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The proper disposal of solid waste represents one of the most intricate environmental challenges encountered by the municipalities of West Bengal. The municipality of Cooch Behar, a rapidly developing part of the Koch Bihar district of West Bengal, was selected as a case study. A health and environmental threat is created by the disposal of solid waste from the municipality area in an open place in Guriahati G.P., 6 km from the town and near the Torsa River. This study aims to identify the most suitable areas for the disposal and dumping of municipal solid waste. Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process, the weights of the seventeen causative factors were allocated based on their relevance to identify the appropriate locations. The present study also introduces an innovative methodology employing GIS-based sensitivity analyses to enhance the optimisation of factors influencing suitable solid waste disposal site selection. Three possible waste disposal sites have been identified based on low land costs, the availability of barren land and the distance to settlements and sensitive places. The area under the ROC curve reveals that the AUC value is 0.895, which indicates that the level of accuracy of the model is 89.50 %. With a weight of 0.184, land value was found to be the most important criterion in the model, followed by distance to settlement (0.135) and distance to road (0.123). By carefully choosing suitable locations, this research could assist urban planners in developing a waste management system that is resilient and environmentally sustainable.

The untreated municipal solid wastes (MSWs) dumping and improper management causes major concerns of environmental degradation and human health risks. In this study, we collected soil and vegetable from the MSWs dumpsites of Khulna City Corporation (KCC) in southwestern Bangladesh. Trace metals (Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn) were measured to explore the health risk of cultivated vegetables from dumpsites. Soil contamination was evaluated by geoaccumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), and pollution load index (PLI), while health risk was evaluated by transfer factor (TF), estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ). Results exhibited that the average trace metals in soil and vegetables followed in the order of Fe > Pb > Mn > Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Cd > Co. The Igeo, EF, CF, and PLI values revealed that the soil contamination was dominated by Pd, Cd, Mn, and Zn. The EDI of metals in vegetables were exceed the maximum daily intake only for Fe, Pb, and Cr. The total THQ was > 1, implying potential health hazards for the local people due to the long-term consumption of the cultivated vegetables. The multivariate analysis reveled that the sources of trace metals in the soils and vegetables of dumpsites were natural and anthropogenic. Overall, the findings suggest that growing vegetables in dumpsite is unsafe for long-term consumption by local inhabitants. Immediate action should be taken to protect the environment and human health from trace metal hazards.

PVC is used as a raw material for many products, especially in the production of flex banners. PVC flex banners used for advertising or marketing purposes have a short-term use [average up to 45 days]. PVC flex banners are usually annihilated, piled in landfills, incinerated, or buried under the soil, thus causing severe damage to the environment. This systematic literature review highlights the research carried out on this topic over the last two decades and discusses industry practices in producing PVC flex banners, the environmental impact of PVC flex banners due to annihilation, and reuse and recycling methods for PVC flex banners. One of these opportunities is upcycling, which is an important part of the reuse strategy. These flex banners can be reused in the fashion industry as upcycled products [high-value functional and aesthetic products] and accessories through zero-waste fashion production processes [especially used in pattern designing and cutting stages]. These include primarily bags and luggage, apparel, footwear, worker uniforms, and accessory upcycle products. Based on findings from the systematic review, it recommends a conceptual framework that emphasises the impact of end-of-life PVC flex banners and offers ways for reuse that avoid piling in landfills, incineration, and burying these wastes under the soil, reducing the impact on the environment. The studies suggesting the production of upcycling products from end-of-life PVC flex banners by the zero-waste fashion production process have not been sufficiently researched and reported, and they are a novel method of reusing resources.

This study explores the efficacy of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks in predicting recycling rates and enhancing resource allocation in waste management systems. It addresses the limitations of traditional statistical models and machine learning algorithms that struggle with sequential data and temporal dependencies. The methodology comprised collecting extensive datasets from public repositories, configuring the LSTM network architecture, training the model with historical data, and testing various activation functions and hyperparameters. The model’s performance was rigorously compared to traditional models and alternative machine learning algorithms using metrics such as Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and R-squared (R2). The findings demonstrate that the LSTM model significantly outperformed traditional approaches, achieving an MAE of 3.5%, an RMSE of 2.8%, and an R2 of 0.92. These results underscore the superior capability of LSTM networks to capture complex temporal patterns in recycling data, offering substantial improvements in predictive accuracy and reliability. Consequently, the study highlights the potential of LSTM networks to revolutionize waste management strategies, contributing to more effective and sustainable practices.

This study explores the potential of converting food waste (FW) in South Africa to biogas via anaerobic digestion (AD) using the Aspen Plus Simulator version 11. The simulation modeled the AD process, focusing on hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis stages, with unconverted substrate recycling at the acetogenesis stage, employing a Non-Random Two-Liquid (NRTL) model for the polar mixture components. The FW used contained 49.86 % volatile solids (VS) of carbohydrates, 39.31 % VS of proteins, and 10.83 % VS of lipids. The results revealed that biogas yield at mesophilic temperature (37 °C) was 50 % higher than at thermophilic temperature (55 °C) with a residence time of 35 days, and methane composition was 45.98 % higher. Methane and carbon dioxide percentage compositions increased with hydraulic retention time (HRT), varying between 37.5–45.5 % and 34.3–39.9 % at mesophilic conditions. Economic analysis indicated a profitable outlook, with a payout period of 3 years, 5 months, and a 15-year positive revenue forecast. The project exhibited an internal rate of return (IRR) of 59.6629 %, suggesting strong economic viability and potential for investment. This study underscores the potential for optimized AD processes to enhance biogas production from FW in South Africa, presenting a viable, eco-friendly waste management solution.

Water pollution is a critical environmental concern, and this study explores the potential of utilizing adsorbents from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) for the removal of methylene blue (MB) and congo red (CR) dyes from aqueous solution. The PFAD, a by-product of palm oil refining is a valuable adsorbent feedstock because it is freely available, abundant and high in carbon content. The PFAD adsorbents were synthesized via zinc chloride activation and characterized for elemental composition, specific area, surface chemistry and morphology. The process converts the semi-solid PFAD into solid adsorbents with surface area ranging from 22 m2/g to 222 m2/g. The specific area significantly increased with pyrolysis temperature, and so the adsorption of dyes. The results provide insights into the viability of PFAD adsorbents for effective removal of MB and CR dyes. Nonetheless, the process optimization and the true potential of PFAD adsorbents should be further explored.

Sewage sludge, the amount of which is increasing every year, must be disposed of on the one hand, and on the other hand it makes a pretty good alternative fuel. However, due to the high mercury content of sewage sludge, its use for energy purposes requires further research. The effect of the technological process of sewage sludge treatment on the mercury content of this end product of wastewater treatment is not fully understood. Therefore, the present study examined 17 sewage sludges from municipal wastewater treatment plants in Lower Silesia for energy properties and mercury content before and after the following technological processes: autothermal aerobic stabilization at temperatures above 50 °C (ATSO), aerobic separated stabilization at effluent temperature (KTSO), separated digestion at ambient temperature (OKF) and separate digestion at 37 °C (WKF). The study showed that the mercury content ranged widely from 0.47 to 6.05 mg/kg Hg, indicating several times higher atmospheric emissions than when using conventional fuels. Among the sewage sludge samples tested, there were samples with very high mercury content, significantly different from the average mercury content of the sludge from the same process line. On this basis, it is concluded that the sewage sludge disposal process leads to the formation of significantly heterogeneous material.Sludge stabilization processes (ATSO, KTSO, OKF, and WKF) increase the mercury content of sewage sludge.

Decentralized composting is an emerging method for managing biowaste, engaging waste generators as active recyclers in the waste management cycle. Evaluating performance and identifying optimization opportunities within this composting framework is essential to maximize its benefits and address its challenges. In small-scale composters, fresh waste is continuously mixed with previously added materials, shifting the typical composting process. As with larger systems, the composition of the feedstock influences the temperature profile and the quality of the final product. The issue of whether to include animal-source waste remains controversial in the development of standards and program guidelines. On the other hand, evaluating a leachate recycling method could help prevent nutrient loss and mitigate environmental impacts when bulking agents are lacking. In this study, kitchen and garden wastes were composted in 500-L static composters under cold climate conditions. We examined obtained compost stability, maturity, and quality parameters to determine the effects of adding animal by-product waste and/or recycling leachate. Our findings indicate that including animal by-products allows reaching sanitation temperatures under cold weather conditions and that recycling leachates could reduce nutrient losses and alleviate environmental and other user concerns while improving temperature, stability, maturity, and product quality patterns in decentralized composting.

The exploration of alternative energy sources is inextricably linked with energy storage considerations. Current high density energy storage options on the market rely heavily on lithium (Li)-based technologies. A projected increase in energy storage technology demand has sounded the alarm on a need to develop suitable approaches for the recovery of the various constituent metals from spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs). This, coupled with urgent consideration for the environment has necessitated the investigation of various LIB metal recovery techniques. In this work, we explore the novel application of the hydrohalic acids, hydrobromic (HBr) and hydroiodic (HI) acid, as lixiviants in a series of leaching experimental investigations on LIB cathode powder. A methodology for battery disassembly and cell cathode material recovery is presented leading up to the metal leaching. Our results indicate that the lixiviants can be utilized in the absence of a reducing agent which is typically present in conventional LIB leaching systems. The highest recoveries of the constituent metals, Co, Li, Mn and Ni in the HI system were 92.9 %, 93.6 %, 93.1 % and 94.5 % respectively, at an operating temperature of 60 ℃ and with a 1.5 M HI concentration. The HBr system achieved metal recoveries of 90.6 %, 89.1 %, 83.1 % and 96.4 % for Co, Li, Mn and Ni respectively, at 60 ℃ and using 2 M HBr. Kinetic studies showed that the leaching mechanism for both acids follow a chemical reaction-controlled model.

Composting is the most common method for managing livestock waste. However, it often fails to effectively eliminate antimicrobial resistance, resulting in potential antimicrobial resistance in livestock waste. Hence, a more effective livestock waste management strategy is warranted. The hyperthermophilic composting method uses recycled compost containing hyperthermophilic microbes to raise the compost temperature up to approximately 100 °C (compost temperature in normal composting: 50–70 °C). This study clarifies the effectiveness of hyperthermophilic composting method in attenuating antimicrobial resistance during livestock waste composting in both a composting simulator and on a field dairy farm. We analyzed bacterial abundance and community composition, performed PCR analysis, and evaluated the concentration of residual antimicrobials in the compost. Hyperthermophilic composting significantly reduced the abundance of culturable bacteria and Escherichia coli including that of antimicrobial-resistant culturable bacteria and E. coli in both the simulated and field dairy farms. The copy numbers of the tested antimicrobial resistance genes (tetA, tetB, blaTEM, and blaCTX-M) decreased substantially. Residual antimicrobials (tetracyclines and β-lactams) were not detected in the field dairy farms, and network analysis showed that potential hosts of antimicrobial-resistance genes were eliminated. These results indicate that hyperthermophilic composting significantly reduces the abundance of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, antimicrobial-resistance genes, and residual antimicrobials at low cost and easy operation while generating valuable agricultural resource as the final output.

Microplastics presence in the environment is now a major global issue. Personal care and cosmetic products (PCCPs) contain microbeads and are one of the primary sources of microplastics which contribute to health and ecological risks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of microbeads in a widely used PCCPs (facial scrubs) in the Indian market and the extent to which these microbeads can serve as vectors for toxic compounds like chromium under different environmental conditions. Four of the ten facial scrubs contained microbeads of size ranging from 220 to 600 µm. Based on FTIR analyses, two of the four tested samples (A and B) were made of polypropylene, while the other two samples (C and D) were made of polyethylene. Furthermore, the study revealed that PP microbeads, which are very common, could efficiently adsorb Cr (VI) (3.09 mg Cr/g). Adsorption of Cr (VI) on microbeads was greater in acidic and saline conditions indicating that microbeads can potentially act as vectors for toxic compounds in marine aquatic ecosystems. It was estimated that 4.7 x 1010 microbeads, which amount to 3.8 tonnes of microbeads are released into the environment annually. Based on these results, policy measures for preventing the release of microbeads/microplastics into the environment are suggested.

Due to significant consumption and improper disposal, the increase in emerging broad-spectrum antibacterial pharmaceutical contaminants in water bodies leds to degradation of quality of water resources and aquatic life, causes water availability issues. Doxycycline hydrochloride belongs to the tetracycline antibiotic class of drug, exhibits a significant persistence of toxicity in the aquatic environment. In the present study, eco-friendly CuO nanoparticles were biosynthesized using ocimum sanctum leaf waste extract and an investigation was carried out for the efficient adsorptive removal of doxycycline hydrochloride from pharmaceutical waste with harmful impacts on the environment. UV–visible spectra, XRD, FTIR, EDX, BET, HRTEM and FESEM analysis were used to characterize surface modification of the biosynthesized nanoparticles. Drug concentration, contact time, pH, temperature and adsorbent dosage were among the main adsorption parameters that were examined in order to optimize the most effective removal results. Maximum adsorption capacity of 8.56 mg/g was achieved at optimum process parameter; 100 mg/L, 170 min., pH 6 at 298 K. Moreover, various isotherm models were examined in order to accurately describe the adsorption equilibrium experimental results. Although, the thermodynamic data and kinetic study showed that the sorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, followed second order kinetic model. The outcomes showed that green synthesized CuO nanoadsorbent can be effectively employed for the removal of antibiotic medications from actual wastewater.

This study aims to bridge the gap between governmental policymaking and citizens’ environmental attitudes by providing scientific advice to governments on how to encourage community engagement in sustainable waste management (SWM) programs. It seeks to integrate citizens’ class preferences, based on their environmental awareness, into SWM programs. The study employs comprehensive data analysis, including factor identification based on class attitudes, preference determination through environmental awareness, importance-performance analysis, and probit and logit models. Through this analysis, the study identifies the nexus between societal attitudes and environmental concerns as crucial for the success of SWM in metropolitan cities. The research consists of several stages of data analysis, such as identifying factors and classes based on citizen attitudes, analyzing preferences through an importance-performance analysis of SWM programs, and creating models using probit and logit methods. The analysis reveals two critical factors for the success of SWM in metropolitan cities: societal attitudes and environmental concerns. From the analysis, two distinct societal classes emerge: proactive ’Sustainable Supporters’ and more passive ’Indifferent Citizens’. The policy implications derived from the study suggest that while ’Sustainable Supporters’ can be further mobilized through an advanced SWM platform that emphasizes awareness, collection optimization, and waste processing, the ’Indifferent Citizens’ require strategies focused on bolstering digital SWM programs that simplify waste disposal and recycling. To encourage broader participation and ensure the effectiveness of SWM, governments and relevant organizations are advised to raise public awareness of SWM, improve infrastructural and technological capabilities in waste management, and formulate policies that unequivocally support SWM.

In the pursuit of sustainable and innovative food production, the utilisation of plant by-products have emerged as a promising frontier. Plant by-products have an inherent value that can be utilised to address both environmental concerns and the growing demand for food resources. This review provides a critical review of the environmental impact caused by the disposal of plant by-products and waste that are not being reutilised or repurposed to benefit other products. The multifaceted applications of agricultural residues, traditionally deemed as waste, in the creation of diverse and nutritionally enriched food products, were also presented in this review. The exploration encompasses a broad spectrum, from reducing waste through innovative utilisation to enhancing nutritional profiles and fostering culinary innovation. Through a detailed examination of specific instances, challenges, and prospects linked to this paradigm shift, we provide insights into the transformative potential of agriculture by-products in shaping a more sustainable and resilient food system.

One of the approaches for increasing the contribution of biomass to the renewable energy mix is the valorization of biomass to bioenergy. Evaluating the potential of unconventional biomass sources could significantly accelerate the assessment for suitability as feedstock for bioenergy production as a sustainable solution. The study aimed to characterize the Prosopis africana biomass of wood, barks, leaves, and pods towards providing valuable data for scaling up and incorporating these materials into the bioenergy crop database. Characterizations of wood, leaves, barks, and pod wastes from Prosopis africana biomass were investigated based on the proximate, ultimate, and compositional analysis of pulverized samples of the PA biomass to determine their physical, thermal, and chemical properties towards assessing their potential for valorization to bioenergy. The lignocellulosic materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction. The results show that the pulverized sample wastes have porous structures with varying degrees of crystallinity (wood: 89.20 %, bark: 23.90 %, leaves: 32.48 %, pods: 23.08 %), suggesting different susceptibilities to conversion processes. Notably, the wood sample had the lowest moisture content (3.13 %), and the pod sample had the highest volatile matter content (75.83 %), indicating a high potential for biofuel production. The higher heating values (HHV) and lower heating values (LHV) of the samples ranged from 15.23 to 20.49 MJ/kg and 13.83 to 18.79 MJ/kg, respectively. These calorific values are competitive with established lignocellulosic bioenergy feedstocks, positioning PA biomass as promising candidates for solid biofuel applications.

Bioremediation, an advanced and environmentally sustainable technology, utilizes biological microorganisms to mitigate pollution. This review combines insights from two perspectives: one focusing on the mechanisms, applications, and types of bioremediation, and the other examining the transformative potential of integrating Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and biosensors in pollution management. The first perspective delves into the effectiveness of bioremediation in decomposing and detoxifying hazardous substances, emphasizing its cost-effectiveness and eco-friendliness compared to conventional methods. In-situ and ex-situ bioremediation methods are analyzed, along with intrinsic and engineered techniques, and phytoremediation strategies for heavy metal removal. The review underscores the growing importance of bioremediation in addressing industrial effluents, contaminated soils, and groundwater, with future advancements expected to enhance its efficiency and applicability. From the second perspective, recent advancements in IoT, AI, and biosensors are explored for their potential to revolutionize bioremediation and waste management. IoT facilitates real-time monitoring and remote management, AI enhances data analysis and predictive modelling, and biosensors contribute to precise pollutant detection and environmental monitoring. The review highlights the synergistic integration of these technologies, presenting smart bioremediation systems with real-time feedback loops and adaptive capabilities. Together, these technologies offer scalable solutions for environmental pollution mitigation, marking a significant stride towards sustainable environmental management.

This study analyzed the water quality of the Yamuna river in Prayagraj across nine locations where the sampling was done upstream, downstream and middle stream from May 2019 to April 2020 using fourteen water quality parameters. Quarterly samples showed good Water Quality Index (WQI) values for summer (95.19), monsoon (77.28), and winter (90.77), but a decline in spring (102.11) due to religious activities was observed. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy suggested high concentration of Ca2+, Mg2+, K, and P in the river. Principal Component Analysis revealed 9 significant factors (eigen value >0.5) covering 25.13 – 93.89 % variance. Strong correlations included TDS-EC (0.853) and Ca2+ – Mg2+ (1.00) was observed. The correlation between water quality parameters generated by principal component analysis showed that the main parameters affecting the water quality vary in all the seasons. Based on the water quality indicators, anthropogenic activities are accountable to deteriorate the quality of river water. Therefore, the pollution status of the river need to be made publicly.

Biochar is a carbon-rich material that can be produced from waste biomass, making it a sustainable alternative to activated carbon. Biochar production is a carbon capture and storage strategy, and its physicochemical characteristics make it a useful additive for many processes, including the biological treatment of organic waste. Particularly, biochar has a high adsorbent capacity due to its high porosity, surface area and functional groups, which makes this material especially attractive in technologies with the presence of known inhibitors or that imply the emission of polluting compounds. In anaerobic digestion, its application improves the stability of the system against inhibition, increases the efficiency of the process, and allows the purification of biogas in situ. In composting, it reduces greenhouse gas and odor emissions and improves the quality of the compost obtained, increasing the nutrient content, immobilizing heavy metals, and reducing the presence of pathogenic microorganisms. Even so, the use of biochar in the biological treatment of organic waste is still an incipient field that requires research and consensus on key aspects such as the optimal dose of biochar, the transformation of the organic material over time, and its subsequent application as an amendment for the improvement of agricultural soils.

This research investigates the management of waste vegetables in Lagos, Nigeria, aiming to enhance sustainability and reduce environmental impact. This study explores existing waste management practices and assesses their effectiveness through a mixed-method approach combining quantitative data collection on waste volumes and qualitative interviews with stakeholders. Significant findings indicate a steady increase in waste vegetable generation in Lagos, from 120,000 tons in 2016 to 140,000 tons in 2020. Current management practices primarily involve landfilling, with minimal recycling. However, pilot projects on composting and biogas production show promising results in reducing landfill use and providing renewable energy. For instance, composting initiatives have successfully decreased landfill usage from 100% in 2019 to 60% in 2024, and community participation in waste management programs has grown from 10% to 85% over the same period. The study concludes that while Lagos faces significant waste management challenges, sustainable practices like composting and biogas production can effectively address these issues. The research underscores the need for policy support and increased community engagement to expand these initiatives, suggesting a potential model for other developing cities with similar challenges.

The abundantly available waste banana pseudostem fibers have attracted the paper and textile industries, however the stem-sap extracted during fiber processing remains underutilized. Although this sap comprising cellulosic sugars holds potential as a feedstock, its commercial viability in the renewable energy sector remains a challenge. Our study delves into this untapped resource by mechanically extracting sap from banana pseudostems and enhancing its reducing sugar content to approximately 35.5 g/L through acid hydrolysis and detoxification without concentrating the sap. Using separate batch fermentations with pentose and hexose fermenting strains such as Pichia stipitis NCIM 3499 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 2601, we achieved bioethanol production efficiencies of 67.5 % and 70.03 %, respectively. Yield and cost analyses confirmed the feasibility of this approach for industrial application in low-economy settings. Furthermore, gene-interaction network and functional enrichment analysis identified 63 key genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and ethanol conversion pathways within the fermenting organisms. Among these, the PGK1 gene and its direct interactors emerged as promising targets for future biotechnological enhancements aimed at boosting bioethanol production. This study not only underscores the renewable energy potential of unconcentrated banana pseudostem sap but also paves the way for innovative genetic interventions to optimize bioethanol yields.

Seafood by-products from various organisms like fish, shellfish, squids, and bivalves are often thrown away as waste, even though they could be utilized in creating new types of valuable foods. Up to 75% of the entire organism consists of industrial processing wastes, which can lead to a loss of profit and ecological sustainability if natural resources are not recycled efficiently. Various types of fish parts and byproducts, such as heads, viscera, skin, bones, scales, exoskeletons, pens, ink, and clam shells, can be categorized as valuable waste based on their weight percentages, which vary depending on the species and taxonomy. This review paper delves into the extraction and valorization strategies of seafood by-products, with a focus on transforming waste into valuable resources. Marine by-products can provide bioactive substances such as collagen, peptides, polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, chitin, and catalysts for biodiesel production. This review highlights the utilization of innovative techniques like microwave- and ultrasound-assisted extraction as well as supercritical fluid extraction and subcritical water extraction to extract bioactive compounds from seafood waste efficiently. This section also discusses the optimization of extraction processes to enhance efficiency and yield. Furthermore, the paper explores the potential applications of seafood by-products across various industries, emphasizing sustainable resource utilization and the creation of high-value products to be applied in our current circular economy.

In today's interconnected world, traditional approaches to managing resources and analyzing product life cycles are often inefficient and lack precision. Digital technologies offer a suite of tools and methodologies that can revolutionize these practices. Through a systematic literature review on the Scopus database, this study examines the (i) various ways in which digital technologies contribute to various aspects of circular economy initiatives, viz., promoting resource optimization, resource efficiency, waste reduction, and overall sustainability and (ii) life cycle analysis of the organizational value chain within the circular economy framework. Intersections of digital technologies with the circular economy and life cycle analysis can drive significant advancements in sustainability practices by optimizing resource efficiency and improving environmental impact assessments across industries. Key topics covered include digital technologies, data collection and management, resource optimization, product design optimization, lifecycle monitoring and assessment, predictive analytics and modeling, circular design and product lifecycle management, supply chain transparency and traceability, virtual reality (VR) platforms, etc. The study also highlights the potential benefits and challenges associated with the adoption of digital technologies in the context of circular economy initiatives and offers insights for practical implications and future research directions. By leveraging digital technologies strategically, organizations can drive innovation, overcome challenges, and accelerate progress toward a more sustainable and circular economy.

This study proposes a chemical recycling pathway for valorizing the cellulosic component of municipal waste streams such as textile, cleaning wipes, corrugated cardboard, contaminated cardboard (i.e. a pizza box), paper-plastic laminate (PPL) coffee cups and cigarette butts (CBs). The goal of this study is to establish an experimental procedure that allows to test a broad range of cellulose-containing waste materials, laying the groundwork for commercial deployment of their chemical recycling. The cellulose contained in these materials is transformed into 5-chloromethylfurfural (CMF), a precursor for bio-based plastics, without affecting the plastic counterpart (if present). We employ a biphasic system concept using aqueous HCl solutions for CMF formation and in situ extraction from the reaction medium using immiscible organic solvents, enabling straightforward product separation. This method allows to hydrolyze cellulosic materials from waste without affecting PET or polyolefin plastic also present, facilitating the subsequent recycling of this plastic as well. This study serves as a foundation to assess the feasibility of using cellulose-containing waste streams for chemical recycling and to offer recommendations on selecting optimal reaction procedures.

Broad-spectrum antibiotic, major veterinary medicines, due to large consumption and inappropriate disposal contribute a major part in generation of pharmaceutical pollutants in aquatic environment. The study investigates the interaction of nanometal oxides for adsorption and desorption of Fluoroquinolone antibiotic, ofloxacin hydrochloride from aqueous solution using vertical and sequential bed adsorption columns: designing parameters of adsorption column determined using bed depth service time model. To optimize the continuous flow column adsorption, varying initial drug concentration and flow rates have been studied using ZnO and CuO nanoparticles at pH 4, already determined for optimized batch studies. To access the characteristic behaviour of breakthrough curves, Thomas model and Yoon-Nelson models have been studied, which were in good agreement with experimental data. Sequential bed column shows slightly better results than vertical bed column as the sequential bed is simple and economical, the solution flows in continuous manner under gravity without any mechanical devices and come into contact with fresh adsorbent bed having same amount as that in vertical bed. Therefore sequential bed column can consider in small scale industries for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment. Column desorption experiments have also been carried out by using HCl/NaOH as desorbing agent for the regeneration of drug loaded adsorbent column.

Transporting wet inoculum for full-scale anaerobic digester (AD) start-up is usually infeasible and costly, especially, for remote locations. To overcome these burdens lyophilized AD inoculum is thought to be used after on-site acclimation. For this reason, in this study, the impact of three different acclimated lyophilized AD inoculums collected from full-scale mesophilic AD installations treating different feedstocks was tested for 20 days to monitor AD start-up and methane production by using biochemical methane potential (BMP) assays. The lyophilized inoculums after acclimation were fed to corresponding triplicate digesters treating similar feedstocks as digestate (DG), waste activated sludge (WAS) plus landfill leachate (LL) and WAS, LL plus food waste from municipal solid waste (FWMSW). As a control, no inoculum added digesters with three different feedstocks collected freshly from full-scale mesophilic AD installations treating DG, WAS + LL and WAS + LL + FWMSW were also run in triplicates. All the digesters displayed enhanced methane production in two days of the incubation, the digesters fed with DG as an inoculum displayed shortened start-up and the highest methane production with 42.77 % comparing to control. BMP assays of the other two inoculums tested also displayed 4.73 % enhanced methane production for WAS plus LL and 4.51 % enhanced methane production for WAS, LL plus FWMSW comparing to their corresponding controls. Metagenome analyses of the inoculums used revealed that the dominant methanogens were Methanobacteriaceae (100 % Methanobrevibacter) for DG, %33 Methanosaetaceae (%100 Methanothrix) and %27 Methanobacteriaceae (%71 Methanobrevibacter and %29 Methanosphaera) for WAS + LL, %35 Methanosaetaceae (%100 Methanothrix) and %30 Methanobacteriaceae (%91 Methanobrevibacter and %9 Methanosphaera) for WAS + LL + FWMSW. The lyophilized DG dominated by hydrogenotrophic genus Methanobrevibacter seems to be promising inoculum after acclimation, however, its efficiency needs to be further analysed for the ADs treating various feedstocks.

This article conducted a systematic literature review to find the most recent progress, barriers and opportunities in developing building material passports for structural steel reuse. To reuse steel a Circular Economy shall be implemented. A steel circular economy adoption requires the development of steel circularity passports, structural steel reusability assessment and reversible structural design. A programme rule was presented that can serves as a guideline for the development of a steel circularity passport in New Zealand. The programme rule outlined essential data and details, data resources and reliability, and steel identification process. Finally, a case study was used to demonstrate the significant benefits of applying the proposed programme rule in mitigating challenges presented by unidentified structural steel components. The 18-storey former council building has total 4,600 square meters located in Auckland downtown, New Zealand. It was found regulatory, technical, and economic barriers shall be addressed to enable steel reuse in New Zealand and presence of steel passports can facilitate steel reuse in practice by addressing the barriers in New Zealand.

The current waste crisis calls for a stable and integrated institutional framework. Policymakers try to untangle the complicated and interconnected acts, regulations, and directives in the European Union (EU). However, it is not a plain sailing to observe and implement the vast regulatory armamentarium of the EU in the circular economy (CE) sectors to achieve sustainable waste management (SWM). Aim of the present study is to showcase the historic – international and European – institutional framework on waste management as well as the main hazardous and special waste streams in order to build an integrated SWM framework. Moreover, CE necessitates for the safeguarding of critical raw materials (CRMs) and energy, in order to blueprint policies for the Net-Zero Age. Hence, the present study would show how CE can establish SWM, even though CE is going to face complex challenges till the conclusion of Agendas 2030 and 2050.

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) was used in the sorption study for three different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) ring structures (Naphthalene (NAP), Anthracene (ANT), and Chrysene). HAp powders were produced from Camelus bone as an eco-friendly and inexpensive source. Three distinct surface areas (66.56, 94.88, and 94.35 m2/g) at three different temperatures (500, 650, and 900 °C), were applied to prepare the HAp500, HAp650, and HAp900 samples after passing CO2 at 700 °C. It was obvious that the surface area of HAp was greatest at 650 °C as compared to 500 °C with a very small variation in uptake between HAP650 and HAP900. Furthermore, for ANT, HAp900 provides the best uptake. In addition, HAp650 is the best since calcining at 650 °C is less expensive than calcining at 900 °C. The effect of shaking time on the sorption of NAP, ANT, and CHR dissolved in n-hexane was carried out using HAp650. The impacts of sorbent amount, concentration, and temperature were studied. The study indicated that the uptake was 66.89, 69.49, and 19.67 mg/g after 120 min of equilibration. It was observed that the uptake of NAP, ANT, and CHR increased as the temperature increased up to 35 °C. A slight increase was obtained from 35–55 °C, indicating that the adsorption occurring on the HAp650 surface is endothermic. The positive values of Δ H demonstrated the endothermic nature of the adsorption process. Furthermore, the positive entropy of adsorption represents the adsorbent material’s affinity for NAP, ANT, and CHR. In addition, several isotherm models were used to deduce an adsorption mechanism. The adsorption system’s R2 values were 0.9615 for NAP, 0.8666 for ANT, and 1.00 for CHR. These values agree well with the Langmuir isotherm.

The livestock sector’s emission of greenhouse gases and hazardous gases, has contributed significantly to environmental pollution, including climate change and global warming. Furthermore, the accumulation of microbial pathogens in livestock waste, including Salmonella and Escherichia coli, poses a risk to food safety and health. Several strategic solutions have been developed to control these impacts, ensuring compliance with environmental regulations and industry sustainability. UV irradiation has emerged as an effective technology in controlling emissions from the livestock sector, based on photolysis and photo-catalysis. A laboratory experiments prove that using UV in combination with filtration, the removal rate of CO2, NH3, N2O, VOC, pathogenic bacteria, and dust is 3.8 – 4.4%, 2.6–18.07%, 6.9 – 12.2%, 80 – 100%, 99.4%, and 95% respectively. Although photo-catalysis is highly effective in the elimination of gaseous compounds and pathogen, dust control is mainly done by filtration processes. This paper provides a comprehensive review of existing literature on global livestock emissions and pathogenic microorganisms, existing mitigation practices, UV treatment for livestock emissions mitigation, and the opportunities, challenges, and future perspectives and disinfection of common environmental pathogens of livestock emissions.

The increasing volume of solid waste generated globally necessitates efficient classification systems to enhance recycling and waste management processes. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have emerged as a powerful tool for image classification tasks, including solid waste identification. However, difficult external variables including changes in illumination, occlusion, and background clutter can have a big impact on CNN performance. Furthermore, pooling procedures frequently cause classic CNNs to lose spatial information, which might impair performance on tasks requiring extremely fine sense of place. This paper presents a comprehensive study on the application of an improved CNN-based models for solid waste classification. In the present study we explored image data resizing, augmentation technique and hyperparameter tuning to improve the performance of the proposed model. The results demonstrate that the improved-CNN model achieved high accuracy of 94.40 % compared to the conventional CNN and other deep learning model such as ResNet-50, Inception-V3 and VGG-19 (81.83, 66.67, 52.83 and 56.00 %).

Tea (Camellia Sinensis) is a popular and extensively consumable drink after water due to its excellent health benefits and medicinal properties. Global tea production is rapidly increasing to keep up with demand, but this also creates massive waste piles of tea that negatively influence the environment. By 2025, tea consumption is expected to have increased from approximately 6.3 million tons in 2020 to 7.4 million tons. Increasing the intake rate of tea has also been accompanied by a spike in the production of tea waste after usage. The present review study investigates the emerging application of tea waste management. Also, it addresses the sustainable recycling of waste from the tea industry, the beneficial application of biomass in agriculture composting, and other applications. Additionally, a thorough assessment of the manufacture of various value-added products from the generated tea waste. A detailed explanation of the challenges and new prospects of using tea waste in multiple industries, such as energy production and environmental remediation. The outcomes of this review research are essential for the world’s sustainable and environmentally friendly growth. This review will address resource management within the framework of zero-waste principles and a regenerative economy. Also, this study will help academics acquire extensive knowledge about the many sustainable uses of waste from tea production as an economical and environmentally favourable alternative to biomass.

In the present study, nano-ligninwas synthesized from rice straw using Lactobacillus rhamnosus for the cost-effective removal of harmful dye from wastewater. The UV absorption maxima of the synthesized nano-lignin were around 280–290 nm. Several FTIR bands between 1075 cm−1 to 3500 cm−1 confirmed the successful confirmation of nano-lignin synthesis from rice straw. STEM and DLS studies confirmed the spherical morphology of nano-lignin with an average particle size of 286.3 nm. The nano-lignin showed a negative zeta potential value of −16.9 ± 5.94 mv. Afterward, nano-lignin was used to remove basic methylene blue (MB), phenol red (PR),and brilliant green (BG) dye from aqueous solutions. The adsorption of these dyes increased with increased incubation time. The adsorption concentration of the MB, PR, and BG dyes ranged from 3.5 mg/g to a final of 24 mg/g, 2.5 mg/g to 42.5 mg/g, and 1.5 gm/g to 5.5 mg/g, respectively.

Current research investigates the sustainable bioremediation of heavy metals (cadmium and chromium) and dyes (methyl orange and crystal violet) from synthetic wastewater while simultaneously facilitating CO2 sequestration for microalgal growth enrichment. The study is motivated by the urgent need for environmentally benign approaches to wastewater treatment, utilizing acclimatized microalgae species (Arthrospira platensis and Spirulina sp.) to continuously remove hazardous pollutants. The primary objective is to achieve effective bioremediation of heavy metals (up to 100 mg/L) and dyes (up to 10 mg/L) through biosorption, bioaccumulation, and degradation under optimized light conditions, including natural sunlight and red illumination. Sunlight is naturally existing whereas red illumination provides better growth and chloroplast activity. Gradual acclimatization of microalgae to increasing concentrations of contaminants enabled optimal removal efficiencies. Mechanisms for biosorption and bioaccumulation of heavy metals as well as degradation and utilization of dyes, is well elucidated by acclimatized microalgae under sunlight and red illumination. Results indicate complete removal of cadmium and chromium, with partial removal of methyl orange and higher efficiency for crystal violet degradation. Acclimatized Spirulina sp. achieved 100 % removal of heavy metals within 24 h of fermentation under controlled pH, temperature, and red illumination (45,000 Lux). The findings support the scalability of this bioremediation process for industrial wastewater treatment, highlighting its potential as an effective and sustainable solution for mitigating environmental contamination.

Citrus reticulata Blanco, specifically Sai-Nam-Phueng orange traditionally considered by-products, are rich in phytochemicals — limonoids, flavonoids. This study compared seeds and peels for the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity. Using single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM), the effects of ethanol concentration, solvent-to-solid ratio, and temperature on extract yield were optimized. The study found optimal conditions to be 70.50 % ethanol, 28.11 mL/g solvent-to-solid ratio, and 69.99 °C. Experimental values are in reasonable agreement with predicted values. Phytochemical contents were characterized using HPLC, mass spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy, successfully demonstrating efficient of purified compounds from orange by-products and cost-effective extraction methods.Kewords: Antioxidant, Green-extractions, Phytochemicals, Response Surface Methodology, Cytotoxicity.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the possibility of incorporating marine litter from the coast into the management system of the non-selectively collected fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). With this purpose, the technical feasibility of automatic separation of marine plastic litter is evaluated, which would allow for subsequent recycling. This solution requires mechanical–biological-treatment plants (MBT) to be able to sort marine plastic litter. Poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottles constitute one of the most commonly reported types of marine plastics. Considering the sorting methods employed in MBT plants, optical sorting tests were performed with marine PET litter and compared with those for post-consumer municipal PET waste, in order to assess whether the current technology implemented in these plants would allow their automatic sorting. Results show that the separation efficiency of PET degraded under marine conditions and outdoors is very high, and close to that of post-consumer municipal PET waste. The separation efficiency by transparent colour for different types of PET materials evaluated is also very effective and similar to that obtained for separation by chemical composition. Therefore, the chemical differences observed would not affect the efficiency of automatic sorting of marine origin PET in a waste treatment plant.

The timely repair of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) membrane leakage in landfills is an important means of environmental risk control, which is critical for preventing leachate from polluting groundwater and soil. Electric repair technology is expected to become a hot spot in the leakage repair of HDPE films, because it can solve the issues of complex operation, high costs, and security risks during the operation and closure of landfills. To explore the influence law of various technical factors on the electric repair process, we carried out single factor experiments on the main influencing factors such as the operation time, bentonite concentration and dispersant/bentonite dosage ratio, leakage size, and calcium concentration. We then explored the best technological conditions. The results showed that accumulation at the leakage site possessed a good repair effect with a permeability coefficient of 4.22 × 10−6 cm/s. Furthermore, we observed that the Zeta potential played an important role in the electric repair technology, where the higher the absolute value of the Zeta potential, the faster the electrophoretic migration rate of the bentonite particles, and the lower the permeability coefficient of accumulation. This study may serve as a theoretical basis and offer scientific guidance for the directional electric repair of HDPE membrane leakage during the operating period and after the closure of landfills.

Human and industrial activities pollute water resources with sulphur metal, endangering human health and ecosystems. Chemical precipitation and membrane filtration are expensive when treating large amounts of water, inefficient at low metal concentrations, and produce large amounts of toxic sludge and other products that must be disposed of waste water bio-sorption is eco-friendly and alternative. These methods are cheaper, more accessible, and reusable than conventional ones. This study investigates the bio-sorption of sulphur from contaminated water using neem leaf, custard apple leaf, mango tree leaf, orange peels, and banana peels biological waste materials. This work achieves 100 % removal efficiency. Biosorbents remove sulphates from contaminated water: custard leaves 100 % at 4gm, orange peels 40 % at 5gm, tea waste 50 % at 4gm, neem leaves 70 % at 5gm, and mango leaves 75 % at 5gm. The performances of biosorbents for removals of sulphates from water as follows: Custard leaves waste > Mango leaves > Neem leaves > Tea trash > Orange peels the sulphate reduction by biosorbents. The best biosorption occurred at basic pH 6.5, 3.7gm dosage, 90 min contact duration, 30 °C temperature, and 120 rpm agitation speed. The effects of contact time, agitation speed, adsorbent dosage, pH, and temperature are also examined. Before usage, biosorbents materials can be physically and chemically measured the changes. Regenerating and reusing bio-sorbent after sulphates removals makes the method cost-effective for removals of pollutants from water.

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the potential of ceramic tile dust (CTD)-derived ZSM-5 zeolite (CZ) and its monodispersed composite with metal oxides (MgO and Fe2O3) in the catalytic pyrolysis of hyphaene thebaica shell (HTS). The HTS was pyrolysed in a Fixed-bed reactor at 400–600 °C, and 100–300 mL/min N2 flowrate. The maximum bio-oil production of 32 % was obtained at 500 °C and 150 mL/min N2 flowrate, with bio-oils containing 50 % acid and octadecenoic acids, as well as esters, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, aromatics, and hydrocarbons. A carboxymethyl cellulose templating agent was employed for the mesoporous zeolite synthesis from CTD. This resulted in the mesoporous zeolite with a predominant ZSM-5 crystal phase, exhibiting pore diameters ranging from 1.8-6 nm, 229 m2/g surface area and 1145 μmol/g total acidity. The catalytic pyrolysis of HTS was conducted using the ZSM-5 zeolite (CZ) and metal-oxide (MgO, Fe2O3, and Fe2O3/FeO) modified CZ, as monodispersed composite catalysts. Under best thermal pyrolysis conditions, CZ-Fe2O3, CZ-MgO, and CZ-Fe2O3/MgO demonstrated 22–23 % bio-oil yields. Notably, the CZ-Fe2O3/MgO catalyst exhibited the highest hydrocarbon yield at 16 %, while the CZ-MgO favoured the production of phenolics, esters, and alcohols. CZ-MgO also displayed the highest coking level at 7.5 %, indicating faster deactivation than the other catalysts. The synthesised catalysts exhibited remarkable catalytic activity, resulting in a notable improvement in the quality of bio-oils obtained from the intermediate pyrolysis of hyphaene thebaica shells in a fixed-bed reactor.

The increasing global awareness of environmental sustainability and the urgent need to reduce plastic waste have driven significant interest in the valorization of agricultural by-products. This study explores the potential of fruit and vegetable waste and by-products valorization using green and novel technology such as supercritical, microwave, ultrasound, high hydrostatic pressure and cold plasma technology for developing sustainable food packaging solutions. By utilizing components such as pectin from citrus peels, starch from potato skins, and fibers from banana peels, innovative biodegradable and compostable packaging materials can be produced. These materials not only reduce reliance on petroleum-based plastics but also enhance the circular economy by repurposing waste that would otherwise contribute to environmental pollution. The research highlights various processing methods, including extraction, blending with biopolymers, and composite formation, to convert by-products into films, coatings, and moulded packaging. The resulting products exhibit desirable properties such as biodegradability, flexibility, mechanical strength, and, in some cases, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, which can extend the shelf life of food products. Moreover, nanotechnology application in fruits and vegetables-based packaging is also discussed. Despite the promising benefits, challenges such as cost, scalability, and consumer acceptance remain. Addressing these issues through continued research, supportive policies, and industry collaboration is crucial for the widespread adoption of these sustainable packaging solutions. This study underscores the potential of agricultural by-products in creating eco-friendly food packaging, contributing to waste reduction and environmental sustainability.

Carbonating metallurgical slags plays a pivotal role in achieving efficient mineral CO2 sequestration and waste valorization. This research introduces a novel integrated approach that combines the carbonation of Ladle Furnace Slag (LFS) with the simultaneous degradation of Methyl Orange (MO) in synthetic water. The comprehensive characterization of LFS was conducted using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The adsorption experiments reveal the high LSF capacity for MO degradation (149.25 mg/g) following pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 = 0.99) and Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.98). The adsorption process was primarily governed by chemical and electrostatic interactions. Analysis of LFS-loaded MO indicated a reduction in Ca(OH)2 phases, responsible for CO2 mineralization and the formation of calcite (CaCO3). Furthermore, the study explored the reusability of LFS-MO composites through chemical and thermal modifications. Pyrolysis of carbonated LFS with KOH impregnation exhibited potential for regenerating Ca(OH)2 phases, while thermal modification induced significant mineral and microstructural changes, creating new active sites at various temperatures. Additionally, the Fenton-like reaction followed by thermal modification resulted in a highly organized and microporous LFS structure with enhanced surface area and porosity. Moreover, modification with ZnSO4 followed by thermal activation promoted the formation of ZnO nanoxides on the LFS surface. This research proposes an innovative carbonating approach for metallurgical slags and wastewater treatment, extending their utility and enhancing industrial sustainability. Carbonated LFS-MO composites hold promise for applications in construction, CO2 capture, and wastewater treatment, thereby fostering sustainable industrial practices with ongoing research and development efforts.

This study investigates public attitudes towards the use of human excretion-based fertiliser (HEBF) in agriculture. Focusing on England and Japan, countries with contrasting histories of nightsoil use, we conducted representative surveys to understand public acceptance and sex-based differences in attitudes. Our findings reveal significant cultural and sex-based disparities in the willingness to utilize HEBF. The Japanese are more accepting of using HEBF for food production, with fewer health concerns, compared to the English. However, English respondents are more open to using HEBF in public parks. The study emphasises the need for further research on societal perceptions and highlights the importance of cultural context in adopting sustainable practices like HEBF in agriculture.

Understanding the treatment of leachate mediated by the development of anaerobic sludge makes it possible to create an effective design process of biodegradation technology. This study used an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor equipped with a gas–liquid-solid separator to capture CH4 for treating landfill leachate to improve understanding of methanogenesis kinetics of organic matter. The performance of UASB was able to remove 154.75 g/L of chemical oxygen demand (COD) content of the leachate originally anticipated to emit 2.99 L of CH4 production into the atmosphere. The trend in the variation of internal mass transfer (IMT) factor was close to the global mass transfer factor; however, it was far higher than that of external mass transfer (EMT) factor. After 30 days of the experiment, methanogenesis kinetics of organic matter of the leachate were supported mainly by the breakdown of complex molecules. The rate-limiting step of CH4 desorption was controlled by IMT at the beginning and then by EMT after 30 days of the experiment. The strongly decreased EMT factor was counterbalanced by an increased value of the IMT factor at before 5 days of the experiment. It would be of interest to predict the methanogenesis kinetics of CH4 desorption using the Generalized Fulazzaky equations, which cannot be evaluated using other models. Analysis of the methanogenesis kinetics of organic matter of the leachate provides a new insight into the performance of UASB reactor, which may contribute to advanced treatment of landfill leachate in the future.

Rapid urbanization and the growing tourism industry in the Himalayan region have raised significant concerns about the sustainable handling and management of solid waste in the area. This concern is particularly pronounced in the unique and vulnerable ecosystem of cities nestled in the eastern Indian Himalayas, where geography, ecology, and socio-economic factors converge to create distinctive challenges. This study undertakes a thorough investigation of solid waste management practices and challenges in two smart cities nestled in the eastern Himalayan region of India, specifically Gangtok and Namchi. The primary objective was to unveil the complex challenges confronting these cities by conducting an in-depth exploration of waste management practices. This comprehensive investigation was achieved through the collection of samples, conducting surveys within each ward of the cities, and performing physicochemical characterization analyses. The study also proposes a solution-oriented approach leveraging life cycle analysis. Despite the Himalayan backdrop, waste generation varies significantly, with Gangtok producing substantially more waste (50 tons per day (TPD)) compared to Namchi (4.6 TPD). Both cities excel in waste collection, but Gangtok leads in proactive treatment, with 22% (11 TPD) undergoing composting and recycling. However, shared challenges at riverside disposal sites, including overfilled dumpsites and leachate contamination, pose potential environmental hazards amid the Himalayan allure. Organic waste predominates at 40.9% and 40.01% in both cities, indicating composting potential. Plastic closely at 22.25% (Namchi) and 22.65% (Gangtok) was way above the global (12 %) and national (8.4 %) average respectively, emphasizing the urgency of plastic waste reduction strategy. The 16.95% cardboard in Gangtok highlights potential commerce-related waste. The study also highlights the importance of comprehensive policies for informal sector well-being. The lifecycle assessment of Namchi and Gangtok reveals significant methane emissions (99%) from waste anaerobic decomposition potentially due to poor source segregation. Implementing a futuristic waste strategy reduces emissions by 38% in Namchi and 40% in Gangtok, through biogas utilization and renewable energy adoption. The findings advocate for citizen engagement, improved collection, targeted campaigns, and circular economy principles. To ensure sustainability and resilience in waste management within mountain regions, tailored strategies such as material recycling facilities, community engagement initiatives, and landfill diversion mandates should integrate ecological, socioeconomic, and logistical considerations, fostering awareness and participation among communities.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of incorporating okara and jackfruit seed into biscuit production. A control biscuit made with wheat flour was contrasted with five formulations, each with various proportions of okara flour and jackfruit seed flour. Compared to wheat flour, okara and jackfruit seed flour had significantly higher levels of ash, crude protein, and crude fiber (p

This study provides valuable insights into the waste composition, generation rates, and opportunities for improving the current solid management practices of a university campus in Sub-Saharan Africa. Representative points were selected within the campus to collect solid waste (SW). The SW were sampled following ASTM D5231-92. The quadrant method prescribed by ASTM D 6323 was used to reduce about 150 kg of collected waste to 50 kg. The SW samples were collected in triplicates and sorted manually to determine their composition. QGIS, a geographic information system was utilized to optimize waste collection efficiency, optimal collection points, and the number of waste bins. The average daily solid waste generation at FUTA was 952.3 kg, with polythene and paper waste constituting the largest proportions at 26 % and 24 %, respectively. The waste generation rate per capita was estimated at 0.046 kg per day. Remarkably, 81 % of the waste generated at FUTA has the potential for recycling. This offers a viable potential for promoting sustainable integrated solid waste management (SISWM). The study proposes optimising waste collection points from the initial 42 to 97, considering the proximity to buildings and transportation routes. The study did not consider fluctuations in waste generation rates and composition throughout the seasons, yet the data gathered is considered adequate for this initial survey. Lack of collaboration, adequate policies, funds, infrastructure, and political will are among the impediments to SISWM in FUTA. The introduction of colour-coded waste separation bins, and assigning different colours to specific waste types, can promote proper waste disposal and facilitate recycling. Also, engaging the university community through workshops and seminars can foster such behavioural change. Collaboration with local entrepreneurs and recycling centres is another essential aspect of this paradigm shift. Such partnerships can explore innovative solutions for upcycling polythene waste and create waste-to-wealth pathways. Initial challenges of an insufficient policy framework for university- small scale enterprises (SME) engagement and the lack of business growth models could be addressed by promoting relevant skill development and motivational tasking of the existing entrepreneurship faculty. By implementing the proposed strategies and embracing circular economy (CE) principles, FUTA can reduce its environmental impact, promote recycling, and foster a culture of sustainability and entrepreneurial value creation on campus and beyond.

Here in, we reported the utilization of guinea corn husk (an agricultural waste) and aluminium can (a municipal waste) for low-cost and sustainable means of zeolite Y preparation. Sodium silicate and sodium aluminate precursors were prepared from guinea corn husk and aluminium wastes respectively. The obtained solutions of the precursors were directly and hydrothermally converted to zeolite Y at 100 °C crystallization temperature for 24 h. The resulting zeolitic material was characterized by its properties. In comparison with collected standard data and commercially available zeolite Y, zeolite Y was successfully prepared from the waste resources. The result of X-ray Diffraction (XRD) indicated zeolite Y with good crystallinity, especially at the characteristic 2θ of 6.23°, 10.9° and 11.86°. The elemental compositions observed from Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) are in appropriate proportion and also confirmed the product. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra showed the major characteristic absorption bands of zeolite in the mid-infrared region. It can be concluded that re-using agricultural and municipal wastes for the preparation of zeolite Y was achieved. This is a sustainable means of preparation of zeolite Y through a waste management approach for potential applications in adsorption, catalysis and ion exchange.

The building sector is a major player in the world’s contribution to climate change, partly due to its dependence on large quantities of materials. The circular economy model of material flow has been gaining attention in the past decade as it seeks to promote the use of construction, renovation, and demolition (CRD) waste as inputs for new buildings or other applications, which would result in the diversion of materials from landfills. Developing a system capable of handling such waste requires a comprehensive knowledge of the composition of the building stock materials. This information, however, is rarely available. Thus, this research is proposing a conceptual model to aid city planners when considering the existing built environment as a resource for new construction. The methodology followed by this review includes a thorough analysis of 82 articles on quantity takeoff methods in the Urban Mining (UM) and CRD Waste Management (WM) fields. These articles were analyzed by considering a framework of four layers, i.e., (i) the approach, (ii) the analysis method, (iii) the granularity, and (iv) the performance analysis. The comprehensive analysis of the literature has highlighted the fact that the existing quantity takeoff methods need to consider more in-depth attributes and that the works performed by using machine learning methods are very important in the path toward the direction of improving these methods. With this conceptual model, waste management planners can select the appropriate methodology based on the available input data, and the type of output that they are looking.

Dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) is a tropical fruit known for its vibrant colours and unique flavour. While the fleshy pulp is widely consumed, the peels are often discarded as waste, leading to environmental concerns. However, recent studies have shown that dragon fruit peels possess various bioactive compounds that can be extracted and utilized for multiple applications. This study aims to explore the valorization of dragon fruit peels through extraction methods, thereby turning waste into valuable resources. Different green extraction techniques, such as microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction and supercritical fluid extraction, can be employed to optimize the extraction efficiency and yield. Furthermore, additional purification steps, such as filtration or chromatography, may be employed to obtain highly pure and concentrated extracts. The bioactive compounds from dragon fruit peels have shown promising potential in various fields. They exhibit antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity and have been found to possess anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. Additionally, these extracts can be used as natural food colourants, functional ingredients in food and beverages, or additives in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Utilizing this waste material can reduce dependence on synthetic chemicals and promote sustainable practices in industries.

The indiscriminate disposal of plastic bottles and sachet water bags has emerged as a significant environmental and human health concern in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. This study aims to assess the environmental impact and potential health risks associated with the improper disposal of these plastic waste products. The study utilizes a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data collection through interviews, focus group discussion and questionnaires. Preliminary findings indicate that the indiscriminate disposal of plastic bottles and sachet water bags has led to the accumulation of plastic waste in open spaces, drainage systems, and water bodies. This has resulted in environmental degradation, including clogged drainage systems, increased flood risks, and reduced aesthetic appeal of the city. Moreover, the presence of plastic waste in water bodies has led to the contamination of water sources by microplastics and other pollutants, which pose a potential risk to human health. These pollutants can enter the food chain through ingestion by aquatic organisms, ultimately affecting human health through the consumption of contaminated water and seafood. The study also explores the socio-economic factors contributing to the indiscriminate disposal of plastic waste, such as inadequate waste management infrastructure, lack of awareness, and limited recycling facilities. Additionally, it identifies potential strategies to mitigate the environmental and health risks associated with plastic waste, including public awareness campaigns, improved waste management systems, and the promotion of sustainable alternatives to plastic packaging.

In the search for an eco-friendly fuel, bio-oil is a promising alternative to fossil fuels due to its potential to reduce environmental impacts and its versatility in various applications. According to the International Energy Agency, biofuel demand will increase by 41 billion liters, or 28%, between 2021 and 2026. About 5% of the primary energy in the United States in 2021 came from biomass resources, producing nearly 5,000 trillion BTU. However, a major challenge facing bio-oil production is the limited lignocellulosic biomass resources as feedstock and the costly supply chain. Non-edible plant seeds are abundant as fruity plants and yield bio-oil with good heating values, but they are yet to get the required attention. They are usually discarded after consuming their mesocarp, contributing to environmental waste. Also, bio-oil requires improvement due to various issues like strong corrosive effects, high acidity, and a high water content. This review, therefore, provides an overview of the bio-oil from waste plant seeds as lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks for producing biofuel using pyrolysis. The findings reveal an average 47.85% bio-oil yield from plant seeds with more bioenergy value than that from other tree parts' biomass resources; it can be upgraded using catalytic, co-pyrolysis, and distillation improvement approaches for its potential usage as an energy source. This highlight also provides the future and challenges of using this bio-oil as an alternative energy source, presenting a clean and affordable biofuel production feedstock that can mitigate climate change through a cleaner environment, plus new ways of recycling waste.