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Abstract Anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) has seen rapid advancements over the past decade due to its promising role in green hydrogen production. Ensuring long-term functionality is as crucial as optimizing performance to achieve commercial viability and industrial integration. However, few studies have systematically discussed the degradation issues of this technology. Therefore, a thorough understanding of AEMWE degradation is needed to guide the design, assembly, operation, and maintenance of the device over its lifetime. To address this gap, this review systematically overviewed the heterogeneous degradation of AEMWE across different material and interface levels, focusing on several key components including catalysts, ionomers, membranes, and gas diffusion layers. The influences of these components and their interfaces on the catalytic efficiency, active site density, and mass and electron transfer capabilities were discussed. Moreover, the impacts of operation conditions, including temperature, electrolyte composition, and clamping pressure, on the stable operation of AEMWE were assessed. Accordingly, current mitigation strategies to resolve these degradation phenomena were rigorously evaluated. By offering insights into optimizing operations, designing materials, and improving assessment protocols for AEMWE, this work will contribute to enhancing its stability for large-scale hydrogen production.

In this paper, we propose an improved 3D modeling method based on RecurDyn dynamics Theory to address the poor efficiency of traditional modeling techniques in dance dynamics tracking. Solid manipulation of the virtual scene is realized by geometric transformation, and singular value decomposition is applied to solve the transformation. Simulation experiments were designed to explore the tracking effect. When the MS moves at a more significant speed, the larger the Doppler frequency corresponding to the dynamic tracking and choreography technique of modern dance, the more rapidly the channel changes, and the more quickly the channel correlation decreases, such as when the MS moves at a speed of 13m/s and the correlation coefficient drops to 0.1, which corresponds to the number of sampling points within 6. From the Analysis of the ablation experiments, the errors of the three models are reduced by 9.6%, 11.2%, and 5.9%, respectively. From the first qualitative test analysis, frames 1-13 should be less spatial and 14-24 should be more spatial. From the Analysis of the first qualitative test, according to the numerical value, the average moving speed of the arm in the 53rd-68th frames is the largest, and the average moving speed of the arm in the 87th-100th frames is the smallest. Therefore, the improved algorithm can be accurately applied to modern dance dynamic tracking and choreography techniques.

This paper briefly describes the theoretical basis of the DRY-1B capacitive component drilling strain gauge (drilling strain gauge). It discusses critical technologies such as micro-displacement sensing, noise reduction, temperature control, performance testing, and calibration. The strain gauge achieved high resolution (≥5×10−11ε), wideband (10–100 Hz optional), extensive dynamic range (≥1×10−3ε), 24-bit AD recording, low power consumption (< 3W), and other technical indicators. Its performance is better than the United States PBO and Japan borehole strain gauge of the same period, and it is an international leading long-term observation instrument for crustal movement, which can basically meet the observation requirements of creep movement with slow accumulation of long-term strain and seismic and volcanic activity with a rapid change of short-term strain. Since 2008, through the application of more than 20 geostress stations, the borehole strain gauge has recorded a large amount of strain information, such as crustal deformation, fault activity, co-seismic strain wave, strain step, and ore pressure activity. Based on the results of the self-consistency test of strain monitoring data of the geostress station in the Beichangshan Mountain and the analysis of seismic mapping capacity of the Turkey earthquake, it is found that the strain curves of the 1#+3# and 2#+4# capacitance sensors at the Beichangshan Mountain stress station are generally stable, and the correlation coefficient R2 is 0.95. The annual variation rate of the differential strain of 1#–3# and 2#–4# elements is 10−8 magnitude, which reflects that the shear stress is dominant in the Long Island area and the stress environment of seismic activity is relatively high. The strain gauge was used to observe the apparent co-seismic strain response of Turkey’s M 7.8 and M 7.5 earthquakes on February 6, 2023. In particular, it obtained the M 7.8 main seismic surface wave period of 50–60 s, presenting an out-facing wave anomaly. Theoretically, the strain wave generated by the M 0.74 earthquakes within 100 km can be distinguished, and the application demonstration effect has been achieved. The borehole strain gauge has good popularization value and application prospects in geodynamics research and internal dynamic geological disaster monitoring.

Based on the strain data of three in-situ stress monitoring stations in different sections of the 1605 Qiongshan 7½ earthquake area, we studied the dynamic variations of in-situ stress and extracted the sudden stress changes recorded by them. We analyzed the in-situ stress variations and tectonic activity between March 2016 and May 2018 to discuss the geomorphological evolution trends and subsidence mechanisms at the Dongzhai Port. The results show that the study area was generally subjected to the NW-compressive stress field, which makes the tensile stress field dominate in the Yanfeng and Dazhipo areas in the hanging wall of the Maniao-Puqian fault（MPF） and the Puqian-qinglan fault（PQF), while the Jinshan area in the footwall of the faults by compressive stress. The MPF fault and the PQF fault have been constantly engaged in non-seismic activities to adjust the local stress field under the regional stress field, among which the MPF Fault had several activities in March–July 2016, October 2017, and April 2018, and the PQF fault had two activities in October 2017. The energy of the MPF activities is more intensive than that of the PQF. The variation trend of the stress field indicates a gradual upward trend in the east bounded by the MPF fault (F13-1) and possible continued subsidence in Dongzhaigang in the west. The fault activity trend implies that the subsidence rate in Yanfeng, the northern part of Dongzhaigang, bounded by the MPF fault (F2-2), should be greater than that in the southern Sanjiang area. In addition, the volume strain monitoring data also reveals traces of magmatic activity in the lower part of the N–S seismic zone of Hainan Island. The comprehensive study concluded that the Dongzhaigang subsidence is mainly controlled by the positive fault activity of the MPF and PQF faults due to the upwelling of deep magma and influenced by the Holocene sea level change and the properties of soft soil depositional strata leading to soft soil flow slip, sand liquefaction, and seawater erosion. We innovatively apply the borehole strain observation technology to explore the evolution law and trend of typical earthquake subsidence landforms in coastal zones, which has essential academic value in the fields of in-situ stress monitoring and tectonic geomorphology research, and the results also have significant application value for mangrove protection and urban planning and construction in Dongzhaigang area.

The article reviews the development of the volumetric borehole strain gauge. In response to the current problems of insufficient stability and bandwidth and low calibration accuracy of the volumetric strain gauge, a TY-2B-type small volumetric borehole strain gauge was developed with innovative improvements in the hydraulic sensor, control circuit, and calibration method. The improved hydraulic sensor improves the accuracy and reduces the instrument’s volume; the improved control circuit increases the sampling rate, bandwidth, and the instrument’s stability; the innovative piezoelectric ceramic calibration technology raises the reliability of the monitoring data. The test results show that the improved TY-2B volumetric strain gauge has a low power consumption of less than 3 W, good long-term stability, high sensitivity with a resolution of 10-11 ε, and suitable high-frequency and low-frequency. It has a sampling rate of 100 Hz and can acquire complete seismic strain waveforms with precise and stable solid tide waveforms. It is small and light, with a reduced outer diameter of Φ89 mm for Φ100 mm drilling, a length of 1300 mm, and a weight of 45 kg for easy transport and installation. After 15 years of laboratory and field station testing, it obtained good monitoring data and demonstrated its highly sensitive seismic reflection capability. The observed response of the volumetric strain station in the northern section of Longmen Mountain to the 2010 Yushu earthquake and the 2023 Turkey earthquake shows that the TY-series high-precision volumetric strain gauge is not only a static strain gauge but also a broad-frequency strain seismograph with dynamic-static calibration capability. It has a unique advantage over pendulum seismometers in that it can observe both the long-term slow deformation and accumulation of deformation in the earth’s crust and the transient subtle features of crustal rupture and deformation. The long-term trends of the monitoring curves obtained from the Qingchuan–Hanzhong volumetric strain stations since the Wenchuan earthquake and the Guangzhou station since 2021 are consistent with the regional geological characteristics reflected by the seismic and tectonic geological data, indicating that the TY-2B volumetric strain gauge can meet the needs of geological scientific research and geological hazard observation.

With the development of semiconductor assembly technology, the continuous requirement for the improvement of chip quality caused an increasing pressure on the assembly manufacturing process. The defects of chip pin had been mostly verified by manual inspection, which has low efficiency, high cost, and low reliability. In this paper, we propose a vision measurement method to detect the chip pin defects, such as the pin warping and collapse that heavily influence the quality of chip assembly. This task is performed by extracting the corner feature of the chip pins, computing the corresponding point pairs in the binocular sequence images, and reconstructing the target features of the chip. In the corner feature step, the corner detection of the pins using the gradient correlation matrices (GCM), and the feature point extraction of the chip package body surface using the crossing points of the fitting lines are introduced, respectively. After obtaining the corresponding point pairs, the feature points are utilized to reconstruct the three dimensional (3D) coordinate information in the binocular vision measurement system, and the key geometry dimension of the pins is computed, which reflects whether the quality of the chip pins is up to the standard. The proposed method is evaluated on the chip data, and the effectiveness is also verified by the comparison experiments.

This paper studies the mechanical properties gradient in surface oxygen diffusion hardened (SODH) layer of Ti6Al4V alloy by four-point bending test, nano-indentation test and Vickers hardness measurement test. The relationships of hardness-oxygen content and hardness-yield stress were also investigated. Tests results show that the outmost ≈25 μm deep surface layer has the highest oxygen content, hardness and yield strength under compression monotonic loading but the lowest cracking strength before yielding under tension loading. However, from ≈50 μm deep position to substrate, the yield strengths under tensile and compressive loading are almost the same. Test result also shows that, with further decrease of oxygen content deeper down in the SODH layer, the hardness and yield strength decrease correspondingly. It is also found that there are linear relationships between oxygen content and Vickers hardness or nano-hardness. The above relationships can be used to estimate the oxygen concentration distribution in the SODH layer by the simple test method of hardness measurement. Since the yield stress also has a linear relationship with hardness, a valid estimate of the yield stress distribution in SODH layer can be obtained as well. The high hardness and compressive yield strength but low cracking tensile strength of the outmost ≈25 μm depth SODH layer can be employed to explain why surface oxygen diffusion treatment can improve greatly the wear resistance of titanium alloy but reduce its tensile mechanical properties and fatigue resistance.

Foxtail millet ear detection and counting are essential for the estimation of foxtail millet production and breeding. However, traditional foxtail millet ear counting approaches based on manual statistics are usually time-consuming and labor-intensive. In order to count the foxtail millet ears accurately and efficiently, an adaptive anchor box adjustment foxtail millet ear detection method was proposed in this research. Ear detection dataset was firstly established, including 784 images and 10,000 ear samples. Furthermore, a novel foxtail millet ear detection approach based on YOLOv4 (You Only Look Once) was developed to quickly and accurately detect the ear of foxtail millet in the specific box. For verifying the effectiveness of the proposed approach, several criteria, including the mean average Precision, F1-score, Recall and mAP were employed. Moreover, ablation studies were designed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, including (1) evaluating the performance of the proposed model through comparing with other models (YOLOv2, YOLOv3 and Faster-RCNN); (2) evaluating the model with different Intersection over Union (IOU) thresholds to achieve the optimal IOU thresholds; (3) evaluating the foxtail millet ear detection with or without anchor boxes adjustment to verify the effectiveness of the adjustment of anchor boxes;(4) evaluating the changing reasons of model criteria and (5) evaluating the foxtail millet ear detection with different input original image size respectively. Experimental results showed that YOLOv4 could obtain the superior ear detection performance. Specifically, mAP and F1-score of YOLOv4 achieved 78.99% and 83.00%, respectively. The Precision was 87% and the Recall was 79.00%, which was about 8% better than YOLOv2, YOLOv3 and Faster RCNN models, in terms of all criteria. Moreover, experimental results indicates that the proposed method is superior with promising accuracy and faster speed.

Water splitting is regarded as among the most prospective methods of generating green hydrogen. Switching electrolytes of water electrolysis from acidic to non-acidic ones will enable the use of noble-metal-free electrocatalysts and mitigate material corrosion, thus lowering the capital cost of water electrolyzers and improving their operational stability. However, increasing electrolyte pH will degrade the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity because of the reduced concentration of H _3 O ^+ as reactants, making non-acidic HER sluggish. To accelerate HER, MoS _2 -based materials with the advantages of unique atomistic structure, low cost, and high abundance have been considered prospective electrocatalysts to substitute for Pt in acid. Great efforts are being spent on extending MoS _2 -based materials into the catalysis of non-acidic HER, and their further development requires clarification of the existing challenges and current progress. However, it has not yet been discussed for non-acidic HER on MoS _2 -based electrocatalysts. To mitigate the disparity, we systematically overview MoS _2 -based electrocatalysts for non-acidic HER, covering catalytic mechanisms, modulation strategies, materials development, current challenges, research progress, and perspectives. This review will contribute to the rational design of MoS _2 -based materials for high-performance HER in non-acidic conditions.

Abstract The 1T phase of MoS2 has been widely reported to be highly active toward the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which is expected to restrict the competitive nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR). However, in this work, a prototype of active sites separation over 1T‐MoS2 is proposed by DFT calculations that the Mo‐edge and S atoms on the basal plane exhibit different catalytic NRR and HER selectivity, and a new role‐playing synergistic mechanism is also well enabled for the multistep NRR, which is further experimentally confirmed. More importantly, a self‐sacrificial strategy using g‐C3N4 as templates is proposed to synthesize 1T‐MoS2 with an ultrahigh 1T content (75.44%, named as CNMS, representing the composition elements of C, N, Mo, and S), which yields excellent NRR performances with an ammonia formation rate of 71.07 µg h–1 mg–1cat. at −0.5 V versus RHE and a Faradic efficiency of 21.01%. This work provides a promising new orientation of synchronizing the selectivity and activity for the multistep catalytic reactions.

Abstract Background Disease prediction based on Electronic Health Records (EHR) has become one hot research topic in biomedical community. Existing work mainly focuses on the prediction of one target disease, and little work is proposed for multiple associated diseases prediction. Meanwhile, a piece of EHR usually contains two main information: the textual description and physical indicators. However, existing work largely adopts statistical models with discrete features from numerical physical indicators in EHR, and fails to make full use of textual description information. Methods In this paper, we study the problem of kidney disease prediction in hypertension patients by using neural network model. Specifically, we first model the prediction problem as a binary classification task. Then we propose a hybrid neural network which incorporates Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) and Autoencoder networks to fully capture the information in EHR. Results We construct a dataset based on a large number of raw EHR data. The dataset consists of totally 35,332 records from hypertension patients. Experimental results show that the proposed neural model achieves 89.7% accuracy for the task. Conclusions A hybrid neural network model was presented. Based on the constructed dataset, the comparison results of different models demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed neural model. The proposed model outperformed traditional statistical models with discrete features and neural baseline systems.

Accurate cotton maps are crucial for monitoring cotton growth and precision management. The paper proposed a county-scale cotton mapping method by using random forest (RF) feature selection algorithm and classifier based on selecting multi-features, including spectral, vegetation indices, and texture features. The contribution of texture features to cotton classification accuracy was also explored in addition to spectral features and vegetation index. In addition, the optimal classification time, feature importance, and the best classifier on the cotton extraction accuracy were evaluated. The results showed that the texture feature named the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) is effective for improving classification accuracy, ranking second in contribution among all studied spectral, VI, and texture features. Among the three classifiers, the RF showed higher accuracy and better stability than support vector machines (SVM) and artificial neural networks (ANN). The average overall accuracy (OA) of the classification combining multiple features was 93.36%, 7.33% higher than the average OA of the single-time spectrum, and 2.05% higher than the average OA of the multi-time spectrum. The classification accuracy after feature selection by RF can still reach 92.12%, showing high accuracy and efficiency. Combining multiple features and random forest methods may be a promising county-scale cotton classification method.

The application of multilayered monolithic scaffolds to repair osteochondral defects has become a hot research topic due to the advantage of simulating native osteochondral physiological structure. However, it was difficult to promote proliferation and migration of different kinds of cells in the corresponding layers under the same culture condition. Besides, the methods utilized in previous researches to construct tissue-engineered osteochondral construct were time-consuming, laborious, complicated, costly and difficult to ensure the quality and integration of multilayered construction. Inspired by the application of titanium mesh cage (TMC) for bone graft in spinal fusion surgery, we attempt to 3D print an integrated tri-layered scaffold with Titanium-Mesh-Cage base which could be filled with autogenous cancellous bone for bone graft to the osteochondral defect. Finally, the results of repairing cartilage defects of knee with this scaffold in goat model were evaluated. The results of in-vivo experiments suggested that utilizing the integrated tri-layered scaffold with Titanium-Mesh-Cage base to repair osteochondral defect was a convenient, cost-effective and time-saving procedures, which could achieve a satisfactory repair result as good as that of Mosaicplasty.

AimOur previous study demonstrated that chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (CIHH) can confer hepatic protection by reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in high-fat-high-fructose induced metabolic syndrome (MS) rats. It is known that there is a functional coupling between autophagy and ERS. This study aimed to investigate the effect of CIHH on autophagy function and adenosine mono-phosphate-activated protein kinase-mammalian target of rapamycin (AMPKα-mTOR) signaling pathway in hepatic tissue of MS rats.Main Methods6-week old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into: control (CON), CIHH (treated with hypobaric hypoxia simulating 5000-m altitude for 28 days, 6 h daily), MS (induced by 16-week high fat diet and 10% fructose water feeding), and MS + CIHH groups (exposed to CIHH after 16-week MS model). Food and water intakes, body weight, Lee’s index, fat coefficient, systolic arterial pressure, blood biochemicals, and histopathology of liver were measured, the expression of phosphorylated (p)-AMPK, p-mTOR, autophagy-related and ERS-related proteins were assayed in hepatic tissue.Key FindingsThe MS rats displayed obesity, hypertension, polydipsia, glucose and lipids metabolism disorders, increased inflammatory cytokine, hepatic tissue morphological and functional damage, and the up-regulated expressions of ERS-related, autophagy-related proteins and p-mTOR, and the down-regulated expression of p-AMPKα. All aforementioned abnormalities in MS rats were ameliorated in MS + CIHH rats.SignificanceIn conclusion CIHH confers hepatic protection through activating AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway and the autophagy function, thus inhibiting ERS in hepatic tissue.

Incomplete knowledge of the mechanisms at work continues to hamper efforts to maximize reprogramming efficiency. Here, we present a systematic genome-wide RNAi screen to determine the global regulators during the early stages of human reprogramming. Our screen identifies functional repressors and effectors that act to impede or promote the reprogramming process. Repressors and effectors form close interacting networks in pathways, including RNA processing, G protein signaling, protein ubiquitination, and chromatin modification. Combinatorial knockdown of five repressors (SMAD3, ZMYM2, SFRS11, SAE1, and ESET) synergistically resulted in ∼85% TRA-1-60-positive cells. Removal of the novel splicing factor SFRS11 during reprogramming is accompanied by rapid acquisition of pluripotency-specific spliced forms. Mechanistically, SFRS11 regulates exon skipping and mutually exclusive splicing of transcripts in genes involved in cell differentiation, mRNA splicing, and chromatin modification. Our study provides insights into the reprogramming process, which comprises comprehensive and multi-layered transcriptional, splicing, and epigenetic machineries.

Amphetamines are known to enhance extracellular dopamine levels, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Utilising a new pH biosensor for synaptic vesicles, the authors show that amphetamines diminish vesicle pH gradients, disrupting dopamine packaging and leading to increased neurotransmitter release.

The microstructure evolution, tensile properties and work-hardening behavior of AA2219 alloy reinforced by in situ nanosized TiB2 particles were studied in this paper. The observation indicated an impeded recrystallization of the matrix alloy by nanosized TiB2 particles, and the hybrids of nanosized TiB2 particles and Al2Cu phases located at the grain boundary hindered the grain growth. Meanwhile, a large amount fiber textures of //RD (Rolling direction), //RD, //RD //ND (Normal direction), //ND and //ND were detected in nanosized TiB2/AA2219 composite. Tensile test results exhibited a combination of good strength and ductility of the present composite whose yield strength and tensile strength were 11.4% and 5.8% higher than those of the alloy, while its fracture strain increased slightly. Meanwhile, the correlation between this modified microstructure of nanosized TiB2 particles and comprehensive mechanical properties was established. This study provides a new insight into the fabrication and strengthening behaviors of Al matrix composites reinforced by in situ nanoparticles.