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ΔΕΝ ΔΙΑΤΙΘΕΤΑΙ ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ, The measurement of pain levels is made differently depending if acute or chronic pain is diagnosed, objective (e.g. cortisol, prolactin, serotonin, catecholamines, or the cardiac frequency and arterial pressure evaluation) or subjective methods being imagined. All subjective methods are including questionnaires and specific additional methods. The aim was the verifying the effectiveness of drug and physiotherapy combinations by using an owner based questionnaire for the chronic patients and a veterinary professional based questionnaire for the acute pain patient group. In this study a total of 20 dogs with observable pain were selected and two groups (n = 10 / group), constituted: G1 - chronic pain, and G2 - acute pain. The treatment of dogs with acute signs of pain was made oral or injectable with NSAIDs administration and for dogs with signs of chronic pain, physiotherapy treatment and drug therapy was administered. The owners of the dogs with chronic pain received the HCPI questionnaire in order to evaluate their dog’s pain level subjectively. For the dogs with acute pain the veterinarian filled out the short form of Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-SF). After initiating a Paired t-test in Excel 2010 with the scores obtained with HCPI and CMPS-SF, there was observed a significant reduction of pain after associated drug administration and physiotherapy and no significant evidence of acute pain after drug therapy. The used physiotherapy and drug combinations delivered a significant reduction of chronic pain, both clinically and visually mirrored in score reduction after treatments. The HCPI questionnaire could be considered a valuable tool for evaluating chronic pain in patients in the clinic environment. The CMPS-SF has also proven to be a very useful questionnaire in diagnose of acute pain and evaluation of the effectiveness of drug therapy used.

In this empirical work, cognisance has been given to providing a review of literature on the seasonal Box- Jenkins modelling, particularly with reference to a univariate model. Seasonal pattern of Headline Consumer Price Index (HCPI) has been produced for Sierra Leone and with EVIEWS making use of best model selection of (6,0)(0,0). Data were seasonally adjusted with iteration and sufficient diagnostic test outcomes showing that forecast using Static method yielded best outcome, with Year-on-Year inflation over the three monthly period forecasted outcomes. The correlogram of the resultant series revealed very stable outcome of the results, while MAPE for the forecast evaluation revealing marginal error for the outcome, indicating that the model is quite adequate with the chosen methodology. This publication is based on Time Series Econometric forecasting for Inflation in Sierra Leone using Box-Jenkins methodology [ARIMA] Dans ce travail empirique, on a pris connaissance de la revue de la littérature sur les Modélisation de Jenkins, en particulier en référence à un modèle univarié. La tendance saisonnière de l'indice des prix à la consommation global (IPCH) a été produite pour la Sierra Leone et avec EVIEWS en utilisant le meilleur modèle de sélection (6,0) (0,0). Les données ont été corrigées des variations saisonnières avec l'itération et les résultats des tests de diagnostic suffisants montrant que les prévisions utilisant la méthode statique ont donné les meilleurs résultats, avec une inflation d'une année à l'autre sur les trois résultats mensuels prévus. Le corrélogramme de la série résultante a révélé un résultat très stable des résultats, alors que MAPE pour l'évaluation des prévisions révélait une erreur marginale pour le résultat, indiquant que le modèle est tout à fait adéquat avec la méthodologie choisie.

Current health reform in all developed countries included management of health care quality. This paper wants to point out the definition, implementation and evaluation of quality in the EU and implementation of health policies in european countries. This paper describes the critical relations in the context of improving the quality of health care, cyclical process of building quality in health care and evaluates the quality of health care. Aim of this paper is to present needs, implementation and evaluation of quality in health care, and compared results of quality management in healthcare rated by the Health Consumer Powerhouse.

Inflation is a constant and consistent increase in the general price level in the country, due to which the purchasing power of a national currency unit decreases. In practice, the measures of inflation are various price indices, such as a consumer price index (CPI), producer price index (PPI), or gross domestic product deflator. However, inflation is usually defined as a change in the HCPI over a year. Time series models, linear regression models and a vector autoregression model (VAR) can be used to model and forecast inflation processes. This paper examines Lithuanian consumer price inflation using a modern stationary time series and econometric theory. The vector autoregression model is proposed for inflation modelling. Theoretical aspects of model estimation are reviewed: time series stationarity, model identification, parameter estimation, model usage and forecasts. The stationarity of the HCPI index and exogenous variables are analyzed using the Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) test. A vector autoregression model of Lithuanian inflation processes is investigated and proposed for inflation modelling. The obtained model is used for forecasting purposes and shows a fairly high degree of accuracy of the inflation forecast in the coming 12-month period.

Infliacija yra viena iš esminių šiuolaikinės makroekonomikos problemų. Infliacija - tai nuolatinis ir pastovus bendro kainų lygio šalyje didėjimas, dėl kurio mažėja nacionalinės valiutos vieneto perkamoji galia. Praktiškai infliacijos matai yra įvairūs kainų indeksai, tokie kaip vartotojų kainų indeksas, gamintojų kainų indeksas ar bendrojo vidaus produkto defliatorius. Tačiau dažniausiai infliacija yra apibrėžiama kaip harmonizuoto vartotojų kainų indekso (HVKI) pokytis per metus. Infliacijos procesams modeliuoti ir prognozuoti gali būti taikomi laiko eilučių modeliai, linijinės regresijos modeliai ir vektorinės autoregresijos modeliai (VAM). Straipsnyje analizuojama Lietuvos vartotojų kainų infliacija taikant modernias stacionarias laiko eilutes ir ekonometrikos teoriją. Infliacijos modeliavimui siūlomas vektorinės autoregresijos modelis. Apžvelgiami teoriniai modelio aspektai: laiko eilučių stacionarumas, modelio identifikavimas, parametrų apskaičiavimas, modelio taikymas ir prognozė. HVK indekso ir egzogeninių kintamųjų stacionarumas analizuojami taikant Papildytą Dickey-Fuler testą. Sukurtą modelį sudaro 12 lygčių. Modelis nėra tobulas, nes reikia apskaičiuoti daug parametrų, ir kai kurių lygčių apibrėžtumas yra gana žemas. Pagrindinis modelio trūkumas yra tas, kad kiekvieną kartą, kai atsiranda nauji stebėjimai ir modelis perskaičiuojamas iš naujo, kiekvienos HVKI grupės lygtis turi būti papildyta (ar sumažinta) skirtingais kintamaisiais. Modelis taikomas prognozavimui, ir jis parodo ganėtinai tikslią infliacijos prognozę ateinančiam 12 mėnesių laikotarpiui. Jį galima siūlyti ekonomistams analitikams į pagalbą kasdieniuose sprendimuose. Inflation is one of the crucial modern macroeconomic problems. Nowadays the issue of inflation is very relevant. Inflation is a constant and consistent increase in the general price level in the country, due to which the purchasing power of a national currency unit decreases. In practice, the measures of inflation are various price indices, such as a consumer price index (CPI), producer price index (PPI), or gross domestic product deflator. However, inflation is usually defined as a change in the HCPI over a year. Time series models, linear regression models and a vector autoregression model (VAR) can be used to model and forecast inflation processes. This paper examines Lithuanian consumer price inflation using a modern stationary time series and econometric theory. The vector autoregression model is proposed for inflation modelling. Theoretical aspects of model estimation are reviewed: time series stationarity, model identification, parameter estimation, model usage and forecasts. The stationarity of the HCPI index and exogenous variables are analyzed using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test. A vector autoregression model of Lithuanian inflation processes is investigated and proposed for inflation modelling. The obtained model is used for forecasting purposes and shows a fairly high degree of accuracy of the inflation forecast in the coming 12- month period.

Inflation is a constant and consistent increase in the general price level in the country, due to which the purchasing power of a national currency unit decreases. In practice, the measures of inflation are various price indices, such as a consumer price index (CPI), producer price index (PPI), or gross domestic product deflator. However, inflation is usually defined as a change in the HCPI over a year. Time series models, linear regression models and a vector autoregressionmodel (VAR) can be used to model and forecast inflation processes. This paper examines Lithuanian consumer price inflation using a modern stationary time series and econometric theory. The vector autoregressionmodel is proposed for inflation modelling. Theoretical aspects of model estimation are reviewed: time series stationarity,model identification, parameter estimation, model usage and forecasts. The stationarity of the HCPI index and exogenous variables are analyzed using the Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) test. A vector autoregression model of Lithuanian inflation processes is investigated and proposed for inflation modelling. The obtained model is used for forecasting purposes and shows a fairly high degree of accuracy of the inflation forecast in the coming 12-month period., Lietuviška santrauka. Straipsnis skirtas Lietuvos infliacijos procesų modeliavimui. Darbe infliacijos tempams įvertinti naudojamos suderintojo vartojimo prekių ir paslaugų kainų indekso (SVKI) 12 pagrindinių grupių laiko eilutės laikotarpiu nuo 2002 m. sausio iki 2007 m. gruodžio mėn. Infliacijai modeliuoti siūloma taikyti ekonometrinį modeliavimą ir panaudoti vektorinės autoregresijos modelį (VAR). Pagrindinis darbo rezultatas – infliacijai pritaikytas Lietuvos vektorinės autoregresijos modelis (LVAR), pateikiamos modelio įivertintos lygtys, apskaičiuotos modelio pagrindinės statistikos ir prognozės.