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2. Design of a VR-Based Campus Tour Platform with a User-Friendly Scene Asset Management System

Author

Hendricks, Stefan, Shaker, Alfred, Kim, Jong-Hoon, Goos, Gerhard, Founding Editor, Hartmanis, Juris, Founding Editor, Bertino, Elisa, Editorial Board Member, Gao, Wen, Editorial Board Member, Steffen, Bernhard, Editorial Board Member, Woeginger, Gerhard, Editorial Board Member, Yung, Moti, Editorial Board Member, Kim, Jong-Hoon, editor, Singh, Madhusudan, editor, Khan, Javed, editor, Tiwary, Uma Shanker, editor, Sur, Marigankar, editor, and Singh, Dhananjay, editor

Published
2022
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5. Altimetry for the future: Building on 25 years of progress

Author

Abdalla, Saleh, Abdeh Kolahchi, Abdolnabi, Ablain, Michaël, Adusumilli, Susheel, Aich Bhowmick, Suchandra, Alou-Font, Eva, Amarouche, Laiba, Andersen, Ole Baltazar, Antich, Helena, Aouf, Lotfi, Arbic, Brian, Armitage, Thomas, Arnault, Sabine, Artana, Camila, Aulicino, Giuseppe, Ayoub, Nadia, Badulin, Sergei, Baker, Steven, Banks, Chris, Bao, Lifeng, Barbetta, Silvia, Barceló-Llull, Bàrbara, Barlier, François, Basu, Sujit, Bauer-Gottwein, Peter, Becker, Matthias, Beckley, Brian, Bellefond, Nicole, Belonenko, Tatyana, Benkiran, Mounir, Benkouider, Touati, Bennartz, Ralf, Benveniste, Jérôme, Bercher, Nicolas, Berge-Nguyen, Muriel, Bettencourt, Joao, Blarel, Fabien, Blazquez, Alejandro, Blumstein, Denis, Bonnefond, Pascal, Borde, Franck, Bouffard, Jérôme, Boy, François, Boy, Jean-Paul, Brachet, Cédric, Brasseur, Pierre, Braun, Alexander, Brocca, Luca, Brockley, David, Brodeau, Laurent, Brown, Shannon, Bruinsma, Sean, Bulczak, Anna, Buzzard, Sammie, Cahill, Madeleine, Calmant, Stéphane, Calzas, Michel, Camici, Stefania, Cancet, Mathilde, Capdeville, Hugues, Carabajal, Claudia Cristina, Carrere, Loren, Cazenave, Anny, Chassignet, Eric P., Chauhan, Prakash, Cherchali, Selma, Chereskin, Teresa, Cheymol, Cecile, Ciani, Daniele, Cipollini, Paolo, Cirillo, Francesca, Cosme, Emmanuel, Coss, Steve, Cotroneo, Yuri, Cotton, David, Couhert, Alexandre, Coutin-Faye, Sophie, Crétaux, Jean-François, Cyr, Frederic, d’Ovidio, Francesco, Darrozes, José, David, Cedric, Dayoub, Nadim, De Staerke, Danielle, Deng, Xiaoli, Desai, Shailen, Desjonqueres, Jean-Damien, Dettmering, Denise, Di Bella, Alessandro, Díaz-Barroso, Lara, Dibarboure, Gerald, Dieng, Habib Boubacar, Dinardo, Salvatore, Dobslaw, Henryk, Dodet, Guillaume, Doglioli, Andrea, Domeneghetti, Alessio, Donahue, David, Dong, Shenfu, Donlon, Craig, Dorandeu, Joël, Drezen, Christine, Drinkwater, Mark, Du Penhoat, Yves, Dushaw, Brian, Egido, Alejandro, Erofeeva, Svetlana, Escudier, Philippe, Esselborn, Saskia, Exertier, Pierre, Fablet, Ronan, Falco, Cédric, Farrell, Sinead Louise, Faugere, Yannice, Femenias, Pierre, Fenoglio, Luciana, Fernandes, Joana, Fernández, Juan Gabriel, Ferrage, Pascale, Ferrari, Ramiro, Fichen, Lionel, Filippucci, Paolo, Flampouris, Stylianos, Fleury, Sara, Fornari, Marco, Forsberg, Rene, Frappart, Frédéric, Frery, Marie-laure, Garcia, Pablo, Garcia-Mondejar, Albert, Gaudelli, Julia, Gaultier, Lucile, Getirana, Augusto, Gibert, Ferran, Gil, Artur, Gilbert, Lin, Gille, Sarah, Giulicchi, Luisella, Gómez-Enri, Jesús, Gómez-Navarro, Laura, Gommenginger, Christine, Gourdeau, Lionel, Griffin, David, Groh, Andreas, Guerin, Alexandre, Guerrero, Raul, Guinle, Thierry, Gupta, Praveen, Gutknecht, Benjamin D., Hamon, Mathieu, Han, Guoqi, Hauser, Danièle, Helm, Veit, Hendricks, Stefan, Hernandez, Fabrice, Hogg, Anna, Horwath, Martin, Idžanović, Martina, Janssen, Peter, Jeansou, Eric, Jia, Yongjun, Jia, Yuanyuan, Jiang, Liguang, Johannessen, Johnny A., Kamachi, Masafumi, Karimova, Svetlana, Kelly, Kathryn, Kim, Sung Yong, King, Robert, Kittel, Cecile M.M., Klein, Patrice, Klos, Anna, Knudsen, Per, Koenig, Rolf, Kostianoy, Andrey, Kouraev, Alexei, Kumar, Raj, Labroue, Sylvie, Lago, Loreley Selene, Lambin, Juliette, Lasson, Léa, Laurain, Olivier, Laxenaire, Rémi, Lázaro, Clara, Le Gac, Sophie, Le Sommer, Julien, Le Traon, Pierre-Yves, Lebedev, Sergey, Léger, Fabien, Legresy, Benoı̂t, Lemoine, Frank, Lenain, Luc, Leuliette, Eric, Levy, Marina, Lillibridge, John, Liu, Jianqiang, Llovel, William, Lyard, Florent, Macintosh, Claire, Makhoul Varona, Eduard, Manfredi, Cécile, Marin, Frédéric, Mason, Evan, Massari, Christian, Mavrocordatos, Constantin, Maximenko, Nikolai, McMillan, Malcolm, Medina, Thierry, Melet, Angelique, Meloni, Marco, Mertikas, Stelios, Metref, Sammy, Meyssignac, Benoit, Minster, Jean-François, Moreau, Thomas, Moreira, Daniel, Morel, Yves, Morrow, Rosemary, Moyard, John, Mulet, Sandrine, Naeije, Marc, Nerem, Robert Steven, Ngodock, Hans, Nielsen, Karina, Nilsen, Jan Even Øie, Niño, Fernando, Nogueira Loddo, Carolina, Noûs, Camille, Obligis, Estelle, Otosaka, Inès, Otten, Michiel, Oztunali Ozbahceci, Berguzar, P. Raj, Roshin, Paiva, Rodrigo, Paniagua, Guillermina, Paolo, Fernando, Paris, Adrien, Pascual, Ananda, Passaro, Marcello, Paul, Stephan, Pavelsky, Tamlin, Pearson, Christopher, Penduff, Thierry, Peng, Fukai, Perosanz, Felix, Picot, Nicolas, Piras, Fanny, Poggiali, Valerio, Poirier, Étienne, Ponce de León, Sonia, Prants, Sergey, Prigent, Catherine, Provost, Christine, Pujol, M-Isabelle, Qiu, Bo, Quilfen, Yves, Rami, Ali, Raney, R. Keith, Raynal, Matthias, Remy, Elisabeth, Rémy, Frédérique, Restano, Marco, Richardson, Annie, Richardson, Donald, Ricker, Robert, Ricko, Martina, Rinne, Eero, Rose, Stine Kildegaard, Rosmorduc, Vinca, Rudenko, Sergei, Ruiz, Simón, Ryan, Barbara J., Salaün, Corinne, Sanchez-Roman, Antonio, Sandberg Sørensen, Louise, Sandwell, David, Saraceno, Martin, Scagliola, Michele, Schaeffer, Philippe, Scharffenberg, Martin G., Scharroo, Remko, Schiller, Andreas, Schneider, Raphael, Schwatke, Christian, Scozzari, Andrea, Ser-giacomi, Enrico, Seyler, Frederique, Shah, Rashmi, Sharma, Rashmi, Shaw, Andrew, Shepherd, Andrew, Shriver, Jay, Shum, C.K., Simons, Wim, Simonsen, Sebatian B., Slater, Thomas, Smith, Walter, Soares, Saulo, Sokolovskiy, Mikhail, Soudarin, Laurent, Spatar, Ciprian, Speich, Sabrina, Srinivasan, Margaret, Srokosz, Meric, Stanev, Emil, Staneva, Joanna, Steunou, Nathalie, Stroeve, Julienne, Su, Bob, Sulistioadi, Yohanes Budi, Swain, Debadatta, Sylvestre-baron, Annick, Taburet, Nicolas, Tailleux, Rémi, Takayama, Katsumi, Tapley, Byron, Tarpanelli, Angelica, Tavernier, Gilles, Testut, Laurent, Thakur, Praveen K., Thibaut, Pierre, Thompson, LuAnne, Tintoré, Joaquín, Tison, Céline, Tourain, Cédric, Tournadre, Jean, Townsend, Bill, Tran, Ngan, Trilles, Sébastien, Tsamados, Michel, Tseng, Kuo-Hsin, Ubelmann, Clément, Uebbing, Bernd, Vergara, Oscar, Verron, Jacques, Vieira, Telmo, Vignudelli, Stefano, Vinogradova Shiffer, Nadya, Visser, Pieter, Vivier, Frederic, Volkov, Denis, von Schuckmann, Karina, Vuglinskii, Valerii, Vuilleumier, Pierrik, Walter, Blake, Wang, Jida, Wang, Chao, Watson, Christopher, Wilkin, John, Willis, Josh, Wilson, Hilary, Woodworth, Philip, Yang, Kehan, Yao, Fangfang, Zaharia, Raymond, Zakharova, Elena, Zaron, Edward D., Zhang, Yongsheng, Zhao, Zhongxiang, Zinchenko, Vadim, and Zlotnicki, Victor

Published
2021
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7. SMOS-derived Antarctic thin sea ice thickness: data description and validation in the Weddell Sea.

Author

Kaleschke, Lars, Tian-Kunze, Xiangshan, Hendricks, Stefan, and Ricker, Robert

Subjects
SEAWATER salinity, SPHERICAL projection, ROOT-mean-squares, BRIGHTNESS temperature, ANTARCTIC ice, SEA ice
Abstract

Accurate satellite measurements of the thickness of Antarctic sea ice are urgently needed but pose a particular challenge. The Antarctic data presented here were produced using a method to derive the sea ice thickness from 1.4 GHz brightness temperatures previously developed for the Arctic, with only modified auxiliary data. The ability to observe the thickness of thin sea ice using this method is limited to cold conditions, meaning it is only reasonable during the freezing period, typically March to October. The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) level-3 sea ice thickness product contains estimates of the sea ice thickness and its uncertainty up to a thickness of about 1 m. The sea ice thickness is provided as a daily average on a polar stereographic projection grid with a sample resolution of 12.5 km , while the SMOS brightness temperature data used have a footprint size of about 35–40 km in diameter. Data from SMOS have been available since 2010, and the mission's operation has been extended to continue until at least the end of 2025. Here we compare two versions of the SMOS Antarctic sea ice thickness product which are based on different level-1 input data (v3.2 based on SMOS L1C v620 and v3.3 based on SMOS L1C 724). A validation is performed to generate a first baseline reference for future improvements of the retrieval algorithm and synergies with other sensors. Sea ice thickness measurements to validate the SMOS product are particularly rare in Antarctica, especially during the winter season and for the valid range of thicknesses. From the available validation measurements, we selected datasets from the Weddell Sea that have varying degrees of representativeness: Helicopter-based EM Bird (HEM), Surface and Under-Ice Trawl (SUIT), and stationary Upward-Looking Sonars (ULS). While the helicopter can measure hundreds of kilometres, SUIT's use is limited to distances of a few kilometres and thus only captures a small fraction of an SMOS footprint. Compared to SMOS, the ULS are point measurements and multi-year time series are necessary to enable a statistically representative comparison. Only four of the ULS moorings have a temporal overlap with SMOS in the year 2010. Based on selected averaged HEM flights and monthly ULS climatologies, we find a small mean difference (bias) of less than 10 cm and a root mean square deviation of about 20 cm with a correlation coefficient R > 0.9 for the valid sea ice thickness range between 0 and about 1 m. The SMOS sea ice thickness showed an underestimate of about 40 cm with respect to the less representative SUIT validation data in the marginal ice zone. Compared with sea ice thickness outside the valid range, we find that SMOS strongly underestimates the real values, which underlines the need for combination with other sensors such as altimeters. In summary, the overall validity of the SMOS sea ice thickness for thin sea ice up to a thickness of about 1 m has been demonstrated through validation with multiple datasets. To ensure the quality of the SMOS product, an independent regional sea ice extent index was used for control. We found that the new version, v3.3, is slightly improved in terms of completeness, indicating fewer missing data. However, it is worth noting that the general characteristics of both datasets are very similar, also with the same limitations. Archived data are available in the PANGAEA repository at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.934732 and operationally at https://doi.org/10.57780/sm1-5ebe10b. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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8. Lead fractions from SAR-derived sea ice divergence during MOSAiC.

Author

von Albedyll, Luisa, Hendricks, Stefan, Hutter, Nils, Murashkin, Dmitrii, Kaleschke, Lars, Willmes, Sascha, Thielke, Linda, Tian-Kunze, Xiangshan, Spreen, Gunnar, and Haas, Christian

Subjects
*SYNTHETIC aperture radar, *ARCTIC climate, *SEA ice, *CONSUMER preferences, *MICROWAVE radiometers, ARCTIC exploration
Abstract

Leads and fractures in sea ice play a crucial role in the heat and gas exchange between the ocean and atmosphere, impacting atmospheric, ecological, and oceanic processes. We estimated lead fractions from high-resolution divergence obtained from satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data and evaluated them against existing lead products. We derived two new lead fraction products from divergence with a spatial resolution of 700 m calculated from daily Sentinel-1 images. For the first lead product, we advected and accumulated the lead fractions of individual time instances. With those accumulated divergence-derived lead fractions, we comprehensively described the presence of up to 10 d old leads and analyzed their deformation history. For the second lead product, we used only divergence pixels that were identified as part of linear kinematic features (LKFs). Both new lead products accurately captured the formation of new leads with widths of up to a few hundred meters. We presented a Lagrangian time series of the divergence-based lead fractions along the drift of the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition in the central Arctic Ocean during winter 2019–2020. Lead activity was high in fall and spring, consistent with wind forcing and ice pack consolidation. At larger scales of 50–150 km around the MOSAiC expedition, lead activity on all scales was similar, but differences emerged at smaller scales (10 km). We compared our lead products with six others from satellite and airborne sources, including classified SAR, thermal infrared, microwave radiometer, and altimeter data. We found that the mean lead fractions varied by 1 order of magnitude across different lead products due to different physical lead and sea ice properties observed by the sensors and methodological factors such as spatial resolution. Thus, the choice of lead product should align with the specific application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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9. Retrieval of Snow Depth on Arctic Sea Ice From Surface‐Based, Polarimetric, Dual‐Frequency Radar Altimetry

Author

Willatt, Rosemary, primary, Stroeve, Julienne C., additional, Nandan, Vishnu, additional, Newman, Thomas, additional, Mallett, Robbie, additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Ricker, Robert, additional, Mead, James, additional, Itkin, Polona, additional, Tonboe, Rasmus, additional, Wagner, David N., additional, Spreen, Gunnar, additional, Liston, Glen, additional, Schneebeli, Martin, additional, Krampe, Daniela, additional, Tsamados, Michel, additional, Demir, Oguz, additional, Wilkinson, Jeremy, additional, Jaggi, Matthias, additional, Zhou, Lu, additional, Huntemann, Marcus, additional, Raphael, Ian A., additional, Jutila, Arttu, additional, and Oggier, Marc, additional

Published
2023
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11. Introduction

Author

Boyer, Tim, primary, Bartow-Gillies, Ellen, additional, Abida, A., additional, Ades, Melanie, additional, Adler, Robert, additional, Adusumilli, Susheel, additional, Agyakwah, W., additional, Ahmasuk, Brandon, additional, Aldeco, Laura S., additional, Alexe, Mihai, additional, Alfaro, Eric J., additional, Allan, Richard P., additional, Allgood, Adam, additional, Alves, Lincoln. M., additional, Amador, Jorge A., additional, Anderson, John, additional, Andrade, B., additional, Anneville, Orlane, additional, Aono, Yasuyuki, additional, Arguez, Anthony, additional, Arosio, Carlo, additional, Atkinson, C., additional, Augustine, John A., additional, Avalos, Grinia, additional, Azorin-Molina, Cesar, additional, Backensto, Stacia A., additional, Bader, Stephan, additional, Baez, Julian, additional, Baiman, Rebecca, additional, Ballinger, Thomas J., additional, Banwell, Alison F., additional, Bardin, M. Yu, additional, Barichivich, Jonathan, additional, Barnes, John E., additional, Barreira, Sandra, additional, Beadling, Rebecca L., additional, Beck, Hylke E., additional, Becker, Emily J., additional, Bekele, E., additional, Bellido, Guillem Martín, additional, Bellouin, Nicolas, additional, Benedetti, Angela, additional, Benestad, Rasmus, additional, Berne, Christine, additional, Berner, Logan. T., additional, Bernhard, Germar H., additional, Bhatt, Uma S., additional, Bhuiyan, A. E., additional, Bigalke, Siiri, additional, Biló, Tiago, additional, Bissolli, Peter, additional, Bjerke Jarle, W., additional, Blagrave, Kevin, additional, Blake, Eric S., additional, Blenkinsop, Stephen, additional, Blunden, Jessica, additional, Bochníček, Oliver, additional, Bock, Olivier, additional, Bodenstein, Barbara, additional, Bodin, Xavier, additional, Bosilovich, Michael, additional, Boucher, Olivier, additional, Bozkurt, Deniz, additional, Brettschneider, Brian, additional, Bringas, Francis G., additional, Bringas, Francis, additional, Buechler, Dennis, additional, Buehler, Stefan A., additional, Bukunt, Brandon, additional, Calderón, Blanca, additional, Camargo, Suzana J., additional, Campbell, Jayaka, additional, Campos, Diego, additional, Carrea, Laura, additional, Carter, Brendan R., additional, Cetinić, Ivona, additional, Chambers, Don P., additional, Chan, Duo, additional, Chandler, Elise, additional, Chang, Kai-Lan, additional, Chen, Hua, additional, Chen, Lin, additional, Cheng, Lijing, additional, Cheng, Vincent Y. S., additional, Chomiak, Leah, additional, Christiansen, Hanne H., additional, Christy, John R., additional, Chung, Eui-Seok, additional, Ciasto, Laura M., additional, Clarke, Leonardo, additional, Clem, Kyle R., additional, Clingan, Scott, additional, Coelho, Caio A.S., additional, Cohen, Judah L., additional, Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, additional, Colwell, Steve, additional, Cooper, Owen R., additional, Cornes, Richard C., additional, Correa, Kris, additional, Costa, Felipe, additional, Covey, Curt, additional, Coy, Lawrence, additional, Créatux, Jean-François, additional, Crhova, Lenka, additional, Crimmins, Theresa, additional, Cronin, Meghan F., additional, Cropper, Thomas, additional, Crotwell, Molly, additional, Culpepper, Joshua, additional, Cunha, Ana P., additional, Cusicanqui, Diego, additional, Datta, Rajashree T., additional, Davis, Sean M., additional, De Bock, Veerle, additional, de Jeu, Richard A. M., additional, De Laat, Jos, additional, Decharme, Bertrand, additional, Degenstein, Doug, additional, Delaloye, Reynald, additional, Demircan, Mesut, additional, Derksen, Chris, additional, Deus, Ricardo, additional, Dhurmea, K. R., additional, Diamond, Howard J., additional, Dirkse, S., additional, Divine, Dmitry, additional, Dokulil, Martin T., additional, Donat, Markus G., additional, Dong, Shenfu, additional, Dorigo, Wouter A., additional, Drost Jensen, Caroline, additional, Druckenmiller, Matthew L., additional, Drumond, Paula, additional, du Plessis, Marcel, additional, Dugan, Hilary A., additional, Dulamsuren, Dashkhuu, additional, Dunmire, Devon, additional, Dunn, Robert J. H., additional, Durre, Imke, additional, Dusek, Robert, additional, Dutton, Geoff, additional, Duveiller, Gregory, additional, Ekici, Mithat, additional, Elias Chereque, Alesksandra, additional, ElKharrim, M., additional, Epstein, Howard E., additional, Espinoza, Jhan-Carlo, additional, Estilow, Thomas W., additional, Estrella, Nicole, additional, Fauchereau, Nicolas, additional, Fausto, Robert S., additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Fenimore, Chris, additional, Fereday, David, additional, Fettweis, Xavier, additional, Fioletov, vitali E., additional, Flemming, Johannes, additional, Fogarty, Chris, additional, Fogt, Ryan L., additional, Forbes, Bruce C., additional, Foster, Michael J., additional, Franz, Bryan A., additional, Freeman, Natalie M., additional, Fricker, Helen A., additional, Frith, Stacey M., additional, Froidevaux, Lucien, additional, Frost, Gerald V. (JJ), additional, Fuhrman, Steven, additional, Füllekrug, Martin, additional, Ganter, Catherine, additional, Gao, Meng, additional, Gardner, Alex S., additional, Garforth, Judith, additional, Garg, Jay, additional, Gerland, Sebastian, additional, Gibbes, Badin, additional, Gille, Sarah T., additional, Gilson, John, additional, Gleason, Karin, additional, Gobron, Nadine, additional, Goetz, Scott J., additional, Goldenberg, Stanley B., additional, Goni, Gustavo, additional, Goodman, Steven, additional, Goto, Atsushi, additional, Grooß, Jens-Uwe, additional, Gruber, Alexander, additional, Gu, Guojun, additional, Guard, Charles “Chip” P., additional, Hagos, S., additional, Hahn, Sebastian, additional, Haimberger, Leopold, additional, Hall, Bradley D., additional, Hamlington, Benjamin D., additional, Hanna, Edward, additional, Hanssen-Bauer, Inger, additional, Harnos, Daniel S., additional, Harris, Ian, additional, He, Qiong, additional, Heim, Richard R., additional, Hellström, Sverker, additional, Hemming, Deborah L., additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Hicks, J., additional, Hidalgo, Hugo G., additional, Hirschi, Martin, additional, Ho, Shu-peng (Ben), additional, Hobbs, W., additional, Holmes, Robert M., additional, Holzworth, Robert, additional, Hrbáček, Filip, additional, Hu, Guojie, additional, Hu, Zeng-Zhen, additional, Huang, Boyin, additional, Huang, Hongjie, additional, Hurst, Dale F., additional, Ialongo, Iolanda, additional, Inness, Antje, additional, Isaksen, Ketil, additional, Ishii, Masayoshi, additional, Jadra, Gerardo, additional, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, additional, John, Viju O., additional, Johns, W., additional, Johnsen, Bjørn, additional, Johnson, Bryan, additional, Johnson, Gregory C., additional, Jones, Philip D., additional, Jones, Timothy, additional, Josey, Simon A., additional, Jumaux, G., additional, Junod, Robert, additional, Kääb, Andreas, additional, Kabidi, K., additional, Kaiser, Johannes W., additional, Kaler, Robb S.A., additional, Kaleschke, Lars, additional, Kaufmann, Viktor, additional, Kazemi, Amin Fazl, additional, Keller, Linda M., additional, Kellerer-Pirklbauer, Andreas, additional, Kendon, Mike, additional, Kennedy, John, additional, Kent, Elizabeth C., additional, Kerr, Kenneth, additional, Khan, Valentina, additional, Khiem, Mai Van, additional, Kidd, Richard, additional, Kim, Mi Ju, additional, Kim, Seong-Joong, additional, Kipling, Zak, additional, Klotzbach, Philip J., additional, Knaff, John A., additional, Koppa, Akash, additional, Korshunova, Natalia N., additional, Kraemer, Benjamin M., additional, Kramarova, Natalya A., additional, Kruger, A. C., additional, Kruger, Andries, additional, Kumar, Arun, additional, L’Heureux, Michelle, additional, La Fuente, Sofia, additional, Laas, Alo, additional, Labe, Zachary M., additional, Lader, Rick, additional, Lakatos, Mónika, additional, Lakkala, Kaisa, additional, Lam, Hoang Phuc, additional, Lan, Xin, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Landsea, Chris W., additional, Lang, Timothy, additional, Lankhorst, Matthias, additional, Lantz, Kathleen O., additional, Lara, Mark J., additional, Lavado-Casimiro, Waldo, additional, Lavers, David A., additional, Lazzara, Matthew A., additional, Leblanc, Thierry, additional, Lee, Tsz-Cheung, additional, Leibensperger, Eric M., additional, Lennard, Chris, additional, Leuliette, Eric, additional, Leung, Kinson H. Y., additional, Lieser, Jan L., additional, Likso, Tanja, additional, Lin, I-I., additional, Lindsey, Jackie, additional, Liu, Yakun, additional, Locarnini, Ricardo, additional, Loeb, Norman G., additional, Loomis, Bryant D., additional, Lorrey, Andrew M., additional, Loyola, Diego, additional, Lu, Rui, additional, Lumpkin, Rick, additional, Luo, Jing-Jia, additional, Luojus, Kari, additional, Lyman, John M., additional, Maberly, Stephen C., additional, Macander, Matthew J., additional, MacFerrin, Michael, additional, MacGilchrist, Graeme A., additional, MacLennan, Michelle L., additional, Madelon, Remi, additional, Magee, Andrew D., additional, Magnin, Florence, additional, Mamen, Jostein, additional, Mankoff, Ken D., additional, Manney, Gloria L., additional, Marcinonienė, Izolda, additional, Marengo, Jose A., additional, Marjan, Mohammadi, additional, Martínez, Ana E., additional, Massom, Robert A., additional, Matsuzaki, Shin-Ichiro, additional, May, Linda, additional, Mayer, Michael, additional, Mazloff, Matthew R., additional, McAfee, Stephanie A., additional, McBride, C., additional, McCabe, Matthew F., additional, McClelland, James W., additional, McPhaden, Michael J., additional, Mcvicar, Tim R., additional, Mears, Carl A., additional, Meier, Walter N., additional, Mekonnen, A., additional, Menzel, Annette, additional, Merchant, Christopher J., additional, Merrifield, Mark A., additional, Meyer, Michael F., additional, Meyers, Tristan, additional, Mikolajczyk, David E., additional, Miller, John B., additional, Miralles, Diego G., additional, Misevicius, Noelia, additional, Mishonov, Alexey, additional, Mitchum, Gary T., additional, Moat, Ben I., additional, Moesinger, Leander, additional, Moise, Aurel, additional, Molina-Carpio, Jorge, additional, Monet, Ghislaine, additional, Montzka, Stephan A., additional, Moon, Twila A., additional, Moore, G. W. K., additional, Mora, Natali, additional, Morán, Johnny, additional, Morehen, Claire, additional, Morice, Colin, additional, Mostafa, A. E., additional, Mote, Thomas L., additional, Mrekaj, Ivan, additional, Mudryk, Lawrence, additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, Müller, Rolf, additional, Nance, David, additional, Nash, Eric R., additional, Nerem, R. Steven, additional, Newman, Paul A., additional, Nicolas, Julien P., additional, Nieto, Juan J., additional, Noetzli, Jeannette, additional, Noll, Ben, additional, Norton, Taylor, additional, Nyland, Kelsey E., additional, O’Keefe, John, additional, Ochwat, Naomi, additional, Oikawa, Yoshinori, additional, Okunaka, Yuka, additional, Osborn, Timothy J., additional, Overland, James E., additional, Park, Taejin, additional, Parrington, Mark, additional, Parrish, Julia K., additional, Pasch, Richard J., additional, Pascual Ramírez, Reynaldo, additional, Pellet, Cécile, additional, Pelto, Mauri S., additional, Perčec Tadić, Melita, additional, Perovich, Donald K., additional, Petersen, Guðrún Nína, additional, Petersen, Kyle, additional, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, additional, Petty, Alek, additional, Pezza, Alexandre B., additional, Pezzi, Luciano P., additional, Phillips, Coda, additional, Phoenix, Gareth K., additional, Pierson, Don, additional, Pinto, Izidine, additional, Pires, Vanda, additional, Pitts, Michael, additional, Po-Chedley, Stephen, additional, Pogliotti, Paolo, additional, Poinar, Kristin, additional, Polvani, Lorenzo, additional, Preimesberger, Wolfgang, additional, Price, Colin, additional, Pulkkanen, Merja, additional, Purkey, Sarah G., additional, Qiu, Bo, additional, Quisbert, Kenny, additional, Quispe, Willy R., additional, Rajeevan, M., additional, Ramos, Andrea M., additional, Randel, William J., additional, Rantanen, Mika, additional, Raphael, Marilyn N., additional, Reagan, James, additional, Recalde, Cristina, additional, Reid, Phillip, additional, Rémy, Samuel, additional, Reyes Kohler, Alejandra J., additional, Ricciardulli, Lucrezia, additional, Richardson, Andrew D., additional, Ricker, Robert, additional, Robinson, David A., additional, Robjhon, M., additional, Rocha, Willy, additional, Rodell, Matthew, additional, Rodriguez Guisado, Esteban, additional, Rodriguez-Fernandez, Nemesio, additional, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., additional, Ronchail, Josyane, additional, Rosencrans, Matthew, additional, Rosenlof, Karen H., additional, Rösner, Benjamin, additional, Rösner, Henrieke, additional, Rozanov, Alexei, additional, Rozkošný, Jozef, additional, Rubek, Frans, additional, Rusanovskaya, Olga O., additional, Rutishauser, This, additional, Sabeerali, C. T., additional, Salinas, Roberto, additional, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, additional, Santee, Michelle L., additional, Santini, Marcelo, additional, Sato, Katsunari, additional, Sawaengphokhai, Parnchai, additional, Sayouri, A., additional, Scambos, Theodore, additional, Schenzinger, Verena, additional, Schimanke, Semjon, additional, Schlegel, Robert W., additional, Schmid, Claudia, additional, Schmid, Martin, additional, Schneider, Udo, additional, Schreck, Carl J., additional, Schultz, Cristina, additional, _, _, additional, Segele, Z. T., additional, Sensoy, Serhat, additional, Serbin, Shawn P., additional, Serreze, Mark C., additional, Setiawan, Amsari Mudzakir, additional, Sezaki, Fumi, additional, Sharma, Sapna, additional, Sharp, Jonathan D., additional, Sheffield, Gay, additional, Shi, Jia-Rui, additional, Shi, Lei, additional, Shiklomanov, Alexander I., additional, Shiklomanov, Nikolay I., additional, Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., additional, Shukla, R., additional, Siegel, David A., additional, Silow, Eugene A., additional, Sima, F., additional, Simmons, Adrian J., additional, Smeed, David A., additional, Smith, Adam, additional, Smith, Matthew M., additional, Smith, Sharon L., additional, Soden, Brian J., additional, Sofieva, Viktoria, additional, Souza, Everaldo, additional, Sparks, Tim H., additional, Spence-Hemmings, Jacqueline, additional, Spencer, Robert G. M., additional, Spillane, Sandra, additional, Sreejith, O. P., additional, Srivastava, A. K., additional, Stackhouse, Paul W., additional, Stammerjohn, Sharon, additional, Stauffer, Ryan, additional, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, additional, Steiner, Andrea K., additional, Stella, Jose L., additional, Stephenson, Tannecia S., additional, Stradiotti, Pietro, additional, Strahan, Susan E., additional, Streletskiy, Dmitry A., additional, Surendran, Divya E., additional, Suslova, Anya, additional, Svendby, Tove, additional, Sweet, William, additional, Takahashi, Kiyotoshi, additional, Takemura, Kazuto, additional, Tank, Suzanne E., additional, Taylor, Michael A., additional, Tedesco, Marco, additional, Thackeray, Stephen J., additional, Thiaw, W. M., additional, Thibert, Emmanuel, additional, Thoman, Richard L., additional, Thompson, Andrew F., additional, Thompson, Philip R., additional, Tian-Kunze, Xiangshan, additional, Timmermans, Mary-Louise, additional, Timofeyev, Maxim A., additional, Tobin, Skie, additional, Tømmervik, Hans, additional, Tourpali, Kleareti, additional, Trescilo, Lidia, additional, Tretiakov, Mikhail, additional, Trewin, Blair C., additional, Triñanes, Joaquin A., additional, Trotman, Adrian, additional, Truchelut, Ryan E., additional, Trusel, Luke D., additional, Tye, Mari R., additional, van der A, Ronald, additional, van der Schalie, Robin, additional, van der Schrier, Gerard, additional, Van Hemert, Caroline, additional, Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., additional, van vliet, Arnold J.H., additional, Vazife, Ahad, additional, Verburg, Piet, additional, Vernier, Jean-Paul, additional, Vimont, Isaac J., additional, Virts, Katrina, additional, Vivero, Sebastián, additional, Volkov, Denis L., additional, Vömel, Holger, additional, Vose, Russell S., additional, Walker, Donald (Skip) A., additional, Walsh, John E., additional, Wang, Bin, additional, Wang, Hui, additional, Wang, Muyin, additional, Wang, Ray H. J., additional, Wang, Xinyue, additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Warnock, Taran, additional, Weber, Mark, additional, Webster, Melinda, additional, Wehrlé, Adrian, additional, Wen, Caihong, additional, Westberry, Toby K., additional, Widlansky, Matthew J., additional, Wiese, David N., additional, Wild, Jeannette D., additional, Wille, Jonathan D., additional, Willems, An, additional, Willett, Kate M., additional, Williams, Earle, additional, Willis, J., additional, Wong, Takmeng, additional, Wood, Kimberly M., additional, Woolway, Richard Iestyn, additional, Xie, Ping-Ping, additional, Yang, Daqing, additional, Yin, Xungang, additional, Yin, Ziqi, additional, Zeng, Zhenzhong, additional, Zhang, Huai-min, additional, Zhang, Li, additional, Zhang, Peiqun, additional, Zhao, Lin, additional, Zhou, Xinjia, additional, Zhu, Zhiwei, additional, Ziemke, Jerry R., additional, Ziese, Markus, additional, Zolkos, Scott, additional, Zotta, Ruxandra M., additional, Zou, Cheng-Zhi, additional, Allen, Jessicca, additional, Camper, Amy V., additional, Haley, Bridgette O., additional, Hammer, Gregory, additional, Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, additional, Ohlmann, Laura, additional, Noguchi, Lukas, additional, Riddle, Deborah B., additional, and Veasey, Sara W., additional

Published
2023
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12. The Arctic

Author

Moon, T. A., primary, Thoman, R., additional, Druckenmiller, M. L., additional, Ahmasuk, Brandon, additional, Backensto, Stacia A., additional, Ballinger, Thomas J., additional, Benestad, Rasmus, additional, Berner, Logan. T., additional, Bernhard, Germar H., additional, Bhatt, Uma S., additional, Bigalke, Siiri, additional, BjerkeJarle, W., additional, Brettschneider, Brian, additional, Christiansen, Hanne H., additional, Cohen, Judah L., additional, Decharme, Bertrand, additional, Derksen, Chris, additional, Divine, Dmitry, additional, Drost, Jensen, additional, Druckenmiller, Matthew L., additional, EliasChereque, Alesksandra, additional, Epstein, Howard E., additional, Fausto, Robert S., additional, Fettweis, Xavier, additional, Fioletov, Vitali E., additional, Forbes, Bruce C., additional, Frost, Gerald V., additional, Gerland, Sebastian, additional, Goetz, Scott J., additional, Grooß, Jens-Uwe, additional, Hanna, Edward, additional, Hanssen-Bauer, Inger, additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Holmes, Robert M., additional, Ialongo, Iolanda, additional, Isaksen, Ketil, additional, Johnsen, Bjørn, additional, Jones, Timothy, additional, Kaler, Robb S.A., additional, Kaleschke, Lars, additional, Kim, Seong-Joong, additional, Labe, Zachary M., additional, Lader, Rick, additional, Lakkala, Kaisa, additional, Lara, Mark J., additional, Lindsey, Jackie, additional, Loomis, Bryant D., additional, Luojus, Kari, additional, Macander, Matthew J., additional, Mamen, Jostein, additional, Mankoff, Ken D., additional, Manney, Gloria L., additional, McAfee, Stephanie A., additional, McClelland, James W., additional, Meier, Walter N., additional, Moon, Twila A., additional, Moore, G. W. K., additional, Mote, Thomas L., additional, Mudryk, Lawrence, additional, Müller, Rolf, additional, Nyland, Kelsey E., additional, Overland, James E., additional, Parrish, Julia K., additional, Perovich, Donald K., additional, Petersen, Guðrún Nína, additional, Petty, Alek, additional, Phoenix, Gareth K., additional, Poinar, Kristin, additional, Rantanen, Mika, additional, Ricker, Robert, additional, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., additional, Serbin, Shawn P., additional, Serreze, Mark C., additional, Sheffield, Gay, additional, Shiklomanov, Alexander I., additional, Shiklomanov, Nikolay I., additional, Smith, Sharon L., additional, Spencer, Robert G. M., additional, Streletskiy, Dmitry A., additional, Suslova, Anya, additional, Svendby, Tove, additional, Tank, Suzanne E., additional, Tedesco, Marco, additional, Thoman, Richard L., additional, Tian-Kunze, Xiangshan, additional, Timmermans, Mary-Louise, additional, Tømmervik, Hans, additional, Tretiakov, Mikhail, additional, Walker, Donald A., additional, Walsh, John E., additional, Wang, Muyin, additional, Webster, Melinda, additional, Wehrlé, Adrian, additional, Yang, Dedi, additional, Zolkos, Scott, additional, Allen, Jessicca, additional, Camper, Amy V., additional, Haley, Bridgette O., additional, Hammer, Gregory, additional, Love-Brotak, S., additional, Ohlmann, Laura, additional, Noguchi, Lukas, additional, Riddle, Deborah B., additional, and Veasey, Sara W., additional

Published
2023
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13. Lead fractions from SAR-derived sea ice divergence during MOSAiC

Author

von Albedyll, Luisa, primary, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Hutter, Nils, additional, Murashkin, Dmitrii, additional, Kaleschke, Lars, additional, Willmes, Sascha, additional, Thielke, Linda, additional, Tian-Kunze, Xiangshan, additional, Spreen, Gunnar, additional, and Haas, Christian, additional

Published
2023
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14. Wind redistribution of snow impacts the Ka- and Ku-band radar signatures of Arctic sea ice

Author

Nandan, Vishnu, primary, Willatt, Rosemary, additional, Mallett, Robbie, additional, Stroeve, Julienne, additional, Geldsetzer, Torsten, additional, Scharien, Randall, additional, Tonboe, Rasmus, additional, Yackel, John, additional, Landy, Jack, additional, Clemens-Sewall, David, additional, Jutila, Arttu, additional, Wagner, David N., additional, Krampe, Daniela, additional, Huntemann, Marcus, additional, Mahmud, Mallik, additional, Jensen, David, additional, Newman, Thomas, additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Spreen, Gunnar, additional, Macfarlane, Amy, additional, Schneebeli, Martin, additional, Mead, James, additional, Ricker, Robert, additional, Gallagher, Michael, additional, Duguay, Claude, additional, Raphael, Ian, additional, Polashenski, Chris, additional, Tsamados, Michel, additional, Matero, Ilkka, additional, and Hoppmann, Mario, additional

Published
2023
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15. Classification of CryoSat-2 Radar Echoes

Author

Ricker, Robert, Hendricks, Stefan, Helm, Veit, Gerdes, Rüdiger, Blondel, Philippe, Series editor, Guilyardi, Eric, Series editor, Rabassa, Jorge, Series editor, Horwood, Clive, Series editor, Lohmann, Gerrit, editor, Meggers, Helge, editor, Unnithan, Vikram, editor, Wolf-Gladrow, Dieter, editor, Notholt, Justus, editor, and Bracher, Astrid, editor

Published
2015
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16. Heat stored in the Earth system 1960–2020: where does the energy go?

Author

von Schuckmann, Karina, primary, Minière, Audrey, additional, Gues, Flora, additional, Cuesta-Valero, Francisco José, additional, Kirchengast, Gottfried, additional, Adusumilli, Susheel, additional, Straneo, Fiammetta, additional, Ablain, Michaël, additional, Allan, Richard P., additional, Barker, Paul M., additional, Beltrami, Hugo, additional, Blazquez, Alejandro, additional, Boyer, Tim, additional, Cheng, Lijing, additional, Church, John, additional, Desbruyeres, Damien, additional, Dolman, Han, additional, Domingues, Catia M., additional, García-García, Almudena, additional, Giglio, Donata, additional, Gilson, John E., additional, Gorfer, Maximilian, additional, Haimberger, Leopold, additional, Hakuba, Maria Z., additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Hosoda, Shigeki, additional, Johnson, Gregory C., additional, Killick, Rachel, additional, King, Brian, additional, Kolodziejczyk, Nicolas, additional, Korosov, Anton, additional, Krinner, Gerhard, additional, Kuusela, Mikael, additional, Landerer, Felix W., additional, Langer, Moritz, additional, Lavergne, Thomas, additional, Lawrence, Isobel, additional, Li, Yuehua, additional, Lyman, John, additional, Marti, Florence, additional, Marzeion, Ben, additional, Mayer, Michael, additional, MacDougall, Andrew H., additional, McDougall, Trevor, additional, Monselesan, Didier Paolo, additional, Nitzbon, Jan, additional, Otosaka, Inès, additional, Peng, Jian, additional, Purkey, Sarah, additional, Roemmich, Dean, additional, Sato, Kanako, additional, Sato, Katsunari, additional, Savita, Abhishek, additional, Schweiger, Axel, additional, Shepherd, Andrew, additional, Seneviratne, Sonia I., additional, Simons, Leon, additional, Slater, Donald A., additional, Slater, Thomas, additional, Steiner, Andrea K., additional, Suga, Toshio, additional, Szekely, Tanguy, additional, Thiery, Wim, additional, Timmermans, Mary-Louise, additional, Vanderkelen, Inne, additional, Wjiffels, Susan E., additional, Wu, Tonghua, additional, and Zemp, Michael, additional

Published
2023
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19. Heat stored in the Earth system 1960–2020: Where does the energy go?

Author

Von Schuckmann, Karina, Minère, Audrey, Gues, Flora, Cuesta-valero, Francisco José, Kirchengast, Gottfried, Adusumilli, Susheel, Straneo, Fiammetta, Allan, Richard, Barker, Paul M., Beltrami, Hugo, Boyer, Tim, Cheng, Lijing, Church, John, Desbruyeres, Damien, Dolman, Han, Domingues, Catia M., García-garcía, Almudena, Giglio, Donata, Gilson, John E., Gorfer, Maximilian, Haimberger, Leopold, Hendricks, Stefan, Hosoda, Shigeki, Johnson, Gregory C., Killick, Rachel, King, Brian, Kolodziejczyk, Nikolas, Korosov, Anton, Krinner, Gerhard, Kuusela, Mikael, Langer, Moritz, Lavergne, Thomas, Lawrence, Isobel, Li, Yuehua, Lyman, John, Marzeion, Ben, Mayer, Michael, Macdougall, Andrew H., Mcdougall, Trevor, Monselesan, Didier Paolo, Nitzbon, Jan, Otosaka, Inès, Peng, Jian, Purkey, Sarah, Roemmich, Dean, Sato, Kanako, Sato, Katsunari, Savita, Abhishek, Schweiger, Axel, Shepherd, Andrew, Seneviratne, Sonia I., Simons, Leon, Slater, Donald A., Slater, Thomas, Smith, Noah, Steiner, Andrea, Suga, Toshio, Szekely, Tanguy, Thiery, Wim, Timmermans, Mary-louise, Vanderkelen, Inne, Wjiffels, Susan E., Wu, Tonghua, Zemp, Michael, Von Schuckmann, Karina, Minère, Audrey, Gues, Flora, Cuesta-valero, Francisco José, Kirchengast, Gottfried, Adusumilli, Susheel, Straneo, Fiammetta, Allan, Richard, Barker, Paul M., Beltrami, Hugo, Boyer, Tim, Cheng, Lijing, Church, John, Desbruyeres, Damien, Dolman, Han, Domingues, Catia M., García-garcía, Almudena, Giglio, Donata, Gilson, John E., Gorfer, Maximilian, Haimberger, Leopold, Hendricks, Stefan, Hosoda, Shigeki, Johnson, Gregory C., Killick, Rachel, King, Brian, Kolodziejczyk, Nikolas, Korosov, Anton, Krinner, Gerhard, Kuusela, Mikael, Langer, Moritz, Lavergne, Thomas, Lawrence, Isobel, Li, Yuehua, Lyman, John, Marzeion, Ben, Mayer, Michael, Macdougall, Andrew H., Mcdougall, Trevor, Monselesan, Didier Paolo, Nitzbon, Jan, Otosaka, Inès, Peng, Jian, Purkey, Sarah, Roemmich, Dean, Sato, Kanako, Sato, Katsunari, Savita, Abhishek, Schweiger, Axel, Shepherd, Andrew, Seneviratne, Sonia I., Simons, Leon, Slater, Donald A., Slater, Thomas, Smith, Noah, Steiner, Andrea, Suga, Toshio, Szekely, Tanguy, Thiery, Wim, Timmermans, Mary-louise, Vanderkelen, Inne, Wjiffels, Susan E., Wu, Tonghua, and Zemp, Michael

Abstract

The Earth climate system is out of energy balance and heat has accumulated continuously over the past decades, warming the ocean, the land, the cryosphere and the atmosphere. According to the 6th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, this planetary warming over multiple decades is human-driven and results in unprecedented and committed changes to the Earth system, with adverse impacts for ecosystems and human systems. The Earth heat inventory provides a measure of the Earth energy imbalance, and allows for quantifying how much heat has accumulated in the Earth system, and where the heat is stored. Here we show that 380 ± 62 ZJ of heat has accumulated in the Earth system from 1971 to 2020, at a rate of 0.48 ± 0.1 W m−2, with 89 ± 17 % of this heat stored in the ocean, 6 ± 0.1 % on land, 4 ± 1 % in the cryosphere and 1 ± 0.2 % in the atmosphere. Over the most recent decade (2006–2020), the Earth heat inventory shows increased warming at rate of 0.48 ± 0.3 W m−2/decade, and the Earth climate system is out of energy balance by 0.76 ± 0.2 Wm−2. The Earth heat inventory is the most fundamental global climate indicator that the scientific community and the public can use as the measure of how well the world is doing in the task of bringing anthropogenic climate change under control. We call for an implementation of the Earth heat inventory into the Paris agreement’s global stocktake based on best available science. The Earth heat inventory in this study, updated from von Schuckmann et al, 2020, is underpinned by worldwide multidisciplinary collaboration and demonstrates the critical importance of concerted international efforts for climate change monitoring and community-based recommendations as coordinated by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). We also call for urgently needed actions for enabling continuity, archiving, rescuing and calibrating efforts to assure improved and long-term monitoring capacity of the relevant GCOS Essential

Published
2023
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20. MOSAiC airborne laser scanning of the sea-ice surface: data product overview and insights to seasonal roughness evolution

Author

Jutila, Arttu Juhani, Hutter, Nils, Hendricks, Stefan, Ricker, Robert, Albedyll, Luisa, Birnbaum, Gerit, Haas, Christian, Jutila, Arttu Juhani, Hutter, Nils, Hendricks, Stefan, Ricker, Robert, Albedyll, Luisa, Birnbaum, Gerit, and Haas, Christian

Abstract

Oral presentation at the 2nd MOSAiC science conference showing the MOSAiC airborne laser scanner product overview and first results of seasonal surface roughness

Published
2023

21. Retrieval of Snow Depth on Arctic Sea Ice From Surface‐Based, Polarimetric, Dual‐Frequency Radar Altimetry

Author

Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Willatt, Rosemary, Stroeve, Julienne, Nandan, Vishnu, Newman, Thomas, Mallett, Robbie, Hendricks, Stefan, Ricker, Robert, Mead, James, Itkin, Polona, Tonboe, Rasmus, Wagner, David Nicholas, Spreen, Gunnar, Liston, Glen, Schneebeli, Martin, Krampe, Daniela, Tsamados, Michel, Demir, Oguz, Wilkinson, Jeremy, Jaggi, Matthias, Zhou, Lu, Huntemann, Marcus, Raphael, Ian A., Jutila, Arttu, Oggier, Marc, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Willatt, Rosemary, Stroeve, Julienne, Nandan, Vishnu, Newman, Thomas, Mallett, Robbie, Hendricks, Stefan, Ricker, Robert, Mead, James, Itkin, Polona, Tonboe, Rasmus, Wagner, David Nicholas, Spreen, Gunnar, Liston, Glen, Schneebeli, Martin, Krampe, Daniela, Tsamados, Michel, Demir, Oguz, Wilkinson, Jeremy, Jaggi, Matthias, Zhou, Lu, Huntemann, Marcus, Raphael, Ian A., Jutila, Arttu, and Oggier, Marc

Published
2023

22. Retrieval of Snow Depth on Arctic Sea Ice From Surface-Based, Polarimetric, Dual-Frequency Radar Altimetry

Author

Willatt, Rosemary, Stroeve, Julienne C., Nandan, Vishnu, Newman, Thomas, Mallett, Robbie, Hendricks, Stefan, Ricker, Robert, Mead, James, Itkin, Polona, Tonboe, Rasmus, Wagner, David N., Spreen, Gunnar, Liston, Glen, Schneebeli, Martin, Krampe, Daniela, Tsamados, Michel, Demir, Oguz, Wilkinson, Jeremy, Jaggi, Matthias, Zhou, Lu, Huntemann, Marcus, Raphael, Ian A., Jutila, Arttu, Oggier, Marc, Willatt, Rosemary, Stroeve, Julienne C., Nandan, Vishnu, Newman, Thomas, Mallett, Robbie, Hendricks, Stefan, Ricker, Robert, Mead, James, Itkin, Polona, Tonboe, Rasmus, Wagner, David N., Spreen, Gunnar, Liston, Glen, Schneebeli, Martin, Krampe, Daniela, Tsamados, Michel, Demir, Oguz, Wilkinson, Jeremy, Jaggi, Matthias, Zhou, Lu, Huntemann, Marcus, Raphael, Ian A., Jutila, Arttu, and Oggier, Marc

Abstract

Snow depth on sea ice is an Essential Climate Variable and a major source of uncertainty in satellite altimetry-derived sea ice thickness. During winter of the MOSAiC Expedition, the “KuKa” dual-frequency, fully polarized Ku- and Ka-band radar was deployed in “stare” nadir-looking mode to investigate the possibility of combining these two frequencies to retrieve snow depth. Three approaches were investigated: dual-frequency, dual-polarization and waveform shape, and compared to independent snow depth measurements. Novel dual-polarization approaches yielded r2 values up to 0.77. Mean snow depths agreed within 1 cm, even for data sub-banded to CryoSat-2 SIRAL and SARAL AltiKa bandwidths. Snow depths from co-polarized dual-frequency approaches were at least a factor of four too small and had a r2 0.15 or lower. r2 for waveform shape techniques reached 0.72 but depths were underestimated. Snow depth retrievals using polarimetric information or waveform shape may therefore be possible from airborne/satellite radar altimeters.

Published
2023

23. SMOS sea ice product: Operational application and validation in the Barents Sea marginal ice zone

Author

Kaleschke, Lars, Tian-Kunze, Xiangshan, Maaß, Nina, Beitsch, Alexander, Wernecke, Andreas, Miernecki, Maciej, Müller, Gerd, Fock, Björn H., Gierisch, Andrea M.U., Schlünzen, K. Heinke, Pohlmann, Thomas, Dobrynin, Mikhail, Hendricks, Stefan, Asseng, Jölund, Gerdes, Rüdiger, Jochmann, Peter, Reimer, Nils, Holfort, Jürgen, Melsheimer, Christian, Heygster, Georg, Spreen, Gunnar, Gerland, Sebastian, King, Jennifer, Skou, Niels, Søbjærg, Sten Schmidl, Haas, Christian, Richter, Friedrich, and Casal, Tânia

Published
2016
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25. SMOS-derived Antarctic thin sea-ice thickness: data description and validation in the Weddell Sea.

Author

Kaleschke, Lars, Xiangshan Tian-Kunze, Hendricks, Stefan, and Ricker, Robert

Subjects
SEA ice, SPHERICAL projection, BRIGHTNESS temperature, STANDARD deviations, THICKNESS measurement, ANTARCTIC ice
Abstract

Accurate satellite measurements of the thickness of Antarctic sea ice are urgently needed but pose a particular challenge. The Antarctic data presented here were produced using a method to derive the sea-ice thickness from 1.4 GHz brightness temperatures previously developed for the Arctic, with only modified auxiliary data. The ability to observe thin sea-ice thicknesses using this method is limited to cold conditions, meaning it is only reasonable during the freezing period, typically March to October. The SMOS level 3 sea-ice thickness product contains estimates of the sea-ice thickness and its uncertainty up to a thickness of about 1 m. The sea-ice thickness is provided as daily average on a polar stereographic projection grid with a sample resolution of 12.5 km, while the SMOS brightness temperature data used has a footprint size of about 35- 40 km in diameter. Data from SMOS have been available since 2010, and the mission’s operation has been extended to continue until at least the end of 2025. Here we compare two versions of the SMOS Antarctic sea-ice thickness product which are based on different level 1 input data (v3.2 based on SMOS L1C v620, and v3.3 based on SMOS L1C 724). A validation is performed to generate a first baseline reference for future improvements of the retrieval algorithm and synergies with other sensors. Sea-ice thickness measurements to validate the SMOS product are particularly rare in Antarctica, especially during the winter season and for the valid range of thicknesses. From the available validation measurements, we selected datasets from the Weddell Sea that have varying degrees of representativeness: Helicopter-based EM Bird (HEM), Surface and Under-Ice Trawl (SUIT), and stationary Upward-Looking Sonars (ULS). While the helicopter can measure hundreds of kilometers, the SUIT’s use is limited to distances of a few kilometers and thus only captures a small fraction of an SMOS footprint. Compared to SMOS, the ULS are point measurements and multi-year time series are necessary to enable a statistically representative comparison. Only four of the ULS moorings have a temporal overlap with SMOS in the year 2010. Based on selected averaged HEM flights and monthly ULS climatologies we find a small mean difference (bias) of less than 10 cm and a root-mean-square deviation of about 20 cm with a correlation coefficient R>0.9 for the valid sea-ice thickness range between zero and about one meter. The SMOS sea-ice thickness showed an underestimate of about 40 cm with respect to the less representative SUIT validation data in the marginal ice zone. Compared with sea-ice thickness outside the valid range we find that SMOS strongly underestimates the real values which underlines the need for combination with other sensors such as altimeters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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26. Lead fractions from SAR-derived sea ice divergence during MOSAiC.

Author

von Albedyll, Luisa, Hendricks, Stefan, Hutter, Nils, Murashkin, Dmitrii, Kaleschke, Lars, Willmes, Sascha, Thielke, Linda, Tian-Kunze, Xiangshan, Spreen, Gunnar, and Haas, Christian

Abstract

Leads and fractures in sea ice play a crucial role in the heat and gas exchange between the ocean and atmosphere, impacting atmospheric, ecological, and oceanic processes. Our aim was to estimate lead fractions from high-resolution divergence obtained from satellite synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) data and to evaluate it against existing lead products. We derived two new leadfraction products from divergence with a spatial resolution of 700m calculated from daily Sentinel-1 images. For the first lead product, we advected and accumulated the lead fractions of individual time steps. With those accumulated divergence-derived lead fractions, we described comprehensively the presence of up to 10-day-old leads and analyzed their deformation history. For the second lead product, we used only divergence pixels that were identified as part of linear kinematic features (LKFs). Both new lead products accurately captured the formation of new leads with widths of a few hundred meters. We presented a Lagrangian time series of the divergence-based lead fractions along the drift of the MOSAiC expedition in the central Arctic Ocean during winter 2019/2020. Lead activity was high in fall and spring, consistent with wind forcing and ice pack consolidation. At larger scales of 50-150 km around the MOSAiC expedition, lead activity on all scales was similar, but differences emerged at smaller scales (10 km). We compared our lead products with 6 others from satellite and airborne sources, including classified SAR, thermal infrared, microwave radiometer, and altimeter data. We found that the mean lead fractions varied by 1 magnitude across different lead products due to different physical lead and sea ice properties observed by the sensors and methodological factors such as spatial resolution. Thus, the choice of lead product should align with the specific application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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27. Sea ice and snow characteristics from year-long transects at the MOSAiC Central Observatory

Author

Itkin, Polona, primary, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Webster, Melinda, additional, von Albedyll, Luisa, additional, Arndt, Stefanie, additional, Divine, Dmitry, additional, Jaggi, Matthias, additional, Oggier, Marc, additional, Raphael, Ian, additional, Ricker, Robert, additional, Rohde, Jan, additional, Schneebeli, Martin, additional, and Liston, Glen E., additional

Published
2023
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28. Sea Ice-thickness product iNter-comparison eXerciSe – The ESA SIN’XS project

Author

Da Silva, Elodie, Haas, Christian, Fleury, Sara, Hendricks, Stefan, Paul, Stephan, Tsamados, Michel, Munesa, Eric, and Pastor, Javier

Abstract

The SIN’XS project is a three-year activity (May 2022 – May 2025) funded by ESA in the frame of the Polar Science Cluster.In light of rapid changes of the Arctic and Antarctic sea ice cover, continued and improved observations, understanding, and predictions of its thickness are particularly important for a range of fields from climate studies to offshore operations in ice. Systematic and accurate ice thickness observations are now available from several satellite missions. However, they differ in used processing algorithms and assumptions, temporal and spatial coverage and resolution, and applicability to stakeholder needs like modelling and assimilation, numerical weather prediction, and ship routing. These differences between products have so far complicated the consistent use of the various data products and there is little consensus about Arctic and Antarctic Sea ice volume variability and change. The Sea Ice-thickness product iNter-comparison eXerciSe (SIN’XS) will identify some of these gaps by carrying out in-depth intercomparisons of a wide range of satellite ice thickness products from altimetry and other methods, in close collaboration with an international community of scientific and operational sea ice experts, and in partnership with the WMO Global Cryosphere Watch (GCW).It will develop joint protocols for the intercomparison of ice thickness products and their validation, based on established approaches from the QA4EO project and by further developing a framework for Fiducial Reference Measurements (FRMs). SIN’XS will develop an online system to engage the community with data submission and to support scientific analysis of the data sets and intercomparisons., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Published
2023

29. Observing Arctic thin ice: A comparison between Cryosat-2 altimetry data and thermal imagery from MODIS

Author

Müller, Felix, Paul, Stephan, Hendricks, Stefan, and Dettmering, Denise

Abstract

Leads are not permanently open, but are partially frozen and covered by a thin layer of ice up to about 25 cm thick. This thin ice layer is a hotspot for ocean ventilation as well as for the exchange of heat and moisture between the ocean and the atmosphere. Usually, satellite altimetry is used to determine sea level and its changes. In order to monitor the sea level in the polar oceans, methods have been published in recent years that can detect leads by analysing the shape and backscatter properties of altimeter radar echoes (i.e. waveforms). Here we present an extension of an unsupervised waveform classification of Cryosat-2 SAR observations to identify thin ice surfaces and delineate them from ice-free areas as well as from thicker ice. The unsupervised classification approach identifies similar patterns among a subset of randomly collected waveforms and groups them into a specific number of classes without the use of training data. The classification results are visually compared with thin ice thickness estimates from MODIS-observed ice-surface temperatures and Sentinel-1A/B SAR imagery for co-located datasets. In addition, the waveform derived shape and backscatter parameters are analysed with respect to changing thin ice thickness, revealing strong linear dependencies.The analyses can be used to improve altimeter range estimation and thus to allow for a more reliable determination of the sea surface height in the ice-covered oceans as well as a deeper understanding of the Arctic ice cover., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Published
2023

30. Retrieval of porous sea ice properties from multifrequency electromagnetic measurements

Author

Neudert, Mara, Hendricks, Stefan, Arndt, Stefanie, and Haas, Christian

Abstract

The porosity of sea ice is a crucial property for understanding processes and feedback mechanisms of the polar-climate system, as it strongly affects the physical, ecological, and biogeochemical properties of sea ice. Sea ice porosity is also closely related to surface flooding and the solid fraction of platelet ice in Antarctica.A direct method for measuring sea ice porosity is electromagnetic (EM) induction sounding, which can be applied on the ground or from airborne platforms. We present advancements in data collection, calibration, and inversion procedures. In this study, we modified the Phyton EMagPy API for fast and adaptable inversion of sea ice surveys and use inverted EM data to study the porosity of sea ice in the Arctic and Antarctic.Over Arctic summer sea, we retrieve the macro-scale porosity of rotten ice and the salinity and depth evolution of melt ponds. The salinity and porosity evolution could be reproduced with varying success, but the addition of several layers in the inversion improved the thickness information compared to a single-layer subsurface model, affecting ice mass balance.For high-resolution EM data over Antarctic fast ice we retrieve the thickness and solid fraction of a variable sub-ice platelet layer below the solid sea ice. The inverted thicknesses of sea ice and the platelet layer as well as their conductivities are in good agreement with independent, coincident in-situ drill hole and CTD measurements., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Published
2023

31. Product User Guide & Algorithm Specification: AWI CryoSat-2 Sea Ice Thickness (version 2.5)

Author

Hendricks, Stefan and Paul, Stephan

Subjects
remote sensing, Arctic, earth observation, cryosphere, sea ice
Abstract

This document provides an overview of all aspects of the CryoSat-2 Arctic sea-ice thickness data product (version 2.5) generated at the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research (AWI). It contains information on the primary and auxiliary data sets used in the processing, the description of the algorithm used to derive geophysical information along orbit segments and on space-time grids, the technical specifications of the product files, information on data access, as well as the known issues of the data record.

Published
2022
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33. Rain on snow (ROS) understudied in sea ice remote sensing: a multi-sensor analysis of ROS during MOSAiC (Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate)

Author

Stroeve, Julienne, primary, Nandan, Vishnu, additional, Willatt, Rosemary, additional, Dadic, Ruzica, additional, Rostosky, Philip, additional, Gallagher, Michael, additional, Mallett, Robbie, additional, Barrett, Andrew, additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Tonboe, Rasmus, additional, McCrystall, Michelle, additional, Serreze, Mark, additional, Thielke, Linda, additional, Spreen, Gunnar, additional, Newman, Thomas, additional, Yackel, John, additional, Ricker, Robert, additional, Tsamados, Michel, additional, Macfarlane, Amy, additional, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, additional, and Schneebeli, Martin, additional

Published
2022
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34. Heat stored in the Earth system 1960–2020: Where does the energy go?

Author

von Schuckmann, Karina, primary, Minère, Audrey, additional, Gues, Flora, additional, Cuesta-Valero, Francisco José, additional, Kirchengast, Gottfried, additional, Adusumilli, Susheel, additional, Straneo, Fiammetta, additional, Allan, Richard, additional, Barker, Paul M., additional, Beltrami, Hugo, additional, Boyer, Tim, additional, Cheng, Lijing, additional, Church, John, additional, Desbruyeres, Damien, additional, Dolman, Han, additional, Domingues, Catia M., additional, García-García, Almudena, additional, Giglio, Donata, additional, Gilson, John E., additional, Gorfer, Maximilian, additional, Haimberger, Leopold, additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Hosoda, Shigeki, additional, Johnson, Gregory C., additional, Killick, Rachel, additional, King, Brian, additional, Kolodziejczyk, Nikolas, additional, Korosov, Anton, additional, Krinner, Gerhard, additional, Kuusela, Mikael, additional, Langer, Moritz, additional, Lavergne, Thomas, additional, Lawrence, Isobel, additional, Li, Yuehua, additional, Lyman, John, additional, Marzeion, Ben, additional, Mayer, Michael, additional, MacDougall, Andrew H., additional, McDougall, Trevor, additional, Monselesan, Didier Paolo, additional, Nitzbon, Jan, additional, Otosaka, Inès, additional, Peng, Jian, additional, Purkey, Sarah, additional, Roemmich, Dean, additional, Sato, Kanako, additional, Sato, Katsunari, additional, Savita, Abhishek, additional, Schweiger, Axel, additional, Shepherd, Andrew, additional, Seneviratne, Sonia I., additional, Simons, Leon, additional, Slater, Donald A., additional, Slater, Thomas, additional, Smith, Noah, additional, Steiner, Andrea, additional, Suga, Toshio, additional, Szekely, Tanguy, additional, Thiery, Wim, additional, Timmermans, Mary-Louise, additional, Vanderkelen, Inne, additional, Wjiffels, Susan E., additional, Wu, Tonghua, additional, and Zemp, Michael, additional

Published
2022
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35. The Arctic

Author

Thoman, Richard L., primary, Druckenmiller, Matthew L., additional, Moon, Twila A., additional, Andreassen, L. M., additional, Baker, E., additional, Ballinger, Thomas J., additional, Berner, Logan T., additional, Bernhard, Germar H., additional, Bhatt, Uma S., additional, Bjerke, Jarle W., additional, Boisvert, L.N., additional, Box, Jason E., additional, Brettschneider, B., additional, Burgess, D., additional, Butler, Amy H., additional, Cappelen, John, additional, Christiansen, Hanne H., additional, Decharme, B., additional, Derksen, C., additional, Divine, Dmitry, additional, Drozdov, D. S., additional, Elias, Chereque A., additional, Epstein, Howard E., additional, Farrell, Sinead L., additional, Fausto, Robert S., additional, Fettweis, Xavier, additional, Fioletov, Vitali E., additional, Forbes, Bruce C., additional, Frost, Gerald V., additional, Gerland, Sebastian, additional, Goetz, Scott J., additional, Grooß, Jens-Uwe, additional, Haas, Christian, additional, Hanna, Edward, additional, Hanssen, -Bauer Inger, additional, Heijmans, M. M. P. D., additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Ialongo, Iolanda, additional, Isaksen, K., additional, Jensen, C. D., additional, Johnsen, Bjørn, additional, Kaleschke, L., additional, Kholodov, A. L., additional, Kim, Seong-Joong, additional, Kohler, J., additional, Korsgaard, Niels J., additional, Labe, Zachary, additional, Lakkala, Kaisa, additional, Lara, Mark J., additional, Lee, Simon H., additional, Loomis, Bryant, additional, Luks, B., additional, Luojus, K., additional, Macander, Matthew J., additional, Magnússon, R. Í, additional, Malkova, G. V., additional, Mankoff, Kenneth D., additional, Manney, Gloria L., additional, Meier, Walter N., additional, Mote, Thomas, additional, Mudryk, Lawrence, additional, Müller, Rolf, additional, Nyland, K. E., additional, Overland, James E., additional, Pálsson, F., additional, Park, T., additional, Parker, C. L., additional, Perovich, Don, additional, Petty, Alek, additional, Phoenix, Gareth K., additional, Pinzon, J. E., additional, Ricker, Robert, additional, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., additional, Serbin, S. P., additional, Sheffield, G., additional, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., additional, Smith, Sharon L., additional, Stafford, K. M., additional, Steer, A., additional, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., additional, Svendby, Tove, additional, Tedesco, Marco, additional, Thomson, L., additional, Thorsteinsson, T., additional, Tian-Kunze, X., additional, Timmermans, Mary-Louise, additional, Tømmervik, Hans, additional, Tschudi, Mark, additional, Tucker, C. J., additional, Walker, Donald A., additional, Walsh, John E., additional, Wang, Muyin, additional, Webster, Melinda, additional, Wehrlé, A., additional, Winton, Øyvind, additional, Wolken, G., additional, Wood, K., additional, Wouters, B., additional, and Yang, D., additional

Published
2022
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36. Arctic Sea Ice Volume and Mass from Data Fusion of CryoSat-2 and SMOS

Author

Hendricks, Stefan, Kaleschke, Lars, Tian-Kunze, Xiangshan, Paul, Stephan, Ricker, Robert, and De la Fuente, Antonio

Abstract

The quantification of the sea ice mass balance as the marine part of the cryosphere by satellite observations depend on sea ice thickness data records for the entire ice-covered oceans. The challenges to this task are numerous. Sea ice itself is a highly dynamic medium with a significant variability at meter scale and a strong seasonal cycle which significantly impacts it remote sensing signature. Satellite sensors must therefore provide precise observations at high spatial resolution to observe the full spread of the sea ice thickness distribution and its governing processes such as the dynamic deformation. Average thickness values for larger areas are sufficient for mass balance estimates, however, available methods such as satellite altimetry and passive microwave remote sensing rely on indirect methods and auxiliary information and are often not able to provide information with an acceptable uncertainty for certain or thickness categories or during the presence of surface melt. In addition, suitable satellite sensors in orbits that enabling sea ice thickness retrieval in the inner Arctic Ocean have been in service only until recently in comparison to satellites capable of observing sea ice area. Thus, the assessment of the sea ice mass balance for longer time series is often based on reanalysis models and not Earth Observation data. The sea ice community also traditionally expresses the total sea ice budget volume and not mass. We will therefore present an available sea ice volume data record that is derived by data fusion of CryoSat-2 radar altimeter and SMOS L-Band passive microwave-based sea ice thickness information. Both methods have a complementary sensitivity to different thickness classes and optimal interpolation is employed for gap-less sea ice thickness information in the northern hemisphere since November 2010. The data record is generated for the ESA funded MOS & CryoSat-2 Sea Ice Data Product Processing and Dissemination Service (CS2SMOS-PDS). We discuss the characteristics of the data set and provide an overview of intended evolutions of the data set, specifically improvements to the spatial resolutions, a potential extension to the southern hemisphere and the addition of other available satellite sensors to the optimal interpolation. Within the context of the mass balance of the cryosphere we will share our thoughts on the significance of the CryoSat-2/SMOS based sea ice volume time series for climate applications in the context of its comparable short temporal and how this information can be presented more consistently to other components of the cryosphere.

Published
2022

37. SMOS sea ice thickness - a review and way forward

Author

Kaleschke, Lars, Tian-Kunze, Xiangshan, Hendricks, Stefan, Ricker, Robert, and Raffaele, Crapolicchio

Subjects
Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Physics::Geophysics
Abstract

The sea ice on the oceans in the Arctic and Antarctic is a relatively thin blanket that significantly influences the exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere. The sea ice thickness is a major parameter, which is of great importance for diagnosis and prediction. Determining seasonal and interannual variations in sea ice thickness was the primary objective of ESA's CryoSat Earth Explorer mission. ESA's second Earth Explorer mission, SMOS, provides L-band brightness temperature data that can also be used to infer the thickness of the sea ice, although that was not its primary objective. Both missions complement each other strongly in terms of spatiotemporal sampling and their sensitivity to different ice thickness regimes. In order to further improve the synergistic use of low-frequency radiometric data for sea ice applications, it is imperative to better characterize the uncertainties and covariances associated with the retrieval. A key factor is a thorough understanding of the physical processes that determine the emissivity of sea ice in order to improve the forward model used for retrieval. A thermodynamic model is used to estimate the vertical temperature profile through the snow and sea ice. Therefore, additional meteorological data such as from atmospheric reanalyses and parameterizations of snow and sea ice properties must be taken into account. Natural sea ice is not a homogeneous medium of uniform sea ice and snow thickness, but can only be described by statistical distribution functions on different spatial scales. Thin ice and open water in leads within the compact pack ice also have a significant influence on the brightness temperature measured by SMOS. In order to take all these effects into account, the forward model or the observation operator must be of the appropriate complexity. The inversion to determine the geophysical sea ice parameters can be optimized with a-priori information and parameterizations as well as with information from other satellite sensors. The presentation will focus on a review of the current retrieval method used to generate the AWI-ESA level 3 and level 4 Sea Ice Thickness products and the way forward to improve the emissivity model and to define a common basis metrics validation to assess algorithms evolution considering that in-situ validation data is only sparsely available.

Published
2022

42. Multi-sensor airborne observations of freeboard, snow depth, and sea-ice thickness in the Arctic

Author

Jutila, Arttu, Hendricks, Stefan, Ricker, Robert, von Albedyll, Luisa, Krumpen, Thomas, Hutter, Nils, Birnbaum, Gerit, and Haas, Christian

Abstract

Sea-ice thickness is a key factor and indicator in understanding the impact of the global climate change. Deriving basin-wide sea-ice thickness estimates from satellite laser and radar altimetry relies on freeboard measurements. The freeboard-to-thickness conversion in turn requires information of snow mass and the density of the sea-ice layer that have unknown spatio-temporal variabilities and trends directly translating into the uncertainty of decadal sea-ice thickness data records. In addition, inter-mission biases arise from, e.g., different sensor types and frequencies as well as varying footprint sizes affected by surface roughness across regions and seasons. Therefore, carrying out validation and inter-calibration studies is crucial for reliable and continuous observation of the Earth’s cryosphere. To achieve this, it is beneficial to have simultaneous measurements of freeboard, snow depth, and sea-ice thickness, which provide reference data for both direct satellite observations and geophysical target parameters. Here, we present Alfred Wegener Institute’s (AWI) IceBird program, which is a series of fixed-wing aircraft campaigns to measure Arctic sea ice and to monitor its change. During two late-winter campaigns in the western Arctic Ocean in 2017 and 2019, we have carried out surveys with the unique scientific instrument configuration including an airborne laser scanner (ALS) for surface topography and freeboard measurements, a tethered electromagnetic induction sounding instrument (EM-Bird) for total (snow+ice) thickness measurements, and an ultrawideband frequency-modulated continuous-wave microwave radar to measure snow thickness. Therefore, we are able to observe all three bounding interfaces in the sea-ice–snow system in high resolution along survey tracks on regional scales. During the ship-based drift expedition Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) between October 2019 and September 2020, helicopter surveys were carried out in high spatio-temporal resolution throughout the year, including the polar night, to measure freeboard and roughness with the ALS both in local grid pattern and in larger scale. Coincident EM-Bird ice thickness data and information from snow measurements on the ground will help linking these parameters and monitor them and their effect on satellite retrievals for a full seasonal cycle. The individual parameters are important for describing and monitoring the state of the Arctic sea ice and validating retrievals from satellite data, but combined they offer further possibilities to characterise sea ice. By assuming isostatic equilibrium, we are able to estimate up-to-date bulk density values for different sea-ice types from the IceBird data and to derive a parametrisation of sea-ice bulk density based on sea-ice freeboard. These data allow us to explore spatio-temporal variations in sea-ice parameters observable from space and to evaluate the validity of the freeboard-to-thickness conversion in satellite altimetry through comparison against dedicated satellite overpasses and orbit collections.

Published
2022

43. Wind Transport of Snow Impacts Ka- and Ku-band Radar Signatures on Arctic Sea Ice

Author

Nandan, Vishnu, primary, Willatt, Rosemary, additional, Mallett, Robbie, additional, Stroeve, Julienne, additional, Geldsetzer, Torsten, additional, Scharien, Randall, additional, Tonboe, Rasmus, additional, Landy, Jack, additional, Clemens-Sewall, David, additional, Jutila, Arttu, additional, Wagner, David N., additional, Krampe, Daniela, additional, Huntemann, Marcus, additional, Yackel, John, additional, Mahmud, Mallik, additional, Jensen, David, additional, Newman, Thomas, additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Spreen, Gunnar, additional, Macfarlane, Amy, additional, Schneebeli, Martin, additional, Mead, James, additional, Ricker, Robert, additional, Gallagher, Michael, additional, Duguay, Claude, additional, Raphael, Ian, additional, Polashenski, Chris, additional, Tsamados, Michel, additional, Matero, Ilkka, additional, and Hoppman, Mario, additional

Published
2022
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44. Snowfall and snow accumulation during the MOSAiC winter and spring seasons

Author

Wagner, David N., primary, Shupe, Matthew D., additional, Cox, Christopher, additional, Persson, Ola G., additional, Uttal, Taneil, additional, Frey, Markus M., additional, Kirchgaessner, Amélie, additional, Schneebeli, Martin, additional, Jaggi, Matthias, additional, Macfarlane, Amy R., additional, Itkin, Polona, additional, Arndt, Stefanie, additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Krampe, Daniela, additional, Nicolaus, Marcel, additional, Ricker, Robert, additional, Regnery, Julia, additional, Kolabutin, Nikolai, additional, Shimanshuck, Egor, additional, Oggier, Marc, additional, Raphael, Ian, additional, Stroeve, Julienne, additional, and Lehning, Michael, additional

Published
2022
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45. A New Structure for the Sea Ice Essential Climate Variables of the Global Climate Observing System

Author

Lavergne, Thomas, primary, Kern, Stefan, additional, Aaboe, Signe, additional, Derby, Lauren, additional, Dybkjaer, Gorm, additional, Garric, Gilles, additional, Heil, Petra, additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Holfort, Jürgen, additional, Howell, Stephen, additional, Key, Jeffrey, additional, Lieser, Jan L, additional, Maksym, Ted, additional, Maslowski, Wieslaw, additional, Meier, Walt, additional, Muñoz-Sabater, Joaquín, additional, Nicolas, Julien, additional, Özsoy, Burcu, additional, Rabe, Benjamin, additional, Rack, Wolfgang, additional, Raphael, Marilyn, additional, de Rosnay, Patricia, additional, Smolyanitsky, Vasily, additional, Tietsche, Steffen, additional, Ukita, Jinro, additional, Vichi, Marcello, additional, Wagner, Penelope, additional, Willmes, Sascha, additional, and Zhao, Xi, additional

Published
2022
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47. Export of Algal Biomass from the Melting Arctic Sea Ice

Author

Boetius, Antje, Albrecht, Sebastian, Bakker, Karel, Bienhold, Christina, Felden, Janine, Fernández-Méndez, Mar, Hendricks, Stefan, Katlein, Christian, Lalande, Catherine, Krumpen, Thomas, Nicolaus, Marcel, Peeken, Ilka, Rabe, Benjamin, Rogacheva, Antonina, Rybakova, Elena, Somavilla, Raquel, and Wenzhöfer, Frank

Published
2013
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49. Retrieval and parameterisation of sea-ice bulk density from airborne multi-sensor measurements

Author

Jutila, Arttu, Hendricks, Stefan, Ricker, Robert, von Albedyll, Luisa, Krumpen, Thomas, Haas, Christian, Jutila, Arttu, Hendricks, Stefan, Ricker, Robert, von Albedyll, Luisa, Krumpen, Thomas, and Haas, Christian

Abstract

Knowledge of sea-ice thickness and volume depends on freeboard observations from satellite altimeters and in turn on information of snow mass and sea-ice density required for the freeboard-to-thickness conversion. These parameters, especially sea-ice density, are usually based on climatologies constructed from in situ observations made in the 1980s and earlier while contemporary and representative measurements are lacking. Our aim with this paper is to derive updated sea-ice bulk density estimates suitable for the present Arctic sea-ice cover and a range of ice types to reduce uncertainties in sea-ice thickness remote sensing. Our sea-ice density measurements are based on over 3000 km of high-resolution collocated airborne sea-ice and snow thickness and freeboard measurements in the western Arctic Ocean in 2017 and 2019. Sea-ice bulk density is derived assuming isostatic equilibrium for different ice types. Our results show higher average bulk densities for both first-year ice (FYI) and especially multi-year ice (MYI) compared to previous studies. In addition, we find a small difference between deformed and possibly unconsolidated FYI and younger MYI. We find a negative-exponential relationship between sea-ice bulk density and sea-ice freeboard and apply this parameterisation to one winter of monthly gridded CryoSat-2 sea-ice freeboard data. We discuss the suitability and the impact of the derived FYI and MYI bulk densities for sea-ice thickness retrievals and the uncertainty related to the indirect method of measuring sea-ice bulk density. The results suggest that retrieval algorithms be adapted to changes in sea-ice density and highlight the need of future studies to evaluate the impact of density parameterisation on the full sea-ice thickness data record.

Published
2022

50. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice

Author

Nicolaus, Marcel, Perovich, Donald K., Spreen, Gunnar, Granskog, Mats A., von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Anhaus, Philipp, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, Vladimir, Birnbaum, Gerit, Brauchle, Jörg, Calmer, Radiance, Cardellach, Estel, Cheng, Bin, Clemens-Sewall, David, Dadic, Ruzica, Damm, Ellen, de Boer, Gijs, Demir, Oguz, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Fong, Allison A., Fons, Steven, Frey, Markus M., Fuchs, Niels, Gabarró, Carolina, Gerland, Sebastian, Goessling, Helge F., Gradinger, Rolf, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Hamilton, Jonathan, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Andreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hoppmann, Mario, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Hwang, Byongjun, Itkin, Polona, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaggi, Matthias, Jutila, Arttu, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Krampe, Daniela, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Krumpen, Thomas, Kurtz, Nathan, Lampert, Astrid, Lange, Benjamin Allen, Lei, Ruibo, Light, Bonnie, Linhardt, Felix, Liston, Glen E., Loose, Brice, Macfarlane, Amy R., Mahmud, Mallik, Matero, Ilkka O., Maus, Sönke, Morgenstern, Anne, Naderpour, Reza, Nandan, Vishnu, Niubom, Alexey, Oggier, Marc, Oppelt, Natascha, Pätzold, Falk, Perron, Christophe, Petrovsky, Tomasz, Pirazzini, Roberta, Polashenski, Chris, Rabe, Benjamin, Raphael, Ian A., Regnery, Julia, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Riemann-Campe, Kathrin, Rinke, Annette, Rohde, Jan, Salganik, Evgenii, Scharien, Randall K., Schiller, Martin, Schneebeli, Martin, Semmling, Maximilian, Shimanchuk, Egor, Shupe, Matthew D., Smith, Madison M., Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Stroeve, Julienne, Thielke, Linda, Timofeeva, Anna, Tonboe, Rasmus Tage, Tavri, Aikaterini, Tsamados, Michel, Wagner, David N., Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, Wendisch, Manfred, Nicolaus, Marcel, Perovich, Donald K., Spreen, Gunnar, Granskog, Mats A., von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Anhaus, Philipp, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, Vladimir, Birnbaum, Gerit, Brauchle, Jörg, Calmer, Radiance, Cardellach, Estel, Cheng, Bin, Clemens-Sewall, David, Dadic, Ruzica, Damm, Ellen, de Boer, Gijs, Demir, Oguz, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Fong, Allison A., Fons, Steven, Frey, Markus M., Fuchs, Niels, Gabarró, Carolina, Gerland, Sebastian, Goessling, Helge F., Gradinger, Rolf, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Hamilton, Jonathan, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Andreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hoppmann, Mario, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Hwang, Byongjun, Itkin, Polona, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaggi, Matthias, Jutila, Arttu, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Krampe, Daniela, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Krumpen, Thomas, Kurtz, Nathan, Lampert, Astrid, Lange, Benjamin Allen, Lei, Ruibo, Light, Bonnie, Linhardt, Felix, Liston, Glen E., Loose, Brice, Macfarlane, Amy R., Mahmud, Mallik, Matero, Ilkka O., Maus, Sönke, Morgenstern, Anne, Naderpour, Reza, Nandan, Vishnu, Niubom, Alexey, Oggier, Marc, Oppelt, Natascha, Pätzold, Falk, Perron, Christophe, Petrovsky, Tomasz, Pirazzini, Roberta, Polashenski, Chris, Rabe, Benjamin, Raphael, Ian A., Regnery, Julia, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Riemann-Campe, Kathrin, Rinke, Annette, Rohde, Jan, Salganik, Evgenii, Scharien, Randall K., Schiller, Martin, Schneebeli, Martin, Semmling, Maximilian, Shimanchuk, Egor, Shupe, Matthew D., Smith, Madison M., Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Stroeve, Julienne, Thielke, Linda, Timofeeva, Anna, Tonboe, Rasmus Tage, Tavri, Aikaterini, Tsamados, Michel, Wagner, David N., Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, and Wendisch, Manfred

Abstract

Year-round observations of the physical snow and ice properties and processes that govern the ice pack evolution and its interaction with the atmosphere and the ocean were conducted during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition of the research vessel Polarstern in the Arctic Ocean from October 2019 to September 2020. This work was embedded into the interdisciplinary design of the 5 MOSAiC teams, studying the atmosphere, the sea ice, the ocean, the ecosystem, and biogeochemical processes. The overall aim of the snow and sea ice observations during MOSAiC was to characterize the physical properties of the snow and ice cover comprehensively in the central Arctic over an entire annual cycle. This objective was achieved by detailed observations of physical properties and of energy and mass balance of snow and ice. By studying snow and sea ice dynamics over nested spatial scales from centimeters to tens of kilometers, the variability across scales can be considered. On-ice observations of in situ and remote sensing properties of the different surface types over all seasons will help to improve numerical process and climate models and to establish and validate novel satellite remote sensing methods; the linkages to accompanying airborne measurements, satellite observations, and results of numerical models are discussed. We found large spatial variabilities of snow metamorphism and thermal regimes impacting sea ice growth. We conclude that the highly variable snow cover needs to be considered in more detail (in observations, remote sensing, and models) to better understand snow-related feedback processes. The ice pack revealed rapid transformations and motions along the drift in all seasons. The number of coupled ice–ocean interface processes observed in detail are expected to guide upcoming research with respect to the changing Arctic sea ice.

Published
2022

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