V/m2, respectively. Their biophysical distributions could be distinguished by the Cramér–von Mises criterion with a 94.60% confidence level. The subpopulations of each were compared with conventional flow cytometry indicating the existence of subpopulations and the differences between the two species. The subsets divided by a biophysical factor of 8.05(± 0.51) × 108 V/m2 suggest good consistency with flow cytometry. The work demonstrated the possibility of microfluidics manipulation on protoplast for medication safety use taking advantage of dielectrophoresis. The device is promising in developing a reliable and accurate way of identifying herbal species with difficulties in authentication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New dammarane-type triterpenoid saponin, named 22(R)-notoginsenoside Ab1 (1), together with thirteen known dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins (2-14) was isolated from the EtOH extract of black ginseng and their structures were elucidated on the basis of one- and two-dimensional NMR (including 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HSQC, HMBC, ROESY) and calculated ECD. Among them, compounds 1-2 and 6-8 were isolated for the first time from ginseng and black ginseng. Besides, the absolute structure of 22(R)- and 22(S)- notoginsenoside Ab1 were distinguished by ECD for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a systemic allergic disease that has a considerable impact on patients' quality of life. Current treatments include antihistamines and nasal steroids; however, their long-term use often causes undesirable side effects. In this context, traditional Asian medicine (TAM), with its multi-compound, multi-target herbal medicines (medicinal plants), offers a promising alternative. However, the complexity of these multi-compound traits poses challenges in understanding the overall mechanisms and efficacy of herbal medicines. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of these multi-compound herbal medicines specifically used for AR at a systemic level. We utilized a modified term frequency–inverse document frequency method to select AR-specific herbs and constructed an herb–compound–target network using reliable databases and computational methods, such as the Quantitative Estimate of Drug-likeness for compound filtering, STITCH database for compound-target interaction prediction (with a high confidence score threshold of 0.7), and DisGeNET and CTD databases for disease-gene association analysis. Through this network, we conducted AR-related targets and pathway analyses, as well as clustering analysis based on target-level information of the herbs. Gene ontology enrichment analysis was conducted using a protein–protein interaction network. Our research identified 14 AR-specific herbs and analyzed whether AR-specific herbs are highly related to previously known AR-related genes and pathways. AR-specific herbs were found to target several genes related to inflammation and AR pathogenesis, such as PTGS2, HRH1, and TBXA2R. Pathway analysis revealed that AR-specific herbs were associated with multiple AR-related pathways, including cytokine signaling, immune response, and allergic inflammation. Additionally, clustering analysis based on target similarity identified three distinct subgroups of AR-specific herbs, corroborated by a protein–protein interaction network. Group 1 herbs were associated with the regulation of inflammatory responses to antigenic stimuli, while Group 2 herbs were related to the detection of chemical stimuli involved in the sensory perception of bitter taste. Group 3 herbs were distinctly associated with antigen processing and presentation and NIK/NF-kappa B signaling. This study decodes the principles of TAM herbal configurations for AR using a network pharmacological approach, providing a holistic understanding of drug effects beyond specific pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing popularity of herbal medicine raises concerns about potential nephrotoxicity risks, while limited evidence hinders a comprehensive impact assessment. This study aims to investigate the overall risk features of herbal medicine on kidney injury. We conducted a retrospective analysis on renal function changes, including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), through data from six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in South Korea. A total of 407 participants (142 males, 265 females) received either one of four different herbal medicines (240 participants) or a placebo (167 participants). When comparing changes in eGFR regarding the mean, 90th-percentile value, and 20% reduction after treatment, there was no significant difference between the herbal-treated and placebo groups. This study provided a helpful reference for examining the safety issues of herbal remedies, especially regarding kidney function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prominent etiological factor for liver cirrhosis worldwide. It is frequently associated with obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who have NAFLD. In a two-arm, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, seventy-six patients diagnosed with both T2DM and NAFLD were randomly assigned to receive either ginger powder capsules (1000 mg, twice daily) or placebo capsules (administered in the same manner) for a period of three months. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure readings, biochemical profiles, and imaging parameters were assessed before and after the intervention. Safety measures were also evaluated. In both the ginger and placebo groups, there was a significant reduction in mean body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumferences, as well as liver transaminase levels. Moreover, significant improvements in mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were observed in the ginger group (p = 0.02 and < 0.0001, respectively). Within the ginger group, there was a decrease in serum insulin levels and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (p = 0.002 and 0.004, respectively). Furthermore, the ginger group exhibited an improvement in serum HDL-cholesterol level (p = 0.01). However, there were no significant changes in the assessed inflammatory markers or the indices obtained from fibroscan imaging, including steatosis percent and controlled attenuation parameter. This study demonstrates that ginger supplementation can significantly improve mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures. However, it does not have a significant impact on inflammatory markers or fibroscan imaging indices. Nonetheless, the three-month use of ginger improves serum insulin level, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and HDL-cholesterol level compared to baseline values. Further investigations with longer durations and larger sample sizes are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cynomorium songaricum is a commonly used medicinal and culinary plant renowned for its effects in tonifying kidney yang, as well as nourishing essence and blood. Consequently, it has garnered considerable attention within the fields of pharmacology and chemistry. However, given the distinct geographical distribution of C. songaricum resources, establishing an accurate analytical method to differentiate its origin becomes indispensable in ensuring its quality and efficacy. In this study, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was utilized to obtain comprehensive information on the chemical composition of C. songaricum samples from various regions and establish HPLC fingerprints. Through chemometrics analysis, essential chemical markers for classifying them were successfully identified. Additionally, the Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test was employed to evaluate differences in the content of intrinsic constituents of C. songaricum from different origins. The results demonstrated that C. songaricum samples from Neimenggu, Gansu, and Xinjiang could be accurately classified, highlighting the significance of chemical markers in assessing the quality of C. songaricum. This study provides a scientific basis for systematic quality control of Chinese herbal medicines, thereby contributing to advancements in the Chinese medicine industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Jacks (Gouteng in Chinese, UR), a common herbal medicine, is chosen for treating cerebral diseases such as convulsions, hypertension, epilepsy, and eclampsia. However, comprehensive research on the chemical components of UR and its absorbed components has not been revealed. To develop an integrative UP LC-Q-TOF-MS and multivariate data processing approach for determining the chemical constituents of UR and its absorbed constituents in rat serum after oral adminstration. A UP LC-Q-TOF-MS equipped with a Waters UP LCT M HSS T3 was applied for sample seperation. P CA and OP LS-DA were applied to extract differential variables. Based on the self-built databases combined with mass spectrometry cleavage patterns and reference standards, the components structural identification were carried out. In total, 40 compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids were identified in UR. Amongst them, 26 prototype constituents were found in rat serum, which might be the potential active constituents.The identified constituents absorbed in blood could be the effective constituents. This work provided a solid experimental data for further research on the pharmacological substance basis and demonstrated the practicability of the UP LC-Q-TOF-MS for chemical constituents structural elucidation from herbal medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many different herbal extracts have historically been utilized to treat microbe-induced infections, injuries, cancer, thrombosis, and arthritis. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial, cytotoxic, in vitro thrombolytic, and in vitro antiarthritic properties of ethanolic extracts of stem and seed of Bari orchid 1 (BO) plant. This orchid plant was developed by the Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute (BARI) in Gazipur. Fourteen microbes were employed in the antimicrobial investigation, and samples of orchids were compared to ciprofloxacin as a reference. The BO/seed extract was found to possess more antibacterial activity. The lethality test of brine shrimps was used to assess the LC50 values. The BO/stem extract exhibited a higher cytotoxicity potential, in comparison to the BO/seed extract. Two concentrations (1000 and 100 ppm) and two incubation times (24 hours and 1.5 hours) were used to assess the thrombolytic activity of the extracts. Regarding the thrombolytic effect, the BO/stem extract has demonstrated greater promise. Furthermore, the herbal extract's antiarthritic activity was investigated at four different concentrations, and the results were evaluated in comparison with those of diclofenac sodium. When comparing BO/stem extract to other extracts, the greatest values for protein denaturation were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poria sini decoction (PSD), a significant traditional Chinese herbal formula, is effective in liver cancer (LC) and chronic heart failure (CHF); however, little is known about its concurrent targeting mechanism. Methods. This study analyzed the potential molecular mechanism of PSD against the two distinct diseases using network pharmacology approaches, including multidatabase search, pharmacokinetic screening, network construction analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, and molecular docking to elaborate the active components, signaling pathways, and potential mechanisms of PSD in the treatment of both LC and CHF. Results. A total of 155 active components and 193 potential targets in PSD were identified. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that quercetin, isorhamnetin, and naringenin, etc. may be potential candidate agents. TNF, AKT1, and IL6, etc. could become potential therapeutic targets. TNF-α, NF-κB, PI3K-AKT, and TRP signaling pathways might play an important role in PSD against LC and CHF. Molecular docking results showed that most screened active compounds could embed itself into target proteins with a high binding affinity, and the hydrogen bonds number ≥3 indicated a more stable conformation of the compounds and target proteins. Overall, quercetin and isorhamnetin were the main active components, and TNF and AKT1 were the primary targets for PSD treatment of LC and CHF. Conclusions. This study illustrated that quercetin contained in PSD played an important role in the treatment of LC and CHF by acting on the key gene of TP53 and downregulating the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]