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Mufarhatun N, Susilowati A, Hilwan I, Arrofaha N, Yulita KS, Dwiyanti FG, Hidayat A, Kamiya K, Rachmat HH. 2023. Leaf morphological traits of nine major tropical trees of Shorea species (Dipterocarpaceae). Biodiversitas 24: 1704-1712. Shorea is the largest genus in the Dipterocarpaceae family and has high leaf morphological variations among its species, which causes difficulties in field identification. Therefore, information on the specific characteristics of the leaf morphology of each species is needed. This study aimed to examine and discriminate leaf morphological traits at both mature and sapling stages of nine Shorea species, namely Shorea balangeran (Korth.) Burck, S. leprosula Miq., S. mecistopteryx Ridl., S. multiflora (Burck) Symington, S. ovalis (Korth.) Blume, S. pinanga Scheff., S. platyclados Slooten ex Endert, S. selanica (Wight & Arn.) Blume, and S. stenoptera Burck. The leaves of 90 mature trees growing in the Dramaga Research Forest (DRF) and Gunung Dahu Research Forest (GDRF) as well as the leaves of 180 saplings growing in the nursery of Forest Research and Development Center (FRDC) were observed. Leaf traits, leaf color, and chlorophyll content were assessed on 3 leaves from each mature tree and 5 from each sapling collected. Furthermore, comparative analysis using F independent test in the one-way analysis variance (ANOVA), multivariate analysis using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis were used in this study. The results showed that 8 of the 11 measured morphological traits were identified as the quantitative leaves morphological differentiators, namely Leaves Width (LW), Lamina Length (LL), the length between the largest Leaves Point (LP) with the base of the leaves, angle of leaves vein (SD), Petiole Length (PL), number of leaves vein (LB), breadth of the leaves (WL), and the Circumference of the Leaves (CL). In addition, the results of cluster analysis showed the nine Shorea spp. are clustered into two major groups. Group 1 consisted of species, S. stenoptera, and S. mecistopteryx, while the remaining are included in Group 2. Our findings conclude that the eight leaf morphological traits obtained from this study are useful as additional characters to distinguish the nine Shorea species in the field.

The use of local species for revegetation activities is expected to accelerate the natural regeneration to increase the biodiversity in restoration efforts of disturbed areas. This study used several parameters to observe the growth of 20-years old stand S. pinanga and S. platyclados, including diameter, total tree height, Mean Annual Increment (MAI), % of fruiting trees, Leaf Area Index (LAI), altitude, and slope. The study results were analyzed using one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) and Duncan test with a 95% confidence level. The results showed that S. platyclados significantly had a higher diameter (32.7 cm), height (19.1 m), and mean volume (0.43 m3) compared to S. pinanga. The growth of S. platyclados, which locally known as meranti bukit is strongly supported by conditions in Gunung Dahu Research Forest, which has an altitude of about 800 m.asl. On the other hand, S. pinanga, as lowland species, showed lower growth compared to S. platyclados.

Sho rea leprosula Miq. adalah salah satu jenis Dipterocarpaceae yang memiliki nilai ekonomi dan ditanam di Hutan Penelitian Gunung Dahu (HPGD) pada berbagai jarak tanam. HPGD didirikan pada tahun 1997 – 2000 sebagai upaya untuk memulihkan lanskap dengan melestarikan sumber daya genetik dipterokarpa. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengukur populasi makrofauna, mesofauna tanah, dan tubuh buah fungi ektomikoriza dalam plot S. leprosula pada berbagai jarak tanam dan plot kontrol yang tidak ditanami. Pengumpulan sampel makrofauna dan mesofauna dilakukan di serasah menggunakan metode hand sorting sementara di tanah menggunakan corong berlese . Identifikasi dilakukan di Laboratorium Entomologi Hutan, IPB. Pengamatan fungi ektomikoriza menunjukkan terdapat 13 jenis makrofauna dan mesofauna yang didominasi oleh cacing, semut, dan 10 jenis tubuh buah ektomikoriza dengan jenis yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah genus Russula.

Susilowati A, Novriyanti E, Rachmat HH, Rangkuti AB, Harahap MM, Ginting IM, Kaban NS, Iswanto AH. 2022. Foliar stomata characteristics of tree species in a university green open space. Biodiversitas 23: 1482-1489. Stomata, a gas regulatory system of leaves, provide a great chance to investigate the interaction between plants and their environment. Stomata consist of surrounded by two guard cells. Stomata are found in all parts of the plant that are exposed to the air, especially the leaves. In identifying a plant species, it is necessary to have epidermal characteristics such as stomata to complete the taxonomic data. Several studies have been conducted on the type of stomata on the leaves of some dicotyledonous and monocot plants, but not many have reported similar studies on green space. Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU) campus also plays an important function as green space (GS) in Medan City due to its richness in tree collection number and species. In line with the effort in o maximizing the role of trees as the core element of green space, exploring the characteristics of stomata is important to conduct. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the leaf stomata characteristics of several tree species in the green open space of the USU campus. A total of 83 tree species were taken for their leaves to investigate the stomata characters. Three healthy mature leaves on the lower part of newly grown branches were collected from each plant. The replica and the nail polish method were employed for stomata slice making. The stomata type, length, wide, density and distribution were observed. The result showed that 83 tree species in the USU campus have varied stomata types, with the percentage were highest characteristic found in paracytic (91.46%), followed by anomocytic (6.02%), anisocytic (1.20%), and diacytic (1.20%). The longest stomata were observed in Antidesma bunius (32.04 ????????). The widest stomata were noticed in Garcinia mangostana (37.62 ????????). Meanwhile, the shortest and narrowest stomata were found in Shorea laevis, which were 5.43 ???????? and 3.72 ????????, respectively. The species with the highest stomatal density was Schleichera oleosa (4294 mm-2). According to the study, the tree species at USU generally have high stomata density, length, and width, making them more suitable for green space. Species with a high number and density of stomata and a large size are much more likely to adsorb pollutants such as carbon monoxide.

Yulita KS, Susilowati A, Rachmat HH, Susila, Hidayat A, Dwiyanti FG. 2022. Molecular identification of Eurycoma longifolia Jack from Sumatra, Indonesia using trnL-F region. Biodiversitas 23: 1374-1382. Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Simaroubaceae) or pasak bumi is a popular medicinal plant from Southeast Asia’s rainforests that is used as an aphrodisiac, antimicrobial, anti-malaria antidiabetic, antiulcer, and anticancer agent. However, the increasing demand for this species for medicinal industries has led to illegal export in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the specific genetic variation and develop DNA barcode using trnL-Fregion for E. longifolia originating from Sumatra, Indonesia. Twenty-two samples of the species were collected from four locations in Sumatra. An aligned sequence of the trnL-Fwas 960 bp with an A/T rich region (A: 30.2%, T: 34.5%, C: 16.7%, and G: 18.7%). The homology search using BLASTn of the GenBank NCBI showed that the nucleotide composition of the species was similar (99.9%) to the partial trnL-Fregion of E. longifolia MH751519 and E. apiculata GU593014. Close examination of the gene structure and composition showed that the DNA sequences have five nucleotides variations that were not possessed by the reference E. longifolia, and other taxa used. The obtained variations occurred mostly in the trnL intron region, and the phylogenetic analysis showed that the correct identity of the species of the samples by their position was at a similar clade as the other accessions of E. longifolia.

Soil organic matter (SOM) is a crucial component of soil, through which physical, chemical, and biological characteristics interact in a local context. Within the forest category, the conversion of natural forests to monoculture plantations has raised concerns in Indonesia over the loss of soil functions, similar to conversion to agriculture. In natural forests, SOM can accumulate as part of a closed nutrient cycle with minimal nutrient losses; in plantation forestry, SOM decline and recovery can alternate over time, associated with larger nutrient losses. We reviewed existing studies to quantify how shifts from natural forests to short-rotation plantation forests (SRPF) affect SOM dynamics, soil nutrient contents, and soil-borne pathogens that cause disease. The review combines descriptive and quantitative methods (meta-analysis). The results show that conversion affects the soil C balance, soil structure and water balance, soil nutrient balance, and soil-borne diseases. Contributing factors include the reduced diversity of plant and rhizosphere communities, lower annual litter production, more uniform litter quality, and nutrient removal at the harvest cycle. Conversion from natural to plantation forest conditions also increases plant disease incidence by changing biological control mechanisms.

Susilowati A, Rachmat HH, Elfiati D, Hidayat A, Hadi AN, Zaitunah A, Nainggolan D, Ginting IM. 2021. Floristic composition and diversity at Keruing (Dipterocarpus spp.) habitat in Tangkahan, Gunung Leuser National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 4448-4456. Dipterocarpus spp., or locally known as Keruing, is a wood-producing tree and has high economic value. Keruing also produces derivative products in oil and oleoresin, which are widely used as raw materials for medicines and perfumes. Keruing natural population has been severely declining caused by habitat alteration and also over exploitation. Therefore, information on the composition and diversity of the floristic community at their habitat is important as an initial step in designing conservation actions. This study aims to determine the floristic composition and diversity at the keruing habitat in the Tangkahan area, Gunung Leuser National Park (Gunung Leuser NP). A line transect has been used to establish a purposive sampling in particular forest areas where the population of the keruing is known to grow naturally. Four line transects, each with five nested plots, totaling 110 plots, were established to gather data at four growth stages. The results found 47 species at the seedling stage, 43 species at the sapling stage, 48 species at the pole stage and 65 species at the tree stage. There were three species of keruing in the research location, namely Dipterocarpus haseltii, Dipterocarpus costulatus and Dipterocarpus elongatus Korth with low IVI values ??at each stage. D. haseltii was only found at the seedling, pole and tree stage with IVI values ??of 0.32, 0.30, and 6.90, respectively. D. costulatus was only found at the tree level with an IVI value of 3.43, while D. elongatus found at the sapling and tree stage with an IVI of 0.30 and 3.42, respectively. The diversity index in the research location was in the medium category at the seedling, sapling, and pole levels with a value of 2.96, 2.86, and 2.92, respectively and was classified as high at the tree level with a value of 3.18. The evenness index (E') in all growth stages is high or evenly distributed with the value of E' > 0.75. The species diversity in research location classified into medium-high category although in each stage showing dynamic on species domination. Disturbed habitat due to illegal logging and land conversion caused a problem on keruing regeneration. Conservation efforts, including active monitoring keruing occurrence, ex-situ conservation, and artificial regeneration, are needed to avoid keruing from extinction.

Gunung Dahu Research Forest (GDRF) is a 250 ha tropical degraded land reforested by native dipterocarps species. The reforestation success was valued by evaluating the planted trees’ growth performance, their potential timber stock, natural regeneration capacity, soil improvement, biological interdependence, and environmental services. This scientific report used a combination of literature review and also primary data processing to describe the reforestation success within the area. A hilly species of Shorea platyclados showed the best growth performance with its average diameter and height of 43 cm and 23 m, respectively, with its mean diameter annual increment of 2.1 cm/year and the predicted standing stock at 220 m3/ha. Six Shorea species were identified to show their natural regeneration capacity and the occurrence of ectomycorrhizal fruiting bodies, predominantly by the genus Rusula, determined the establishment of biological interdependency at the site. Reforestation improved soil organic matters as revealed by high soil porosity (51.06–52.32%) and infiltration rate (120–155.33 mm/h). The reforested landscape also ensures a continuous water supply and provides an economic benefit for the community. Thus, planting native trees for reforesting degraded tropical landscapes is prospective and may deliver multiple benefits in an ecological and economic view.

Iswanto AH, Siregar YS, Susilowati A, Darwis A, Hartono R, Wirjosentono B, Rachmat HH, Hidayat A, Fatriasari W. 2019. Variation in chemical constituent of Styrax sumatrana wood growing at different cultivation site in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 448-452. Kemenyan Toba (Styrax sumatrana) is known as endemic resin-producing trees that naturally grow in North Sumatra and distributed throughout five districts within the province. Different growing site may constitute to different characteristics of the species, e.g. morphological differences, chemical constituent, bioactive substances, etc. Different characteristics of wood chemical constituent are an important factor determining further utilization and potential use of wood in wider spectrums. Information about wood chemical constituent of Styrax sumatrana growing from different site has not been determined yet. Therefore, the objective of this research was to analyze the characteristics of chemical constituent of Styrax sumatrana wood originated from North Tapanuli and Pakpak Bharat according to axial direction of stem (bottom, middle, and top). Chemical properties such as hollocelulose, α-cellulose, hemicellulose, Acid Soluble Lignin (ASL), acid insoluble lignin (AIL), and non-structural component (extractive content in ethanol benzene 1: 2 and ash content) were observed. Results showed that different growth location would yield in different wood chemical constituent. The wood chemical constituent from North Tapanuli and Pakpak Bharat were 52.72 and 69.80% (hollocelulose), 25.94 and 39.87% (α-cellulose), 26.78 and 29.92% (hemicellulose), 5.49 and 4.33% (Acid Soluble Lignin), 4.37 and 20.43% (Acid-Insoluble Lignin), 10.95 and 2.42% (extractive content), 1.37 and 0.8% for ash content.

Tropical forests are among the most diverse ecosystems in the world, completed by huge biodiversity. An expansion in natural resource extraction through open-pit mining activities leads to increasing land and tropical forest degradation. Proper science-based practices are needed as an effort to reclaim their function. This paper summarizes the existing practice of coal mining, covering the regulatory aspects and their reclamation obligations, the practices of coal mining from various sites with different land characteristics, and the reclamation efforts of the post-mining landscapes in Indonesia. The regulations issued accommodate the difference between mining land inside the forest area and outside the forest area, especially in the aspect of the permit authority and in evaluating the success rate of reclamation. In coal-mining practices, this paper describes starting from land clearing activities and followed by storing soil layers and overburden materials. In this step, proper handling of potentially acid-forming materials is crucial to prevent acid mine drainage. At the reclamation stage, this paper sequentially presents research results and the field applications in rearranging the overburden and soil materials, controlling acid mine drainage and erosion, and managing the drainage system, settling ponds, and pit lakes. Many efforts to reclaim post-coal-mining lands and their success rate have been reported and highlighted. Several success stories describe that post-coal-mining lands can be returned to forests that provide ecosystem services and goods. A set of science-based best management practices for post-coal-mine reforestation is needed to develop to promote the success of forest reclamation and restoration in post-coal-mining lands through the planting of high-value hardwood trees, increasing trees’ survival rates and growth, and accelerating the establishment of forest habitat through the application of proper tree planting technique. The monitoring and evaluation aspect is also crucial, as corrective action may be taken considering the different success rates for different site characteristics.

Elfiati D, Delvian, Hanum H, Susilowati A, Rachmat HH. 2021. Potential of phosphate solubilizing fungi isolated from peat soils as inoculant biofertilizer. Biodiversitas 22: 3042-3048. Phosphate-solubilizing fungi are the microbes that have the ability to dissolve insoluble phosphate and made it available for plants. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to obtain the phosphate-solubilizing fungi from peat soils. Peat soil samples were taken in a composite at a depth 0-20 cm from the peat ecosystem in Nagasaribu Village, Lintong Nihuta Sub-district, Humbang Hasundutan District, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Soil samples were isolated to obtain phosphate-solubilizing fungi using the Pikovskaya selective medium. The obtained isolates were tested for their ability to dissolve phosphate qualitatively by calculating the dissolution index values and quantitatively by calculating the available phosphorus on Pikovskaya medium by using four phosphate sources, namely Ca3(PO4)2, AlPO4, FePO4, and phosphate rock. Total of 12 isolates of phosphate-solubilizing fungi was obtained during the present study. Based on the results of qualitative and quantitative testing, all 12 isolates have the ability to release phosphate from the four tasted phosphate sources. The qualitative test obtains dissolution index values that vary from 2.55 to 4.25, while quantitatively, the isolates were able to dissolve phosphate in the value range from 17.77 ppm to 69.86 ppm. The top five fungal isolates with highest phosphate-solubilizing potential were FG5, FG8, FG9, FG11, and FG12. Based on molecular identification, these five isolates were identified as Aspergillus niger.

Susilowati A, Rangkuti AB, Rachmat HH, Iswanto AH, Harahap MM, Elfiati D, Slamet B, Ginting IM. 2021. Maintaining tree biodiversity in urban communities on the university campus. Biodiversitas 22: 2839-2847. Many universities worldwide have green spaces (GS) as an integral part of their campuses because of significant benefits for ecological function and urban communities. University of Sumatera Utara (USU) campus is located in urban area of Medan city, Indonesia, with a total area of 120 hectares. The campus offers various outdoor spaces for resting, sports, playgrounds and other psychological benefits. The campus also offers vital benefits for its surrounding environment, such as improving air quality and ensuring pleasant climatic conditions and biodiversity. One of the important functions of USU GS is to become an area for preserving tree diversity in urban communities, which in busy urban communities is sometimes a little overlooked. This research aimed to identify the species diversity, abundance, utilization, and conservation status of trees across 120 hectares of USU Campus using the field inventory method. Results revealed a total of 7333 individual trees of 121 species from 37 families. The most common tree species is Swietenia macrophylla (18.37%), while the dominant families are Fabaceae. Margalef index and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index reaching 13.48 (good) and 3.41 (high). Based on the utilization status, 55.43% of the tree species were wood producers, 45.34% were pollutant absorbers, while the lowest percentage functioned as latex producers (0.12%). About 70 species (57.85%) were native species, while 51 species (42.15%) were exotic. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 50 species (41.33% %) were listed as the least concern status, 8 species (6.61%) with a vulnerable status, 4 species (3.30%) with a near-threatened status and 2 species (1.66%) with and endangered status. The result from this study also showed that GS at USU not only performed its main function as a shade or an oxygen producer (environment services) but also maintained the tree biodiversity and a means of ex-situ conservation for many trees species. Trees threatened by anthropogenic activities, particularly tree felling for infrastructural developments were still found in the campus area. Therefore, sustainable conservation efforts should be geared towards ensuring the continued existence of the trees to maintain their ecological functions

The benefits of revegetation provided by the successful growth of planted vegetations. This paper described a successful initiative on the revegetation of tropical degraded land using native trees. More than 250 hectares of intact landscape in Gunung Dahu, West Java—Indonesia have been successfully revegetated using 32 Dipterocarp species. The success of this 20-years-old revegetated landscape was revealed by timber volume, natural regeneration, soil characteristics, ectomycorrhiza occurrence, and ecotourism potential. The results showed that the average diameter and height were varied from 12–43 cm and 10–23 m; diameter mean annual increment were at 0.6–2.1 cm year−1; standing stock per hectares were at 10–220.84 m3 ha−1. The variations might be caused by different planted species, spacing distance, and planting technique. The natural regeneration success was observed by the offspring’s occurrence from six Shorea species and supported by mycorrhiza fruiting bodies predominantly by the genus Rusula. Planted trees also improved the availability of organic materials to the soils, as described by the good total soil porosity (51.06–52.32%) and infiltration rate (120–15,533 mm hour−1) at the site. The landscape also provided springs with continuous water supply and allowed tourists to experience the serenity of the tropical forest. Hence, revegetation using a native tree is prospective and proven to deliver a wider benefit in the ecological, economic, and social aspect.

One of the rehabilitation efforts undertaken by the Forest Research and Development Center in Bogor was to establish a mixed meranti(Dipterocarp) forest in the Gunung Dahu Research Forest, Bogor - West Java. The rehabilitation activities adopted several planting techniques, including total and line planting, used several types of red meranti (Shorea spp.). The purpose of this study was to assess the success of rehabilitation effort by analyzing the growth performance of Shorea leprosula and Shorea selanicastands in which applying total and line planting techniques. Diameter and height, as well as environmental factors such as soil texture, average litter thickness, slope, the average thickness of topsoil, and canopy density, were plant growth parameters that were observed. Growth data analysis was performed using ANOVA and followed by Duncan's test. The results showed that planting techniques affected the diameter growth. The highest growth rate was found in S. selanicaspecies with line planting techniques with the average diameter and height increment was 1.13 cm/year and 0.78 cm/year. Line planting techniques also scored the highest value of basal area and stand volumes, 0.06 m2 and 0.64 m3per year for S. leprosulaand 0.06 m2and 0.66 m3per year for S. selanica.

Susilowati A, Rachmat HH, Elfiati D, Hasibuan MH. 2019. The composition and diversity of plant species in pasak bumi’s (Eurycoma longifolia) habitat in Batang Lubu Sutam forest, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 413-418. Pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) is one of the most popular medicinal plants in Indonesia. Currently, E. longifolia is being over-exploited due to its potential and popularity as herbal medicine and its high value in the market. Therefore, the study on the population structure of the species and habitat characterization is required to ensure successfulness of conservation of this species. The study was carried out in lowland forest, located in Limited Production Forest within the Register Number 40, situated administratively in Papaso Village, Sub-District of Batang Lubu Sutam-Padang Lawas, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Batang Lubu Sutam forest is known as a source of pasak bumi material in North Sumatra. Every year tons of pasak bumi are collected from this forest and exported to Malaysia and surrounding countries. Due to illegal harvesting for its roots, pasak bumi has been seriously depleted in some areas in Batang Lubu Sutam forest. Therefore, current data on its population are needed for conservation effort of Batang Lubu Sutam's pasak bumi. The objectives of this study were to assess the structure of forest where pasak bumi grows and to determine the correct management for sustainability the future stocks. Vegetation analysis was carried out purposively in four transect belts, each consisting of five quadrats or plots. The results showed that the Importance Value Index of pasak bumi at seedling, sapling, pole and tree stages was 21.26%, 9.147%, 0, and 0 respectively. The Shannon Diversity Index (H) ranged between 3.050 and 3.220 and was inside its common value distribution. The evenness index was high, more than 0.85, at all stages of plant growth. The disappearance of pasak bumi at pole and tree stages indicates threatening condition for the sustainability of pasak bumi in the study sites because of excessive harvesting.

Mangroves are an important ecosystem that provides valuable social, economic, and environmental services. Indonesia has placed mangroves on its national priority agenda in an important effort to sustainably manage this ecosystem and achieve national climate commitments. However, mangrove management is faced with complex challenges encompassing social, ecological, and economic issues. In order to achieve the government’s commitments and targets regarding mangrove restoration and conservation, an in-depth study on and critical review of mangrove management in Indonesia was conducted herein. This work aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of the challenges and strategic recommendations for sustainable mangrove management in Indonesia. SWOT analysis was carried out to understand the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to mangrove management in Indonesia. To address these gaps, we reviewed the existing policies, current rehabilitation practices, environmental challenges, and research and technology implementations in the field. We found that strategies on mangrove ecosystem protection, such as improving the function and value of mangrove forests, integrating mangrove ecosystem management, strengthening political commitments and law enforcement, involving all stakeholders (especially coastal communities), and advancing research and innovations, are crucial for sustainable mangrove management and to support the national blue carbon agenda.

Rachmat HH, Subiakto A. 2019. Initiating the establishment of commercial stand at Tasik Besar Serkap, Riau, Indonesia: An early growth assessment of two peat swamp tree species. Biodiversitas 20: 267-272. Degraded and converted peat swamp forest has enhanced the emission of CO2 and become one major contributor of huge greenhouse gas emission. Management unit at site level of KPH Tasik Besar Serkap covers a very wide area of more than 510.000 ha, dominated by 90% of peat swamp forest (PSF) which is susceptible to several disturbance sources (fires, illegal logging, land encroachment, alien species invasion, etc) and experiencing more deteriorated condition if there is no significant action carried out in managing its resources. Thus, it is important to improve the productivity of this PSF by planting it with native commercial tree species in order to maintain its role both in production and conservation aspects. The main objective of this study was to determine suitable PSF native species to rehabilitate highly degraded PSF in KPHP Tasik Besar Serkap. Two native PSF tree species were used namely Balangeran (Shorea balangeran) and Bintangur (Callophylum soulatri). Seedlings were planted at 4 x 3 meter spacing distance, each species was planted in a 1-ha plot, and thus the planting trial total area was 2 ha with 834 individual trees/species/ha. The survival rates at 6 months and 12 months after planting were 81.77% (682 seedlings/ha) and 58.6% (488 seedlings/ha) respectively for Balangeran, and 12.64% (105 seedlings/ha) and 10.34% (86 seedlings/ha) for Bintangur. The average heights at 6 and 12 months after planting for Balangeran were 111.54 cm (±16.731) and 206.03 cm (± 30.905) respectively, while for Bintangur 60.00 cm (± 12.921) and 72.76 cm (± 11.326) respectively. We also observed physical damage on planted seedlings, namely the occurrence of shoot and twig boring (pest) and seedling mortality caused by herbicide contact when our field staff applied herbicide at the experimental plots to ease the planted seedlings from weeds and other competitors. Borer was only identified in the surviving Balangeran seedlings at 12 months after planting with the intensity of attack of 17% . We did not observe similar case occurring in planted Bintangur. Seedling mortality rates caused by herbicide contact for Balangeran and Bintangur were 3.8% and 3,2% respectively. From the study result, it was concluded that only Balangeran was recommended to be planted for increasing the productivity of PSF in the scheme of commercial stand.

Rachmat HH, Subiakto A, Susilowati A. 2018. Mass vegetative propagation of rare and endangered tree species of Indonesia by shoot cuttings by KOFFCO method and effect of container type on nursery storage of rooted cuttings. Biodiversitas 19: 2353-2358. The Forestry Research and Development Agency (FORDA) and The Advance Research of Komatsu Ltd have developed a mass propagation technique using shoot cuttings, namely KOFFCO system (Komatsu-FORDA Fog Cooling System). KOFFCO system controls environmental factors (temperature, humidity, and light intensity) to produce high percentage of rooted cuttings. The seed production of dipterocarp species is unreliable and unpredictable. Thus, vegetative propagation is an alternative means for producing planting materials of dipterocarp species. An attempt was made to produce rooted cuttings of rare and endangered dipterocarp and non-dipterocarp species of the Indonesian native trees, for further use in both reforestation and plantation programs. In fact, this study attempts to answer two specific research questions: (i) What is the potential of KOFFCO system as a vegetative mass propagation technique for Indonesian dipterocarps and non-dipterocarps? (ii) What is the effect of container types on long-term post-nursery storage of dipterocarp planting stock? To answer the first question stated above, vegetative propagation through shoot cuttings of 24 species belonging to 7 genera of dipterocarps and 13 species belonging to 12 genera of non-dipterocarps was attempted (>30.000 cuttings, in total), using KOFFCO system. The results showed that KOFFCO is an efficient innovative technology for the successful mass propagation from cuttings. 100% root formation obtained for Nauclea orientalis, Anotephalus macrophyllus and Ficus sp. To find the answer for the second question, storage experiments and growth observations of the planting stock of selected dipterocarp species was performed, using three different types of containers. Rooted cuttings of six species of dipterocarps with same germination date were tested in each type of the container. The result showed that medium sized square and medium sized round containers produced an average height increment of 19.92 cm and 21.58 cm, respectively, in a year, while small sized square containers produced only 13.94 cm height increment. Both square and round shaped containers are appropriate for short term storage of planting stock, while small containers are more appropriate for storing planting stocks or seedlings for a longer period.

Kapur (Dryobalanops aromatica) is an important dipterocarp species currently classified as vulnerable by the IUCN Red List Threatened Species. Science-based conservation and restoration efforts are needed, which can be supported by new genomic data generated from new technologies, including MinION Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT). ONT allows affordable long-read DNA sequencing, but this technology is still rarely applied to native Indonesian forest trees. Therefore, this study aimed to generate whole genome datasets through ONT and use part of these data to construct the draft of the chloroplast genome and analyze the universal DNA barcode-based genetic relationships for D. aromatica. The method included DNA isolation, library preparation, sequencing, bioinformatics analysis, and phylogenetic tree construction. Results showed that the DNA sequencing of D. aromatica resulted in 1.55 Gb of long-read DNA sequences from which a partial chloroplast genome (148,856 bp) was successfully constructed. The genetic relationship was analyzed using two selected DNA barcodes (rbcL and matK), and its combination showed that species of the genus Dryobalanops had a close relationship as indicated by adjacent branches between species. The phylogenetic tree of matK and the combination of the matK and rbcL genes showed that D. aromatica was closely related to Dryobalanops rappa, whereas the rbcL gene showed group separation between D. aromatica and D. rappa. Therefore, a combination of the matK and rbcL genes is recommended for future use in the phylogenetic or phylogenomic analysis of D. aromatica.

Rachmat HH, Susilowati A, Elfiati D, Hartini KS, Faradillah WN. 2017. Short Communication: Strong genetic differentiation of the endemic rosin-producing tree Styrax sumatrana (Styracaceae) in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18: 1331-1335. Styrax sumatrana is an economically important rosin-producing tree endemic to North Sumatra, Indonesia. Distribution of this species is very limited, and the high rate of forest degradation in Sumatra is increasing the necessity for conservation. To quantify genetic variation and population structuring, we collected individuals from 3 populations namely Pakpak Bharat, Humbang Hasundutan (Humbahas) and Tapanuli Utara in which each of the population was represented by 10 individuals. However, the successful rate of amplification was varied among populations and for later analysis, we only took an account those sequences showing clear electropherograms and disposed those which showed ambiguity. We sequenced trnL-trnF chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) region yielded 941 bp after alignment. The trnL-trnF assigned the species into 4 haplotypes in which Pakpak Bharat was differentiated significantly and not shared any similar haplotypes with two others populations. Humbahas and Tapanuli Utara was shared one common haplotype. Mean nucleotide diversity at silent sites ranged 0 - 3.33 x 10-3, while nucleotide diversity at non-synonymous site ranged 0 - 5.9 x 10-4. Strong genetic differentiation was also found among 3 origin populations, with the highest pairwise genetic differentiation found on Pakpak Bharat and Tapanuli Utara (FST= 0.80952). Clear and apparent genetic structuring was possibly caused by geographical barriers such as highland and mountain ranges (Bukit Barisan mountain ranges) which acted as effective barriers to gene flow among population. The findings suggest that conservation efforts should focus on every population because each of the population maintains distinct genetic identity.

Rachmat HH, Fambayun RA, Yulita KS, Susilowati A. 2020. Ex-situ conservation and management of dipterocarps genetic resources through seedlings collections and nursery establishment. Biodiversitas 21: 556-563. Dipterocarpaceae is a pantropical tree family that spread throughout Asia, including Indonesia. Dipterocarps species are highly valued for their timber. However, their existence is threatened due to illegal logging, forest degradation, and land conversion, result in population reduction in their natural habitat. Conservation nursery is one of germplasm conservation concepts that contain a living collection of endangered, commercially valuable, and multi-purpose tree species. Related to this nursery concept, Forest Research and Development Agency (FORDA) collaborated with Komatsu established a KoFCo nursery (Komatsu- FORDA Conservation Nursery). The establishment of this nursery was by field collection of dipterocarps species as targeted species, followed by sowing and acclimatization for seed and wildings, vegetative propagation using the KOFFCO cutting system, and nursing (watering, weeding, fertilizing, and soil change). At present, the KoFCo nursery has ca. 13,000 individuals of nine genera of dipterocarps seedlings originated from fifteen provinces in Indonesia. Of these, 76 species (68%) are categorized as threatened based on the IUCN red-list category and criteria. Hence, more than 60% of these threatened species were conserved and well-managed through KoFCo nursery. Seedlings collection and KoFCo nursery, therefore, play a vital role and support in ex-situ conservation effort and management of dipterocarps genetic resources.

Susilowati A, Hartini KS, Elfiati D, Rachmat HH, Kusuma YS, Sinaga MZE, Suhartati T. 2020. Macropropagation by shoot cutting of raru (Cotylelobium melanoxylon), a highly utilized dipterocarp in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 724-730. Cotylelobium melanoxylon (Hook.f.) Pierre, or locally named raru, is one of native tree species from North Sumatra that has many uses for its wood and medicinal purposes for anti-diabetic, anti laxative and blood coagulation. C. melanoxylon has been experiencing short supply due to its limited natural distribution, forest degradation, illegal harvesting for its wood and bark and uncertain fruiting season of the species. Along with these alterations, C. melanoxylon population has been decreasing. The objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of C. melanoxylon propagation by shoot cutting. Randomized factorial design with 2 factors was employed in this research. The first factor (factor A) was the cutting media (i.e. topsoil only; topsoil and sand with proportion of 1:1 v/v), and the second factor (factor B) was commercial auxin addition (i.e. 1g/100cuttings; without auxin). The observed parameters were survival percentage, rooted percentage, number of primary and secondary root, length of primary and secondary root and root histology. The results showed that the interaction between media and auxin addition did not have any significant effect on all tested parameters. The average survival percentage was 70-90% and rooting percentage was 50-90%. Adventitious root formation on C. melanoxylon cutting was originated from cell differentiation on wounded area near cambium, followed by root primordia formation and root meristem formation. The success of artificial propagation technique for this species will provide basic practice of C. melanoxylon cultivation and may contribute to the effort of ex situ conservation for valuable and threatened tree species.

Elfiati D, Susilowati A, Modes C, Rachmat HH. 2019. Morphological and molecular identification of cellulolytic fungi associated with local raru species. Biodiversitas 20: 2348-2354. This study is aimed to isolate and identify cellulolytic fungi from different local Raru species in Central Tapanuli, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Cellulolytic fungi are fungi that can degrade natural polymer materials such as cellulose. The fungal species were isolated from soil under three local raru species. The samples inoculating (1 mL) from serial dilutions (10-2 to 10-5) on Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) plates. The plates were incubated at 28 ̊C for one week, then the fungal colonies were observed and pure cultures were maintained. Fungi with cellulolytic activity were characterized by the formation of clear zones around the colonies on CMC media plus congo red (0.1%). The identification of fungi was carried out by molecular identification of the isolated fungi at the species level. The extracted fungal DNA was amplified by PCR using specific internal transcribed spacer primer (ITS1/ITS4). The PCR products were sequenced and compared with the other related sequences in Gen Bank (NCBI). 20 isolates were successfully isolated and nine isolates had cellulolytic activity. Six fungal species from 20 isolates were identified as: Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Aspergillus terreus, Penicillium mariae-crucis, Aspergillus tanneri and Penicillium citrinum. The results showed that Aspergillus terreus was the most abundant fungus obtained from all the raru stand.

Susilowati A, Rachmat HH, Elfiati D, Kholibrina CR, Kusuma YS, Siregar H. 2019. Population structure of Cotylelobium melanoxylon within vegetation community in Bona Lumban Forest, Central Tapanuli, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 1681-1687. In many forests stand, Cotylelobium melanoxylon is hard to find in the wild at present day because its bark has been intensively harvested for traditional alcoholic drink and sold by kilogram in traditional market in North Sumatra and Riau. This activity has put the species into serious threats of their existence in their natural habitat. We conducted study to determine the population structure of the species at seedling to tree stage in Bona Lumban Forest, Central Tapanuli. We used purposive sampling by making line transect at forest area where C. melanoxylon naturally grow. There were four transects with each transect consisted of five plots in which nested plots were established to record data at four growth stages, resulting in 80 plots in total. The result showed that the Important Value Index (IVI) for C. melanoxylon were 66.33, 17.65, 11.82, 12.90; Diversity Index (H) were 2.9, 1.90,2.88, 2.53 and 12.90, Index of evenness (E) were 0.844, 0.534, 0.85, 0.935 and the Index of Richness (R) were 5.71, 7.13, 5.37, 3.67 for the stage tree, pole, sapling, and seedlings, respectively This result demonstrates that C. melanoxylon still grows naturally in Bona Lumban at all stages from tree to seedling. However, there might be a problem in its natural regeneration as there is big difference of its high IVI at tree stage compared to IVI value for its younger stages. The regeneration status of C. melanoxylon was also classified into fair. This might be generated from the condition that the existing mature trees remaining were no longer productive and healthy due to excessive harvesting for its bark.

Aleurites moluccana or locally known as kemiri or candlenut is domesticated multipurpose tree species found in Indonesia, particularly in North Sumatra. As one of high economic value commodities, candlenut can be adopted as agroforestry species, windbreak, soil immobilization and land rehabilitation for critical land that can improve community livelihood with a variety of benefits. Information regarding seed characteristics of the candlenut in North Sumatra Province and its germination strategies is still limited, whereas this information are needed to support candlenut cultivation. Therefore, this research was conducted to obtain information on morphology and germination process of the seed of candlenut. Direct measurement and observation of seed were quantified to observe the seed morphology. The germination process is also quantified through direct observation. The results of seed morphology showed that the candlenut had rough elliptical shell shape with about 6.08 cm in diameter and the shell thickness was approximately 2.56 cm. Germination process took 4-5 months with hypogeal germination type.

The existence of Dryobalanops sumatrensis and D. oblongifolia subsp. oblongifolia in Indonesia’s natural forest is increasingly threatened due to land use changes and illegal logging leading to the urgent need of conservation actions in the field. Vegetative propagation by shoot cuttings has been proposed as an alternative method, yet there have been still lacks of information regarding the suitable rooting media and the use of shoots from saplings as cutting materials. This study was to evaluate the survival rate, rooting and shoot sprouting abilites of D. sumatrensis and D. oblongifolia subsp. oblongifolia on two different media (mineral soil and peat). Saplings of the D. sumatrensis aged older than 7 years old and D. oblongifolia subsp. oblongifolia aged less than 2 years old were used as cutting materials. The results showed that the survival rate of D. sumatrensis in peat (43.75%) and mineral soil media (43.75%) was lower than D. oblongifolia subsp. oblongifolia in for peat media (54.55%) and minerals soil media (71.88%). The rooting and shoot sprouting percentage of D. sumatrensis in peat and mineral soil media was also lower than D. oblongifolia subsp oblongifolia. This pattern revealed that the media treatment (peat and minerals) did not affect the survival rate and rooting ability of D. sumatrensis shoot cuttings, but has an effect on D. oblongifolia subsp. oblongifolia.

Taxus sumatrana or commonly known as Sumatran yew is native endangered taxol producing trees from Indonesia and promising drug for cancer source. Due to very limited and restricted natural growing habitat, small population size and the tendency of habitat deterioration, their sustainable occurrence is facing a serious threats. Urgent task for conserving this species was needed. Shoot cutting is promising methods for solving natural regeneration problems of this species. This research was conducted to determine appropriate shoot cutting technique for propagating the species and hence conserving Sumatran yew. Completely Randomized Design Factorial with 2 factors and 20 replications was used in this research. The first factor was cutting medium the second factor was auxin addition. The observed parameters were survival rate, rooting percentage, primary root number and primary root length. The result showed that the percentage of rooted cuttings were varied from 50 to 65 percent depend on the treatment. Cutting media and auxin treatment significantly only affected primary root number. Combination of soil and husk with auxin addition produced the highest rooting percentage.

Pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) is a shrubs growing wildly in the forests of Southeast Asia and widely used throughout the region because of its medicinal properties. Uncontrolled harvesting of wild-grown trees has led to rapid decrease of it natural populations, as well as causing a potential decrease in genetic diversity. Information about population genetic of pasak bumi still not determined yet, including the optimal DNA isolation and it reference marker. Therefore, our research was conducted to get information about optimal DNA isolation using CTAB methods and reference marker for population genetic study. DNA isolation was conducted through CTAB (Cetyl Trimetyl Ammonium Bromide) method. The yield DNA was PCR amplified using four barcoding standard marker those were ITS, matK, rbcL and trnL-trnF. The result showed that CTAB method was able to yield good quality DNA and 30% dilution produced the best band. The trnL-trnF primer was able to amplified DNA of pasak bumi with 50∘C annealing temperature, rbcL with 55∘C annealing temperature and ITS with 50∘C annealing temperature. While the matK primer failed to amplified. Keywords: DNA, genetic, isolation, amplification, pasak bumi

The rhizosphere defined as zone surrounds the root that it physical, chemical, and biological character directly influenced by root activities. The rhizosphere is characterized by high microbiological activities compared to bulk soil and affected the plant performance. The objectives of this research were to determine soil respiration and total population of soil microbes, including fungi and bacteria, phosphate solubilizing microbes, and organic matter decomposer microbes. Soil samples were collected from rhizosphere zone (0-20 cm) of kemenyan bunga, kemenyan durame, kemenyan batak and kemenyan minyak in Pardomuan village, Sitellu Urang Julu-Pakpak Bharat, North Sumatera. Microbial population was calculated using plate count method and soil respiration measured using jar methods. The result showed that the highest fungi and bacterial population were found under kemenyan durame rhizosphere those were 13.4 x 107 and 15.7 x107 CFU mL−1. The highest phosphate solubilizing microbes population (96.8 x104 CFU mL−1) was also found in kemenyan jurame rhizosphere. The highest organic matter decomposer microbe found in kemenyan minyak rhizosphere those were 25.1 x104 (fungi) and 73.2 x 104 CFU mL−1 (bacteria). The highest respiration (3.23 mg CO2 100 g−1 day−1) was also found in kemenyan jurame rhizosphere. Keywords: bacteria, fungi, kemenyan, respiration, rhizosphere

Subiakto A, Rachmat HH, Sakai C. 2016. Choosing native tree species for establishing man-made forest: A new perspective for sustainable forest management in changing world. Biodiversitas 17: 620-625. Establishment of tree plantation on degraded lands and forest clearly favored some exotic species such as Gmelina arborea, Acacia, and Eucalyptus. High productivity, less harvesting time, and deeper silvicultural knowledge are the beneficial factor for choosing those exotics species. However, the use of a wide variety of native tree species becomes more significantly important in reforestation projects due to the greater biodiversity benefits and widerenvironmental services. This research was carried out as a multiyear observation and continuous experiment to value how native tree species can be prospective alternatives in providing and supporting human need. The performances of two native Indonesian Shorea species, Shorea leprosula and Shorea selanica, were evaluated at a dipterocarp planting trial in two different sites in Indonesia. Growth data was obtained from 15 and 17 years old plots, twelve 100 m X 100 m square plots on mineral soils (Gunung Dahu Experimental Forest/GDEF, Bogor) and eight resembled plots on frequently flooded peat land (PT. Arara Abadi/PT. AA, Riau). Survival rates were varied, ranged from 36-77%, diameter at breast height from 13.7-24.9 cm, tree height from 10.8-16.9 m, mean volume from 0.119m3/tree-0.567 m3/tree, and total volume from 79.420 m3/ha-215.412 m3/ha. Growth rates of planted saplings were affected by species, site and spacing distance. The development of man-made dipterocarps forest in the tropic, especially in South East Asia can be as prospective as developing an exotic fast growing plantation. Eventhough in situ conservation would give the most benefit in conserving genetic resources of native tree species, establishing man-made dipterocarp forest still have higher environmental value than using exotic tree species such as acacia. Moreover, establishing man-made dipterocarp forest is considered more environmental friendly and possess lower to no risk of species invasion compare to those of developing exotic trees plantation.

Rachmat HH, Subiakto A, Kamiya K. 2016. Genetic diversity and conservation strategy considerations for highly valuable medicinal tree of Taxus sumatrana in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 17: 487-491. Genetic variation is considered to be the key factor for longterm survival of the species. The recognition of the existing genetic diversity is the preliminary phase in development of an effective strategy for conservation of forest tree species. Taxus sumatrana or is confined to grow naturally only in Asia, it is a rare and endangered species that in several Asian countries needs both ex situ and in situ protection program. In its natural distribution, T. sumatrana is the only Taxus species that reached its southernmost distribution to Sumatran forest-Indonesia and locally named as Sumatran Yew. The objective of this research was to determine the genetic variation of T. sumatrana as baseline information for designing conservation strategy of the species. Leaves samples were collected from two natural population of T. sumatrana in Mt. Kerinci (Sungai Penuh, Jambi) and Mt. Dempo (Pagaralam, South Sumatra), both sites are located along Bukit Barisan Mountain Ranges of Sumatra. We sequenced two non-coding chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) regions of trnL-trnF and psbC-trnS that each yielded 808 bp and 1092 bp, and rbcL gene of 523 bp, in which the total length covered 2423 bp. Surprisingly, we found no variation for all individuals and population, which means that the species is similar and both populations are not genetically structured. This study also revealed on how a proper conservation strategy should be practiced for the species as we know that without a sufficient amount of genetic variation, a population cannot evolve in response to changing environmental conditions. In situ conservation program is a must that can maintain the existence of the species while at the same time keeping the sustainability of the entire systems; in other side ex situ conservation strategy can take place as an additional effort to secure the genetic resources in case of the catastrophic events that might diminish their limited natural habitat.

Phenotypic observation of resin yielder Pinus merkusii showed higher value of genetic variation and narrow sense heritability values for resin production trait. This result indicated that genetic factor played as dominant aspect. However, further observation using molecular marker would still be needed to overcome the weakness of phenotypic observation. This study was carried out in order to characterize the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of resin yielder genotype candidate P.merkusii using microsatellite markers and to characterize the genetic structure in the resin yielder populations. Seventy needle and inner bark samples were collected from resin yielder in Cijambu Seedling Seed Orchard (SSO) Sumedang, West Java and further divided into two genotype candidates (lower and high resin yielder). Seven microsatellites loci (pm01, pm04, pm05, pm07, pm08, pm09a, pm12, pde5 and SPAC 11.6) were used for detection of genetic diversity. Results showed that genetic diversity in higher resin candidates was (0.551), slightly different compared lower candidates (0.545). However, cluster analysis determined that higher resin yielder grouped with lower one. Molecular variation was found to be low among populations (21%) and high among individuals within the populations (79%). Private alleles were detected both in higher yielder and also normal population.

Subiakto A, Rachmat HH. 2015. Exploration, collection and conservation of dipterocarps in Riau Islands. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 1: 428-433. The diversity and richness of dipterocarps in Sumatera mainland have been well documented and known throughout the world. On the other hand, the existence and the diversity of dipterocarps in small islands along the eastern part of Sumatera mainland, which is directly bordered with neighboring countries of Malaysia and Singapore have not been thoroughly studied. Phylogeography of dipterocarps species from small islands particularly in the eastern part of Sumatra region is important information to reveal evolution history and their distribution. The aim of this research was to record the dipterocarps species growing naturally in each islands surrounding eastern part of Sumatra mainland and to collect genetic materials for preservation and ex-situ conservation effort. Exploration was carried out in the island of Lingga, Singkep, Bintan, Batam, and Bunguran (Natuna Islands). A total number of the species found for each of the islands was as follow Lingga 13 species, Singkep 2 species, Batam 7 species, Bintan 10 species, and Bunguran 21 species. A number of genetic materials taken for each of the islands were 5900, 329, 25, 160 consecutively for the island of Lingga, Bintan, Batam and Bunguran. Wildings were kept and treated in shaded-high humidity nursery chamber and after 90 days of care, the shading was gradually decreased

Rachmat HH, Subiakto A. 2015. Conserving the previously reported extinct tree species Dipterocarpus cinereus: An ex-situ approach for species conservation strategy. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 1: 560-564. Dipterocarpus cinereus (Dipterocarpaceae) is a dipterocarp species which is previously reported extinct based on IUCN Red list. Exploration conducted by Indonesian Science Institute (LIPI) in early 2013 confirmed that this species is still growing naturally in their habitat in Mursala Island, North Sumatra. Despite the Mursala Island is experiencing a high risk of habitat alteration, there has not been any information available related to their regeneration and or their conservation strategy. This study was aimed to collect genetic materials of the species both available as wildings and or cutting materials to be transplanted and propagated in the nursery as ex-situ conservation effort of the species. Exploration in Mursala Island identified the occurrence of the wildings in their natural habitat and took 12 of them out of the site to be transplanted in the nursery. Fouty nine cuttings materials originated from saplings stage were also taken to the nursery at CRDCC for vegetative propagation experiment. Wildings were kept in a shaded chamber with high humidity, while vegetative propagation was conducted using KOFFCO (Komatsu-Forda Fog Cooling System) technique. The result showed that the species was very sensitive to environmental changes, until 16 months of observation the wildings survival rate was 58%, while none of cutting materials was rooted until weeks 36th. Light abundance was predicted as the key factor for the failure of the vegetative propagation, which is also reflected from their wildings that still require much shading and cannot yet be released to the more open area.