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Prostate cancer (PCa) has long been the leading cause of cancer-associated deaths among male worldwide. Our previous studies have shown that Bloom syndrome protein (BLM) plays a vital role in PCa proliferation, yet the underlying molecular mechanism remains largely obscure. Mechanistically, BLM directly interacted with hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF). Functionally, BLM and HDGF knockdown resulted in the higher impairment of PC3 proliferation, clonogenicity, migration and invasion than that their counterpart with either BLM or HDGF knockdown exclusively. Of note, HDGF overexpression expedited, whereas its knockdown suppressed, PC3 proliferation, clonogenicity, migration and invasion. Additionally, the potentiation or attenuation was partially antagonized upon BLM depletion or overexpression. In line with the vitro data, the impact of BLM and HDGF on tumor growth was investigated in mouse xenograft models. ChIP-seq, dual-luciferase reporter and western blotting assays were employed to expound the regulatory network in PC3 cells. The results unveiled that HDGF activated KRAS and suppressed RhoA transcription, and that the function of HDGF was mediated, in part, by interaction with BLM. Accordingly, the MAPK/ERK pathway was activated. Moreover, the regulation of HDGF on KRAS and RhoA had a signal crosstalk. To recapitulate, BLM and HDGF may serve as novel prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets in PCa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore the role and mechanism of circ-IARS in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progression. Expression of circ-IARS, microRNA (miR)-1252-5p, and hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) was measured by real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting. The interactions among circ-IARS, miR-1252-5p, and HDGF were determined by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation. Cell behaviors were measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay, flow cytometry, scratch wound assay, and transwell assay, and validated in in vivo xenograft model. Exosomes were isolated using commercial kit, and the expression and functions of exosomal circ-IARS (exo-circ-IARS) were analyzed as described above. Results showed that the expression of circ-IARS was upregulated in NSCLC cells, NSCLC tissues, and serum exosomes from NSCLC patients. circ-IARS exhaustion antagonized cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, migration, and invasion and promoted apoptosis in NSCLC. Molecularly, circ-IARS could sponge miR-1252-5p to modulate the expression of the downstream gene HDGF. In addition, miR-1252-5p downregulation attenuated circ-IARS exhaustion-mediated effects in H1299 and A549 cells. MiR-1252-5p mimic-induced effects were relieved by increasing HDGF expression in H1299 and A549 cells. Exo-circ-IARS promoted H460 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and inhibited cell apoptosis. Silencing circ-IARS retarded tumor growth of NSCLC cells in vivo. Thus, circ-IARS, secreted by exosomes, was a novel oncogene in NSCLC and regulated the malignant development of NSCLC cells via circ-IARS/miR-1252-5p/HDGF competing endogenous RNA regulatory axis.

Colon cancer is a common malignant tumor. However, its pathogenesis still needs further study. In this study, we explored the role of nucleosome assembly protein 1-like 1 (NAP1L1) in colon cancer and its underlying mechanism. Based on analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas data, we found that NAP1L1 is augmented in colorectal cancer, and the elevated NAP1L1 expression is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with colon cancer. Immunohistochemistry staining results showed that upregulated NAP1L1 protein level is an unfavorable factor that stimulates colon cancer progression. To further investigate the role of NAP1L1 in colon cancer, we established a colon cancer cell line with NAP1L1 knockdown, and found that repressing NAP1L1 expression in colon cancer cells markedly reduces cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro by MTT assay, colony formation, EdU incorporation, and subcutaneous tumorigenesis in nude mice. Furthermore, we found that NAP1L1 binds to HDGF, recruits DDX5, and induces β-catenin/CCND1 signaling, which promotes colon cancer cell proliferation. Finally, transfection with HDGF or DDX5 restores cell growth in NAP1L1-knockdown colon cancer cells by upregulating DDX5/β-catenin/CCND1 signaling. Our study demonstrates that NAP1L1 functions as a potential oncogene that promotes colon cancer tumorigenesis by binding to HDGF, which stimulates DDX5/β-catenin/CCND1 signaling.

Liver disease is one of the leading comorbidities in HIV infection. The risk of liver fibrosis development is potentiated by alcohol abuse. In our previous studies, we reported that hepatocytes exposed to HIV and acetaldehyde undergo significant apoptosis, and the engulfment of apoptotic bodies (ABs) by hepatic stellate cells (HSC) potentiates their pro-fibrotic activation. However, in addition to hepatocytes, under the same conditions, ABs can be generated from liver-infiltrating immune cells. The goal of this study is to explore whether lymphocyte-derived ABs trigger HSC profibrotic activation as strongly as hepatocyte-derived ABs. ABs were generated from Huh7.5-CYP2E1 (RLW) cells and Jurkat cells treated with HIV+acetaldehyde and co-culture with HSC to induce their pro-fibrotic activation. ABs cargo was analyzed by proteomics. ABs generated from RLW, but not from Jurkat cells activated fibrogenic genes in HSC. This was driven by the expression of hepatocyte-specific proteins in ABs cargo. One of these proteins is Hepatocyte-Derived Growth Factor, for which suppression attenuates pro-fibrotic activation of HSC. In mice humanized with only immune cells but not human hepatocytes, infected with HIV and fed ethanol, liver fibrosis was not observed. We conclude that HIV+ABs of hepatocyte origin promote HSC activation, which potentially may lead to liver fibrosis progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore the role and mechanism of circ-IARS in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progression. Expression of circ-IARS, microRNA (miR)-1252-5p, and hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) was measured by real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting. The interactions among circ-IARS, miR-1252-5p, and HDGF were determined by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation. Cell behaviors were measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay, flow cytometry, scratch wound assay, and transwell assay, and validated in in vivo xenograft model. Exosomes were isolated using commercial kit, and the expression and functions of exosomal circ-IARS (exo-circ-IARS) were analyzed as described above. Results showed that the expression of circ-IARS was upregulated in NSCLC cells, NSCLC tissues, and serum exosomes from NSCLC patients. circ-IARS exhaustion antagonized cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, migration, and invasion and promoted apoptosis in NSCLC. Molecularly, circ-IARS could sponge miR-1252-5p to modulate the expression of the downstream gene HDGF. In addition, miR-1252-5p downregulation attenuated circ-IARS exhaustion-mediated effects in H1299 and A549 cells. MiR-1252-5p mimic-induced effects were relieved by increasing HDGF expression in H1299 and A549 cells. Exo-circ-IARS promoted H460 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and inhibited cell apoptosis. Silencing circIARS retarded tumor growth of NSCLC cells in vivo. Thus, circ-IARS, secreted by exosomes, was a novel oncogene in NSCLC and regulated the malignant development of NSCLC cells via circ-IARS/miR-1252-5p/HDGF competing endogenous RNA regulatory axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrophage polarization plays a crucial role in atherosclerosis (AS), which is closely associated with energy metabolism. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) has been reported to promote tumor metastasis via energy metabolism reprogramming. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role and underlying mechanism of HDGF in regulating macrophage polarization and AS. Our results suggested the elevated expression of HDGF in aortas from atherosclerotic patients and ApoeKO mice, as well as M1 macrophages. The specific deficiency of HDGF in macrophages resulted in a significant reduction of plaque area, inflammation and M1 macrophages content in ApoeKO mouse model of AS. Consistent with the in vivo data, the specific deficiency of HDGF attenuated the inflammation, glycolysis, and lipids accumulation in M1 macrophages, and rescued the mitochondrial dysfunction. Mechanistically, HDGF plays a crucial role in atherogenesis by regulating the M1 macrophages polarization through energy metabolism reprogramming. The expression level of methyltransferase Mettl3 elevated significantly in M1 macrophages, which contributed to enhancing mRNA stability and protein expression of HDGF via N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation. Taken together, our study revealed a novel mechanism underlying the macrophage polarization, which may be a potential therapy for AS. Schematic diagram showed that m6A methylation of HDGF mRNA mediated by Mettl3 is responsible for increasing HDGF expression via enhancing HDGF mRNA stability, which in turn contribute to M1 macrophages polarization and AS via energy metabolism reprogramming. [Display omitted] • Macrophage HDGF promotes atherosclerosis via enhancing M1 macrophages polarization. • HDGF promotes M1 macrophages polarization via energy metabolism reprogramming. • Mettl3-mediated m6A modification increases HDGF via enhancing mRNA stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Nucleosome assembly protein 1-like 1 (NAP1L1) is highly expressed in various types of cancer and plays an important role in carcinogenesis, but its specific role in tumor development and progression remains largely unknown. In this study, we suggest the potential of NAP1L1 as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for the treatment of ovarian cancer (OC). Methods In our study, a tissue microarray (TMA) slide containing specimens from 149 patients with OC and 11 normal ovarian tissues underwent immunohistochemistry (IHC) to analyze the correlation between NAP1L1 expression and clinicopathological features. Loss-of- function experiments were performed by transfecting siRNA and following lentiviral gene transduction into SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells. Cell proliferation and the cell cycle were assessed by the Cell Counting Kit-8, EDU assay, flow cytometry, colony formation assay, and Western blot analysis. In addition, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and immunofluorescence assays were performed to confirm the relationship between NAP1L1 and its potential targets in SKOV3/OVCAR3 cells. Results High expression of NAP1L1 was closely related to poor clinical outcomes in OC patients. After knocking down NAP1L1 by siRNA or shRNA, both SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells showed inhibition of cell proliferation, blocking of the G1/S phase, and increased apoptosis in vitro. Mechanism analysis indicated that NAP1L1 interacted with hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) and they were co-localized in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, HDGF can interact with jun proto-oncogene (C-JUN), an oncogenic transformation factor that induces the expression of cyclin D1 (CCND1). Overexpressed HDGF in NAP1L1 knockdown OC cells not only increased the expression of C-JUN and CCND1, but it also reversed the suppressive effects of si-NAP1L1 on cell proliferation. Conclusions Our data demonstrated that NAP1L1 could act as a prognostic biomarker in OC and can interact with HDGF to mediate the proliferation of OC, and this process of triggered proliferation may contribute to the activation of HDGF/C-JUN signaling in OC cells.

Abstract Background Breast cancer is a common cancer among women in the world. However, its pathogenesis is still to be determined. The role and molecular mechanism of Nucleosome Assembly Protein 1 Like 1 (NAP1L1) in breast cancer have not been reported. Elucidation of molecular mechanism might provide a novel therapeutic target for breast cancer treatment. Methods A bioinformatics analysis was conducted to determine the differential expression of NAP1L1 in breast cancer and find the potential biomarker that interacts with NAP1L1 and hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF). The expression of NAP1L1 in tissues was detected by using immunohistochemistry. Breast cancer cells were transfected with the corresponding lentiviral particles and siRNA. The efficiency of transfection was measured by RT-qPCR and western blotting. Then, MTT, Edu, plate clone formation, and subcutaneous tumorigenesis in nude mice were used to detect the cell proliferation in breast cancer. Furthermore, coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay and confocal microscopy were performed to explore the detailed molecular mechanism of NAP1L1 in breast cancer. Results In this study, NAP1L1 protein was upregulated based on the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) database. Consistent with the prediction, immunohistochemistry staining showed that NAP1L1 protein expression was significantly increased in breast cancer tissues. Its elevated expression was an unfavorable factor for breast cancer clinical progression and poor prognosis. Stably or transiently knocking down NAP1L1 reduced the cell growth in vivo and in vitro via repressing the cell cycle signal in breast cancer. Furthermore, the molecular basis of NAP1L1-induced cell cycle signal was further studied. NAP1L1 interacted with the HDGF, an oncogenic factor for tumors, and the latter subsequently recruited the key oncogenic transcription factor c-Jun, which finally induced the expression of cell cycle promoter Cyclin D1(CCND1) and thus the cell growth of breast cancer. Conclusions Our data demonstrated that NAP1L1 functions as a potential oncogene via interacting with HDGF to recruit c-Jun in breast cancer.

Aim: To investigate the long non‐coding RNA DLG1 Antisense RNA 1 (lncRNA DLG1‐AS1) mechanism in cervical cancer cells with gemcitabine (GEM) resistance. Methods: Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) was used to detect DLG1‐AS1, miR‐16‐5p, and hepatoma‐derived growth factor (HDGF) expression in cervical cancer cells. The effects of DLG1‐AS1 knockdown on cell viability, proliferation, and apoptosis were investigated in GEM‐resistant cervical cancer cells. The binding of DLG1‐AS1 with miR‐16‐5p and of miR‐16‐5p with HDGF was confirmed through dual‐luciferase reporter assays. HDGF expression was detected through Western blotting. A xenograft model was established using stably transfected GEM‐resistant cervical cancer cells to detect the role of DLG1‐AS1 in tumorigenesis in vivo. Results: DLG1‐AS1 expression was significantly elevated in HeLa/GEM and SiHa/GEM cells. DLG1‐AS1 silencing significantly reduced the viability and proliferation of GEM‐resistant cervical cancer cells. DLG1‐AS1 also promoted GEM sensitivity in cervical cancer cells by inhibiting miR‐16‐5p. Moreover, the tumor volume in nude mice in the DLG1‐AS1 knockdown group decreased after GEM treatment. In addition, DLG1‐AS1 targeted miR‐16‐5p, and miR‐16‐5p targeted HDGF. The miR‐16‐5p inhibitor reversed the DLG1‐AS1 knockdown effect in GEM‐resistant cervical cancer cells. Conclusion: Knockdown of DLG1‐AS1 promoted GEM sensitivity in cervical cancer cells by regulating miR‐16‐5p/HDGF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Although reports implicate radioresistance as an important obstacle for the management of breast cancer, its molecular mechanism is elusive. Herein, we found that high HDGF levels are expressed significantly in breast cancer and exhibit a positive association with poor survival prognosis. Heparin-binding growth factor (HDGF) was upregulated in radioresistant breast cancer cells, however, its knockdown could reduce breast cancer radioresistant both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, the binding of RXRα to HDGF promoter blocked HDGF transcriptional activity, consequently inhibiting breast cancer radioresistance. The enhanced radioresistant activity of HDGF is induced by TKT and STAT3, impacting the STAT3-Tyr705 and STAT3-Ser727 phosphorylation and STAT3 transcriptional activity. Notably, HDGF depletion renders radioresistant hypersensitive to the drug that targets STAT3 phosphorylation. This article demonstrates the novel function of HDGF as a promising molecular target for predicting radioresistance in breast cancer.

The Integrator complex attenuates gene expression via the premature termination of RNA polymerase II (RNAP2) at promoter-proximal pausing sites. It is required for stimulus response, cell differentiation, and neurodevelopment, but how gene-specific and adaptive regulation by Integrator is achieved remains unclear. Here, we identify two sites on human Integrator subunits 13/14 that serve as binding hubs for sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs) and other transcription effector complexes. When Integrator is attached to paused RNAP2, these hubs are positioned upstream of the transcription bubble, consistent with simultaneous TF-promoter tethering. The TFs co-localize with Integrator genome-wide, increase Integrator abundance on target genes, and co-regulate responsive transcriptional programs. For instance, sensory cilia formation induced by glucose starvation depends on Integrator-TF contacts. Our data suggest TF-mediated promoter recruitment of Integrator as a widespread mechanism for targeted transcription regulation. [Display omitted] • Integrator binds a variety of gene-specific TFs and transcription effector complexes • TF-binding pockets on Integrator are positioned toward the promoter during pausing • Bound TFs co-localize on chromatin with Integrator and co-regulate target genes • Integrator-TF binding is required for transcriptional response to starvation stress Sabath et al. show that Integrator binds various transcription factors (TFs) directly and co-localizes with them on chromatin. TF binding is structurally consistent with Integrator-mediated termination of paused RNAP2. Integrator co-regulates genes with TFs, and Integrator-TF tethering is required for adaptive transcriptional programs such as cellular starvation response and cilia formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver disease is one of the leading comorbidities in HIV infection. The risk of liver fibrosis development is potentiated by alcohol abuse. In our previous studies, we reported that hepatocytes exposed to HIV and acetaldehyde undergo significant apoptosis, and the engulfment of apoptotic bodies (ABs) by hepatic stellate cells (HSC) potentiates their pro-fibrotic activation. However, in addition to hepatocytes, under the same conditions, ABs can be generated from liver-infiltrating immune cells. The goal of this study is to explore whether lymphocyte-derived ABs trigger HSC profibrotic activation as strongly as hepatocyte-derived ABs. ABs were generated from Huh7.5-CYP2E1 (RLW) cells and Jurkat cells treated with HIV+acetaldehyde and co-culture with HSC to induce their pro-fibrotic activation. ABs cargo was analyzed by proteomics. ABs generated from RLW, but not from Jurkat cells activated fibrogenic genes in HSC. This was driven by the expression of hepatocyte-specific proteins in ABs cargo. One of these proteins is Hepatocyte-Derived Growth Factor, for which suppression attenuates pro-fibrotic activation of HSC. In mice humanized with only immune cells but not human hepatocytes, infected with HIV and fed ethanol, liver fibrosis was not observed. We conclude that HIV+ABs of hepatocyte origin promote HSC activation, which potentially may lead to liver fibrosis progression.

Hepatoma‐derived growth factor (HDGF) was previously shown to be associated with increased mortality in a small study of idiopathic and connective tissue disease‐associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). In this study, we measured serum HDGF levels in a large multicenter cohort (total 2017 adult PAH‐Biobank enrollees), we analyzed the associations between HDGF levels and various clinical measures using linear or logistic regression models. Higher HDGF levels were found to be significantly associated with worse pulmonary hemodynamics, prostacyclin treatment; among PAH subtypes, higher HDGF levels were most associated with portopulmonary hypertension (beta = 0.469, p < 0.0001). Both Kaplan–Meier curve and Cox proportional hazard regression demonstrated that higher HDGF levels are associated with a higher risk of mortality (COX hazard ratio 1.31, p < 0.0001). Further, in the Sugen hypoxia (SuHx) rat model, the highest HDGF levels were post‐pulmonary circulation, and HDGF levels significantly increased with the development of PAH. In pulmonary arteries, immunohistochemistry staining showed that HDGF was highly expressed in pulmonary smooth muscle cells in both PAH patients and SuHx rats. In conclusion, we found that higher serum HDGF was linked with increased mortality, and associated with disease severity in a large multi‐center adult PAH cohort (n = 2017). In the SuHX PAH models, circulating HDGF levels are pulmonary in origin and increase with PAH progression. HDGF may be actively involved in vascular remodeling in PAH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gastric cancer is a highly aggressive malignant tumor with heterogeneity and is still a global health problem. The present study aimed to investigate the role of Cyclin I-like (CCNI2) in the regulation of phenotype and tumorigenesis, as well as its underlying mechanisms. Method: The expression profile of CCNI2 in gastric cancer was determined based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and immunohistochemical staining. The effects of altered CCNI2 expression on the biological phenotypes such as proliferation, clone formation, apoptosis and migration of gastric cancer cell lines BGC-823 and SGC-7901 were investigated. Mice xenograft models were established to reveal the role of CCNI2 knockdown on tumorigenesis. The potential mechanism of CCNI2 regulating gastric cancer was preliminarily determined by RNA sequencing. Result: CCNI2 was abundantly expressed in gastric cancer and was positively correlated with pathological stage. Knockdown of CCNI2 slowed down the malignant progression of gastric cancer by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, increasing the susceptibility to apoptosis and suppressing migration. Moreover, downregulation of CCNI2 attenuated the ability of gastric cancer cells to form tumors in mice. Additionally, there was an interaction between CCNI2 and transcription factor hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) in SGC-7901 cells. Knockdown of CCNI2 alleviated the promoting effects of HDGF overexpression in gastric cancer cells. Conclusions: CCNI2 promoted the progression of human gastric cancer through HDGF, which drew further interest regarding its clinical application as a potential therapeutic target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glioma is a malignant primary brain tumor that occurs in the central nervous system and has threatened the well-being of millions of patients. It is well acknowledged that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) SNHG3 participates in the regulation of proliferation, inflation, differentiation, and metastasis in many cancers. However, the regulatory effect of SNHG3 on glioma progression is still controversial. The expression of SNHG3 and HDGF was upregulated, whereas miR-384 was downregulated in glioma tissues, compared with the normal tissues. Interestingly, high SNHG3 contributed to low survival rate while low SNHG3 showed the opposite result. Moreover, SNHG3 or HDGF knockdown significantly suppressed proliferation, migration, and invasion and induced apoptosis in glioma. Meanwhile, restoration of HDGF abrogated the inhibition of SNHG3 silencing on glioma cell progression. Besides, miR-384 inhibitor attenuated SNHG3 silencing induced inhibition on HDGF mRNA and protein expression in A172 and SHG44 cells. LncRNA SNHG3 promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in glioma by enhancing HDGF expression via miR-384 sponging, representing the promising targets for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important regulatory role in carcinogenesis and cancer progression. MiR-95-3p has been reported to be an oncogene in hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the role of miR-95-3p in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) remains unclear. Methods: miR-95-3p was validated in an independent validation sample cohort of 215 CRC tissues. Functional assays, Cell proliferation (MTT) assay colony formation, wound healing, transwell and animal xenograft assays were used to determine the oppressor role of miR-95-3p in human CRC progression. Furthermore, Bioinformatics analysis, western blotting and dual-luciferase reporter assay were used to determine the mechanism by which miR-95-3p suppresses progression of CRC cells. Results: In this study, we found that miR-95-3p was downregulated in CRC tissues. The low level of miR-95-3p in CRC tumors was correlated with aggressive clinicopathological characteristics, and it predicted poor prognosis in CRC patients. The overexpression of miR-95-3p significantly inhibited CRC cell proliferation, colony formation and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Bioinformatic analysis further identified hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) as a novel target of miR-95-3p in CRC cells. These findings suggest that miR-95-3p regulates CRC cell survival, partially through the downregulation of HDGF. Conclusions: Therefore, the miR-95-3p/HDGF axis might serve as a novel therapeutic target in patients with CRC.

Abstract Background Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) possess significant regulatory functions in multiple biological and pathological processes, especially in cancer. Dysregulated lncRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and their therapeutic applications remain unclear. Methods Differentially expressed lncRNA profile in HCC was constructed using TCGA data. LINC00958 expression level was examined in HCC cell lines and tissues. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to demonstrate the prognostic value of LINC00958. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments were used to assess the effects of LINC00958 on cell proliferation, motility, and lipogenesis. Patient-derived xenograft model was established for in vivo experiments. RNA immunoprecipitation, dual luciferase reporter, biotin-labeled miRNA pull-down, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and RNA sequencing assays were performed to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. We developed a PLGA-based nanoplatform encapsulating LINC00958 siRNA and evaluated its superiority for systemic administration. Results We identified a lipogenesis-related lncRNA, LINC00958, whose expression was upregulated in HCC cell lines and tissues. High LINC00958 level independently predicted poor overall survival. Functional assays showed that LINC00958 aggravated HCC malignant phenotypes in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, LINC00958 sponged miR-3619-5p to upregulate hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) expression, thereby facilitating HCC lipogenesis and progression. METTL3-mediated N6-methyladenosine modification led to LINC00958 upregulation through stabilizing its RNA transcript. A PLGA-based nanoplatform loaded with si-LINC00958 was developed for HCC systemic administration. This novel drug delivery system was controlled release, tumor targeting, safe, and presented satisfactory antitumor efficacy. Conclusions Our results delineate the clinical significance of LINC00958 in HCC and the regulatory mechanisms involved in HCC lipogenesis and progression, providing a novel prognostic indicator and promising nanotherapeutic target.

Abstract Hepatoma‐derived growth factor (HDGF) was previously shown to be associated with increased mortality in a small study of idiopathic and connective tissue disease‐associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). In this study, we measured serum HDGF levels in a large multicenter cohort (total 2017 adult PAH‐Biobank enrollees), we analyzed the associations between HDGF levels and various clinical measures using linear or logistic regression models. Higher HDGF levels were found to be significantly associated with worse pulmonary hemodynamics, prostacyclin treatment; among PAH subtypes, higher HDGF levels were most associated with portopulmonary hypertension (beta = 0.469, p

Background: Breast cancer is a common cancer among women in the world. However, its pathogenesis is still to be determined. The role and molecular mechanism of Nucleosome Assembly Protein 1 Like 1 (NAP1L1) in breast cancer have not been reported. Elucidation of molecular mechanism might provide a novel therapeutic target for breast cancer treatment. Methods: A bioinformatics analysis was conducted to determine the differential expression of NAP1L1 in breast cancer and find the potential biomarker that interacts with NAP1L1 and hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF). The expression of NAP1L1 in tissues was detected by using immunohistochemistry. Breast cancer cells were transfected with the corresponding lentiviral particles and siRNA. The efficiency of transfection was measured by RT-qPCR and western blotting. Then, MTT, Edu, plate clone formation, and subcutaneous tumorigenesis in nude mice were used to detect the cell proliferation in breast cancer. Furthermore, coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay and confocal microscopy were performed to explore the detailed molecular mechanism of NAP1L1 in breast cancer. Results: In this study, NAP1L1 protein was upregulated based on the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) database. Consistent with the prediction, immunohistochemistry staining showed that NAP1L1 protein expression was significantly increased in breast cancer tissues. Its elevated expression was an unfavorable factor for breast cancer clinical progression and poor prognosis. Stably or transiently knocking down NAP1L1 reduced the cell growth in vivo and in vitro via repressing the cell cycle signal in breast cancer. Furthermore, the molecular basis of NAP1L1-induced cell cycle signal was further studied. NAP1L1 interacted with the HDGF, an oncogenic factor for tumors, and the latter subsequently recruited the key oncogenic transcription factor c-Jun, which finally induced the expression of cell cycle promoter Cyclin D1(CCND1) and thus the cell growth of breast cancer. Conclusions: Our data demonstrated that NAP1L1 functions as a potential oncogene via interacting with HDGF to recruit c-Jun in breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NAP1L1 has been reported to be significantly involved in the carcinogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Yet, its detailed molecular basis is still to be determined. Based on the analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, NAP1L1 mRNA was found to be upregulated and predicted the poor prognosis initially. Subsequently, consistent with the prediction, the upregulated expression of NAP1L1 mRNA and protein levels was confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), Western blot, and immunohistochemistry assays. Upregulated NAP1L1 protein positively promoted the disease progression and poor prognosis of HCC. In addition, NAP1L1 protein expression was considered as an independent prognostic factor in HCC. Inhibition of NAP1L1 expression by siRNA or shRNA pathway significantly reduced the cell proliferation and cell cycle transformation in vitro and in vivo. Mechanism analysis first showed that the function of NAP1L1 was to recruit hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF), an oncogene candidate widely documented in tumors. Furthermore, the latter interacted with c-Jun, a key oncogenic transcription factor that can induce the expression of cell cycle factors and thus stimulate the cell growth in HCC. Finally, transfecting HDGF or c-Jun could reverse the suppressive effects on HCC growth in NAP1L1-suppressed HCC cells. Our data indicate that NAP1L1 is a potential oncogene and acts via recruiting HDGF/c-Jun in HCC.

Although reports implicate radioresistance as an important obstacle for the management of breast cancer, its molecular mechanism is elusive. Herein, we found that high HDGF levels are expressed significantly in breast cancer and exhibit a positive association with poor survival prognosis. Heparin-binding growth factor (HDGF) was upregulated in radioresistant breast cancer cells, however, its knockdown could reduce breast cancer radioresistant both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, the binding of RXRα to HDGF promoter blocked HDGF transcriptional activity, consequently inhibiting breast cancer radioresistance. The enhanced radioresistant activity of HDGF is induced by TKT and STAT3, impacting the STAT3-Tyr705 and STAT3-Ser727 phosphorylation and STAT3 transcriptional activity. Notably, HDGF depletion renders radioresistant hypersensitive to the drug that targets STAT3 phosphorylation. This article demonstrates the novel function of HDGF as a promising molecular target for predicting radioresistance in breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cong Zhang,1,2 Xiangping Chang,1 Dongshan Chen,1 Feilong Yang,3 Zeyan Li,1 Dawei Li,1 Nengwang Yu,1 Lei Yan,1 Hainan Liu,1 Zhonghua Xu11Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People’s Republic of China; 2Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Dawei LiDepartment of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 107#, Jinan 250012, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 5 318 216 6701Fax +86 5 318 216 9044Email lidaweimd@aliyun.comBackground: Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) is a heparin-binding protein that has been observed to be abnormally expressed in numerous malignancies, but the definite role of HDGF in bladder cancer (BCa) has not been clarified. Here, we conduct the present study to evaluate correlations between HDGF and BCa.Methods: Bioinformatics analysis was used to evaluate HDGF expression levels in BCa tissues. The effect of HDGF on cell proliferation, migration, invasion, cell cycle and apoptosis was analyzed utilizing CCK-8, clone formation, Transwell assays and flow cytometry, respectively. In addition, the xenograft tumor model was established.Results: Based on bioinformatics analysis, we noticed that HDGF was highly expressed in BCa tissues and was positively correlated with poor prognosis in patients. Knockdown of HDGF markedly reduced tumorigenesis in BCa cells. Furthermore, the results of flow cytometry showed that HDGF deletion enhanced apoptosis in T24 and 253J cells and led to cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. In further studies, we found that tumor growth was inhibited in xenograft nude mouse models with HDGF deletion. The results of RNA-seq analysis revealed that the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway-related genes were obviously changed in HDGF-deficient 253J cells, and this result was further confirmed by Western blot analysis.Conclusion: In summary, we suggest that HDGF plays a substantial role in BCa and promotes tumor development and progression by regulating the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, which provides a promising target for BCa treatment.Keywords: HDGF, bladder cancer, tumorigenesis, PI3K/AKT signaling

Cisplatin (DDP) resistance is a key problem for effective treatment of gastric cancer (GC). Circular RNA PVT1 (circPVT1) acts as a vital regulator in the progression and development of various cancers. However, the in-depth mechanism of circPVT1 in GC resistance to DDP is still unclear. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was executed for the detection of the expression of circPVT1, miR-152-3p, and hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) mRNA in GC tissues and cells. Western blot was used to detect the levels of HDGF protein, Bax, cleaved-casp-3, Bcl-2, p-PI3K, and p-AKT in tissue samples and/or cells. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and flow cytometry assays were performed to determine the viability, proliferation, and apoptosis of DDP-resistant GC cells. The relationship between miR-152-3p and circPVT1 or HDGF was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The biological role of circPVT1 in vivo was confirmed with a xenograft tumor model. CircPVT1 and HDGF mRNA were upregulated while miR-152-3p was downregulated in chemoresistance tissues and DDP-resistant GC cells. Both circPVT1 and HDGF inhibition elevated cell sensitivity to DDP, suppressed cell viability, proliferation, and induced cell apoptosis in DDP-resistant GC cells. The MiR-152-3p inhibitor reversed the influence of circPVT1 silencing on DDP sensitivity, viability, proliferation, and apoptosis of DDP-resistant GC cells. Moreover, circPVT1 regulated the HDGF/PI3K/AKT pathway through sponging miR-152-3p. In addition, circPVT1 knockdown reduced the malignancy of DDP-resistant GC cells in vivo. CircPVT1 regulated the chemoresistance and malignancy of GC through modulating HDGF expression via sponging miR-152-3p, providing a theoretical basis for the development of effective therapeutic strategies for GC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastric carcinoma (GC) is still one of the most common digestive system neoplasms and the primary reason for malignant cancer-associated death. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to play critical roles in GC progression. In this study, we demonstrated that lncRNA testis development-related gene 1 (TDRG1) is markedly upregulated in clinical GC tissues and GC cells. High level of lncRNA TDRG1 correlates with the metastasis and prognosis of patients with GC. Overexpression of lncRNA TDRG1 promotes GC growth and metastatic-related traits in vitro and in vivo, and silencing TDRG1 causes opposite results. We future find that TDRG1 is inversely associated with miR-873-5p and positively modulates the expression of hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF), a functional target gene of miR-873-5p. Finally, lncRNA TDRG1 regulates the progression of GC through regulating miR-873-5p/HDGF pathway. Taken together, our data uncover the crucial function of TDRG1-miR-873-5p-HDGF axis in human gastric cancer.

Although identified as a growth factor, the mechanism by which hepatoma‐derived growth factor (HDGF) promotes cancer development remains unclear. We found that nuclear but not cytoplasmic HDGF is closely associated with prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). RNA‐sequencing analysis further demonstrated that the nuclear role of HDGF involved regulation of transcription of lipid metabolism genes. HDGF‐induced expression of lipogenic genes was mainly associated with activation of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) transcription factor. Coexpression of SREBP‐1 and nuclear HDGF predicts poor prognosis for HCC. In addition, by changing the first amino acid of the PWWP domain from proline to alanine, the type of PWWP domain changed from P‐ to A‐type, resulting in inability to induce SREBP‐1‐mediated gene transcription. The type of PWWP domain affects the recruitment of the C‐terminal binding protein‐1 transcriptional repressor on the promoter of the lipogenic gene. Our data indicate that HDGF acts as a coactivator of SREBP1‐mediated transcription of lipogenic genes. The PWWP domain is crucial for HDGF to promote lipogenesis. Moreover, transcriptional regulation of nuclear HDGF plays important roles in the development of HCC.

Objective: To investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine on the malignant biological behavior of glioma cells and its mechanism. Methods: Human glioma cell line A172 was cultured in vitro and treated with different concentrations (50, 100, 200, 400, 800 mg / L) of dexmedetomidine. The effect of dexmedetomidine on the proliferation of A172 cells was detected by MTT. Flow cytometry was used to detect the effect of dexmedetomidine on the apoptosis of A172 cells. Transwell chamber assay was used to detect the effect of dexmedetomidine on the migration and invasion of A172 cells. The effects of dexmedetomidine on the expression of miR-760 and HDGF were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (qRTPCR) and Western blot. Dual luciferase reporter assays were used to examine the effect of miR-760 overexpression on wild-type and mutant HDGF luciferase activities. miR-760 mimics and miR-con were transfected into A172 cells to detect changes in cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion. Western blot was used to detect the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, Cleaved caspase-3 and Cleaved PARP protein. Results: Dexmedetomidine significantly reduced the survival rate of glioma cells (P<0.05), decreased the number of migrated cells and the number of invasive cells (P<0.05), and inhibited the expression of HDGF, MMP-2 and MMP-9 (P<0.05). However, it could increase the apoptosis rate (P<0.05) and promote the expression of miR-760, Cleaved caspase-3 and Cleaved PARP (P<0.05). The effect was obvious when the concentration reaches 800 mg / L. Luciferase reporter gene results confirmed that miR-760 can inhibit the luciferase activity of the 3'-UTR region of HDGF (P<0.05). After transfection of miR-760 mimics, cell viability was significantly lower than that of miR-con group (P<0.05), and the number of migrated cells and invasive cells were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the expression levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were significantly decreased (P<0.05), but the apoptosis rate was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the expression levels of Cleaved caspase-3 and Cleaved PARP were significantly increased (P<0.05). Interference with the expression of miR-760 reversed the effect of dexmedetomidine on the biological behavior of glioma cells. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine attenuates the proliferation, migration and invasion of glioma cells through miR-760/HDGF and promotes apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) possess significant regulatory functions in multiple biological and pathological processes, especially in cancer. Dysregulated lncRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and their therapeutic applications remain unclear. Methods: Differentially expressed lncRNA profile in HCC was constructed using TCGA data. LINC00958 expression level was examined in HCC cell lines and tissues. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to demonstrate the prognostic value of LINC00958. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments were used to assess the effects of LINC00958 on cell proliferation, motility, and lipogenesis. Patient-derived xenograft model was established for in vivo experiments. RNA immunoprecipitation, dual luciferase reporter, biotin-labeled miRNA pull-down, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and RNA sequencing assays were performed to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. We developed a PLGA-based nanoplatform encapsulating LINC00958 siRNA and evaluated its superiority for systemic administration. Results: We identified a lipogenesis-related lncRNA, LINC00958, whose expression was upregulated in HCC cell lines and tissues. High LINC00958 level independently predicted poor overall survival. Functional assays showed that LINC00958 aggravated HCC malignant phenotypes in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, LINC00958 sponged miR-3619-5p to upregulate hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) expression, thereby facilitating HCC lipogenesis and progression. METTL3-mediated N6-methyladenosine modification led to LINC00958 upregulation through stabilizing its RNA transcript. A PLGA-based nanoplatform loaded with si-LINC00958 was developed for HCC systemic administration. This novel drug delivery system was controlled release, tumor targeting, safe, and presented satisfactory antitumor efficacy. Conclusions: Our results delineate the clinical significance of LINC00958 in HCC and the regulatory mechanisms involved in HCC lipogenesis and progression, providing a novel prognostic indicator and promising nanotherapeutic target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Our previous work determined the correlation between high nuclear expression of hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) and clinicopathological data of endometrial cancer (EC); however, the modulatory mechanisms and biological role of HDGF in EC have not been reported.Methods: Lentiviral particles carrying human HDGF short hairpin RNA (shHDGF-1, -2, and -3) vector and plasmids for HDGF, DDX5, and β-catenin expression were, respectively introduced into EC cells to evaluate the effects and molecular mechanisms underlying EC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Quantitative real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting were used to determine HDGF and DDX5 expression. Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), mass spectrometry, and an immunofluorescence co-localization study were conducted to explore the relationship between HDGF, DDX5, and β-catenin. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze the clinical associations between HDGF and DDX5 in EC.Results: Knocking down HDGF expression significantly decreased EC cellular proliferation, migration, invasion in vitro, as well as tumorigenesis and metastasis in vivo. Conversely, HDGF overexpression reversed these effects. Stable knockdown-based HDGF suppression activated the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, along with downstream β-catenin-mediated cell cycle and epithelial-mesenchymal transition signaling. Furthermore, co-IP combined with mass spectrometry and an immunofluorescence co-localization study indicated that HDGF interacts with DDX5, whereas β-catenin was associated with DDX5 but not HDGF. Overexpression of DDX5 reversed the suppression of shHDGF. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that high expression of DDX5 constituted an unfavorable factor with respect to the clinicopathological characteristics of EC tissues and that HDGF and DDX5 high expression (HDGF+/DDX5+) led to a worse prognosis for patients with EC (P < 0.001). In addition, we found that the expression of HDGF and DDX5 was positively correlated in EC tissues (r = 0.475, P < 0.001).Conclusion: Our results provide novel evidence that HDGF interacts with DDX5 and promotes the progression of EC through the induction of β-catenin.

Infantile hemangiomas (IH) are a type of benign vascular neoplasm that may cause permanent scarring. Hemangioma-derived endothelial cells (HemECs) are commonly used as an in vitro model to study IH. Long noncoding RNA is a type of RNA transcript longer than 200 nucleotides that does not encode any protein. LINC00342 was discovered to regulate proliferation and apoptosis in nonsmall cell lung cancer. However, the role of LINC00342 in IH has never been reported before. Expressions of LINC00342 and miR-3619-5p were detected in proliferating versus normal skin tissues. Colony formation and Cell-Couting Kit 8 assays were carried out to study the effects on cell proliferation after knockdown and overexpression of LINC00342, respectively. Meanwhile caspase-3 activity and nucleosomal fragmentation assay were applied to detect cell apoptosis. Micro-RNA binding sites on LINC00342 and hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) were predicted and confirmed via dual-luciferase reporter assay. Biotin RNA pulldown assay was used to verify the direct binding between RNA molecules. LINC00342 enhanced proliferation and inhibited apoptosis in HemECs. MiR-3619-5p targeted both LINC00342 and HDGF, where LINC00342 sponged miR-3619-5p and positively regulated HDGF. HDGF knockdown rescued the effects of LINC00342 on HemECs. The LINC00342-miR-3619-5p-HDGF signaling pathway could regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis in HemECs. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The role of LINC00342 in infantile hemangiomas has not yet been elucidated. This paper highlights the regulatory role of LINC00342 in cell proliferation and apoptosis in hemangioma-derived endothelial cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms. The findings would provide potential target for treatment of infantile hemangiomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Our previous work determined the correlation between high nuclear expression of hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) and clinicopathological data of endometrial cancer (EC); however, the modulatory mechanisms and biological role of HDGF in EC have not been reported. Methods: Lentiviral particles carrying human HDGF short hairpin RNA (shHDGF-1, -2, and -3) vector and plasmids for HDGF, DDX5, and β-catenin expression were, respectively introduced into EC cells to evaluate the effects and molecular mechanisms underlying EC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Quantitative real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting were used to determine HDGF and DDX5 expression. Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), mass spectrometry, and an immunofluorescence co-localization study were conducted to explore the relationship between HDGF, DDX5, and β-catenin. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze the clinical associations between HDGF and DDX5 in EC. Results: Knocking down HDGF expression significantly decreased EC cellular proliferation, migration, invasion in vitro , as well as tumorigenesis and metastasis in vivo. Conversely, HDGF overexpression reversed these effects. Stable knockdown-based HDGF suppression activated the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, along with downstream β-catenin-mediated cell cycle and epithelial-mesenchymal transition signaling. Furthermore, co-IP combined with mass spectrometry and an immunofluorescence co-localization study indicated that HDGF interacts with DDX5, whereas β-catenin was associated with DDX5 but not HDGF. Overexpression of DDX5 reversed the suppression of shHDGF. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that high expression of DDX5 constituted an unfavorable factor with respect to the clinicopathological characteristics of EC tissues and that HDGF and DDX5 high expression (HDGF+/DDX5+) led to a worse prognosis for patients with EC (P < 0.001). In addition, we found that the expression of HDGF and DDX5 was positively correlated in EC tissues (r = 0.475, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Our results provide novel evidence that HDGF interacts with DDX5 and promotes the progression of EC through the induction of β-catenin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oviduct of female Rana dybowskii is a functional food and can be used as a component of Traditional Chinese medicine. The differentially expressed genes enriched was screened in cell growth of three Rana species. We quantitatively analyzed 4549 proteins using proteomic techniques, enriching the differentially expressed proteins of Rana for growth and signal transduction. The results showed that log2 expression of hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) was increased. We further verified 5 specific differential genes (EIF4a , EIF4g , HDGF1 , HDGF2 and SF1) and found that HDGF expression was increased in Rana dybowskii. Through acetylation modification analysis, we identified 1534 acetylation modification sites in 603 proteins, including HDGF, and found that HDGF acetylation expression was significantly reduced in Rana dybowskii. Our results suggest that HDGF is involved in the development of oviductus ranae, which is regulated by acetylation modification. [Display omitted] • The differentially expressed gene HDGF enriched in the Rana oviduct growth of R. dybowskii was screened by proteomics. • Acetylation analysis showed that the acetylation expression of HDGF was significantly decreased in R. dybowskii. • Our results suggest that HDGF is involved in Rana development and is regulated by acetylation modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although identified as a growth factor, the mechanism by which hepatoma‐derived growth factor (HDGF) promotes cancer development remains unclear. We found that nuclear but not cytoplasmic HDGF is closely associated with prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). RNA‐sequencing analysis further demonstrated that the nuclear role of HDGF involved regulation of transcription of lipid metabolism genes. HDGF‐induced expression of lipogenic genes was mainly associated with activation of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) transcription factor. Coexpression of SREBP‐1 and nuclear HDGF predicts poor prognosis for HCC. In addition, by changing the first amino acid of the PWWP domain from proline to alanine, the type of PWWP domain changed from P‐ to A‐type, resulting in inability to induce SREBP‐1‐mediated gene transcription. The type of PWWP domain affects the recruitment of the C‐terminal binding protein‐1 transcriptional repressor on the promoter of the lipogenic gene. Our data indicate that HDGF acts as a coactivator of SREBP1‐mediated transcription of lipogenic genes. The PWWP domain is crucial for HDGF to promote lipogenesis. Moreover, transcriptional regulation of nuclear HDGF plays important roles in the development of HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To identify the effect of mutant PWWP domain of Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) on the proliferation of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Methods: The mutated PWWP domain of HDGF was constructed, named P24A. Cells were infected with lentivirus supernatants to screen stable cell lines. CCK-8 assay and soft agar colony formation assay were performed to detect the proliferation in vitro . Cells stably expressing HDGF and P24A were injected subcutaneously into the BALB/c nude mice to verify the effect on the proliferation in vitro. Results: The CCK-8 assay showed that the inhibitory effect of mutant P24A on cell growth was time-dependent (24 h, P<0.001; 48 h, P<0.001; 72 h, P<0.001; 96 h, P<0.001) compared with that of HDGF in liver cancer stable cell lines HepG2 and colorectal cancer stable cell lines DLD1. And so was the colony formation ability (P<0.01). Animal models of subcutaneous xenograft in BALB/c nude mice demonstrated that the growth rate (P<0.001, P<0.01, P<0.01, respectively), tumor size and volume (P<0.01) of P24A cell line were significantly lower than that of HDGF.Conclusions: 1 The mutant PWWP domain may inhibit the role of HDGF in promoting cell proliferation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To identify the effect of Hepatoma-derived growth factor(HDGF) on the proliferation and lipid metabolism of HepG2 cells. Methods: We silenced HDGF using si RNA. The efficiency of HDGF silencing in mRNA and protein levels were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and Western blot, respectively. The total triglycerides and cholesterols levels were detected, and Oil red O staining, CCK-8 assay, soft agar colony formation assay were performed, real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR was used to analyze the mRNA expressions of metabolism related factors. Results: After the si RNA-HDGF(or si RNA-NC as control)was successfully transfected into HepG2 cells, the expression levels of HDGF mRNA(P 0.001) and protein were significantly downregulated. HepG2 cells transfected with si RNA-HDGF at 48 h(P0.01), 72 h(P0.001)and 96 h(P0.001)were decreased; total triglycerides and cholesterols levels in intracellular were lower than those of the control group. Furthermore, Oil red O staining showed that the number of intracellular lipids droplets was obviously decreased in HepG2 cells transfected with si RNA-HDGF. The target lipogenic factors fatty acid synthase(FASN), 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase(HMGCR), stearoyl-Co A desaturase(SCD), and ATP citrate lyase(ACLY) were downregulated to different degrees(P0.001, P0.001, P0.001, P0.01). Conclusions:HDGF gene silencing dramatically inhibited the lipid metabolism level and the proliferation of HepG2 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study investigated the expression and functional roles of microRNA‑139 (miR‑139) on human epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) was performed to measure miR‑139 expression in EOC tissues and cell lines. The effects of miR‑139 on EOC cell proliferation, migration and invasion were assessed using MTT, cell migration and invasion assays, respectively. Subsequently, the molecular mechanism underlying the tumor suppressive roles of miR‑139 on EOC was determined by bioinformatics analysis, RT‑qPCR, western blotting and the luciferase reporter assay. According to the results, it was identified that miR‑139 was significantly downregulated in EOC tissues and cell lines. In addition, restoration of miR‑139 suppressed tumor cell proliferation, migration and invasion in EOC. Furthermore, hepatoma‑derived growth factor (HDGF) was identified as a target of miR‑139 in EOC. Upregulation of HDGF could rescue the inhibitory effects exerted by miR‑139 overexpression on EOC cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Collectively, the results indicated that miR‑139 was downregulated in EOC, and acted as a tumor suppressor by directly targeting HDGF. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first study to identify that miR‑139 contributes to the growth and metastasis of EOC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) is present in the endometrium of cows and other mammals. Recombinant HDGF (rHDGF) improves bovine blastocyst development in vitro . However, specific culture conditions and essential aspects of HDGF uterine physiology are yet unknown. In this work we quantified total HDGF protein in uterine fluid (UF) by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), and analyzed effects of rHDGF on specific embryonic stages with Day-6 bovine embryos cultured in vitro with and without BSA, and on pregnancy viability and calf phenotypes after embryo transfer to recipients. In addition, mRNA abundance of HDGF in endometrial cells co-cultured with one male or one female embryo was quantified. In the presence of BSA, rHDGF had no effect on blastocyst development; however, in BSA-free culture rHDGF mainly promoted development of early blastocysts in contrast with morulae. As the presence of HDGF contained in commercial BSA replacements was suspected, western blot confirmed HDGF identification in BSA both with and without fatty acids. Total HDGF quantified by MRM tended to increase in UF without vs. UF with embryos (P = 0.083). Pregnancy and birth rates, birth weight and calf measurements did not differ between embryos cultured with rHDGF and controls without rHDGF. However, HDGF abundance in cultured epithelial, endometrial cells tended to increase (P < 0.08) in culture with one male embryo. rHDGF acts selectively on specific embryonic stages, but care should be taken with specific macromolecular supplements in culture. The endometrial expression of HDGF can be regulated by the embryonic sex. The use of rHDGF is compatible with pregnancy and birth of normal calves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the expression and clinical significance of hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Background: Recent studies have demonstrated that HDGF overexpression correlates to the progression and poor prognosis in several kinds of cancers. However, the clinical significance and prognostic value of HDGF in EOC have not been investigated. Methods: Expression of HDGF was visualized by immunohistology and then the cohort was divided into higher- and lower-expression groups. The correlation between HDGF and clinicopathologic factors was analyzed by χ2 test. The prognostic value of HDGF was assessed by univariate analysis with Kaplan-Meier method, and by multivariate analysis with Cox-regression model. With experiments in vitro, HDGF expression in ovarian cancer cell lines was detected by immunoblotting. Results: Higher HDGF expression rate was 52.76% in EOC. HDGF expression was significantly associated with lymphatic metastasis (P=0.006). Higher HDGF expression was closely correlated to poorer 5-year overall survival rate with univariate analysis (P=0.003), and was identified as an independent prognostic factor with multivariate analysis (P=0.007). With experiments in vitro, HDGF was proved to exist in all ovarian cancer cell lines with different expression levels. Conclusion: HDGF expression correlates to unfavorable prognosis and can be considered as an independent prognostic factor, indicating that HDGF may be a promising potential molecular drug target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overexpression or amplification of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 gene ( HER2/ neu) is associated with high risk of brain metastasis (BM). The identification of patients at highest immediate risk of BM could optimize screening and facilitate interventional trials. We performed gene expression analysis using complementary deoxyribonucleic acid-mediated annealing, selection, extension and ligation and real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) in primary tumor samples from two independent cohorts of advanced HER2 positive breast cancer patients. Additionally, we analyzed predictive relevance of clinicopathological factors in this series. Study group included discovery Cohort A (84 patients) and validation Cohort B (75 patients). The only independent variables associated with the development of early BM in both cohorts were the visceral location of first distant relapse [Cohort A: hazard ratio (HR) 7.4, 95 % CI 2.4-22.3; p < 0.001; Cohort B: HR 6.1, 95 % CI 1.5-25.6; p = 0.01] and the lack of trastuzumab administration in the metastatic setting (Cohort A: HR 5.0, 95 % CI 1.4-10.0; p = 0.009; Cohort B: HR 10.0, 95 % CI 2.0-100.0; p = 0.008). A profile including 13 genes was associated with early (≤36 months) symptomatic BM in the discovery cohort. This was refined by qRT-PCR to a 3-gene classifier ( RAD51, HDGF, TPR) highly predictive of early BM (HR 5.3, 95 % CI 1.6-16.7; p = 0.005; multivariate analysis). However, predictive value of the classifier was not confirmed in the independent validation Cohort B. The presence of visceral metastases and the lack of trastuzumab administration in the metastatic setting apparently increase the likelihood of early BM in advanced HER2-positive breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in the development and progression of NSCLC. miR-195 acts as a tumor suppressor in several cancers, however, its role in NSCLC is not well understood. Herein, we found that miR-195 was significantly decreased in both NSCLC tissues and cell lines. Forced expression of miR-195 significantly suppressed proliferation, migration, and invasion of NSCLC cells. Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) was identified as a target of miR-195 in NSCLC cells. Overexpression of HDGF dramatically abolished the tumor suppressive role of miR-195 in NSCLC cells. Our results demonstrated a tumor suppressive role of miR-195 in NSCLC, and suggested a potential therapeutic target for NSCLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HDGF is overexpressed in gliomas as compared to normal brain. We therefore analyzed the molecular mechanisms of HDGF action in gliomas. HDGF was downregulated in normal brain tissue as compared to glioma specimens at both the mRNA and the protein levels. In glioma samples, increased HDGF expression was associated with disease progression. Knocking down HDGF expression not only significantly decreased cellular proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumorigenesis, but also markedly enhanced TMZ-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in glioma cells. Mechanistic analyses revealed that CCND1, c-myc, and TGF-β were downregulated after stable HDGF knockdown in the U251 and U87 glioma cells. HDGF knockdown restored E-cadherin expression and suppressed mesenchymal cell markers such as vimentin, β-catenin, and N-cadherin. The expression of cleaved caspase-3 increased, while Bcl-2 decreased in each cell line following treatment with shHDGF and TMZ, as compared to TMZ alone. Furthermore, RNAi-based knockdown study revealed that HDGF is probably involved in the activation of both the PI3K/Akt and the TGF-β signaling pathways. Together, our data suggested that HDGF regulates glioma cell growth, apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) probably through the Akt and the TGF-β signaling pathways. These results provide evidence that targeting HDGF or its downstream targets may lead to novel therapies for gliomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study was to investigate whether the expression of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase-9 (ADAM9) is correlated with the expression of hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) in surgically resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), to evaluate the significance of HDGF and ADAM9 as novel molecular staging biomarkers, prognostic biomarkers and predictive biomarkers for postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy in surgically resected stage I NSCLC, to provide essential consistence proof to the possible novel pathway of HDGF-ADAM9 pathway. Methods: Sixty-three cases of resected stage I NSCLC with mediastinal N2 lymph node dissection were immunohistochemically analyzed for HDGF and ADAM9 protein expression. Multivariate analysis and survival analysis were conducted. Results: HDGF and ADAM9 were observed highly expressed in NSCLC compared with normal control lung tissues ( P < 0.05). HDGF high expression cases showed significantly lower survival rate (55.6 vs. 84.7 %, P = 0.009). HDGF high expression was an independent factor of shortened survival time in resected stage I NSCLC ( P = 0.015). ADAM9 high expression cases showed significantly lower survival rate (56.9 vs. 88.7 %, P = 0.015). ADAM9 high expression was an independent factor of shortened survival time in resected stage I NSCLC ( P = 0.021). Pearson's correlation analysis revealed that ADAM9 expression was correlated positively and significantly with HDGF expression in 63 cases of stage I NSCLC ( r = 0.547, P = 0.000). Conclusion: These results clearly demonstrate that ADAM9 high expression is correlated positively and significantly with HDGF high expression, which provides essential evidence for the novel HDGF-ADAM9 pathway, through which HDGF promotes invasion and metastasis of NSCLC cells; HDGF and ADAM9 are novel molecular staging biomarkers, prognostic biomarkers, which might become useful predictive biomarkers for the selection of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy treatment in surgically resected stage I NSCLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

miR-141 belongs to the miR-200 family, and has been found to be associated with numerous human malignancies; however, its role in gastric cancer (GC) has not been examined in detail. Here, we validated that miR-141 was decreased in GC tissues and cell lines. Forced expression of miR-141 significantly repressed GC cell proliferation and colony formation. Furthermore, miR-141 suppressed in vitro migration and invasion of GC cells. Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) was confirmed to be a direct target of miR-141 in GC cells. The suppressive effects of miR-141 on GC cell proliferation, colony formation, in vitro migration, and invasion were partially mediated by suppressing HDGF expression. Moreover, the expression of HDGF was negatively correlated with miR-141 in GC tissues. Our data suggest that miR-141 might be associated and plays essential role in GC progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]