18 results on '"HEALTH MINISTRIES"'
Search Results
2. Adventism in Venezuela
- Author
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Rivas, Abelardo and Gooren, Henri, editor
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. How to strengthen a health research system: WHO’s review, whose literature and who is providing leadership?
- Author
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Stephen R. Hanney, Lucy Kanya, Subhash Pokhrel, Teresa H. Jones, and Annette Boaz
- Subjects
Biomedical research ,Capacity-building ,Evidence-based practice ,Health ministries ,Health research systems ,Health services research ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Background Health research is important for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. However, there are many challenges facing health research, including securing sufficient funds, building capacity, producing research findings and using both local and global evidence, and avoiding waste. A WHO initiative addressed these challenges by developing a conceptual framework with four functions to guide the development of national health research systems. Despite some progress, more is needed before health research systems can meet their full potential of improving health systems. The WHO Regional Office for Europe commissioned an evidence synthesis of the systems-level literature. This Opinion piece considers its findings before reflecting on the vast additional literature available on the range of specific health research system functions related to the various challenges. Finally, it considers who should lead research system strengthening. Main text The evidence synthesis identifies two main approaches for strengthening national health research systems, namely implementing comprehensive and coherent strategies and participation in partnerships. The literature describing these approaches at the systems level also provides data on ways to strengthen each of the four functions of governance, securing financing, capacity-building, and production and use of research. Countries effectively implementing strategies include England, Ireland and Rwanda, whereas West Africa experienced effective partnerships. Recommended policy approaches for system strengthening are context specific. The vast literature on each function and the ever-growing evidence-base are illustrated by considering papers in just one key journal, Health Research Policy and Systems, and analysing the contribution of two national studies. A review of the functions of the Iranian system identifies over 200 relevant and mostly national records; an analysis of the creation of the English National Institute for Health Research describes the key leadership role played by the health department. Furthermore, WHO is playing leadership roles in helping coordinate partnerships within and across health research systems that have been attempting to tackle the COVID-19 crisis. Conclusions The evidence synthesis provides a firm basis for decision-making by policy-makers and research leaders looking to strengthen national health research systems within their own national context. It identifies five crucial policy approaches — conducting situation analysis, sustaining a comprehensive strategy, engaging stakeholders, evaluating impacts on health systems, and partnership participation. The vast and ever-growing additional literature could provide further perspectives, including on crucial leadership roles for health ministries.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Breakdown and reform: the Chilean road to the creation of ministries of hygiene and social welfare 1892-1931.
- Author
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Barría Traverso D and Romero Pavez D
- Abstract
Doctors have played an important role in the development of health institutions in Latin America. However, they are not the only profession that has had a voice in these matters. There are also other factors influencing the development of ministries of health. This issue has gone unnoticed in the literature. This article suggests that it is possible to identify two distinct trends in the creation of health ministries in Latin America. The first, of an early nature, was seen principally in Central America and the Caribbean in countries dependent on or under the influence of the United States which, from the 1880s, promoted health Pan-Americanism. The second trend, which became apparent from 1924, was characterised by the emergence of ministries in a context of institutional breakdown and the appearance of new actors (military or populist leaders). This second trend was first seen in Chile in 1924. This article analyses the creation of the Ministerio de Higiene, Asistencia y Previsión Social (Ministry of Hygiene, Assistance and Social Security) in Chile in 1924 and its subsequent development through to 1931. The analysis looks at the health measures adopted, the context in which this occurred and the debates triggered by the ministry's process of institutional development, based on parliamentary discussions, presidential speeches, official statistics, legislation, documents prepared by key actors and the press of the time.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. How to strengthen a health research system: WHO's review, whose literature and who is providing leadership?
- Author
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Hanney, Stephen R., Kanya, Lucy, Pokhrel, Subhash, Jones, Teresa H., and Boaz, Annette
- Subjects
- *
PUBLIC health research , *COVID-19 pandemic , *RESEARCH institutes , *SUSTAINABLE development , *LEADERSHIP - Abstract
Background: Health research is important for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. However, there are many challenges facing health research, including securing sufficient funds, building capacity, producing research findings and using both local and global evidence, and avoiding waste. A WHO initiative addressed these challenges by developing a conceptual framework with four functions to guide the development of national health research systems. Despite some progress, more is needed before health research systems can meet their full potential of improving health systems. The WHO Regional Office for Europe commissioned an evidence synthesis of the systems-level literature. This Opinion piece considers its findings before reflecting on the vast additional literature available on the range of specific health research system functions related to the various challenges. Finally, it considers who should lead research system strengthening.Main Text: The evidence synthesis identifies two main approaches for strengthening national health research systems, namely implementing comprehensive and coherent strategies and participation in partnerships. The literature describing these approaches at the systems level also provides data on ways to strengthen each of the four functions of governance, securing financing, capacity-building, and production and use of research. Countries effectively implementing strategies include England, Ireland and Rwanda, whereas West Africa experienced effective partnerships. Recommended policy approaches for system strengthening are context specific. The vast literature on each function and the ever-growing evidence-base are illustrated by considering papers in just one key journal, Health Research Policy and Systems, and analysing the contribution of two national studies. A review of the functions of the Iranian system identifies over 200 relevant and mostly national records; an analysis of the creation of the English National Institute for Health Research describes the key leadership role played by the health department. Furthermore, WHO is playing leadership roles in helping coordinate partnerships within and across health research systems that have been attempting to tackle the COVID-19 crisis.Conclusions: The evidence synthesis provides a firm basis for decision-making by policy-makers and research leaders looking to strengthen national health research systems within their own national context. It identifies five crucial policy approaches - conducting situation analysis, sustaining a comprehensive strategy, engaging stakeholders, evaluating impacts on health systems, and partnership participation. The vast and ever-growing additional literature could provide further perspectives, including on crucial leadership roles for health ministries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. The Prices in the Crises : What We Are Learning from Twenty Years of Health Insurance in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
- Author
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Das, Jishnu and Do, Quy-Toan
- Subjects
HEALTH CARE PROVIDER BEHAVIOR ,ADVERSE SELECTION ,MORAL HAZARD ,HEALTH INSURANCE UTILIZATION ,MEDICAL INSURANCE PREMIUMS ,HEALTH MINISTRIES ,HEALTH INSURANCE ,HEALTH CARE QUALITY - Abstract
Governments in many low- and middle-income countries are developing health insurance products as a complement to tax-funded, subsidized provision of health care through publicly operated facilities. This paper discusses two rationales for this transition. First, health insurance would boost fiscal revenues for health care, as post-treatment out-of-pocket payments to providers would be replaced by pre-treatment insurance premia to health ministries. Second, increased patient choice and carefully designed physician reimbursements would increase quality in the health care sector. This essay shows that, at best, these objectives have only been partially met. Despite evidence that health insurance has provided financial protection, consumers are not willing to pay for unsubsidized premia. Health outcomes have not improved despite an increase in utilization. The authors argue that this is not because there was no room to improve the quality of care but because behavioral responses among health care providers have systematically undermined the objectives of these insurance schemes.
- Published
- 2023
7. Health Behaviors and Preventive Healthcare Utilization Among African-American Attendees at a Faith-Based Public Health Conference: Healthy Churches 2020.
- Author
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Pullins, Christopher T., Penheiter, Sumedha, Buras, Matthew R., Brewer, LaPrincess C., Seele, Pernessa C., White, Richard O., Willis, Floyd B., Poole, Kenneth, Albertie, Monica L., Chamie, Chara, Allen, Angela M., and Kelly, Marion
- Subjects
- *
CHURCH buildings , *CONFERENCES & conventions , *DIET , *HEALTH behavior , *HEALTH promotion , *MEDICAL care use , *PREVENTIVE health services , *PUBLIC health , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *RELIGIOUS institutions , *SELF-evaluation , *PSYCHOLOGY of Black people , *HEALTH equity , *CROSS-sectional method , *PHYSICAL activity , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Unhealthy eating habits and physical inactivity along with lack of access to quality healthcare contribute to the marked health disparities in chronic diseases among African-Americans. Faith-based public health conferences offer a potential opportunity to improve health literacy and change health behaviors through health promotion within this population, thereby reducing health disparities. This study examined the self-reported health behaviors and preventive healthcare utilization patterns of 77 participants at a predominantly African-American faith-based public health conference, Healthy Churches 2020. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to a sample of attendees to assess their health behaviors (diet and physical activity), preventive healthcare utilization (annual healthcare provider visits), and health-promoting activities at their places of worship. The results indicate that attendees of a faith-based public health conference have adequate preventive healthcare utilization, but suboptimal healthy behaviors. Our findings support the need for ongoing health-promoting activities with an emphasis on diet and physical activity among this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Realizing their potential to become learning organizations to foster health system resilience: opportunities and challenges for health ministries in low- and middle-income countries.
- Author
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Naimoli, Joseph F and Saxena, Sweta
- Subjects
ORGANIZATIONAL learning ,MIDDLE-income countries - Abstract
The burgeoning literature on resilient health systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) provides limited insights into the practice of resilience-building. To address this operational shortcoming, we explore the potential of health ministries to become 'learning organizations' to help foster resilience. We adopted a multi-stage, iterative methodology comprising multiple purposive literature searches, the selection and application of a conceptual framework from the 'learning organizations' literature, and expert opinion to expand on the framework with illustrative examples from LMICs. The principal finding of our prospecting assessment and appraisal is that many LMIC health ministries possess assets necessary for mounting a structured learning process for fostering increasingly resilient health systems. These assets include learning management strengths in systematic problem-solving, experimentation, self-analysis, learning from others and knowledge transfer. In addition, recent methodological advances in measuring progress towards becoming a learning organization enhance resilience-building potential. All health ministries, however, face substantial challenges in trying to realize their learning potential. They have to recognize the value of their learning assets and harness them in the service of a resilience-promoting learning agenda. Learning management and measurement skills must be complemented by supportive environments, sound leadership, and incentives that reinforce learning. The absence of models of sustained learning organizations in health sectors in LMICs and other countries hinders progress. Furthermore, our understanding of the dynamics of effective learning as well as the relationship between a learning organization and resilience is at a nascent stage. Increased attention to the role of adaptive capacity in fostering resilience may lead to more investment in systematic research on learning organizations and their effects on health system performance in LMICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. How to strengthen a health research system: WHO's review, whose literature and who is providing leadership?
- Author
-
Teresa H. Jones, Subhash Pokhrel, Lucy Kanya, Stephen Hanney, and Annette Boaz
- Subjects
Biomedical Research ,Sustainable Development Goals ,Capacity-building ,Health administration ,Translational Research, Biomedical ,Research utilisation ,0302 clinical medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Policy Making ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,030503 health policy & services ,Health Policy ,Health services research ,Capacity building ,health ,Public relations ,Evidence-based practice ,Translational medical research ,0305 other medical science ,Coronavirus Infections ,Health department ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Opinion ,Capacity Building ,Pneumonia, Viral ,World Health Organization ,Health research systems ,03 medical and health sciences ,Betacoronavirus ,Political science ,medicine ,Humans ,Biomedical research ,Pandemics ,Health policy ,business.industry ,Health Priorities ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Public health ,Policy-making ,COVID-19 ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Health ministries ,Leadership ,Conceptual framework ,Priority-setting ,RA Public aspects of medicine ,business - Abstract
Background Health research is important for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. However, there are many challenges facing health research, including securing sufficient funds, building capacity, producing research findings and using both local and global evidence, and avoiding waste. A WHO initiative addressed these challenges by developing a conceptual framework with four functions to guide the development of national health research systems. Despite some progress, more is needed before health research systems can meet their full potential of improving health systems. The WHO Regional Office for Europe commissioned an evidence synthesis of the systems-level literature. This Opinion piece considers its findings before reflecting on the vast additional literature available on the range of specific health research system functions related to the various challenges. Finally, it considers who should lead research system strengthening. Main text The evidence synthesis identifies two main approaches for strengthening national health research systems, namely implementing comprehensive and coherent strategies and participation in partnerships. The literature describing these approaches at the systems level also provides data on ways to strengthen each of the four functions of governance, securing financing, capacity-building, and production and use of research. Countries effectively implementing strategies include England, Ireland and Rwanda, whereas West Africa experienced effective partnerships. Recommended policy approaches for system strengthening are context specific. The vast literature on each function and the ever-growing evidence-base are illustrated by considering papers in just one key journal, Health Research Policy and Systems, and analysing the contribution of two national studies. A review of the functions of the Iranian system identifies over 200 relevant and mostly national records; an analysis of the creation of the English National Institute for Health Research describes the key leadership role played by the health department. Furthermore, WHO is playing leadership roles in helping coordinate partnerships within and across health research systems that have been attempting to tackle the COVID-19 crisis. Conclusions The evidence synthesis provides a firm basis for decision-making by policy-makers and research leaders looking to strengthen national health research systems within their own national context. It identifies five crucial policy approaches — conducting situation analysis, sustaining a comprehensive strategy, engaging stakeholders, evaluating impacts on health systems, and partnership participation. The vast and ever-growing additional literature could provide further perspectives, including on crucial leadership roles for health ministries.
- Published
- 2020
10. Clergy Knowledge and Attitudes Concerning Faith Community Nursing: Toward a Three-Dimensional Scale.
- Author
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Thompson, Paige
- Subjects
- *
COMMUNITY health nursing , *RESEARCH , *NURSING , *RELIGIOUS communities , *SURVEYS - Abstract
Objective: Research has described faith community nursing practice, including positive aspects and barriers to practice. Barriers to faith community nursing practice must be identified and addressed to facilitate faith community nursing programs. The primary purpose of this study was to pilot test a newly developed instrument to measure knowledge and attitudes concerning faith community nursing. Design and Sample: A survey design was used. The sample included clergy in the United Church of Christ ( n=34). Measures: An investigator developed survey entitled Knowledge, Attitudes, and Opinions Concerning Faith Community Nursing was administered. Results: Psychometric evaluation of the survey included content validity and internal consistency reliability for each of 3 scales. Coefficient α was high, ranging from .88 to .95. The results of the survey indicate that clergy, within the selected Christian denomination, generally have adequate knowledge and positive attitudes about faith community nursing. Knowledge scores on one item indicated some uncertainty among clergy about spiritual counseling as a nursing intervention. A major limitation to this study was the small, homogeneous sample. Future research should include further psychometric evaluation of validity and reliability in a larger, diverse sample. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that, with further testing, the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Opinions Concerning Faith Community Nursing Survey has the potential to expand assessment of barriers to faith community nursing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Faith Community/Parish Nursing: What's in a Name?
- Author
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Patterson, Deborah L. and Slutz, Mary
- Abstract
The article addresses the roles of parish nurses within their congregation and community. According to the authors, the term "parish nurse" implies that this specialty practice and ministry is more than just nursing within a faith community. They add that this ministry forms a bridge between the church and the wider community.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Integrating Social Accountability in Healthcare Delivery : Lessons Drawn from Kenya
- Author
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Wangũi Machira, Yvonne
- Subjects
health care facilities ,waste disposal ,rural areas ,corruption ,health extension ,patients ,medical research ,family care ,access to health services ,health facilities ,health management ,health outcomes ,equality ,aid effectiveness ,implementation ,districts ,posters ,youth ,evaluation ,right to health care ,public health ,health policy ,political commitment ,demand ,essential drugs ,community development ,citizens ,public officials ,surveillance ,community activities ,community participation ,leprosy ,insurance ,disease control ,incentives ,health service providers ,human rights ,access to health care services ,equity ,quality of health care ,social justice ,waste ,ambulance ,financial information ,health care services ,reproductive health ,interventions ,medical supplies ,citizen voice ,financial management ,financing ,primary health care ,workers ,hospitals ,risks ,health care delivery ,poor governance ,knowledge ,social cohesion ,design ,health status ,service delivery ,integration ,health care • quality ,health providers ,homes ,project ,community health services ,gender ,contracts ,participation ,health system ,service ,systemic corruption ,health service ,cleanliness ,local community ,community health ,national level ,finance management ,transparency ,public participation ,social development ,training ,health ,regulation ,medical services ,community members ,families ,health care ,oversight ,health information ,communities ,exercises ,health service delivery ,income ,facilities ,governance ,health centres ,participatory approaches ,fees ,community ,strategy ,poor performance ,public policies ,services ,data collection ,dispensaries ,ambulance services ,poor management ,health interventions ,security ,health care workers ,decision making ,health programs ,primary care ,local governance ,pharmacies ,health ministries ,quality of health ,civil society organisations ,crematoria ,institutions ,citizen participation ,care ,health services ,civil society ,health care service delivery ,health care providers ,citizen ,working conditions ,expenditures ,indicators ,performance criteria ,health sector ,accountability ,public information ,rural development ,urban area - Abstract
The Constitution of Kenya provides that most functions of the state are decentralized in a devolution process. The devolved health system is four tiered: community health services, primary care services, county referral services, and national referral services. However, even though roles and responsibilities are elaborately outlined, in practice the transition from national to county governments has been marred by inconsistency, poor understanding of the system, management challenges, and lack of coordination between the national and county governments. This policy note provides observations from a pilot that tested integration of social accountability mechanisms in healthcare delivery in Kenya between 2011 and 2013.
- Published
- 2015
13. Public Intervention in Health Insurance Markets: Theory and Four Examples from Latin America
- Author
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William Jack
- Subjects
MONOPSONY POWER ,CAPITATION ,HEALTH INSURANCE ,INSURANCE COMPANIES ,FAMILIES ,HEALTH NEEDS ,PUBLIC INSURANCE SYSTEM ,ADVERSE SELECTION PROBLEMS ,HEALTH SYSTEM ,PHYSICIANS ,PRIMARY CARE ,INSURANCE PLANS ,PROVIDER PAYMENT ,Insurance policy ,EXTERNALITIES ,HEALTH REFORM ,Health care ,Economics ,EMPLOYMENT ,INSURANCE COVERAGE ,PHYSICIAN ,FINANCIAL SECTOR ,HEALTH PROJECTS ,PUBLIC HOSPITAL ,INTERMEDIARIES ,health care economics and organizations ,INSURANCE POLICIES ,PRIVATE INSURERS ,Public sector ,WORKERS ,INFORMAL SECTOR ,PRIVATE INSURANCE ,PUBLIC HOSPITALS ,FINANCING OF HEALTH CARE ,COMPETITIVE INSURANCE MARKET ,EXTERNALITY ,HEALTH OUTCOMES ,MORAL HAZARD ,CONSUMER PROTECTION ,PURCHASER-PROVIDER SPLIT ,EQUITY HOLDERS ,INTEGRATION ,INTERVENTION ,HEALTH ORGANIZATION ,PUBLIC HEALTH EXPENDITURES ,PUBLIC HEALTH INSURANCE ,PUBLIC PROVISION ,medicine.medical_specialty ,SERVANTS ,HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS ,PRIVATE SECTOR INSURANCE ,PUBLIC HEALTH SPENDING ,HEALTH ECONOMICS ,Self-insurance ,HEALTH INSURANCE SYSTEM ,INSURERS ,INCOMPLETE CONTRACTS ,CROWDING ,HEALTH SERVICE ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,Development ,PATIENT ,UNEMPLOYED ,MEDICAL SERVICES ,INSURANCE OPTIONS ,ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE ,SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEMS ,WAGES ,ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS ,FINANCIAL INCENTIVES ,PATIENTS ,INCOMPLETE MARKETS ,FEE-FOR-SERVICE ,HEALTH DELIVERY ,Public health ,MEDICAL EXPENSES ,MEDICAL INSURANCE ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,DEBT ,CLINICS ,LOW INCOME ,COMPENSATION ,PUBLIC INSURANCE ,EQUILIBRIUM ,HEALTH SECTOR REFORM ,HOSPITALS ,MARGINAL VALUE ,HEALTH SECTOR ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,Public hospital ,FINANCIAL RISK ,HOSPITAL CARE ,CRISES ,Economic growth ,RENTS ,CONTRACTUAL ARRANGEMENTS ,HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION ,INNOVATION ,SOCIAL POLICY ,ECONOMIC THEORY ,CONSUMERS ,EXPLICIT CONTRACTS ,HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE ,INSURANCE PACKAGE ,HEALTH AFFAIRS ,ECONOMIC REVIEW ,COMPETITION AMONG PROVIDERS ,DELIVERY SYSTEMS ,PRIVATE SECTORS ,PRIVATE CONTRACTORS ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,RISK SHARING ,HEALTH MINISTRIES ,HEALTH PLANS ,COST CONTROL ,Public economics ,HEALTH CARE NEEDS ,HEALTH CARE MARKETS ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,DEGREE OF COMPETITION ,INFORMATION IMPERFECTIONS ,PUBLIC PROVIDERS ,MEDICAL ATTENTION ,SUPPLIERS ,HEALTH CARE ,DEMAND FOR INSURANCE ,HEALTH MAINTENANCE ,HEALTH SYSTEMS ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,PUBLIC HEALTH ,COMMUNITY RATING ,BARGAINING ,HEALTH DELIVERY SYSTEM ,Economics and Econometrics ,MONOPSONY ,PRIVATE INSURANCE SYSTEMS ,HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONS ,HUMAN RESOURCES ,BORROWING ,HEALTH INSURANCE MARKETS ,MEDICAL CARE ,DOCTORS ,ILLNESS ,INNOVATIONS ,EXPENDITURES ,FIXED COSTS ,PUBLIC HOSPITAL SYSTEM ,MEDICARE ,LABOR UNIONS ,INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES ,IMPERFECT INFORMATION ,FEE-FOR-SERVICE BASIS ,PRICE COMPETITION ,Community rating ,HEALTH INSURERS ,INCENTIVE SCHEMES ,medicine ,MARKET FAILURES ,HEALTH INSURANCE MARKET ,INCOME COUNTRIES ,MANAGED CARE ,PUBLIC PROVISION OF INSURANCE ,NATIONAL HEALTH ,INCOME GROUPS ,PRIVATE AMBULATORY CARE ,CONTRACTUAL RELATIONSHIPS ,ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ,FORMAL LABOR MARKET ,PRISONS ,INSURANCE PRODUCTS ,BUDGET CONSTRAINTS ,business.industry ,HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS ,International health ,MOTIVATION ,HEALTH SERVICES ,ADVERSE SELECTION ,INSURANCE CONTRACTS ,business ,RURAL HEALTH CARE ,ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENCY ,HEALTH SERVICE DELIVERY - Abstract
This article examines rationales for public intervention in health insurance markets from the perspective of public economics. It draws on the literature of organizational design to examine alternative public intervention strategies, including issues of contracting, purchaser provider splits, and regulation of competition. Health insurance reforms in four Latin American countries are then considered in light of the insights provided by the theoretical literature. Health care expenses and lost labor earnings due to illness—not to mention the direct effects of feeling lousy and dying young—represent a major source of risk for individuals and families. Exposure to such risks is costly in itself (if individuals are risk averse), but can also have long-term effects, especially on the poor. Selling assets, withdrawing children from school to care for ill parents, and exiting the labor market can leave low-income families trapped in poverty. This article addresses the role of government in spreading and reducing health risks with particular emphasis on the design and organization of the relevant institutions in Latin America. Faced with wide disparities in both health needs and access to medical care across regions and income groups, and with continuing pressures on public finances arising from the macroeconomic crises of the 1980s and 1990s, a number of countries in the region have adopted wide-ranging health sector reforms that continue today (Greene, Zevallos, and Suarez 1999). Generally, among the higher-income countries, there has been a move toward extending explicit insurance coverage to those outside the formal labor market. At the same time, these countries have examined the ways in which insurance and health care have been delivered and have instituted reforms that are meant to improve allocative and production efficiency in the sector. Lower-income countries in the region have not proceeded as far in terms of explicit health insurance reform, which requires a certain administrative capacity, and have tended to concentrate on running public hospitals and clinics better.
- Published
- 2002
14. Results-Based Financing for Health in Argentina : The Plan Nacer Program
- Author
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Cortez, Rafael, Vanina Camporeale, Daniel Romero, and Perez, Luis
- Subjects
HEALTH INSURANCE PROGRAM ,CAPITATION ,HEALTH STRATEGIES ,ADOLESCENTS ,HEALTH POSTS ,LOW BIRTH WEIGHT ,WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE ,EMPLOYMENT ,HEALTH CONDITIONS ,HEALTH COVERAGE ,DENTAL HEALTH ,NATIONAL LEVEL ,INCOME ,HEALTH CARE COSTS ,HEALTH CARE DELIVERY ,HEALTH INFORMATION ,PUBLIC HEALTH WORKERS ,WORKERS ,INFORMAL SECTOR ,MOTHER ,PRIVATE INSURANCE ,SERVICE PROVIDERS ,SOCIAL SERVICES ,LARGE POPULATION ,HEALTH CARE PROVIDER ,HIV INFECTIONS ,DEATHS ,HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS ,HEALTH POLICIES ,INSURERS ,CHRONIC CONDITIONS ,HEALTH SERVICE ,PROVISION OF CARE ,MEASLES ,CHILD DEVELOPMENT ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,RUBELLA ,INFORMATION SYSTEMS ,PUBLIC SERVICES ,FRACTURES ,QUALITY CONTROL ,POOR HEALTH ,INCUBATORS ,HEALTH FACILITIES ,INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ,FEE-FOR-SERVICE ,HEALTH-SECTOR ,BASIC HEALTH SERVICES ,MEDICAL SUPPLIES ,CAUSES OF DEATH ,HEALTH PROFESSIONALS ,SCREENING ,EXTENDED SERVICES ,EQUILIBRIUM ,YOUNG CHILDREN ,HOSPITALS ,INDIVIDUAL HEALTH ,INSURANCE PLAN ,MATERNAL MORTALITY ,NATIONAL AUTHORITIES ,PREGNANT WOMEN ,ACCESS TO EMPLOYMENT ,STDS ,HEALTH SPECIALIST ,HEALTH CARE WORKERS ,HEALTH CARE STANDARDS ,CITIZENS ,INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS ,HEALTH MINISTRIES ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,USE OF RESOURCES ,RESOURCE USE ,COST OF HEALTH CARE ,MINISTRIES OF HEALTH ,HEALTH POLICY ,DISSEMINATION ,PUBLIC PROVIDERS ,DENTAL PROBLEMS ,HEALTH PROBLEMS ,BABY ,PREGNANCY ,HEALTH CARE ,HOSPITALIZATION ,HEPATITIS B ,HEALTH SYSTEMS ,NUTRITION ,PUBLIC HEALTH ,RESPECT ,CHILDBIRTH ,MATERNAL DEATHS ,MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE ,CHILD MORTALITY RATE ,HEALTH CARE SYSTEM ,REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH PROGRAM ,HOME ACCIDENTS ,FINANCIAL RESOURCES ,SOCIAL CONDITIONS ,PREGNANCIES ,INFANT DEATH ,NATIONAL HEALTH ,TRADITIONAL PRACTICES ,ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ,BUDGETARY RESOURCES ,PROVISION OF HEALTH SERVICES ,HIV ,PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES ,CAPITATION PAYMENT ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,LAWS ,TRANSPORTATION ,SOCIAL INSURANCE ,QUALITY OF CARE ,NURSE ,CHILD MORTALITY ,INEQUITY IN HEALTH ,HEALTH CARE FACILITIES ,INSURANCE FUNDS ,POLICY DIALOGUE ,REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ,HOSPITAL ,PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SERVICES ,TETANUS ,INFANT MORTALITY RATES ,HEALTH STATUS ,INFANTS ,CHILD HEALTH ,FAMILIES ,HEALTH NEEDS ,HEALTH CENTERS ,POPULATION GROUPS ,VULNERABLE POPULATIONS ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,QUALITY OF HEALTH ,COST OF CARE ,ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE SERVICES ,HEALTH PROGRAMS ,NATIONAL GOVERNMENT ,PUBLIC AWARENESS ,RESOURCE ALLOCATION ,HEALTH OUTCOMES ,VACCINATION ,DEMAND FOR HEALTH ,HEALTH CARE SERVICES ,SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES ,PUBLIC HEALTH INSURANCE ,TELEVISION ,NEONATAL MORTALITY ,HEALTH SPENDING ,LIVE BIRTHS ,ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE ,FINANCIAL INCENTIVES ,PATIENTS ,RURAL AREAS ,DEMAND FOR HEALTH SERVICES ,PROGRESS ,HYPERTENSION ,MORTALITY ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,MATERNAL HEALTH ,CLINICS ,TRADITIONAL HEALTH CARE ,HEALTH PROVIDERS ,MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ,HEALTH SECTOR ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,INFANT ,VULNERABLE GROUPS ,NEWBORN ,INFANT MORTALITY ,MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS ,QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE ,QUALITY CARE ,INSURANCE PREMIUM ,CULTURAL PRACTICES ,BASIC HEALTH CARE ,FINANCIAL PENALTIES ,MINISTRY OF HEALTH ,NEWBORNS ,WOMAN ,POOR FAMILIES ,CANCER ,IMMUNIZATION ,SYPHILIS ,HEALTH INDICATORS ,ACCESS TO SERVICES ,PROBABILITY ,PUBLIC HEALTH CARE ,INSURANCE ,MATERNAL HEALTH CARE ,PRENATAL CARE ,INFANT MORTALITY RATE ,INSURANCE SCHEMES ,HEALTH CARE CENTERS ,HEALTH CARE SERVICE DELIVERY ,EXPENDITURES ,QUALITY OF SERVICES ,CHILD CARE ,MORBIDITY ,CHILDBEARING ,UNIVERSAL RIGHT ,PUBLIC POLICIES ,INEQUITIES ,INCOME COUNTRIES ,HEALTH MANAGEMENT ,HEALTH EXPENDITURES ,RADIO ,HEALTH RESULTS ,HIGH-RISK PREGNANCIES ,PRIMARY HEALTH CARE ,NATIONAL POLICIES ,VACCINATIONS ,MATERNAL MORBIDITY ,PREGNANT WOMAN ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,HEALTH SERVICES ,HIV INFECTION ,MATERNAL DEATH ,CAPITATION PAYMENTS ,HEALTH BUDGETS ,HEALTH TARGETS ,HEALTH SERVICE DELIVERY - Abstract
The plan nacer program was designed by the Argentine ministry of health to provide health coverage to uninsured women during their pregnancies and for an additional 45 days after giving birth, as well as to children under the age of six. In doing so, it focuses on the most vulnerable populations, addressing a basic inequity in health care. In addition, the program includes three main distinctive features: an explicit menu of health benefits, disbursements linked to achieving agreed-upon targets of enrollment and health results, and audits conducted by an independent external firm to corroborate service delivery and quality. The plan is an innovative way to strengthen health systems. Rather than simply funding more facilities and inputs or adjusting existing insurance mechanisms neither of which have been successful in dealing with the health problems of the poor, the Argentine ministry of health realized that improvements to quality and coverage of health services for the uninsured would require drastic operational changes. To do so, it decided to introduce performance incentives at all levels and to focus on results.
- Published
- 2012
15. Non-Communicable Diseases in Jamaica : Moving from Prescription to Prevention
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
POPULATION STUDIES ,RECREATION ,POPULATION STRUCTURE ,AGING ,KNOWLEDGE BASE ,QUALITY ASSURANCE ,ADOLESCENTS ,SERVICE UTILIZATION ,POLICY MAKERS ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,COMPLICATIONS ,PATIENT SATISFACTION ,CHOLESTEROL ,ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME ,INFECTIOUS DISEASES ,URBAN WOMEN ,URBANIZATION ,ELDERLY POPULATION ,HEALTH MESSAGES ,RESTAURANTS ,RISK FACTORS ,NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES ,HIV/AIDS ,HEALTH IMPACT ,AGED ,VIOLENCE ,ADULT POPULATION ,DIABETES MELLITUS ,NUTRITIONAL DISEASES ,DEVELOPMENT OF POLICIES ,DISEASE PREVENTION ,CHRONIC CONDITIONS ,CERVICAL CANCERS ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,PATIENT ,INFORMATION SYSTEMS ,FERTILITY ,HEALTH FACILITIES ,EXPOSURE TO HEALTH RISKS ,OLDER PEOPLE ,ELDERLY ,EMERGENCIES ,HEALTH RISKS ,GENDER DISPARITY ,DISABILITY ,UNEMPLOYED PEOPLE ,CAUSES OF DEATH ,PHYSICAL WORK ,FOOD PRODUCTION ,YOUNG AGE ,INDIVIDUAL HEALTH ,SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,LIVING CONDITIONS ,FEMALES ,HEALTH PROMOTION ,MENTAL ,SKIN DISEASES ,WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ,HEART ATTACK ,STOMACH ,CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS ,LIFE EXPECTANCY ,HEALTH MINISTRIES ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS ,RURAL RESIDENTS ,NCD ,HEALTH POLICY ,DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS ,ACCESS TO TREATMENT ,HEALTHY LIFESTYLES ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,RESPIRATORY DISEASES ,DISEASE PREVENTION AND CONTROL ,PREVALENCE ,AIR POLLUTION ,URBAN DWELLERS ,MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS ,NUTRITION ,ARTHRITIS ,PUBLIC HEALTH ,RESPECT ,SMOKERS ,MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES ,DEPENDENCY RATIO ,FEWER CHILDREN ,ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,WEIGHT GAIN ,RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS ,SOCIAL CONDITIONS ,PARASITIC DISEASES ,HEALTH CONSEQUENCES ,DISEASE MANAGEMENT ,LAWS ,TRANSPORTATION ,USE OF CIGARETTES ,MARIJUANA ,CULTURAL VALUES ,ASTHMA ,CHRONIC DISEASE ,INJURIES ,POLICY DIALOGUE ,RURAL WOMEN ,SOCIAL NETWORKS ,HOSPITAL ,LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH ,GENDER GAP ,SYMPTOMS ,DISEASE PREVALENCE ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,OSTEOPOROSIS ,FAMILIES ,HEALTH SYSTEM ,EARLY DETECTION ,MUSCLES ,MENTAL ILLNESS ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,YOUNG ADULTS ,PATIENT EDUCATION ,POPULATION GROWTH ,WORKING CONDITIONS ,IMMUNODEFICIENCY ,RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ,PLACE OF RESIDENCE ,HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS ,NUTRITIONAL STATUS ,PREVENTION STRATEGIES ,TEENAGERS ,DEPRESSION ,DISEASE BURDEN ,MEDICINES ,RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS ,HEALTH OUTCOMES ,DIETS ,HEALTH PLANNING ,SMOKING ,WALKING ,CHILDREN PER WOMAN ,CANCERS ,LEADING CAUSES ,LIVING STANDARDS ,PERSONAL HEALTH ,CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE ,MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY ,ELDERLY PEOPLE ,STOMACH CANCER ,DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION ,LIVE BIRTHS ,POLLUTION ,SANITATION ,BREAST CANCER ,BABIES ,PATIENTS ,RURAL AREAS ,OLDER ADULTS ,FERTILITY RATE ,AGE GROUPS ,SOCIAL PARTICIPATION ,PROGRESS ,HYPERTENSION ,LONGER LIVES ,MORTALITY ,COMMUNICABLE DISEASE ,CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES ,EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ,SODIUM ,HEALTH SECTOR ,NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES ,INFANT ,PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,MARKETING ,PHARMACEUTICALS ,INFANT MORTALITY ,COLON CANCER ,GLOBAL HEALTH ,BURDEN OF DISEASE ,LEADING CAUSES OF MORTALITY ,NATIONAL STRATEGY ,ANXIETY ,DIABETES ,MINISTRY OF HEALTH ,NUTRITION EDUCATION ,TERTIARY LEVELS ,ENDOCRINE DISORDERS ,ECONOMIC STATUS ,TREATMENT ,DIGESTIVE DISEASES ,MEDICAL ATTENTION ,HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE ,INFANT DEATHS ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,OBESITY ,DISASTERS ,SEX ,HYGIENE ,CHRONIC ILLNESS ,NATIONAL POLICY ,INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ,INFANT MORTALITY RATE ,HEALTHY LIFE ,TOBACCO PRODUCTS ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,MEDICAL CARE ,PUBLIC POLICY ,TUBERCULOSIS ,DIET ,MORBIDITY ,EPIDEMIC ,DEATH RATE ,DRUGS ,REGIONAL ACTION ,POPULATION GROWTH RATE ,ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES ,EATING HABITS ,HEALTH SERVICES ,CORONARY HEART DISEASE ,NUMBER OF PEOPLE ,HOSPITALIZATIONS ,EQUITABLE ACCESS - Abstract
Jamaica is a Caribbean country that has initiated comprehensive programs to address Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). The government created the National Health Fund (NHF) to reduce the cost of treatment of NCDs and finance some prevention programs. The main objective of this study is to learn from Jamaica's experience in tackling major NCDs and related risk factors, to provide policy options for Jamaica to improve its NCD programs and to share with other countries the lessons learned from its experience. The study attempts to answer three questions: a) whether the NHF and its drug subsidy program have reduced out-of-pocket spending on NCDs; b) whether access to treatment of NCDs has improved; and c) what the economic burden on NCD patients and their families is. The report presents an overall picture of the epidemiological and demographic transitions in Jamaica, its current burden of NCDs, and the change in the trend of NCDs in the past decade, using publicly available data, particularly data from the Jamaica living condition household surveys. It assesses the risk factors and analyzes Jamaica's response to NCDs with emphasis on the impact of the NHF on people's lives. Estimates of the economic burden of NCDs are provided and policy options to improve Jamaica's NCD programs are suggested. This study focuses on Jamaica's experience in addressing major NCDs and their related risk factors with the objective of learning from Jamaica and providing policy options to Jamaica to improve its programs.
- Published
- 2012
16. Long-Term Care and Ageing : Case Studies - Bulgaria, Croatia, Latvia and Poland
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
PUBLIC SERVICE ,SOCIAL WELFARE ,HOSPICE ,LONG-TERM CARE ,HOSPICES ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,DESCRIPTION ,HEALTH INSURANCE ,FAMILIES ,NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE ,ELDERLY MEN ,EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,AGING ,PHYSICIANS ,LOWER BIRTH RATES ,EMPLOYMENT ,QUALITY OF HEALTH ,FEWER BIRTHS ,POPULATION GROWTH ,NATIONAL LEVEL ,INCOME ,RESPITE CARE ,NUMBER OF CHILDREN ,WORLD POPULATION ,GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS ,COUNSELORS ,TOWNS ,ELDERLY POPULATION ,FAMILY CARE ,PENSION ,SERVICE PROVIDERS ,EXISTING CAPACITY ,PREVAILING ATTITUDES ,DISEASES ,ISOLATION ,POPULATION DISTRIBUTION ,SOCIAL SECTOR ,SOCIAL SERVICES ,TREATY ,WAR ,INTEGRATION ,AGED ,HEALTH CARE SERVICES ,OLD AGE ,BASIC NEEDS ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,HOSPITAL PATIENTS ,SOCIAL WORKERS ,DAY CARE ,CHRONIC CONDITIONS ,HEALTH SERVICE ,PROVISION OF CARE ,MEDICAL DOCTOR ,SPOUSAL SUPPORT ,HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,PATIENT ,ELDERLY PEOPLE ,PUBLIC SERVICES ,MEDICAL SERVICES ,PENSIONERS ,POPULATION DIVISION ,PATIENTS ,LOCAL MUNICIPALITIES ,PURCHASING POWER ,SERVICE PROVIDER ,LIVING ARRANGEMENTS ,PROGRESS ,ELDERLY ,DISTRICTS ,DISABILITY ,POLICY GOALS ,SOCIAL ISOLATION ,CLINICS ,HOSPITALS ,MOBILITY ,USER FEES ,DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS ,QUALITY SERVICES ,VULNERABLE GROUPS ,ELDERLY WOMEN ,CANTEENS ,NURSING CARE ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,FAMILY MEMBERS ,HEALTH SPECIALIST ,FAMILY STRUCTURE ,INDIVIDUAL NEEDS ,SURGERY ,DISABLED PEOPLE ,SOCIAL POLICY ,DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE ,RESIDENTIAL CARE ,WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ,GERONTOLOGY ,MEDICAL DOCTORS ,EMPLOYEE ,PERSONAL HYGIENE ,LOCAL COMMUNITY ,OLD-AGE ,PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES ,INSTITUTIONALIZATION ,AGING POPULATION ,LEGAL PROTECTION ,CITIZENS ,SPOUSE ,HOME CARE ,LIFE EXPECTANCY ,ECONOMIC CAPACITIES ,HEALTH MINISTRIES ,BASIC HEALTH CARE ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,MINISTRY OF HEALTH ,SOCIAL SERVICE ,MEDICAL PERSONNEL ,SOCIAL SYSTEMS ,WOMAN ,HEALTH CARE SECTOR ,PRIMARY CAREGIVERS ,HEALTH CARE REFORM ,VILLAGES ,FORMAL CARE ,HEALTH WORKERS ,FOSTER FAMILIES ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,NEIGHBORHOOD ,HEALTH CARE ,AMBULATORY MEDICAL CARE ,DISADVANTAGED GROUPS ,REHABILITATION CENTERS ,ELDERLY PERSONS ,HOUSEHOLDS ,CAREGIVERS ,PUBLIC HEALTH ,FORECASTS ,INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE ,NURSING ,SOCIAL REHABILITATION ,HEALTH CARE SYSTEM ,SERVICE PROVISION ,SOCIAL ASSISTANCE ,SOCIAL PROTECTION ,MEDICAL CARE ,WORKING POPULATION ,SPOUSES ,DEPENDENCY RATIO ,DOCTORS ,ILLNESS ,SOCIAL STRUCTURE ,DEMAND FOR SERVICES ,EXPENDITURES ,QUALITY OF SERVICES ,ILLNESSES ,QUALITY OF LIFE ,NATURAL ENVIRONMENT ,OCCUPANCY ,POPULATION GROWTH RATE ,ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES ,CERTIFICATION ,HEALTH INSTITUTIONS ,FAMILY SUPPORT ,HOMES ,PRIMARY HEALTH CARE ,MEDICAL TREATMENT ,BEDS ,ELDERLY CARE ,NUMBER OF CHILDREN PER FAMILY ,DEMOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS ,POPULATION SIZE ,TRANSPORTATION ,INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ,HEALTH SERVICES ,QUALITY OF CARE ,NURSE ,NUMBER OF PEOPLE ,URBAN AREAS ,DISABILITIES ,NURSES ,COMMUNITIES ,GERIATRICS ,HOSPITAL - Abstract
As gains in basic health care increase life expectancy, more people live past the age of 65, a time when the risk of dementia and other degenerative diseases is higher and people are more likely to require long-term care (LTC) services. Whether at home or in an institution, such care is an important way to protect the lives and dignity of a country's elderly citizens. Unfortunately, the cost of LTC, especially in institutions, can be catastrophic for families. Without public social protection systems many people cannot afford the care they need or the high cost of care sends them and their families into poverty. Thus, LTC is not only a health issue, but also a fiscal issue and as the European population ages, it is crucial for states to develop comprehensive LTC systems that address this interrelated issue. The next section explores the demographic background of the Bulgarian population, which is one of the fastest aging in Europe. This is followed by s short-description of the macro-economic and fiscal framework in post-crisis Bulgaria. Next, an overview of LTC service provisions is given, followed by a section on financing of LTC services. The last section concludes by introducing some guiding principles for future policy reforms.
- Published
- 2010
17. World Bank-Financed HIV Projects in the Caribbean : Lessons for Working with Small States
- Author
-
Carpio, Carmen, De Geyndt, Willy, and Chao, Shiyan
- Subjects
PUBLIC INFORMATION ,COMMERCIAL SEX ,NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,NEW INFECTIONS ,DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES ,DRUG USERS ,EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA ,WASTE ,SOCIAL FACTORS ,AIDS PROGRAMS ,THERAPY ,SHORT SUPPLY ,AIDS PROGRAM ,HEALTH SYSTEM ,POPULATION GROUPS ,VULNERABLE POPULATIONS ,LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH ,SEX WORKERS ,HEALTH REFORM ,MULTI-COUNTRY AIDS ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,MOTHER-TO-CHILD ,POLICY MAKERS ,BLOOD SAFETY ,CHILD DEATHS ,MIGRANTS ,NATIONAL LEVEL ,IMMUNODEFICIENCY ,MEDICAL OFFICER ,RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS ,AIDS CASE ,TREATMENT SERVICES ,RESOURCE ALLOCATION ,WORLD POPULATION ,HEALTH INFORMATION ,WORKERS ,HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS ,INFECTIOUS DISEASES ,CRIME ,STIS ,PREVENTION ACTIVITIES ,FEMALE ,DRUG RESISTANCE ,MOTHER ,NEGATIVE EFFECTS ,MEDICINES ,PRESIDENTIAL DECREE ,TRANSMISSION RATES ,REGIONAL NEEDS ,AIDS RELIEF ,NATIONAL AIDS ,HIV POSITIVE ,SEX WORKER ,HIV INFECTIONS ,ADULT POPULATION ,MOTHER TO CHILD TRANSMISSION ,SOCIAL ISSUES ,DISEASE PREVENTION ,NUMBER OF AIDS CASES ,CONDOM DISTRIBUTION ,DIAGNOSIS ,PATIENT ,CHRONIC DISEASES ,PUBLIC SERVICES ,NATIONAL LAWS ,MALARIA ,QUALITY CONTROL ,RESPONSE TO AIDS ,PATIENTS ,DRUG ADHERENCE ,PREVALENCE RATES ,PROGRESS ,CONDOM ,VULNERABILITY ,LONGER LIVES ,INFORMATION SYSTEM ,BEHAVIOR CHANGE ,HIV PREVENTION ,LEVELS OF KNOWLEDGE ,INJECTING DRUG USERS ,RISKY BEHAVIORS ,DYING ,VIRAL LOAD ,HUMAN RIGHTS ,HEALTH SECTOR ,PREVENTION INTERVENTIONS ,WORLD POPULATION DATA ,GLOBAL HIV/AIDS ,SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ,POST-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS ,VULNERABLE GROUPS ,COMMUNICABLE DISEASES ,HEALTH PROMOTION ,PREGNANT WOMEN ,SKILLED STAFF ,MOTHER TO CHILD ,REGIONAL MEETING ,PHARMACEUTICALS ,HIV AIDS ,COMMERCIAL SEX WORKERS ,DISCRIMINATORY PRACTICES ,ANTENATAL CARE ,ADULT PREVALENCE ,UNIVERSAL ACCESS ,PANDEMIC ,RESOURCE ALLOCATIONS ,NATIONAL STRATEGY ,LIMITED RESOURCES ,UNAIDS ,UNFPA ,CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS ,EPIDEMIOLOGY ,EMERGENCY PLAN ,INFECTIOUS DISEASE ,HEALTH MINISTRIES ,HEALTH RESEARCH ,PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,VOLUNTARY COUNSELING ,ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME ,MINISTRY OF HEALTH ,POLITICAL LEADERSHIP ,MINISTRIES OF HEALTH ,HEALTH POLICY ,HEALTH WORKFORCE ,INTRAVENOUS DRUG USERS ,CONDOMS ,DISSEMINATION ,SOCIAL MOBILIZATION ,LABORATORY SERVICES ,SUPPORT FOR PEOPLE ,HEALTH WORKERS ,IMMUNE DEFICIENCY ,TB ,YOUTH ,HEALTH CARE ,RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS ,DISASTERS ,ORPHANS ,HEALTH SYSTEMS ,NUTRITION ,PUBLIC HEALTH ,ADHERENCE TO TREATMENT ,PREVENTION COUNSELING ,TREATMENT REGIMEN ,HIV POSITIVE PEOPLE ,NURSING ,HIV ANTIBODIES ,GOOD GOVERNANCE ,TRANSMISSION ,POPULATION STRATEGY ,GLOBAL AIDS PROGRAM ,EXERCISES ,POLICY RESPONSE ,PEOPLE WITH AIDS ,HUMAN CAPACITY ,ILLNESS ,DISTRIBUTION OF CONDOMS ,TUBERCULOSIS ,LEGAL STATUS ,ILLNESSES ,QUALITY OF LIFE ,SPECIALIST ,VULNERABLE CHILDREN ,NATIONAL AIDS COUNCILS ,DRUGS ,SEX WITH MEN ,FEMALE SEX WORKERS ,SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION ,WORKFORCE ,HIV AIDS PREVENTION ,PROSTITUTION ,DISEASE CONTROL ,HIV TRANSMISSION ,REFERRAL SYSTEMS ,HEALTH MANAGEMENT ,SEX WORK ,AT RISK GROUPS ,SMALL COUNTRIES ,WELLNESS ,HIV ,LAWS ,RISK POPULATIONS ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,HIV INFECTION ,DISCRIMINATION ,NURSE ,NUMBER OF PEOPLE ,CHRONIC DISEASE ,NATIONAL AIDS PREVENTION ,GLOBAL AIDS EPIDEMIC ,NURSES ,AIDS PROJECTS - Abstract
This paper summarizes the key findings of an 'After Action Review' (AAR) that reflects a decade of experience in designing and implementing ten HIV/AIDS projects in the Caribbean, financed by the World Bank. The objective is to identify what worked (and what didn't) in the project approach, design and implementation, distilling useful lessons for other projects in small states.
- Published
- 2010
18. As Sharing Health-Care Costs Takes Off, States Warn: It Isn’t Insurance.
- Author
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Armour, Stephanie and Mathews, Anna Wilde
- Subjects
- *
HEALTH insurance , *MEDICAL care costs , *RELIGIOUS institutions , *CONSUMER complaints , *PATIENT Protection & Affordable Care Act Supreme Court cases (U.S.) - Published
- 2019
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