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The present study investigates the sloshing phenomena in a two-dimensional rectangular tank at a low filling level by using a level set method based on finite volume method. The code validations are performed by comparing between the present results and previous numerical and experimental results, which gives a good agreement. Various excitation frequencies and excitation amplitude of the 30% filling height tank have been considered in order to observe the dependence of the sloshing behavior on the excitation frequency and amplitude. Regardless of excitation amplitude, the maximum value of wall pressure occurs when the excitation frequency reaches the natural frequency. The time sequence of free surface and corresponding streamlines for excitation frequencies have been presented to analysis the variation of wall pressure according to time, which contributes to explain the double peaks in the time variation of wall pressure.

The relationship between reproductive breast risk factors and breast cancer survival in patients with different breast cancer subtypes is not well known.We examined a large-sized, retrospective study of 23,882 subjects from the Korean Breast Cancer Registry. The breast cancer subtype was determined by immunohistochemical staining for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Information regarding reproductive factors, including breastfeeding, age at first birth (AFB), and parity, was gathered. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the association among breast cancer subtypes, such as luminal A, luminal B, Her-2/neu overexpressing, and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), and breast cancer survival as dependent variables and adjusting for age and stage.High parity (≥ 5) increased the recurrence risk of luminal A and B breast cancer (hazard ratio [HR], 1.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.96-3.97; P = .0055 and HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.42-3.02, respectively; P = .0073) in breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS), but 1 to 3 child births decreased the recurrence risk of luminal A breast cancer (HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.34-0.91; P = .0055) and luminal B breast cancer (HR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.17-0.61; P = .0073) in BCSS. Early AFB (20 years) increased the recurrence risk of luminal A breast cancers (HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 0.62-4.26; P = .039) in BCSS and of TNBC (HR, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.78-2.21; P = .0006) in overall survival. Her-2/neu overexpressing breast cancer had no correlation with parity and AFB in breast cancer survival.High parity (≥ 5) and early AFB (20 years) were correlated with worse clinical outcomes in patients with luminal breast cancer, but not with other subtyped breast cancers.

Low pressure die casting and flow forming have been successfully used to produce sound road wheels from magnesium alloy AM80. In the current study, high speed compression testing was initially conducted to simulate the flow forming of a Mg wheel. Subsequently the flow forming was simulated with “Forge TM ”, an FEM software package. On the basis of flow forming simulations, the flow forming of the Mg wheel was performed under different conditions. For the flow forming experiments, the preform castings were made by low pressure die casting from AM80, a commercial magnesium alloy. In flow forming of the magnesium preform wheel, the flow forming of the Mg wheel was successfully accomplished when the feed rate was less than half that for the forming of an aluminum road wheel. The reduction in feed rate was 52%. Finally, a comparison with the flow forming simulations was made.

The preparation of TiO 2 photo-catalyst films on alumina balls via low pressure metal organic chemical vapor deposition using titanium tetraisopropoxide and their photo-catalytic activity in bromothymol blue (BTB) decomposition using a microwave/UV/TiO 2 photo-catalyst combined process system were investigated. The results indicate that the film structure strongly depended on the reaction temperature. Among the grown TiO 2 films, anatase and rutile showed high photo-catalytic activities, whereas amorphous TiO 2 films showed lower activities. The BTB decomposition rate increased with the microwave intensity and ozone injection rate. A significant synergistic effect was observed when hydrogen peroxide addition was combined with other elemental techniques.

Gijang Sea is located on the southeastern coast of Korea. This study establishes a basic system to identify optimal sites for the wave power generation. To achieve this goal, the field measurements were made at the field site in front of Dong-am fishing port at Gijang. In addition, we analyzed the offshore wave data at the Donghae buoy operated by Korea Meteorological Administration(KMA) and compared the data with the wave characteristics in Gijang Sea. The main results were as follows. In winter, the wave direction in Gijang Sea ranged between east and south(). The main wave direction was east(). The Significant wave heights and periods were under 2 m and sec, respectively. A comparison of water depth and wave direction constitutes one(condition) of the important parameters for selecting the optimal site for the wave power generation.

Fluorine doped ZnO (FZO) films were deposited on Corning glass by radio frequency (rf) magnetron sputtering of pure ZnO target in CF 4 containing gas mixtures, and the compositional, electrical, optical, and structural properties of the as-grown films as well as the vacuum-annealed films were investigated. The fluorine content in FZO films increased with increasing CF 4 content in sputter gas. FZO films deposited at elevated temperature of 150 °C had considerably lower fluorine content and showed a poorer electrical properties than the films deposited at room temperature. Despite high fluorine contents in the films, for all the FZO films, the carrier concentration remained below 2×10 20 cm −3 , leading to fairly low doping efficiency level. Vacuum-annealing of the FZO films deposited at room temperature resulted in substantial increase of Hall mobilities, reaching as high as 43 cm 2 /Vs. This was attributed partly to the removing of oxygen vacancies and/or the forming chemical bonds with interstitial zinc atoms by fluorine interstitials and partly to the passivation effect of excess fluorine atoms by filling in the dangling bonds at the grain boundaries. For all the films with thickness of around 300 nm, the optical transmissions in visible were higher than 80%, and increased with increasing fluorine content up to 85% for the film with highest fluorine content.

Summary Background Disease extent or affected area is probably the most easily and most frequently measured index of patient disability in dermatological disorders such as psoriasis. However, no standard method is available for assessing involved facial areas. Objectives To devise a method for assessing involved facial areas and to examine its validity and reliability. Methods In study 1, the facial areas of 26 healthy adults were analysed and a new method for assessing facial areas was devised. In study 2, the validity and reliability of the devised method were investigated by 10 dermatologists using 30 photographs of patients with facial psoriasis. Results In study 1, facial regions were defined to have percentage areas that were multiples of 4% of the total facial area (which we refer to as the rule of fours), i.e. forehead 24%, one cheek 20%, perioral area 8%, one aspect of an ear 4%, one periorbital area 4%, and nose 4%. In study 2, a comparison of values obtained using the rule of fours with those obtained using an image analysis system showed excellent intrarater and inter-rater reliability when using the rule of fours. Conclusions The rule of fours is useful for assessing involved facial areas. The application of this rule was found to provide an accurate and reliable method as compared with image analysis.

A survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of spiral-shaped bacteria in animals as a pos - sible source of pathogens causing chronic changes in the human and animal stomach as well as in other parts of the digestive tract. This study was carried out in three different groups of animals, pigs, cattle and dogs. Swabs from the oral cavity of dogs ( n = 198) were stained using Gram's method to evaluate gastrospirillum-like organisms (GLOs) and revealed two different types of GLOs with an incidence of 23.2% (46/198). The stomachs of the pigs (n = 104), cattle ( = 102), and dogs ( n = 7) were collected for the urease test, brush cytology, light and electron microscopy, and PCR. A positive urease test was observed in 31.7% (33/104) of pigs, 90.2% (92/102) of cattle, and 85.7% (6/7) of dog samples. GLOs were detected in 37.5% (39/104) of pigs, 62.7% (64/102) of cattle, and 85.7% (6/7) of dog samples by brush cytology. Furthermore, positive PCR results were obtained in the stomach samples of dogs that had tested positive by both the urease test and brush cytology. The morphological study using brush cytology and scanning electron microscopy of a pig stomach revealed bacteria with the typical morphology of GLOs, which appeared to be similar to Helicobacter heilmanii. This study indicates that the urease test and brush cytology are useful tools for diagnosing GLOs in different animals. Moreover, the location of specimen collection can influence the diagnostic sensitivity of the examination.

We have investigated Pb adsorption on Si(0 0 1)-2 × 1 at room temperature (RT) and 78 K, using a low temperature (LT) scanning tunneling microscope. Pb deposition at RT exhibits 1-D chain structures in good agreement with previous works at less than 0.5 ML coverage, however, we find that the buckling of Pb dimers alone cannot explain the configurations such as locally coexisting (2 × 2) and c(2 × 4) phases. At RT and LT, C-type defects existing prior to Pb deposition play an important role as nuclei for the initial adsorption of Pb ad-dimers and determine the buckling direction. For LT deposition, a high density of short Pb units are found, including single Pb monomers. The existence of single Pb adatoms was verified using tip-induced molecular dissociation to split Pb ad-dimers into two single Pb adatoms.

Quantum wells (QWs) and light emitting diode (LED) structure of triangular form were grown using InGaN-GaN by metalorganic chemical vapour deposition. Quantum dot size is in a range of 2 to 50 nm and the dots exhibit very uniform spatial distribution compared to those in the rectangular distribution. Both photoluminescence and electroluminescence show higher emission and smaller full-width at half maximum in QWs and LED structures with triangular QWs than those with rectangular QWs.

We successfully developed highly scalable and cost-effective PCRAM technology based on 0.007um2 (4F2, 84nm pitch) sized novel cell scheme. The chip size and density are 33.207mm2 and 1Gb. The device functionality and reliability were clearly demonstrated through fully integrated chip, which showed a promising feasibility for productive NVM applications.

To investigate the role of microstructural parameters on the fracture mechanism, SiC-particle-reinforced aluminium alloy 6061-T6 composites with 5, 10, 20 and 30% volume fraction were tested to measure the fracture toughness on a precracked compact tension specimen. The interparticle spacing of two adjacent particles with the critical size was related to the fracture toughness. The critical particle diameter was experimentally determined from the plastic zone size and the crack-tip-opening displacement using the Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren solution and the Hahn-Rosenfield model. It has been found that the critical particle diameter decreased as the volume fraction of SiC particles increased.

In this paper, a novel internal antenna of the planar inverted-F antenna type for mobile handsets is presented (Manteuffel et al., 2001). The proposed antenna operates at Bluetooth (2400-2483.5 MHz) bands and WLAN (2400-2483.5 MHz, 5150- 5875 MHz) bands. The bandwidth of the proposed antenna (VSWR < 2) shows 170 MHz in lower band and 1650 MHz in upper band. The proposed antenna can be applicable to practical mobile handsets because of its small size and low profile (Wang et al., 2001). The experimental result of the proposed antenna is compared with the simulation result to evaluate our proposed antenna design.

This paper reports a novel method for measuring the effective refractive index (RI) of single living cell with a small integrated chip. This microchip is able to determine the RI of living cell in real time without extra requirements of fluorescence labeling and chemical treatments, offering low cost and high accuracy meanwhile. It might provide an efficient approach for diseases or cancer diagnosis. The measurement system integrates laser diode, microlenses, and microfluidic channels onto a monolithic chip. In the experiments, two standard polystyrene beads with nominal RIs are, employed to calibrate the system and five types of cancerous cells are subsequently measured. The results indicate that the RI of the tested cells ranges from 1.392 to 1.401, which is larger than typical value 1.35-1.37 for normal cells.

Considering effects of nonuniform doping profile in vertical and lateral directions of MOSFET and solving a quasi two-dimensional differential equation for the surface potential, we have proposed a new threshold voltage model. Our model predicts well an initial roll-up of the threshold voltage with decreasing channel lengths and reduction of it due to the reverse short-channel effects and the short-channel effects.

In this paper, piezoelectric properties of PMN-PZT ceramics were investigated as a function of CeO/sub 2/ addition from 0 mole% to 2.0 mole%. The grain size was decreased and the shape of it was more uniform with the addition of CeO/sub 2/. At the specimen with 0.25 mole% CeO/sub 2/, mechanical quality factor (Q/sub m/) and electromechanical coupling coefficient (K/sub p/) showed the excellent results of 1,792 and 0.518, respectively. The electric coercive field was increased and the curie temperature was decreased with the addition of CeO/sub 2/. A Rosen type-piezoelectric transformer has been designed and fabricated using composition ceramic material added with 0.5 mole CeO/sub 2/. Voltage step-up ratios of 230 and 13 were obtained with the 42/spl times/8/spl times/1 mm transformer at no load 100 K/spl Omega/ resistance, respectively. Resonant frequencies of the transformer were also 81.4 kHz and 80 kHz at no load, 100 K/spl Omega/.

In this paper, a large-scale ATM switch is presented, and its performance is examined through a mathematical analysis and a computer simulation. The implementation of the proposed ATM switch is also discussed. For the performance evaluation of the ATM switch, cell loss rate, cell switching delay, and throughput are found under varying external conditions, such as input traffic load and buffer size of the switching elements, which are the basic building blocks of the proposed ATM switch. The proposed ATM switch behaves well and yields good performance results under a uniform traffic environment. The complexity of the proposed ATM switch is rather moderate and hardware implementation using current technology is feasible up to a switch dimension of 1024/spl times/1024. The ATM switches of such dimension and performance are suitable for installation in high-speed network infrastructure.

Signal transduction is a complicated process that may involve several steps mediated by specific intermolecular interactions. Recently, three-dimensional structures of proteins involved in signal transduction have been obtained and have greatly aided in our understanding of these processes at the molecular level.1,2 In this paper, three-dimensional structures of three proteins that are involved in signal transduction will be described, including (1) a protein tyrosine phosphatase, (2) a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, and (3) the DNA-binding domain of a member of the ets family of transcription factors, Fli-1, in the DNA-bound form.

The identification of two Atlantic kelp species, Laminaria longicruris and L. saccharina, has been controversial. In order to know if these two species are conspecific, plastid-encoded RuBisCo spacer and nuclear rDNA ITS sequences were analyzed from twelve individuals of L. longicruris, five of L. saccharina, from Connecticut and Nova Scotia. Four individuals of L. digitata from the above coasts were also analyzed as reference in this study. All RuBisCo spacer sequences from L. longicruris and L. saccharina were exactly identical except for one individual with three different nucleotides. Zero to five different nucleotides of ITS sequences, inculding four polymorphic sites, were found in two species. However, their RuBisCo spacer and ITS sequences are quite different from those of L. digitata. These results strongly suggest that L. saccharina (L.) Lamour. 1813 is conspecific with L. longicruris De La Pylaie 1824 and the different local populations, despite various morphotypes, may be genetically very similar.

The void growth in a ductile material subjected to high strain-rate is studied at its early stage. Two cases of loading condition are investigated, triaxial stress and uniaxial strain. It is found that the triaxial stress model yields the faster void growth than the uniaxial strain model.